資源簡介

Section Ⅰ　TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1
Period 1　 單元詞匯表
1．________ n．新發(fā)明，新方法，新觀念；革新，創(chuàng)新 2．________ vi．通信 3．________ adj．立刻的，馬上的 4．________ vt．發(fā)射；發(fā)動，發(fā)起，開始從事 5．________ n．人造衛(wèi)星；衛(wèi)星 6．________ n．研究的結(jié)果；發(fā)現(xiàn) 7．________ vt．察覺，注意到，發(fā)覺 8．________ num．百萬 9．________ adj．謙虛的，謙卑的 10．________ n．結(jié)果，后果 11．________ n．物理學(xué)家 12．________ adj．最好的；最重要的 1．“What does it mean，F(xiàn)ather？” she ________ (humble) asked． 2．In 1957，the Soviets ________ (launch) Sputnik 1 into outer space． 3．They are charged with bilking investors out of ________ (million) of dollars． 4．They must be followed ________ (instant) to get them back again． 5．For years you and Frau Schmitz ________(correspond) with each other． 6．This discovery ________ (perceive) as a major breakthrough． 7．We must promote originality，inspire creativity and encourage ________ (innovate)． 8．All of these ________(outcome) are linked to a lack of physical exercise．
1．entertain vt．娛樂；招待→________ adj．有趣的；令人愉快的→________ n．娛樂節(jié)目 2．gift n．才華，天賦；禮物→________ adj．有天賦的，有才華的 3．product n．產(chǎn)品→________ adj．多產(chǎn)的；豐饒的；富有成效的 4．science n．科學(xué)→________ n．科學(xué)家→________ adj．科學(xué)(上)的 5．donate vi．& vt．捐獻(xiàn)(器官)，獻(xiàn)(血)；捐贈，捐獻(xiàn)→________ n．捐贈，贈送；捐贈物→________ n．捐贈人，捐款人 6．subsequent adj．后來的，隨后的→________ adv．后來，隨后 7．constant adj．恒久不變的；持續(xù)不斷的，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的 n．常量，恒量→________ adv．持續(xù)不斷地；經(jīng)常地 8．a(chǎn)ccurate adj．正確的，準(zhǔn)確的→________ n．準(zhǔn)確性；精準(zhǔn)度；正確，準(zhǔn)確 9．efficient adj．有效率的；效率高的；有能力的→________ n．效率，效能→________ adv．有效率地，高效能地 10．propose vt．提出(某觀點(diǎn)、方法等)→________ n．提議 1．She deals with all the correspondence promptly and ________ (efficient)． 2．The ________(entertain) was provided by a folk band． 3．Even the most ________(gift) can have confidence destroyed by the wrong instructor． 4．________(subsequent)，new guidelines were issued to all employees． 5．The time I spent in the library was very ________(product)． 6．They questioned the ________(accurate) of the information in the file． 7．This country is still trailing badly in ________(science) research． 8．My husband is ________(constant) thrown together with young people through his work． 9．The work of the charity is funded by voluntary ________ (donate)． 10．His ________ (propose) that the system should be changed was rejected．
1．________ 致力于 2．________ 更不用說 3．________范圍從……到…… 4．________與此同時 5．________ 算出，想出 6．________ 求助于 7．________ 挑出；挑選 8．________被用來做…… 9．________ 致力于做 10．________ 處理；對付 1．I ________ him for help，but he gave me a cold shoulder． 2．No one can ________ how to deal with the matter． 3．He has two big houses in this country，________ his villa in France． 4．The president ________ reforming health care． 5．Now is not the time to ________ your friends at work． 6．This method ________ do estimation at the initial stage because of the rough result．
由新知聯(lián)想已知
1．outcome n．結(jié)果，后果 [聯(lián)想]?、賑onsequence n．后果，結(jié)果 ②result n．后果，結(jié)果 2．million num．百萬 [聯(lián)想]?、賖undred num．百 ②thousand num．千 ③billion num．十億 3．entertainment n．娛樂活動，娛樂節(jié)目 [聯(lián)想]?、賏musement n．娛樂，消遣 ②recreation n．娛樂，消遣 4．garbage n．垃圾 [聯(lián)想]?、賚itter n．(在公共場所亂扔的)垃圾，廢棄物 ②rubbish n．垃圾；廢棄物 ③waste n．廢料；廢物
第一篇課文
①scientific adj．科學(xué)(上)的
②breakthrough n．突破，重大進(jìn)展
③the most important
discovery 最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)
④change completely 完全改變
⑤amazing discoveries 驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)
⑥not to mention 更不用說
⑦microscope n．顯微鏡
⑧range from．．．to．．．范圍從……到……
⑨replace vt．代替；取代
replace．．．with．．．用……代替……
⑩donate vi．& vt．捐獻(xiàn)(器官)，獻(xiàn)(血)；捐贈，捐獻(xiàn)
correspond vi．通信
correspond with 與……通信；與……一致
instant adj．立刻的，馬上的
launch vt．發(fā)射；發(fā)動，發(fā)起，開始從事
satellite n．人造衛(wèi)星；衛(wèi)星
orbit n．軌道 vi．& vt．沿軌道運(yùn)行
figure out 算出，想出
split vi．& vt．分割，把……分開；分成(不同部分)
particle n．粒子，質(zhì)點(diǎn)
single out 挑出；挑選
a few pioneers幾個先驅(qū)
premier adj．最好的；最重要的
outspoken adj．坦率的，直言不諱的
rock vt．輕輕搖晃，緩緩擺動
subsequently adv．后來，隨后
theory of relativity 相對論
length n．長，長度
constant adj．恒久不變的；持續(xù)不斷的，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的 n．常量，恒量
according to 根據(jù)；按照
finding n．研究的結(jié)果；發(fā)現(xiàn)
biologist n．生物學(xué)家
a dish of bacteria 一器皿細(xì)菌
laboratory n．實(shí)驗(yàn)室
a blue mould一種藍(lán)色的霉菌
penicillin n．青霉素，盤尼西林
perceive vt．察覺，注意到，發(fā)覺
mass-produced 批量生產(chǎn)的
humble adj．謙虛的，謙卑的
humble about．．．對……謙虛
the amazing outcome 驚人的結(jié)果
cure vt．治愈，治好
navy n．海軍
accuracy n．準(zhǔn)確性；精準(zhǔn)度；正確，準(zhǔn)確
accurate adj．正確的，準(zhǔn)確的
missile n．導(dǎo)彈，飛彈
turn to 求助于
deal with 處理；對付
joint adj．聯(lián)合的，共同的，共有的
nothing like 一點(diǎn)也不像
tube n．圓管，管子；電視顯像管，陰極射線管
turn on 打開
efficiently adv．有效率地，高效能地
the Cold War 冷戰(zhàn)
propose vt．提出(某觀點(diǎn)、方法等)
one another 相互
enable．．．to do sth．使……能夠做某事
by the end of the 1960s 到20世紀(jì)60年代末
World Wide Web 萬維網(wǎng)
unimaginable adj．難以想象的；難以置信的
be dedicated to doing 致力于
be transformed into 被變成……
SCIENTIFIC① BREAKTHROUGHS②
If you had to choose the single most important discovery③ of the 20th century，you would have a real problem on your hands．In just 100 years，the world has changed completely④．Amazing discoveries⑤ were made in medicine，communications and transport，not to mention⑥ our knowledge of the world and space．Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes⑦ to⑧ staging operations to replace⑨ diseased organs with donated⑩ ones．Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones，and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages[1]．We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit and，at the same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe[2]．
[1]the way后面直接跟定語從句。
[2]thought to be．．．是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾the atom。
Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery，it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century．Here are some of them．
One of the 20th century's premier scientists was Albert Einstein．In the summer of 1905，this outspoken young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired[3]．Subsequently ，“E＝mc2” was born．It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy．Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity ” that not even time，mass or length are constant —they change according to our experience of them．
[3]be doing．．．when．．．表示“正在做……這時……”。
In 1928，another important finding was made by biologist Alexander Fleming．Before he went on holiday，F(xiàn)leming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory ．When he came back，he noticed something strange．He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed[4]．This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin ，which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria．A few years later，penicillin was being mass-produced and helping to save the lives of millions．Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery．“Nature made penicillin，” he said，“I just found it．”
[4]around which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞a blue mould。
During World War Ⅱ，when Fleming's discovery was first helping to cure people，the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles ．The navy turned to Eckert，an engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist，to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort．Although they only finished after the war in 1946，it did not matter．This huge machine was the world's first computer，but it was nothing like our computers today．It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30，000 kilograms．With 18，000 tubes ，thousands of circuits and 6，000 switches，it used so much energy that when it was turned on ，the lights in the local town went out!
With the development of computers，people expected to get more things done efficiently ．During the Cold War ，a “huge network” of computers was proposed by two American scientists．With computers talking to one another，it would enable government leaders to communicate with each other．By the end of the 1960s，some mini-networks were established，but only a few computers could connect to them．In 1990，Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web，which enabled computers all over the world to communicate with each other．Nowadays，life without the Internet for most people is unimaginable．
These pioneers of the 20th century were all dedicated to improving the quality of human life on Earth．Human life on this planet has been transformed into a “global village”，with all the different countries linked in the chain of common interests．There is no doubt about it．[5] Without the breakthroughs of these pioneers in science and technology，whether lucky or planned，the world as we know it today would be a completely different place．
[5]There is no doubt．．．毫無疑問……
科學(xué)的重大突破
如果必須在20世紀(jì)重大發(fā)現(xiàn)中選出最重要的一項，這可不是件容易的事。在僅僅100年中，世界就完全變樣了。醫(yī)學(xué)、通信和交通方面都有驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)，更別提我們對世界和太空的認(rèn)識了。醫(yī)學(xué)上的進(jìn)步范圍很廣，從利用顯微鏡揭示病因，到施行手術(shù)，用捐贈的器官做器官移植。移動電話的使用給通信業(yè)帶來了改變，通信方式從寫信到發(fā)電子郵件和發(fā)送即時信息。我們開始坐飛機(jī)周游世界，把人造衛(wèi)星發(fā)射至軌道。同時，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被認(rèn)為是宇宙中最小的物質(zhì)微粒。
盡管不太可能選出哪項發(fā)現(xiàn)是最重要的，但是挑選出20世紀(jì)的幾位先驅(qū)還是有可能的。例如以下幾位。
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦是20世紀(jì)最杰出的科學(xué)家之一。1905年夏天，這個坦率的年輕人給他一歲的孩子晃動搖籃時，突然受到啟發(fā)。于是，“E＝mc2”誕生了。它證明了一小塊物質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生巨大的能量。愛因斯坦隨后在他的“相對論”中指出，即使是時間、質(zhì)量或長度也不是恒定不變的，它們根據(jù)我們對它們的感知而變化。
1928年，另一項重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)被生物學(xué)家亞歷山大·弗萊明發(fā)現(xiàn)了。在去度假之前，弗萊明在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里放了一個培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌的器皿?；貋頃r，他注意到器皿里有點(diǎn)兒奇怪。經(jīng)過反復(fù)檢查，他發(fā)現(xiàn)器皿里有一種藍(lán)色的霉菌，而霉菌周圍的細(xì)菌已經(jīng)被殺死了。這種藍(lán)色的霉菌實(shí)際上是自然狀態(tài)的青霉素，弗萊明認(rèn)為它可以用來殺死細(xì)菌。數(shù)年后，青霉素開始大量生產(chǎn)，幫助挽救了數(shù)百萬人的生命。弗萊明對他這一驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)態(tài)度謙虛，他說：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是發(fā)現(xiàn)了它?！?br/>第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，正當(dāng)弗萊明的發(fā)現(xiàn)首次用來幫助治愈疾病時，美國海軍正在尋找提高導(dǎo)彈精度的方法。海軍求助于工程師?？颂睾臀锢韺W(xué)家莫克利，兩人共同制造一臺機(jī)器來完成這項工作。盡管機(jī)器在1946年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后才制造出來，但仍產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。這臺巨大的機(jī)器是世界上第一臺計算機(jī)，但是與今天的計算機(jī)完全不同。它長100英尺，高10英尺，重30 000多千克。它有18 000個顯像管，數(shù)千條電路和6 000個開關(guān)，耗電量異常巨大，以至于當(dāng)它啟動的時候，當(dāng)?shù)厮械臒舳枷缌耍?br/>隨著計算機(jī)的發(fā)展，人們期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷戰(zhàn)期間，兩位美國科學(xué)家提出建立一個計算機(jī)的“龐大網(wǎng)絡(luò)”。計算機(jī)能互換信息，可使政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人相互溝通。到20世紀(jì)60年代末，一些小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)建立起來，但只有少數(shù)計算機(jī)可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯納斯·李發(fā)明了萬維網(wǎng)，使世界各地的計算機(jī)能夠相互通信。如今，對大多數(shù)人來說，沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的生活是難以想象的。
這些20世紀(jì)的先驅(qū)都致力于改善地球上人類的生活質(zhì)量。不同國家因共同利益而連接起來，使得這個星球上人類的生活已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤暗厍虼濉薄Ｓ幸稽c(diǎn)是毫無疑問的。無論是碰巧發(fā)現(xiàn)，還是努力攻堅后取得成績，如果沒有這些先驅(qū)者在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域取得的重大突破，我們今天所了解的這個世界將是完全不同的。
Period 1
速記·重點(diǎn)詞匯——牢記詞形和詞義
1．innovation　2．correspond　3．instant　4．launch　5．satellite　6．finding　7．perceive　8．million　9．humble　10．outcome　11．physicist　12．premier
運(yùn)用·語境填空——測試一下基本功
1．humbly　2．launched　3．millions　4．instantly　5．have corresponded　6．was perceived　7．innovation　8．outcomes
速記·派生詞匯——牢記詞形和詞義
1．entertaining；entertainment　2．gifted　3．productive　4．scientist；scientific　5．donation；donator　6．subsequently　7．constantly　8．a(chǎn)ccuracy　9．efficiency；efficiently　10．proposal
運(yùn)用·語境填空——測試一下基本功
1．efficiently　2．entertainment　3．gifted　4．Subsequently　5．productive　6．a(chǎn)ccuracy　7．scientific　8．constantly　9．donations　10．proposal
速記·重點(diǎn)短語——記牢搭配和意義
1．be committed to　2．not to mention　3．range from．．．to．．．　4．a(chǎn)t the same time　5．figure out　6．turn to　7．single out　8．be used to do．．．　9．be dedicated to doing　10．deal with
運(yùn)用·語境填空——測試一下基本功
1．turned to　2．figure out　3．not to mention　4．is committed to　5．single out　6．was used to
1/1(共37張PPT)
Period 1　
Section Ⅰ　TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1
UNIT 12　INNOVATION
主題語境
人與社會 —— 科技發(fā)展與信息技術(shù)創(chuàng)新
1．__________ n．新發(fā)明，新方法，新觀念；革新，創(chuàng)新
2．__________ vi．通信
3．_______ adj．立刻的，馬上的
4．______ vt．發(fā)射；發(fā)動，發(fā)起，開始從事
5．_______ n．人造衛(wèi)星；衛(wèi)星
課時練案　單元詞匯表
innovation
correspond
instant
launch
satellite
6．_______ n．研究的結(jié)果；發(fā)現(xiàn)
7．________ vt．察覺，注意到，發(fā)覺
8．________ num．百萬
9．_______ adj．謙虛的，謙卑的
10．________ n．結(jié)果，后果
11．_________ n．物理學(xué)家
12．________ adj．最好的；最重要的
finding
perceive
million
humble
outcome
physicist
premier
1．“What does it mean，F(xiàn)ather？” she _______ (humble) asked．
2．In 1957，the Soviets ________ (launch) Sputnik 1 into outer space．
3．They are charged with bilking investors out of _________ (million) of dollars．
4．They must be followed _________ (instant) to get them back again．
humbly
launched
millions
instantly
5．For years you and Frau Schmitz ________________(correspond) with each other．
6．This discovery _____________ (perceive) as a major breakthrough．
7．We must promote originality，inspire creativity and encourage __________ (innovate)．
8．All of these _________(outcome) are linked to a lack of physical exercise．
have corresponded
was perceived
innovation
outcomes
1．entertain vt．娛樂；招待→____________ adj．有趣的；令人愉快的→______________ n．娛樂節(jié)目
2．gift n．才華，天賦；禮物→______ adj．有天賦的，有才華的
3．product n．產(chǎn)品→__________ adj．多產(chǎn)的；豐饒的；富有成效的
4．science n．科學(xué)→_________ n．科學(xué)家→__________ adj．科學(xué)(上)的
5．donate vi．& vt．捐獻(xiàn)(器官)，獻(xiàn)(血)；捐贈，捐獻(xiàn)→________ n．捐贈，贈送；捐贈物→_______ n．捐贈人，捐款人
entertaining
entertainment
gifted
productive
scientist
scientific
donation
donator
6．subsequent adj．后來的，隨后的→__________ adv．后來，隨后
7．constant adj．恒久不變的；持續(xù)不斷的，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的 n．常量，恒量→__________ adv．持續(xù)不斷地；經(jīng)常地
8．a(chǎn)ccurate adj．正確的，準(zhǔn)確的→________ n．準(zhǔn)確性；精準(zhǔn)度；正確，準(zhǔn)確
9．efficient adj．有效率的；效率高的；有能力的→__________ n．效率，效能→___________ adv．有效率地，高效能地
10．propose vt．提出(某觀點(diǎn)、方法等)→________ n．提議
subsequently
constantly
accuracy
efficiency
efficiently
proposal
1．She deals with all the correspondence promptly and ___________ (efficient)．
2．The ______________(entertain) was provided by a folk band．
3．Even the most ______(gift) can have confidence destroyed by the wrong instructor．
4．_____________(subsequent)，new guidelines were issued to all employees．
efficiently
entertainment
gifted
Subsequently
5．The time I spent in the library was very __________(product)．
6．They questioned the ________(accurate) of the information in the file．
7．This country is still trailing badly in __________(science) research．
8．My husband is __________(constant) thrown together with young people through his work．
9．The work of the charity is funded by voluntary _________ (donate)．
10．His ________ (propose) that the system should be changed was rejected．
productive
accuracy
scientific
constantly
donations
proposal
1．_______________ 致力于
2．_____________ 更不用說
3．_______________范圍從……到……
4．_______________與此同時
5．_________ 算出，想出
6．______ 求助于
be committed to
not to mention
range from...to...
at the same time
figure out
turn to
7．_________ 挑出；挑選
8．_____________被用來做……
9．__________________ 致力于做
10．_________ 處理；對付
single out
be used to do...
be dedicated to doing
deal with
1．I ________ him for help，but he gave me a cold shoulder．
2．No one can _________ how to deal with the matter．
3．He has two big houses in this country，_____________ his villa in France．
4．The president _______________ reforming health care．
5．Now is not the time to _________ your friends at work．
6．This method __________ do estimation at the initial stage because of the rough result．
turned to
figure out
not to mention
is committed to
single out
was used to
1．outcome n．結(jié)果，后果
[聯(lián)想]?、賑onsequence n．后果，結(jié)果
②result n．后果，結(jié)果
2．million num．百萬
[聯(lián)想]　①hundred num．百
②thousand num．千
③billion num．十億
詞匯聯(lián)想 由新知聯(lián)想已知
3．entertainment n．娛樂活動，娛樂節(jié)目
[聯(lián)想]?、賏musement n．娛樂，消遣
②recreation n．娛樂，消遣
4．garbage n．垃圾
[聯(lián)想]?、賚itter n．(在公共場所亂扔的)垃圾，廢棄物
②rubbish n．垃圾；廢棄物
③waste n．廢料；廢物
①scientific adj．科學(xué)(上)的
②breakthrough n．突破，重大進(jìn)展
③the most important
discovery 最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)
④change completely 完全改變
⑤amazing discoveries 驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)
課下預(yù)習(xí)　第一篇課文
⑥not to mention 更不用說
⑦microscope n．顯微鏡
⑧range from...to...范圍從……到……
⑨replace vt．代替；取代
replace...with...用……代替……
⑩donate vi．& vt．捐獻(xiàn)(器官)，獻(xiàn)(血)；捐贈，捐獻(xiàn)
correspond vi．通信
correspond with 與……通信；與……一致
instant adj．立刻的，馬上的
launch vt．發(fā)射；發(fā)動，發(fā)起，開始從事
satellite n．人造衛(wèi)星；衛(wèi)星
orbit n．軌道 vi．& vt．沿軌道運(yùn)行
figure out 算出，想出
split vi．& vt．分割，把……分開；分成(不同部分)
particle n．粒子，質(zhì)點(diǎn)
single out 挑出；挑選
a few pioneers幾個先驅(qū)
premier adj．最好的；最重要的
outspoken adj．坦率的，直言不諱的
rock vt．輕輕搖晃，緩緩擺動
subsequently adv．后來，隨后
theory of relativity 相對論
length n．長，長度
constant adj．恒久不變的；持續(xù)不斷的，經(jīng)常發(fā)生的 n．常量，恒量
according to 根據(jù)；按照
finding n．研究的結(jié)果；發(fā)現(xiàn)
biologist n．生物學(xué)家
a dish of bacteria 一器皿細(xì)菌
laboratory n．實(shí)驗(yàn)室
a blue mould一種藍(lán)色的霉菌
penicillin n．青霉素，盤尼西林
perceive vt．察覺，注意到，發(fā)覺
mass-produced 批量生產(chǎn)的
humble adj．謙虛的，謙卑的
humble about...對……謙虛
the amazing outcome 驚人的結(jié)果
cure vt．治愈，治好
navy n．海軍
accuracy n．準(zhǔn)確性；精準(zhǔn)度；正確，準(zhǔn)確
accurate adj．正確的，準(zhǔn)確的
missile n．導(dǎo)彈，飛彈
turn to 求助于
deal with 處理；對付
joint adj．聯(lián)合的，共同的，共有的
nothing like 一點(diǎn)也不像
tube n．圓管，管子；電視顯像管，陰極射線管
turn on 打開
efficiently adv．有效率地，高效能地
the Cold War 冷戰(zhàn)
SCIENTIFIC① BREAKTHROUGHS②
If you had to choose the single most important discovery③ of the 20th century，you would have a real problem on your hands．In just 100 years，the world has changed completely④．Amazing discoveries⑤ were made in medicine，communications and transport，not to mention⑥ our knowledge of the world and space．Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes⑦ to⑧
staging operations to replace⑨ diseased organs with donated⑩ ones．Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones，and the way we correspond went from writing letters to emailing and sending instant messages[1]．We started flying around the world，launching satellites into orbit and，at the same time，scientists figured out how to split the atom，previously thought to be the smallest particle of matter in the universe[2]．
[1]the way后面直接跟定語從句。
[2]thought to be...是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾the atom。
Although it is impossible to choose the most important discovery，it is possible to single out a few pioneers of the 20th century．Here are some of them．
One of the 20th century's premier scientists was Albert Einstein．In the summer of 1905，this outspoken young man was rocking his one-year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired[3]．Subsequently ，“E＝mc2” was born．It showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy．Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity ” that not even time，mass or length are constant —they change according to our experience of them．
[3]be doing...when...表示“正在做……這時……”。
In 1928，another important finding was made by biologist Alexander Fleming．Before he went on holiday，F(xiàn)leming left a dish of bacteria in his laboratory ．When he came back，he noticed something strange．He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed[4]．This blue mould was in fact the natural form of penicillin ，which Fleming perceived could be used to kill bacteria．A few years later，penicillin was being mass-produced and helping to save the lives of millions．Fleming remained humble about the amazing outcome of his discovery．“Nature made penicillin，” he said，“I just found it．”
[4]around which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞a blue mould。
During World War Ⅱ，when Fleming's discovery was first helping to cure people，the US Navy was looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their missiles ．The navy turned to Eckert，an engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist，to deal with the problem and produce a machine to do the job in a joint effort．Although they only finished after the war in 1946，it did not matter．This huge machine was the world's first computer，but it was nothing like our computers today．It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30，000 kilograms．With 18，000 tubes ，thousands of circuits and 6，000 switches，it used so much energy that when it was turned on ，the lights in the local town went out!
[5]There is no doubt...毫無疑問……
科學(xué)的重大突破
如果必須在20世紀(jì)重大發(fā)現(xiàn)中選出最重要的一項，這可不是件容易的事。在僅僅100年中，世界就完全變樣了。醫(yī)學(xué)、通信和交通方面都有驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)，更別提我們對世界和太空的認(rèn)識了。醫(yī)學(xué)上的進(jìn)步范圍很廣，從利用顯微鏡揭示病因，到施行手術(shù)，用捐贈的器官做器官移植。移動電話的使用給通信業(yè)帶來了改變，通信方式從寫信到發(fā)電子郵件和發(fā)送即時信息。我們開始坐飛機(jī)周游世界，把人造衛(wèi)星發(fā)射至軌道。同時，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被認(rèn)為是宇宙中最小的物質(zhì)微粒。
盡管不太可能選出哪項發(fā)現(xiàn)是最重要的，但是挑選出20世紀(jì)的幾位先驅(qū)還是有可能的。例如以下幾位。
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦是20世紀(jì)最杰出的科學(xué)家之一。1905年夏天，這個坦率的年輕人給他一歲的孩子晃動搖籃時，突然受到啟發(fā)。于是，“E＝mc2”誕生了。它證明了一小塊物質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生巨大的能量。愛因斯坦隨后在他的“相對論”中指出，即使是時間、質(zhì)量或長度也不是恒定不變的，它們根據(jù)我們對它們的感知而變化。
1928年，另一項重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)被生物學(xué)家亞歷山大·弗萊明發(fā)現(xiàn)了。在去度假之前，弗萊明在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里放了一個培養(yǎng)細(xì)菌的器皿?；貋頃r，他注意到器皿里有點(diǎn)兒奇怪。經(jīng)過反復(fù)檢查，他發(fā)現(xiàn)器皿里有一種藍(lán)色的霉菌，而霉菌周圍的細(xì)菌已經(jīng)被殺死了。這種藍(lán)色的霉菌實(shí)際上是自然狀態(tài)的青霉素，弗萊明認(rèn)為它可以用來殺死細(xì)菌。數(shù)年后，青霉素開始大量生產(chǎn)，幫助挽救了數(shù)百萬人的生命。弗萊明對他這一驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)態(tài)度謙虛，他說：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是發(fā)現(xiàn)了它?！?br/>第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，正當(dāng)弗萊明的發(fā)現(xiàn)首次用來幫助治愈疾病時，美國海軍正在尋找提高導(dǎo)彈精度的方法。海軍求助于工程師埃克特和物理學(xué)家莫克利，兩人共同制造一臺機(jī)器來完成這項工作。盡管機(jī)器在1946年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后才制造出來，但仍產(chǎn)生了巨大影響。這臺巨大的機(jī)器是世界上第一臺計算機(jī)，但是與今天的計算機(jī)完全不同。它長100英尺，高10英尺，重30 000多千克。它有18 000個顯像管，數(shù)千條電路和6 000個開關(guān)，耗電量異常巨大，以至于當(dāng)它啟動的時候，當(dāng)?shù)厮械臒舳枷缌耍?br/>隨著計算機(jī)的發(fā)展，人們期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷戰(zhàn)期間，兩位美國科學(xué)家提出建立一個計算機(jī)的“龐大網(wǎng)絡(luò)”。計算機(jī)能互換信息，可使政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人相互溝通。到20世紀(jì)60年代末，一些小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)建立起來，但只有少數(shù)計算機(jī)可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯納斯·李發(fā)明了萬維網(wǎng)，使世界各地的計算機(jī)能夠相互通信。如今，對大多數(shù)人來說，沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的生活是難以想象的。
這些20世紀(jì)的先驅(qū)都致力于改善地球上人類的生活質(zhì)量。不同國家因共同利益而連接起來，使得這個星球上人類的生活已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤暗厍虼濉?。有一點(diǎn)是毫無疑問的。無論是碰巧發(fā)現(xiàn)，還是努力攻堅后取得成績，如果沒有這些先驅(qū)者在科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域取得的重大突破，我們今天所了解的這個世界將是完全不同的。
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