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(共17張PPT)
U5 language around the world
Discovering Useful Structures
Leaning Objectives
By the end of this period, students will be able to：
1. have a good understanding of the basic usages of relative avderbs such as when, where, why in attributive clauses; understand the structure in/on/at which in sttributive clauses is equivalent to where/when;
2. master the basic usages of relative adverbs of attributive clauses in the real situation through self-study and practice.
3. describe favourite things using the proper relative adverbs of attributive clauses flexibly.
Activity 1
Look at these sentences and underline the restrictive attributive clauses. What kind of information does each clause communicate
why
on which
when
where
by which
→ a reason for an action
→ a location for an action
→ a time for an event
→ a location for an event
→ a means for an event
先行詞在從句中作原因狀語時，連接詞用why；
先行詞指物且在從句中作狀語時，連接詞可用介詞+which來替換關系副詞，其中介詞的選擇和先行詞的搭配有關；
先行詞在從句中作時間狀語時，連接詞用when；
先行詞在從句中作地點狀語時，連接詞用where.
先行詞指方式且在從句中作狀語時，連接詞可用介詞+which來替換關系副詞，其中介詞的選擇跟先行詞的搭配有關。
先行詞 關系副詞 在從句中的作用 與“介詞＋關系代詞”的關系
表示時間的名詞：time，day，year等 when 作時間狀語 ＝at/in/on/during which
表示場所的名詞：park，place，country，house等 where 作地點狀語 ＝in/at/to/on which
表示原因的名詞：reason why 作原因狀語 ＝for which
Practice
1. We live in an age _______ more information is available with great ease than ever before.
2. The school _______ I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.
3. The reason _______ he didn’t pass the driving test was that he lacked practice.
when
where
why
= in which
= at which
= for which
Activity 2 Fill in the table to complete each phrase with a restrictive relative clause. Then use the phrases to make complete sentences.
the day when
the reason why
the place where
the place/time in/at which
I was on holiday the day when the earthquake happened.
She works near the place where my friend lives.
That's the reason why the small town became popular.
This is the box in which I found Grandma’s glasses.
the earthquake happened.
I didn’t get a pay rise.
my friend lives.
I found Grandma’s glasses.
1. 有時先行詞是表示抽象地點的名詞，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，當從句中缺少狀語時，用關系副詞where。
They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other.
2. 先行詞occasion意為“時機”時，用關系副詞when；意為“場合”時，用關系副詞where。
I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel a meeting because of ill health.
Taking her with me on official occasions where many famous figures are present is a challenge.
3. 當先行詞way意為“方法、方式”，且在從句中作狀語時，關系詞可用that，in which或省略關系詞。
It’s not what you say；it’s the way (that; / ; in which) you say it.
4. 關系副詞與關系代詞的選擇。
首先應明確關系副詞不可作主語或賓語。
若定語從句中缺少主語或賓語，則定語從句需用關系代詞引導；從句的謂語是及物動詞，而其后無賓語，就必須用關系代詞替代先行詞充當其賓語；若為不及物動詞，則從句中不需要賓語，需要用關系副詞。如：
1. The factory he once worked is closed now.
分析　work與factory不能直接構成動賓關系，只有后面加上介詞in才能構成正確的表達形式，work in the factory。因此可推知work為不及物動詞。故用where作地點狀語。
2. The factory he set up last year is operating well.
分析　該題從句謂語動詞可以和先行詞構成動賓結構set up the factory，所以set up 是及物動詞短語。其后缺賓語，故用關系代詞that或which。
“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句
1. 若介詞放在關系代詞之前，關系代詞指人時常用whom，指物時常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介詞后，即“介詞＋whose＋名詞”結構。
He is the person on whom you can depend.
He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels.
2.“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中介詞的確定：
(1) 依據定語從句中動詞的習慣搭配來確定
I bought many books，on which I spent all my money that I had saved.
(2) 依據先行詞的某種習慣搭配來確定
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
(3) 根據所表達的意思來確定
The colourless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.
3.whose引導的非限制性定語從句修飾物時，“whose＋名詞”可以換為“the＋名詞＋of which”；修飾人時，可以換為“the＋名詞＋of whom”。
The newly built cafe，the walls of which(＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work.
解題策略
Practice
1. Shaanxi’s biang biang noodles were a comforting and beloved food among locals, for ________ the back story and written character were common knowledge.
2. There are many sports stars at home and abroad, ________ whom Zhu Ting is my favorite.
3. A national territorial (領土的) planning system will be guided by three “red lines”， one of ________ will include about 103 million hectares of permanent farmland.
4. It has long been a cultural holiday, ________ which people get together, have parties, give gifts to each other and generally pray for a better-off future.
5. However, it quickly became a Buddhist learning center, ________ Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese to be spread from there to other cities throughout China.
whom
among
which
during
where
When I started studying German，it was a struggle/ str ɡl/. The words felt strange on my tongue/t /，and the grammar would not stay in my head. I told my mum that I wanted to give up，and that I would never live in a country ________________ German was spoken. My mum told me that studying a language was not just for my future. It was exercise for the brain； the more I learnt of a language，the more my brain would grow. And I remember that day ________________ I suddenly felt like German was no longer a foreign language. It felt like my brain had doubled in size. I had finally come to a place ________________ I could think in this foreign language，and I could see the world from a different point of view. I felt as if I had reached the goal ________________ I had been fighting for. I could open a book and see meanings，not just a sea of words. I finally understood the reason ____________my mum had encouraged me not to give up. Thanks，Mum!
Activity 3 Complete the passage with the correct relative adverbs or pronouns. Add a preposition where necessary.
where/in which
when/on which
where/at which
that/which
why
Activity 4 Describe your favourite things with restrictive relative clauses by completing the conversation.
Thank You

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