資源簡介

Period 1　 單元詞匯表(Words and Expressions)
1．________ n．名譽；名聲 2．________ n．地位；級別；行列 vt．& vi．把……分等級；使排成行 3．________ vt．購買；采購 n．購買；購買的東西 4．subjective adj．________ 5．________ adj．喜愛 6．visual adj．________ 7．________ adj．永久的；永恒的；長久的 8．criticise vi．& vt．________ 9．________ n．& v．減少；下降；衰落 10．________ vt．保證；確保；肯定……必然發生 n．保證；保修單；擔保物 11．________ adj．值得……的；有價值的 12．dimension n．________ 13．________ n．貴族成員；出身高貴的人 adj．崇高的；宏偉的；高貴的 14．________ vi．&vt．出現；浮現；暴露 1．You'd better go to comfort your daughter ________(criticise) by her teacher． 2．They are doing a monthly poll on the President，and clearly his popularity ________(decline) so far． 3．That is why I have always ________(purchase)these products． 4．His good qualities set him apart from others and he is ________ (rank) as the most kind-hearted person． 5．He offers some precise information on how to build a model in three ________ (dimension)． 6．Those ________ (noble) sought to increase their influence by building churches and roads． 7．He ________ (guarantee) to convey my apologies to her，but I was still worried． 8．A new order seems to be ________ (emerge)．
1．precise adj．準確的；精確的→________ adv．準確地；精確地；的確如此 2．real adj．真實的；真的；實際的→________ adj．現實的；逼真的→________ n．逼真；現實主義；務實作風→________ n．現實主義畫家(或作家等)；現實主義者 3．influence n．& v．影響→________ adj．有很大影響力的；有支配力的 4．invest vt．投入；投資→________ n．投資額；投資；(時間、精力的)投入 5．represent vt．代表；描繪；象征→________ adj．典型的；有代表性的 n．代表→________ n．表現；代表 6．exhibit v．展覽；展出；表現；顯示n．陳列品；證據→________ n．展覽；(技能、感情或行為的)表演 7．enter vt．進入；開始參加；加入→________ n．加入；進入；參與→________ n．入口 8．recognise vt．承認；認出；贊譽→________ n．承認；認出；贊譽 9．expand v．擴張；擴展；擴大→________ n．擴張；擴展；擴大 1．I think it will help shape a ________(real) and serious attitude to life． 2．The meeting starts at 2 o'clock ________ (precise) every Friday afternoon． 3．In that situation，I had to look for an ________(influence) figure to help me out． 4．An ________(exhibit) marking the 90th anniversary of the founding of our school is being put on in our school hall． 5．After renovation and reconstruction the old port has changed beyond ________(recognise)． 6．The city wants to open the doors for more foreign ________(invest)． 7．The country is spending hundreds of billions of dollars on railway ________ (expand)． 8．She had a stressful job as a sales ________ (represent)．
1．________________ 尤其；特別 2．________________ 使與眾不同；使突出；使優于…… 3．________________ 喜愛；喜歡 4．________________ 賦予……生命；使……鮮活起來 5．________________ 值得 1．As people often say，any exercise is better than none．Long-distance running ____________ has a lot of benefits． 2．He has great artistic talent and ____________ creating creative artworks since he was a child． 3．Luckily，an artist is trying to ________ this art back ________． 4．The book ________ well ________ his reputation． 5．His fluent English ________ him ________ other applicants during the job interview yesterday．
由新知聯想已知
1．breakthrough n．重大進展；突破 [聯想]　“動詞＋副詞”型動詞短語合成的名詞： workout n．鍛煉 comeback n．回歸 makeup n．化妝品；性格 2．photography n．照相術；攝影 [聯想]　photo/photograph n．照片；相片 photographer n．攝影師 photocopy n．影印 3．subjective adj．主觀的 [聯想]　objective adj．客觀的 supportive adj．支持的 4．expansion n．擴張；擴展；擴大 [聯想]　extension n．擴大；延伸；延期 comprehension n．理解 5．be fond of喜愛；喜歡 [聯想]　表示喜歡的動詞或動詞短語： like v．喜歡 enjoy v．喜歡，欣賞 prefer v．更喜歡 be into 喜歡
第一篇課文(Reading and Thinking)
①precise adj．準確的；精確的
precisely adv．準確地；精確地；的確如此
②definition n．定義
③Christianity n．基督教
④realistic adj．現實的；逼真的
realism n．逼真；現實主義；務實作風
realist n．現實主義畫家(或作家等)；現實主義者
⑤primitive adj．發展水平低的；原始的；遠古的n．文藝復興前的藝術家(或作品)
⑥two-dimensional adj．二維的
dimension n．維；規模；范圍
⑦in particular尤其；特別
⑧set apart from使與眾不同；使突出；使優于……
⑨impact n．影響；效果
have an impact on對……有影響
⑩concentrate on集中精力于；全神貫注于
adopt vt．采取；接受；收養
humanistic adj．人文主義的
humanity n．人性；人道；(統稱)人類
breakthrough n．重大進展；突破
make a breakthrough(in．．．)(在……方面)取得突破性進展
perspective n．透視圖；觀點；遠景
influential adj．有很大影響力的；有支配力的
be influential in．．．在……方面有影響力
innovation n．創新；革新；新方法
reputation n．名譽；名聲
gain a reputation as獲得……名譽
shift from．．．to．．．從……轉變到……
noble n．貴族成員；出身高貴的人adj．崇高的；宏偉的；高貴的
rank n．地位；級別；行列vt．& vi．把……分等級；使排成行
of high rank 級別高的
purchase vt．購買；采購n．購買；購買的東西
mythology n．神話；虛幻的想法
client n．委托人；當事人；客戶
photography n．照相術；攝影
preserve vt．保存；保護；維持
hence adv．因此；今后
emerge vi．& vt．出現；浮現；暴露
emerge from從……中出現；(從困境中)擺脫出來
sunrise n．日出
sunset n．日落；傍晚
convey vt．表達；傳遞(思想、感情等)；傳送
subjective adj．主觀的
objective adj．客觀的
seek to追求；爭取；力圖
outer adj．外表的；外邊的；外圍的
subsequent adj．隨后的；后來的；之后的
analyse vt．分析；分解
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
What is Western art It is hard to give a precise① definition②．As there have been so many different styles of Western art[1]，it is impossible to describe them all in a short text[2]．Perhaps the best way to understand Western art[3] is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries[4]．
[1]“As there have been．．．styles of Western art”是as引導的原因狀語從句，as意為“因為；由于”。
[2]“it is impossible to．．．in a short text”中的it為形式主語；“to describe them．．．”是動詞不定式短語作真正的主語。
[3]“to understand Western art”為動詞不定式短語作定語，修飾the best way。
[4]“to look at．．．centuries”為動詞不定式短語作表語。
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)
During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity③．Thus，artists were not interested in painting realistic④ scenes．Their works were often primitive⑤ and two-dimensional⑥，and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else[5] to show their importance[6] ．This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267－1337)．While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment．In particular⑦，his paintings are set apart from⑧ other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact⑨．
[5]“the main characters were．．．than everyone else”為帶有than的比較級句式。
[6]“to show their importance”為動詞不定式短語作目的狀語。
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages．As a result，painters concentrated less on⑩ religious themes．They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life．An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401－1428)．Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452－1519)，Michelangelo (1475－1564)，and Raphael (1483－1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio's innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen[7]．
[7]“that Europe had ever seen”為that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the greatest art。
Another innovation was the use of oil paints．With their deep colours and realism，some of the best oil paintings look like photographs．While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil[8]，this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606－1669)，who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light[9]．
[8]while引導讓步狀語從句，意為“雖然；盡管”。
[9]who引導非限制性定語從句，且who在從句中作主語，修飾先行詞Rembrandt。
In subject matter，the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us．Kings，nobles ，and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved．Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology [10]．Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at[11]．
[10]“showing．．．from mythology”為動詞-ing形式短語作定語，修飾名詞paintings。
[11]“that were beautiful and interesting to look at”為that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞paintings。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century．After that，paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like．Hence ，painters had to find a new way of looking at their art．From this，Impressionism emerged in France．The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840－1926) called Impression[12]，Sunrise ．In this work，Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement[13] in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him[14]—but not a detailed record of the scene itself．
[12]“called Impression”為過去分詞短語作定語。
[13]“to convey the light and movement”為動詞不定式短語作表語。
[14]“the scene gave him”為定語從句，前面省略了that，修飾先行詞the subjective impression。
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life，others，such as Renoir (1841－1919)，focused on people．Unlike the cold，black-and-white photographs of that time period，Renoir's paintings are full of light，shadow，colour，and life．He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects，but their inner warmth and humanity as well[15]．
[15]本句為“not．．．but．．．”句型，意為“不是……而是……”。
Modern Art(from the 20th century to today)
After Impressionism，subsequent artists began to ask，“What do we do next？” Painters such as Picasso(1881－1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way，with Cubism[16]．Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality．Still others turned to abstract art．What they attempted to do[17] was no longer show reality，but instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
[16]“which．．．with Cubism”為which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the shapes。
[17]“What they attempted to do”為what引導的主語從句，看作第三人稱單數形式。
西方繪畫簡史
什么是西方藝術？很難給出一個確切的定義。由于西方藝術有如此多的不同風格，在一篇簡短的文章中把它們全部描述出來是不可能的。也許理解西方藝術的最好方法是看一看西方繪畫在過去幾個世紀中的發展。
中世紀(5世紀至15世紀)
在中世紀，西方藝術的目的是向人們傳授基督教。因此，畫家們對寫實的繪畫不感興趣。他們的作品通常較為粗糙且二維化，主體人物常常被做得比其他人物大得多，以顯示他們的重要性。這種情況在13世紀由喬托·迪·邦多納(1267—1337)開始改變。雖然他的畫仍然有宗教主題，但它們展示的是真實環境中的真實人物。尤其是他的作品以其逼真的人物面孔和深刻的情感沖擊力而區別于其他作品。
文藝復興時期(14世紀至17世紀)
新觀念和價值觀逐漸取代了中世紀的舊觀念和價值觀。因此，畫家較少關注宗教主題。他們開始對生活采取更人性化的態度。這一時期一個重要的突破是馬薩喬(1401—1428)對透視法的運用。一些頗具影響力的畫家，例如萊昂納多·達·芬奇(1452—1519)、米開朗琪羅(1475—1564)和拉斐爾(1483—1520)，在喬托和馬薩喬的創新基礎上繼續發展，創作出一些歐洲前所未見的最偉大的藝術作品。
另一個創新是油畫顏料的使用。由于它們的深顏色和現實主義，一些最好的油畫看起來就像照片。盡管早在達·芬奇時代，一些畫家們就使用油彩繪畫，但倫勃朗(1606—1669)使得這種技藝達到頂峰，他擁有“光影大師”的雅稱。
在題材上，重點逐漸從宗教主題轉向我們周圍的人和世界。國王、貴族和地位高的人都想購買自己和所愛的人的精準照片。另一些人想要展示重要歷史事件或神話故事的畫作。最后，大多數客戶都想要漂亮有趣的畫作來看看。
印象主義(畫派)(19世紀末至20世紀初)
直到19世紀中期攝影技術的發明，西方藝術的發展才開始放緩。從那以后，繪畫就不再需要用來保存人和世界的樣子了。因此，畫家必須找到一種新的方式來看待他們的藝術。從此，法國出現了印象主義畫派。這個新運動的名字來自克勞德·莫奈(1840—1926)的畫作《日出印象》。在這幅作品中，莫奈的目的是傳達場景中的光線和運動——也就是場景給他的主觀印象——而不是場景本身的詳細描繪。
盡管許多印象派畫家畫的是自然或日常生活的場景，而其他人，如雷諾阿(1841—1919)，關注的是人。不同于那個時代冷冰冰的黑白照片，雷諾阿的繪畫充滿了光、影、色彩和生命。他不僅試圖展示他的主題的外在形象，而且還試圖展示他們內心的溫暖和人性。
現代藝術(20世紀至今)
在印象主義(畫派)之后，后來的藝術家開始問：“我們接下來要做什么？”像畢加索(1881—1973)這樣的畫家試圖用一種新的方式“立體派”來分析存在于自然界中的圖形。另一些人則賦予他們的畫一種現實而夢幻的質感。還有一些人轉向了抽象藝術。他們試圖做的不再是展示現實，而是問這樣一個問題：“什么是藝術？”
Period 1
速記·重點詞匯——牢記詞形和詞義
1．reputation　2．rank　3．purchase　4．主觀的　5．fond　6．視覺的；視力的　7．permanent　8．批評；指責；評價　9．decline　10．guarantee
11．worthy　12．維；規模；范圍　13．noble
14．emerge
運用·語境填空——測試一下基本功
1．criticised　2．has declined　3．purchased
4．ranked　5．dimensions　6．nobles
7．guaranteed　8．emerging
速記·派生詞匯——牢記詞形和詞義
1．precisely　2．realistic；realism；realist
3．influential　4．investment　5．representative；representation　6．exhibition　7．entry；entrance　8．recognition　9．expansion
運用·語境填空——測試一下基本功
1．realistic　2．precisely　3．influential
4．exhibition　5．recognition　6．investment
7．expansion　8．representative
速記·重點短語——記牢搭配和意義
1．in particular　2．set apart from　3．be fond of　4．bring...to life　5．be worthy of
運用·語境填空——測試一下基本功
1．in particular　2．has been fond of　3．bring；to life　4．is；worthy of　5．set；apart from
1 / 11(共45張PPT)
Period 1　
UNIT 1　ART
主題語境
人與社會——繪畫領域的代表性作品和人物
1．__________ n．名譽；名聲
2．____ n．地位；級別；行列 vt．& vi．把……分等級；使排成行
3．________ vt．購買；采購 n．購買；購買的東西
4．subjective adj．________
5．_____ adj．喜愛
課時練案 單元詞匯表(Words and Expressions)
reputation
rank
purchase
主觀的
fond
6．visual adj．_______________
7．_________ adj．永久的；永恒的；長久的
8．criticise vi．& vt．_________________
9．_______ n．& v．減少；下降；衰落
10．_________ vt．保證；確保；肯定……必然發生 n．保證；保修單；擔保物
11．_______ adj．值得……的；有價值的
視覺的；視力的
permanent
批評；指責；評價
decline
guarantee
worthy
12．dimension n．_______________
13．______ n．貴族成員；出身高貴的人 adj．崇高的；宏偉的；高貴的
14．_______ vi．&vt．出現；浮現；暴露
維；規模；范圍
noble
emerge
1．You'd better go to comfort your daughter _________(criticise) by her teacher．
2．They are doing a monthly poll on the President，and clearly his popularity ___________(decline) so far．
3．That is why I have always _________(purchase)these products．
4．His good qualities set him apart from others and he is _______ (rank) as the most kind-hearted person．
criticised
has declined
purchased
ranked
5．He offers some precise information on how to build a model in three __________ (dimension)．
6．Those ______ (noble) sought to increase their influence by building churches and roads．
7．He __________ (guarantee) to convey my apologies to her，but I was still worried．
8．A new order seems to be ________ (emerge)．
dimensions
nobles
guaranteed
emerging
1．precise adj．準確的；精確的→_________ adv．準確地；精確地；的確如此
2．real adj．真實的；真的；實際的→_______ adj．現實的；逼真的→_______ n．逼真；現實主義；務實作風→_______ n．現實主義畫家(或作家等)；現實主義者
3．influence n．& v．影響→__________ adj．有很大影響力的；有支配力的
precisely
realistic
realism
realist
influential
4．invest vt．投入；投資→__________ n．投資額；投資；(時間、精力的)投入
5．represent vt．代表；描繪；象征→_____________ adj．典型的；有代表性的 n．代表→_____________ n．表現；代表
6．exhibit v．展覽；展出；表現；顯示n．陳列品；證據→__________ n．展覽；(技能、感情或行為的)表演
investment
representative
representation
exhibition
7．enter vt．進入；開始參加；加入→_____ n．加入；進入；參與→________ n．入口
8．recognise vt．承認；認出；贊譽→__________ n．承認；認出；贊譽
9．expand v．擴張；擴展；擴大→_________ n．擴張；擴展；擴大
entry
entrance
recognition
expansion
1．I think it will help shape a ________(real) and serious attitude to life．
2．The meeting starts at 2 o'clock _________ (precise) every Friday afternoon．
3．In that situation，I had to look for an _________(influence) figure to help me out．
realistic
precisely
influential
4．An _________(exhibit) marking the 90th anniversary of the founding of our school is being put on in our school hall．
5．After renovation and reconstruction the old port has changed beyond ___________(recognise)．
6．The city wants to open the doors for more foreign ___________
(invest)．
7．The country is spending hundreds of billions of dollars on railway _________ (expand)．
8．She had a stressful job as a sales ____________ (represent)．
exhibition
recognition
investment
expansion
representative
1．___________尤其；特別
2．____________使與眾不同；使突出；使優于……
3．__________ 喜愛；喜歡
4．____________賦予……生命；使……鮮活起來
5．____________值得
in particular
set apart from
be fond of
bring...to life
be worthy of
1．As people often say，any exercise is better than none．Long-distance running ___________ has a lot of benefits．
2．He has great artistic talent and _______________ creating creative artworks since he was a child．
3．Luckily，an artist is trying to _____ this art back ______．
4．The book __ well _________ his reputation．
5．His fluent English ___ him _________ other applicants during the job interview yesterday．
in particular
has been fond of
bring
to life
is
worthy of
set
apart from
1．breakthrough n．重大進展；突破
[聯想]　“動詞＋副詞”型動詞短語合成的名詞：
workout n．鍛煉
comeback n．回歸
makeup n．化妝品；性格
2．photography n．照相術；攝影
[聯想]　photo/photograph n．照片；相片
photographer n．攝影師
photocopy n．影印
詞匯聯想 由新知聯想已知
3．subjective adj．主觀的
[聯想]　objective adj．客觀的
supportive adj．支持的
4．expansion n．擴張；擴展；擴大
[聯想]　extension n．擴大；延伸；延期
comprehension n．理解
5．be fond of 喜愛；喜歡
[聯想]　表示喜歡的動詞或動詞短語：
like v．喜歡
enjoy v．喜歡，欣賞
prefer v．更喜歡
be into 喜歡
①precise adj．準確的；精確的
precisely adv．準確地；精確地；的確如此
②definition n．定義
③Christianity n．基督教
課下預習 第一篇課文(Reading and Thinking)
④realistic adj．現實的；逼真的
realism n．逼真；現實主義；務實作風
realist n．現實主義畫家(或作家等)；現實主義者
⑤primitive adj．發展水平低的；原始的；遠古的n．文藝復興前的藝術家(或作品)
⑥two-dimensional adj．二維的
dimension n．維；規模；范圍
⑦in particular 尤其；特別
⑧set apart from 使與眾不同；使突出；使優于……
⑨impact n．影響；效果
have an impact on 對……有影響
⑩concentrate on 集中精力于；全神貫注于
adopt vt．采取；接受；收養
humanistic adj．人文主義的
humanity n．人性；人道；(統稱)人類
breakthrough n．重大進展；突破
make a breakthrough(in...) (在……方面)取得突破性進展
perspective n．透視圖；觀點；遠景
influential adj．有很大影響力的；有支配力的
be influential in... 在……方面有影響力
innovation n．創新；革新；新方法
reputation n．名譽；名聲
gain a reputation as 獲得……名譽
shift from...to... 從……轉變到……
noble n．貴族成員；出身高貴的人adj．崇高的；宏偉的；高貴的
rank n．地位；級別；行列vt．& vi．把……分等級；使排成行
of high rank 級別高的
purchase vt．購買；采購n．購買；購買的東西
mythology n．神話；虛幻的想法
client n．委托人；當事人；客戶
photography n．照相術；攝影
preserve vt．保存；保護；維持
hence adv．因此；今后
emerge vi．& vt．出現；浮現；暴露
emerge from 從……中出現；(從困境中)擺脫出來
sunrise n．日出
sunset n．日落；傍晚
convey vt．表達；傳遞(思想、感情等)；傳送
subjective adj．主觀的
objective adj．客觀的
seek to 追求；爭取；力圖
outer adj．外表的；外邊的；外圍的
subsequent adj．隨后的；后來的；之后的
analyse vt．分析；分解
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
What is Western art It is hard to give a precise① definition②．As there have been so many different styles of Western art[1]，it is impossible to describe them all in a short text[2]．Perhaps the best way to understand Western art[3] is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries[4]．
[1]“As there have been...styles of Western art”是as引導的原因狀語從句，as意為“因為；由于”。
[2]“it is impossible to...in a short text”中的it為形式主語；“to describe them...”是動詞不定式短語作真正的主語。
[3]“to understand Western art”為動詞不定式短語作定語，修飾the best way。
[4]“to look at...centuries”為動詞不定式短語作表語。
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)
During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity③．Thus，artists were not interested in painting realistic④ scenes．Their works were often primitive⑤ and two-dimensional⑥，and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else[5] to show their importance[6] ．This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267－1337)．While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed
real people in a real environment．In particular⑦，his paintings are set apart from⑧ other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact⑨．
[5]“the main characters were...than everyone else”為帶有than的比較級句式。
[6]“to show their importance”為動詞不定式短語作目的狀語。
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages．As a result，painters concentrated less on⑩ religious themes．They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life．An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401－1428)．Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452－1519)，Michelangelo (1475－1564)，and Raphael (1483－1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio's innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen[7]．
[7]“that Europe had ever seen”為that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the greatest art。
Another innovation was the use of oil paints．With their deep colours and realism，some of the best oil paintings look like photographs．While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil[8]，this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606－1669)，who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light[9]．
[8]while引導讓步狀語從句，意為“雖然；盡管”。
[9]who引導非限制性定語從句，且who在從句中作主語，修飾先行詞Rembrandt。
In subject matter，the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us．Kings，nobles ，and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved．Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology [10]．Finally，most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at[11]．
[10]“showing...from mythology”為動詞-ing形式短語作定語，修飾名詞paintings。
[11]“that were beautiful and interesting to look at”為that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞paintings。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century．After that，paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like．Hence ，painters had to find a new way of looking at their art．From this，Impressionism emerged in France．The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840－1926) called Impression[12]，Sunrise ．In this work，Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement[13] in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him[14]—but not a detailed record of the scene itself．
[12]“called Impression”為過去分詞短語作定語。
[13]“to convey the light and movement”為動詞不定式短語作表語。
[14]“the scene gave him”為定語從句，前面省略了that，修飾先行詞the subjective impression。
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life，others，such as Renoir (1841－1919)，focused on people．Unlike the cold，black-and-white photographs of that time period，Renoir's paintings are full of light，shadow，colour，and life．He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects，but their inner warmth and humanity as well[15]．
[15]本句為“not...but...”句型，意為“不是……而是……”。
Modern Art(from the 20th century to today)
After Impressionism，subsequent artists began to ask，“What do we do next？” Painters such as Picasso(1881－1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way，with Cubism[16]．Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality．Still others turned to abstract art．What they attempted to do[17] was no longer show reality，but instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
[16]“which...with Cubism”為which引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the shapes。
[17]“What they attempted to do”為what引導的主語從句，看作第三人稱單數形式。
西方繪畫簡史
什么是西方藝術？很難給出一個確切的定義。由于西方藝術有如此多的不同風格，在一篇簡短的文章中把它們全部描述出來是不可能的。也許理解西方藝術的最好方法是看一看西方繪畫在過去幾個世紀中的發展。
中世紀(5世紀至15世紀)
在中世紀，西方藝術的目的是向人們傳授基督教。因此，畫家們對寫實的繪畫不感興趣。他們的作品通常較為粗糙且二維化，主體人物常常被做得比其他人物大得多，以顯示他們的重要性。這種情況在13世紀由喬托·迪·邦多納(1267—1337)開始改變。雖然他的畫仍然有宗教主題，但它們展示的是真實環境中的真實人物。尤其是他的作品以其逼真的人物面孔和深刻的情感沖擊力而區別于其他作品。
文藝復興時期(14世紀至17世紀)
新觀念和價值觀逐漸取代了中世紀的舊觀念和價值觀。因此，畫家較少關注宗教主題。他們開始對生活采取更人性化的態度。這一時期一個重要的突破是馬薩喬(1401—1428)對透視法的運用。一些頗具影響力的畫家，例如萊昂納多·達·芬奇(1452—1519)、米開朗琪羅(1475—1564)和拉斐爾(1483—1520)，在喬托和馬薩喬的創新基礎上繼續發展，創作出一些歐洲前所未見的最偉大的藝術作品。
另一個創新是油畫顏料的使用。由于它們的深邃的色彩和現實主義，一些最好的油畫看起來就像照片。盡管早在達·芬奇時代，一些畫家們就使用油彩繪畫，但倫勃朗(1606—1669)使得這種技藝達到頂峰，他擁有“光影大師”的雅稱。
在題材上，重點逐漸從宗教主題轉向我們周圍的人和世界。國王、貴族和地位高的人都想購買自己和所愛的人的精準照片。另一些人想要展示重要歷史事件或神話故事的畫作。最后，大多數客戶都想要那些看上去漂亮、有趣的畫作。
印象主義(畫派)(19世紀末至20世紀初)
直到19世紀中期攝影技術的發明，西方藝術的發展才開始放緩。從那以后，繪畫就不再需要用來保存人和世界的樣子了。因此，畫家必須找到一種新的方式來看待他們的藝術。從此，法國出現了印象主義畫派。這個新運動的名字來自克勞德·莫奈(1840—1926)的畫作《日出印象》。在這幅作品中，莫奈的目的是傳達場景中的光線和運動——也就是場景給他的主觀印象——而不是場景本身的詳細描繪。
盡管許多印象派畫家畫的是自然或日常生活的場景，而其他人，如雷諾阿(1841—1919)，關注的是人。不同于那個時代冷冰冰的黑白照片，雷諾阿的繪畫充滿了光、影、色彩和生命。他不僅試圖展示他的主題的外在形象，而且還試圖展示他們內心的溫暖和人性。
現代藝術(20世紀至今)
在印象主義(畫派)之后，后來的藝術家開始問：“我們接下來要做什么？”像畢加索(1881—1973)這樣的畫家試圖用一種新的方式“立體派”來分析存在于自然界中的圖形。另一些人則賦予他們的畫一種現實而夢幻的質感。還有一些人轉向了抽象藝術。他們試圖做的不再是展示現實，而是問這樣一個問題：“什么是藝術？”
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