資源簡介

(共22張PPT)
Focusing on culture
Discuss in groups.
How did people count things before writing was invented
They used their fingers.
They might have used stones.
Maybe they used shells.
Look at the picture. In ancient times, some people used tally sticks to count things. Let’s read an article and find out more about counting.
The story of numbers
In ancient times, people developed different counting methods. One of the earliest was called “tally sticks”. Each “stick” (or pebble, or other counting tool) stands for a thing we want to count, such as an animal or a bag of rice. For each animal we want to count, we draw one stick. This is called a “one-to-one correspondence”. Tally sticks are easy to understand, but it can take a long time to write down large numbers. To write “1,000”, you have to draw a thousand tally sticks!
Later, people created faster ways of writing numbers. One such system developed in ancient India. Instead of using tally sticks, people began using different abstract symbols to represent different numbers. Researchers do not know exactly how this happened, but some believe that the sticks slowly turned into symbols over the centuries. These Indian numerals became popular, and people in the Arab world started using them too. Thanks to the Arabs, this way of writing numbers spread to Europe and across the world. Nowadays, they are known as Arabic numerals.
The ancient Romans wrote numbers in a different way. They used letters from their alphabet. For example, the number 12 is “XII” (10+1+1). The Roman numerals used to be the most common way of writing numbers in Europe. Today we still see them in many places, for example, on clock faces, on buildings or in books. But Roman numerals are not as common as Arabic numerals, maybe because they are too difficult to use!
Read and summarize
What is each paragraph mainly about
Paragraph 1: Tally sticks—one of the earliest counting methods.
Paragraph 2: The development of Arabic numerals.
Paragraph 3: How Roman numerals work.
Focusing on culture
Read the article and complete the timeline.
People used sticks to count.
People used letters as numbers.
Arabic numerals became popular.
Focusing on culture
In pairs, give a summary of the article with the help of the timeline below.
People used sticks to count.
People used letters as numbers.
Arabic numerals became popular.
Tally sticks are easy to ... but...
It is too difficult to ...
Instead of using tally sticks, Indians began using ...
Focusing on culture
Give each other feedback on the summary. What did your partner do well What can he / she improve
評價維度 內容要求 評分（1–5）
內容完整性 Content 復述內容是否涵蓋了數(shù)字發(fā)展的主要階段（如計數(shù)棍、印度數(shù)字、羅馬數(shù)字、阿拉伯數(shù)字等）。 1 2 3 4 5
語言準確性 Accuracy 使用的詞匯、語法和句型是否準確，是否符合英語表達習慣。 1 2 3 4 5
邏輯清晰度 Logic 復述過程是否邏輯清晰，是否能夠按照時間順序或因果關系清晰地表達數(shù)字發(fā)展的過程。 1 2 3 4 5
表達流暢度 Fluency 復述過程中是否表達流暢，是否有過多的停頓、重復或不必要的修正。 1 2 3 4 5
Focusing on culture
Group discussion
How are the three kinds of numerals different from each other In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of each
Advantages Disadvantages
Chinese numerals 一、二、三、四、五
Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V
Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
They look good and are easy to recognize.
They are harder to write than Arabic numerals.
They often look good on clocks and buildings.
It’s hard to read and write big numbers.
They are the most common way of writing numbers. It’s easier to do maths with them.
Big numbers can be very long.
Focusing on culture
Discuss the questions below.
Before numbers were invented, how did ancient Chinese people record important things like harvests or time
Watch a video and answer the questions below.
（請教師自行搜索結繩記事相關視頻。）
Why did people in ancient China use knots to count
How did the type and position of knots help people record important things
Focusing on culture
Compare and share.
Counting system Reasons to use it
Tally sticks
Pebbles
Knots
If you lived in ancient times, which of the following ways of counting would you use Why
評價內容 評分（1-5）
1. 我能夠運用所學知識，簡要描述古代計數(shù)方法的發(fā)展過程。 1 2 3 4 5
2. 我能了解不同數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，認識到阿拉伯數(shù)字在全球的普及及影響。 1 2 3 4 5
3. 我能比較不同計數(shù)方法的優(yōu)缺點，理解文明進步對計數(shù)方式帶來的影響。 1 2 3 4 5
4. 我能提取科普文章關鍵信息，運用閱讀策略提高閱讀理解能力。 1 2 3 4 5
5. 我能將數(shù)學與歷史、文化相結合，理解數(shù)字發(fā)展的跨學科意義。 1 2 3 4 5
Self-assessment
Homework
基礎作業(yè)
選擇一個古代文明（如古印度、古羅馬、阿拉伯文明等），深入研究其數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展歷史和文化背景。制作一份展示材料（如海報、PPT 或短視頻），內容包括：①該數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的特點；②該數(shù)字系統(tǒng)對現(xiàn)代數(shù)學的影響；③你對該數(shù)字系統(tǒng)的評價（優(yōu)點和缺點）。
拓展作業(yè)
設計一個簡單的計數(shù)工具，靈感可以來自計數(shù)棍或其他古代計數(shù)方法。
制作并測試你的工具：用你的工具記錄一組數(shù)量（如班級人數(shù)、書本數(shù)量等）。記錄使用過程中的優(yōu)點和缺點。撰寫一份簡短報告，內容包括：
①工具的設計思路；②使用過程中的發(fā)現(xiàn)；③你認為如何改進這個工具。
count /kaWnt/ v. 計算（或清單）總數(shù)
The teachers counted the students before the bus left.
system /9sIstRm/ n. 系統(tǒng)
The doctors are happy with the new computer system.
instead of 代替；作為……的替換
Can I have some coffee instead of tea
symbol /9sImbl/ n. 符號；記號
We use the symbol ° for “degrees”.
represent /0reprI9zent/ v. 代表
The Roman numeral Ⅳ represents the number 4.
exactly /IG9z ktli/ adv. 準確地；確切地
The two students got exactly the same number of points.
alphabet /9 lfRbet/ n. 字母表
N comes after M in the alphabet.
common /9kBmRn/ adj. 常見的
Alex is a very common English name.
write down 寫下；記下
Please write down your questions in your notebook.

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