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(共19張PPT)
長難句考情
分析近年高考可知，長難句的比重日益增加。詞匯量對于讀懂文章固然重要，但句子太長或者句子結構復雜也會成為學生高考取得高分的絆腳石。無論是閱讀理解、完形填空還是語法填空都需要辨清句子的主干和修飾成分。英語中長難句的特點往往是結構復雜，邏輯層次多，通常是在主干成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語而使句子變長。在高考試題中，英語句子常常以長難句形式出現。
長難句的組成
主干
主干（trunk）：是整個句子的骨架，主要指主謂賓結構或主系表結構。
修飾成分
修飾成分(modifier)：在句中只起修飾或補充主干的作用。這些修飾語有：介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語、從句等。
修飾成分
（1）介詞短語
【起止標識】標記介詞短語時，要從介詞開始到介詞之后的第一個名詞終止。如: at home、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、to the destination
【定義】從介詞開始到名詞結束、表達一個獨立的完整的含義的結構。
【例句】(After the long day of work), she returned home, took off her coat and collapsed (onto the couch) (in the living room).
修飾成分
（2）三大從句
【起止標識】標記從句時，一定從關系詞開始，到以下四種終止。
【定義】 從句是復合句中不能獨立成句，但具有主語部分和謂語部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although， after, before…等關系詞引導
① 到句尾終止，如：Li Hua is a boy (who excels in mathematics).
② 到句中的逗號終止，如：(When I arrived home), it began to rain.
③ 到下一個修飾成分終止，如：I will visit Beijing (which is rich in history and culture) with my family. (with my family是介詞短語，屬于另一個修飾成分，故從句的標記在此處終止)
④ 到下一個謂語動詞終止，如Beijing (which is rich in history and culture) always attracts visitors with its rich history and culture.
修飾成分
（3）非謂語動詞短語
【起止標識】標記非謂語動詞短語時，一定是從動詞不定式(to do)、動名詞(doing)或分詞(現在分詞 doing或過去分詞 done)開頭，到以下四種情況終止。
【定義】非謂語動詞是指動詞在句子中“不是謂語”時的幾種變化形式，主要包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞(現在分詞和過去分詞)三類。非謂語動詞不能獨立作謂語，而是充當句子的其他成分。由非謂語動詞開頭的、表示一個獨立、完整的含義的結構叫做非謂語動詞短語。
①到尾終止，如: Li Hua is a boy (exceling in mathematics).
②到句中的逗號終止，如:(To enhance my language skills), I regularly participate in language exchange meetups.
③到下一個修飾成分終止，如: They doubted his ability (to solve complex problems) in the first place. ( in the first place是介詞短語，屬于另一個修飾成分，故非謂語的標記在此處終止)
④到下一個謂語動詞終止，如: They, (laughing and dancing), enjoyed the evening around t he campfire.
如何快速讀懂長難句
“一劃 二括 三會意”
一劃：劃出句子主干（主謂賓、主系表）；
二括：括出修飾成分（介詞短語、非謂語動詞和從句等）；
三會意：抓主題，去修飾，按照邏輯理順句意。
句子的類型
句子可以分為三種類型：簡單句、并列句、復合句。
Having suffered a number of health problems, former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona.
We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for them.
The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options.
簡單句
并列句
復合句
Example：(2021·全國乙卷) These days, safety regulations—not to mention the modern sports fan’s desire for a good view and a comfortable seat—tend to keep stadium capacities slightly lower.　
翻譯：現在，由于安全規定，體育館的容量有所減少，更不用說現代體育愛好者希望有良好的視野和舒適的座椅。
長難句的類型及突破
主干：These days, safety regulations tend to keep stadium capacities slightly lower.
【Tip 1】 在理解含有分隔結構的句子時，先理解插入語以外的內容，再理解插入語， 即“先讀兩端， 再讀中間”。多數插入語都位于雙逗號或雙破折號之間， 和句子其他部分顯性地隔離開來。
Type1：簡單句（含有分隔結構）
Type2：簡單句（介詞短語、非謂語、從句等多種成分修飾）
Example 1：(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷) The reasons relate to a variety of factors, ①including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心態) and a tendency to multitask ②while consuming digital content.
翻譯：這些原因涉及多種因素，包括注意力下降、娛樂心態以及在消費數字內容時一心多用的傾向。
主干：（主+謂+賓）The reasons relate to a variety of factors.
①非謂語；②while+非謂語的省略結構
Example 2：(2024·新課標Ⅱ卷)Moreover, having a system in the same building where it's eaten means zero emissions（排放）from transporting plants from soil to salad.
翻譯：此外，在食用植物的同一棟建筑里有一個系統，意味著將植物從土壤運輸到沙拉的零排放（排放）。
主干：Moreover, having a system means zero emissions...
where引導的定語從句，修飾building
【Tip 2】 找主干，去枝葉。分清句子附屬成分和主要成分。確定主干成分，分析分詞功能，再分析從句。
Type2：簡單句（介詞短語、非謂語、從句等多種成分修飾）
動名詞做主語
Example 1:（2024新課標Ⅱ卷）In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code（代碼）that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.
翻譯：如果處理不當，這本書可能會像人工智能的計算機代碼一樣復雜，但值得慶幸的是，坎貝爾擁有二十多年的專業經驗，可以將枯燥的內容轉化為通俗易懂的內容。
主干： such a book could prove as complicated as the computer code but Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience
But連接的并列分句
that引導定語從句
Type3：并列句
現在分詞做后置定語修飾experiencde
Example 2:(2024年新課標I卷) According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,which are often not so serious ,and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
翻譯：根據這一理論，人們在閱讀數字文本時，會以一種適合社交媒體的心態去閱讀，因為社交媒體通常并不那么嚴肅，人們在閱讀時所花費的心力也比閱讀印刷品時要少。
主干：people approach digital texts with a mindset（主+謂+賓）... and devote less mental effort ...
which引導的非限制定語從句，修飾social media
suited to過去分詞短語作后置定語,修飾mindset
when引導的狀語從句
Type3：并列句
【Tip 3】先找并列連詞 (and, but, yet, or, for, so, while, whether…or; neither…not, not only …but also …)，確定并列成分；然后將長句分解成多個分句， 理清各分句的內部結構和句意，再綜合考慮全句， 即可明確整句話想表達的意思。
Example 1:(2024年新課標Ⅰ卷) However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn't assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
翻譯：然而，為了最大限度地提高學習效果，在需要集中精力和思考的情況下，教育者不應認為所有媒體都是一樣的，即使它們包含相同的文字。
主干：However,for maximizing learning,educators shouldn't assume ...
省略了that 的賓語從句，assume（that）
when引導的狀語從句
Type 4：主從復合句（多個從句; 從句套從句）
where引導的定語從句,修飾learning
Example 2:（2023年新課標Ⅰ卷）The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
翻譯：該研究的關鍵發現在于，當人群被進一步細分為較小的“群體”，并允許他們討論時，較小群體的平均值比同等數量獨立個體的平均值更準確。
When引導時間狀語從句
That引導表語從句
主干： The key finding of the study was that…
that引導定語從句，修飾先行詞groups
【Tip 4】先主句，后從句。首先找出從屬連詞并確定主句，接著按照簡單句的分析方法，梳理各分句的結構和意義，然后確定各從句的性質，也就是明確每個從句在句中分別修飾哪些詞語或結構， 最后綜合考慮全句大意。
Example:（2024新課標I卷）These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(標本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable
翻譯：隨著科技的發展，人們很容易借助移動應用程序對不同物種進行觀察。既然我們越來越多地利用觀測數據來研究物種如何應對全球變化，我想知道：這些數據是否可用嗎？
定語從句
since引導讓步狀語從句
賓語從句
主干：These observations outnumber the data and I wanted to know ….
Type 5：并列句和主從復合句并存
【Tip 5】先讀懂并列句，再看主從復合句。
Example 1: (2024年新課標I卷）“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.
翻譯:政府一直在努力想出措施來解決這個問題，特別是在伏爾加河以東的貧困農村地區，包括通過視頻聊天安排醫生預約，并擴大財政援助計劃，以激勵醫生在克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等國家偏遠地區行醫。
主干：The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem...
介詞短語
介詞短語
介詞短語做狀語
定語從句
Type 6：多種句式結構并存
Example 2:（2024年全國甲卷）The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
政府一直在努力想出措施來解決這個問題，特別是在伏爾加河以東的貧困農村地區，包括通過視頻聊天安排醫生預約，并擴大財政援助計劃，以激勵醫生在克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等國家偏遠地區行醫。
主干：The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem...
including引導的狀語，修飾measures
插入語
不定式作目的狀語
不定式做定語
【Tip 6】靈活運用上面的tips。按照“讀-劃-析-譯”的思路，逐個擊破。

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