資源簡(jiǎn)介

Period 4　 單元語(yǔ)法講練(Using language)
1．submit v．提交；順從，屈服
(1)submit...to...　　 把……提交給……
submit to... 順從于……(to是介詞)
submit oneself to... 使自己順從于……(to是介詞)
(2)submission n． 提交；屈服
[即學(xué)即練]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①The report (submit) to the manager yesterday was being discussed at the meeting．
②No country would submit to (control) by another country in the world．
③The final date for the (submit) of proposals is March 14．
④對(duì)這次夏令營(yíng)感興趣的人必須在5月15日前提交申請(qǐng)書(shū)和相關(guān)資料。
Those who are interested in the summer camp must by May 15．
2．sign up (for) 報(bào)名參加(……)
(1)sign in/out 　　　　 簽到/簽退
sign to sb．to do sth． 打手勢(shì)(讓某人)做某事
(2)a sign of... ……的標(biāo)志/跡象
[即學(xué)即練]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①I(mǎi)f you are interested，sign on our school website before August 10．
②He was desperately signing to me not (mention) anything about him．
③In communication，a smile is usually strong sign of a friendly and open attitude．
④我們班一些同學(xué)一聽(tīng)到消息，就馬上分小組報(bào)名參加。
Hardly had they got the news when some of my classmates immediately．
復(fù)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1．can和could
(1)表示能力。can表示現(xiàn)在的能力，could表示過(guò)去一般的能力。
My grandmother can do some shopping on the Internet，but she couldn't last year．
我奶奶會(huì)網(wǎng)購(gòu)了，但是去年她還不會(huì)。
[名師點(diǎn)津]　was/were able to表示有能力并且成功地做成了某事。
The fire spread through the building very quickly，but everyone was able to get out．
盡管這場(chǎng)大火迅速蔓延了整個(gè)大樓，但是每個(gè)人都逃了出去。
(2)can用于肯定句中，表示理論上的可能性，意為“有時(shí)候可能會(huì)”。
Everything can happen，everything is possible and probable．
任何事情都有可能發(fā)生，沒(méi)有什么是不可能的。
(3)表示請(qǐng)求和允許。could表示更委婉的語(yǔ)氣，回答時(shí)只能用can。
—Could/Can I use your bike
——我可以用你的自行車(chē)嗎？
—Of course you can．
——當(dāng)然可以。
(4)表示推測(cè)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。
What can they be doing there
他們可能正在那里干什么？
He can't be in the classroom，for the light has been turned off．
他不可能在教室，因?yàn)闊粢呀?jīng)關(guān)了。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練1]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①Parents are doing all they to help their children achieve their ambitions．
②She asked the clerk if she arrange the examination at about ten the next day．
③以我來(lái)看，一個(gè)沒(méi)有朋友的人永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)幸福。
In my opinion，a person without friends ．
④只有通過(guò)面對(duì)面交談我們才有機(jī)會(huì)說(shuō)服他改變主意。
Only by talking face to face to persuade him to change his mind．
2．may和might
(1)表示請(qǐng)求或許可。在疑問(wèn)句中，might比may語(yǔ)氣更委婉；給予許可時(shí)肯定回答用may而不用might，否定回答一般用mustn't/can't。
—May/Might I play the computer games after supper
——晚飯后我可以玩電腦游戲嗎？
—Yes，you may．/No，you mustn't/can't．
——是的，可以。/不，不行。
(2)表示推測(cè)，意為“可能，或許”。
We may go to the cinema tonight，but we are not sure yet．
我們今晚或許去看電影，但還未確定。
(3)用于祈使句中，表示祝愿。
May you be happy every day and succeed in your work!
祝你每天都過(guò)得開(kāi)心且工作順利！
(4)“may/might as well＋動(dòng)詞原形”意為“最好，倒不如”。
There is nothing to do，so I may/might as well go to bed．
沒(méi)什么事可做，我還是上床睡覺(jué)好了。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練2]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①Life is unpredictable；even the poorest become the richest．
②They be having a meeting，but I'm not sure．
③當(dāng)我有不同的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，我或許會(huì)選擇把它放棄而尊重大多數(shù)人的觀點(diǎn)。
When I have a different opinion，I and respect the opinion of the majority．
④我們倒不如利用這次機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)提高我們的口語(yǔ)水平。
We to improve our oral English．
3．must和have to
(1)表示“必須；應(yīng)該”，must一般指主觀，而have to指客觀上表示“不得不”。
We must do everything step by step．
我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。
I have to go now for I've a meeting 15 minutes later．
我必須走了，因?yàn)?5分鐘后有個(gè)會(huì)。
(2)表示推測(cè)，意為“一定會(huì)”，此時(shí)只能用在肯定句中。
You have worked hard all day．You must be tired．
辛苦工作了一整天，你一定累了。
(3) mustn't表禁止，而have to的否定式意為“不必”。
You mustn't play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself．
你千萬(wàn)不要玩刀，否則會(huì)傷到自己的。
We don't have to take it too seriously—just for fun．
我們不必把它看得太認(rèn)真——只是為了玩耍。
(4)表示偏執(zhí)、固執(zhí)，意為“偏要，硬要”。
If you must play，please go out．
如果你硬要玩，那就出去吧。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練3]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①I(mǎi)'m sorry，but you go wrong．There's no such man here．
②If you go and play football，at least wait until school is over．
③最后一班公共汽車(chē)開(kāi)走了，他只好步行回家。
The last bus had gone，so he ．
④你不可以在這里停車(chē)！這是緊急出口。
You ！ It's an emergency exit．
4．will和would
(1)表示意志、意愿和決心。用于各種人稱(chēng)，will指現(xiàn)在，would指過(guò)去。
We will never give up working，whatever happens．
無(wú)論發(fā)生什么事，我們都不會(huì)放棄工作。
They said that they would fight against the haze．
他們說(shuō)要與霧霾作斗爭(zhēng)。
(2)表示請(qǐng)求、建議。用于第二人稱(chēng)的疑問(wèn)句，would比will更委婉。
Will/Would you please take a message for me
你能幫我捎個(gè)口信嗎？
(3)表示習(xí)慣。will指現(xiàn)在，would指過(guò)去。
She will listen to music for hours．
她總是聽(tīng)音樂(lè)一聽(tīng)就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
We would sit around Grandpa after supper，listening to his stories．
過(guò)去，晚飯后我們總會(huì)坐在爺爺周?chē)?tīng)他講故事。
[名師點(diǎn)津]　would與used to兩者均表示“過(guò)去常常”，但would表示過(guò)去重復(fù)、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作；而used to則強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比。
He would take a walk near the forest in the evening．
以前，他晚間常在森林附近散步。
He used to spend all his money on food and drink；now he lives a simple life．
他過(guò)去把錢(qián)都花在吃喝上；現(xiàn)在可節(jié)省了。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練4]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①When he lived in the countryside，he go fishing every day．
② you tell me something about local customs
③我過(guò)去常常開(kāi)車(chē)上班，但是現(xiàn)在我騎自行車(chē)上班。
I ，but now I go to work by bike．
④我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)放棄努力實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想。
We trying to make our dreams come true．
5．shall和should
(1)shall用于第一和第三人稱(chēng)的疑問(wèn)句中，表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。
Shall I buy some picture books for the children
要我給孩子們買(mǎi)些圖畫(huà)書(shū)嗎？
(2)shall用于第二和第三人稱(chēng)的陳述句，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅；此外，當(dāng)頒布法律、規(guī)定時(shí)也用shall。
You shall finish your homework first before you go out and play．
你得先做完作業(yè)再出去玩。
No reader shall remove a book from the library without permission．
未經(jīng)許可，讀者不可以把書(shū)帶出圖書(shū)館。
(3)should表示勸告和建議，意為“應(yīng)該”。此時(shí)ought to比should語(yǔ)氣要強(qiáng)。
You should/ought to put more effort into your work．
你應(yīng)該更加努力地工作。
(4)should表示預(yù)測(cè)可能性，意為“按道理應(yīng)該會(huì)”。
He left Paris in the morning．So he should arrive here by supper time．
他早上離開(kāi)巴黎。因此他晚飯前應(yīng)該能到。
(5)should表示驚訝、意外等情緒，意為“竟然”。
It is strange that such things should happen in our school．
真奇怪，這樣的事情竟然在我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練5]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①You be punished for what you have done．
②You can't imagine that a well－behaved gentleman be so rude to a lady．
③你犯了那么多錯(cuò)。下次應(yīng)該認(rèn)真。
You have made so many mistakes．You ．
④我們有一條規(guī)定，那就是每個(gè)學(xué)生在校期間都必須穿校服。
One of our rules is that every student while at school．
6．need和dare
(1)need既可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后跟動(dòng)詞原形，表示“需要，有必要”，無(wú)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，多用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句中。
Tony has known the good news，so you needn't tell it to him．
托尼已經(jīng)知道了這個(gè)好消息，因此你不必再告訴他了。
Need I pay the whole amount now
我必須現(xiàn)在全部付清嗎？
[名師點(diǎn)津]　由need開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句的肯定回答常用must；否定回答常用needn't或don't have to。
—Need I answer the question
——我需要回答那個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎？
—Yes，you must．/No，you needn't/don't have to．
——是的，你得回答。/不，不必了。
(2)dare既可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，也可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)多用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句以及表示懷疑的名詞性從句中，表示“敢……”。
I dare not walk through the wood at night．
夜間，我不敢在小樹(shù)林里走。
How dare you talk to me like that
你竟敢那樣對(duì)我說(shuō)話？
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練6]　完成句子
①他嚇得不敢動(dòng)。
He was so frightened that he ．
②如果你有什么重要的事要做的話，今晚的會(huì)議就不要參加了。
You this afternoon if you have something important to do．
7．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done
(1)must have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情十分肯定的推測(cè)，意為“想必/準(zhǔn)是/一定做過(guò)某事。”
From what you said，she must have told you all about it．
從你所說(shuō)的來(lái)看，她一定把一切都告訴你了。
(2)can/could have done用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑和不肯定，意為“不可能已經(jīng)……”或“可能已經(jīng)……了嗎？”；用在肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性的遺憾，意為“本來(lái)能做……實(shí)際上卻未做”。
Mr Smith can't have gone to Beijing，for I saw him in the library just now．
史密斯先生不可能去了北京，因?yàn)槲覄偛胚€在圖書(shū)館看見(jiàn)他了。
You could have done better，but you didn't try your best．
你本來(lái)能做得更好，但你沒(méi)盡全力。
(3)should/ought to have done表示“過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而(實(shí)際上)沒(méi)有做”，含有責(zé)備或遺憾的語(yǔ)氣；其否定形式表示“某種行為不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了”。
You should have done more exercise before．
以前你應(yīng)該多進(jìn)行鍛煉的。
I was really anxious about you．You shouldn't have left home without a word．
我真的為你擔(dān)心。你本不該不打聲招呼就離開(kāi)家。
(4)need have done表示“本需要做某事而實(shí)際未做”；needn't have done表示“本不必做某事而實(shí)際做了”。
As it turned out to be a small family party，we needn't have dressed up so formally．
由于這是一個(gè)小型的家庭聚會(huì)，我們本來(lái)沒(méi)必要穿得那么正式。
(5)may/might have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，意思是“也許已經(jīng)做了某事，可能已經(jīng)做了某事”，多用在肯定句中。
He might have said so at the meeting，but I'm not sure．
他或許在會(huì)上說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話，但我說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練7]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①He needn't (water) the flowers，but he needed to do something to kill time．
②他本可以通過(guò)這次考試的，可是他太粗心了。
He ，but he was too careless．
③你很熟悉這個(gè)城市；你一定在這里待了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
You are very familiar with the city；you ．
④他們不應(yīng)該走那么早。瞧，經(jīng)理正在發(fā)火。
They ．Look，the manager is losing his temper．
用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞填空
Hi，Elisa，
Do you remember that writing competition I told you about Well，my teacher suggested I go in for it，so I think I 1． ．I think the hardest thing for me will be the fact that I 2． write more than 600 words．Once I start writing I just can't stop，so I 3． control myself if I want to keep within the limit．
The good thing is that I 4． write about any specific topic—I 5． choose that myself．But I think I 6． write about something I'm familiar with．I 7． base it around a fishing trip or a tennis match．
I 8． send it in by the end of the month，so I'd better start writing soon，as I 9． go skiing on the 19th．
Wish me luck!
Tim
第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
①source of fascination 魅力源泉
②archeological adj．考古的
③in reality 事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上
④the naked eye 肉眼
⑤investigate v．調(diào)查，研究
⑥dramatically adv．巨大地；戲劇性地
⑦telescope n．望遠(yuǎn)鏡
⑧angle v．斜置
⑨galaxy n．星系
⑩the Milky Way 銀河系
cosmic adj．宇宙的
launch v．發(fā)射
breathtakingly adv．驚人地
image n．形象，影像
conceivably adv．可以相信地；可想象地
at an ever－increasing speed 以越來(lái)越快的速度
be engaged in從事于；忙于
advanced telescope 先進(jìn)的望遠(yuǎn)鏡
be composed of 由……組成/構(gòu)成
subatomic particle 亞原子粒子
subatomic adj．亞原子的；原子內(nèi)的
particle n．粒子
invisible adj．看不見(jiàn)的
construct v．建造，創(chuàng)建
quest for 探求，探索
EYES UPON THE NIGHT
The night sky has been an endless source of fascination① since the start of human history．For example，the mysterious large-eyed，bronze statues of the ancient Shu Kingdom，discovered at the Chinese archeological② site at Sanxingdui，were believed to have been able to look across great distances into the stars．In reality③， humans can see very little of the night sky with the naked eye④．And，for a long while，people were unable to understand what they could see．[1] Not knowing what the stars were，people in ancient times used their imaginations to create a world in the sky．
[1]not knowing what the stars were為動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)的否定形式，在句中作狀語(yǔ)；what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作表語(yǔ)。
[2]Our power to investigate⑤ and thus understand space changed dramatically⑥ when the first telescope⑦ was angled⑧ at the night sky，increasing as it did the power of the human eye and enabling us to understand that the universe is far larger than was previously imaginable．The planets were seen to be worlds similar to our own，many of them even having their own moons．Soon，it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy⑨ we call the Milky Way⑩．Some 300 years later，we learnt that the Milky Way itself was just one galaxy among billions of others，spread across the blackness of space like great islands of light and matter floating in a vast cosmic ocean．
[2]本句句子主干為our power to investigate and thus understand space changed dramatically，主語(yǔ)中心詞為our power，動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ)；when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；第二個(gè)and連接并列的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
Almost 400 years after the first Earth-based telescope was invented，the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit，giving astronomers—indeed all of us—the first breathtakingly beautiful images of our universe taken from beyond Earth．Nothing in history has allowed us to see so much over such great distances，[3]from enormous clouds of gas where stars are being born，to huge black holes，and even to new planets where we might conceivably find life．Not only that—it has also helped us to work out the age and nature of the universe，and [4]discover the incredible fact that the universe is expanding at an ever-increasing speed ．
[3]句中的兩個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的從句均為定語(yǔ)從句，分別修飾gas和planets。
[4]句中that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
To see even further into the universe，many countries are now engaged in building ever more advanced telescopes ．Currently，China operates the world's largest and most powerful radio telescope，the FAST telescope，completed in 2016．The 500-metre dish of the “Eye of Heaven”，as it is known，is being used in the search for dark matter，thought to be composed of subatomic particles invisible to ordinary telescopes．This vast dish also has the ability to explore regions of space billions of light years away，right at the edge of the visible universe．
The Hubble and the space telescopes constructed after it will allow us to see further and further into space．We will view stars and galaxies billions of light years away and look back at a past that was billions of years ago．Using ever-larger radio telescopes as our eyes，we will one day be able to look back to a time in the very early universe，before the existence of light．But the human quest for knowledge reaches even beyond that．So much of the universe remains unexplored that we are still close to the start of this incredible journey of discovery．
眺望夜空的眼睛
從人類(lèi)有史以來(lái)，夜空就一直是讓人浮想聯(lián)翩的不竭源頭。例如在中國(guó)考古遺址三星堆發(fā)掘的古蜀國(guó)神秘的巨目銅像，古時(shí)的人們認(rèn)為它能夠看到遙遠(yuǎn)的星空。事實(shí)上，人類(lèi)僅憑肉眼只能看到夜空很小的一部分。并且在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里，人們都無(wú)法理解他們所看到的事物。古時(shí)的人們并不知道星星到底是什么，所以他們便憑著想象去創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)空中世界。
當(dāng)?shù)谝慌_(tái)望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)夜空時(shí)，我們探索進(jìn)而理解太空的能力就發(fā)生了巨大變化，它不僅增強(qiáng)了人類(lèi)肉眼觀測(cè)的能力，而且也讓我們明白宇宙要比之前想象的大得多。每個(gè)行星都可以被視為和我們地球類(lèi)似的星球，其中許多行星甚至有它們自己的衛(wèi)星。很快，我們明白太陽(yáng)只不過(guò)是銀河系中數(shù)十億計(jì)的恒星中的一顆。大約300年后，我們又得知，銀河系只是數(shù)十億個(gè)散落在黑色太空中的星系之一，就像漂浮在宇宙汪洋中的一座光與物質(zhì)組成的大型島嶼。
第一個(gè)地基望遠(yuǎn)鏡問(wèn)世將近400年之后，哈勃空間望遠(yuǎn)鏡發(fā)射入軌，不僅讓天文學(xué)家，事實(shí)上還讓我們所有人，都看見(jiàn)了來(lái)自地球之外令人嘆為觀止的宇宙美景。它讓我們史無(wú)前例地看到了如此遙遠(yuǎn)的景觀——從星體誕生的巨大氣體云團(tuán)，到巨型黑洞，甚至到可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)生命跡象的新行星。不僅如此，它還幫助我們測(cè)算宇宙的年齡并分析宇宙的本質(zhì)，且發(fā)現(xiàn)了驚人的事實(shí)——宇宙正在以不斷增加的速度擴(kuò)大。
為了能更加深入地觀察宇宙，很多國(guó)家開(kāi)始投入研發(fā)更先進(jìn)的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。近來(lái)，中國(guó)研發(fā)了世界最大、功能最強(qiáng)的射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡——FAST望遠(yuǎn)鏡，于2016年建成。眾所周知，這個(gè)被稱(chēng)為“天眼”的500米口徑巨盤(pán)用于探尋暗物質(zhì)。暗物質(zhì)被認(rèn)為由亞原子粒子組成，一般望遠(yuǎn)鏡是觀測(cè)不到的。這個(gè)巨盤(pán)還能探索數(shù)十億光年之外的太空領(lǐng)域，那里是看得到的宇宙的邊界。
哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡以及在它之后建成的太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡將使我們能看見(jiàn)更加遙遠(yuǎn)的太空。我們將能觀察幾十億光年外的星體和星系，回看數(shù)十億年之前的過(guò)去。終將有一天，我們會(huì)使用更巨大的射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡當(dāng)作人類(lèi)之眼，回看在光產(chǎn)生之前的宇宙的最早時(shí)期。但人類(lèi)對(duì)知識(shí)的渴望不止于此。宇宙還有很多的未知領(lǐng)域，我們才剛剛接近這段奇幻發(fā)現(xiàn)之旅的起點(diǎn)。
Period 4
核心詞匯
1．①submitted　②being controlled　③submission　④submit the applications and relevant materials
2．①u(mài)p　②to mention　③a　④signed up (for it) in groups
單元語(yǔ)法
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練1]
①can　②could　③can never be happy　④can we have the chance
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練2]
①may/might　②may　③may choose to give it up　④might/may as well take advantage of the opportunity
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練3]
①must　②must　③had to go home on foot　④mustn't park here
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練4]
①would　②Would/Will　③used to go to work by car　
④will never give up
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練5]
①shall　②should　③should/ought to be careful next time　④shall wear school uniforms
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練6]
①dared not move/didn't dare to move　②needn't/don't need to come to the meeting
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練7]
①have watered　②could have passed the exam　③must have stayed here for a long time　④shouldn't have left so early
鞏固落實(shí)
用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞填空
1．will　2．shall/should/must　3．need　4．needn't　5．can
6．should/ought to　7．could/can　8．have to　9．will
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Period 4　
Unit 6　Space and beyond
主題語(yǔ)境
人與自然——宇宙奧秘探索
課時(shí)學(xué)案 單元語(yǔ)法講練(Using language)
(1)submit...to...　　　 把……提交給……
submit to... 順從于……(to是介詞)
submit oneself to... 使自己順從于……(to是介詞)
(2)submission n． 提交；屈服
1．submit v．提交；順從，屈服
[即學(xué)即練]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①The report _________(submit) to the manager yesterday was being discussed at the meeting．
②No country would submit to _______________(control) by another country in the world．
③The final date for the __________(submit) of proposals is March 14．
submitted
being controlled
submission
④對(duì)這次夏令營(yíng)感興趣的人必須在5月15日前提交申請(qǐng)書(shū)和相關(guān)資料。
Those who are interested in the summer camp must_________________
____________________________ by May 15．
submit the
applications and relevant materials
(1)sign in/out 　　　　　 簽到/簽退
sign to sb．to do sth． 打手勢(shì)(讓某人)做某事
(2)a sign of... ……的標(biāo)志/跡象
2．sign up (for) 報(bào)名參加(……)
[即學(xué)即練]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①I(mǎi)f you are interested，sign ___ on our school website before August 10．
②He was desperately signing to me not ___________(mention) anything about him．
③In communication，a smile is usually __ strong sign of a friendly and open attitude．
④我們班一些同學(xué)一聽(tīng)到消息，就馬上分小組報(bào)名參加。
Hardly had they got the news when some of my classmates ___________
________________ immediately．
up
to mention
a
signed up
(for it) in groups
復(fù)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1．can和could
(1)表示能力。can表示現(xiàn)在的能力，could表示過(guò)去一般的能力。
My grandmother can do some shopping on the Internet，but she couldn't last year．
我奶奶會(huì)網(wǎng)購(gòu)了，但是去年她還不會(huì)。
[名師點(diǎn)津]　was/were able to表示有能力并且成功地做成了某事。
The fire spread through the building very quickly，but everyone was able to get out．
盡管這場(chǎng)大火迅速蔓延了整個(gè)大樓，但是每個(gè)人都逃了出去。
(2)can用于肯定句中，表示理論上的可能性，意為“有時(shí)候可能會(huì)”。
Everything can happen，everything is possible and probable．
任何事情都有可能發(fā)生，沒(méi)有什么是不可能的。
(3)表示請(qǐng)求和允許。could表示更委婉的語(yǔ)氣，回答時(shí)只能用can。
—Could/Can I use your bike
——我可以用你的自行車(chē)嗎？
—Of course you can．
——當(dāng)然可以。
(4)表示推測(cè)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。
What can they be doing there
他們可能正在那里干什么？
He can't be in the classroom，for the light has been turned off．
他不可能在教室，因?yàn)闊粢呀?jīng)關(guān)了。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練1]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①Parents are doing all they ___ to help their children achieve their ambitions．
②She asked the clerk if she _____ arrange the examination at about ten the next day．
③以我來(lái)看，一個(gè)沒(méi)有朋友的人永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)幸福。
In my opinion，a person without friends _____________________．
④只有通過(guò)面對(duì)面交談我們才有機(jī)會(huì)說(shuō)服他改變主意。
Only by talking face to face ______________________ to persuade him to change his mind．
can
could
can never be happy
can we have the chance
2．may和might
(1)表示請(qǐng)求或許可。在疑問(wèn)句中，might比may語(yǔ)氣更委婉；給予許可時(shí)肯定回答用may而不用might，否定回答一般用mustn't/can't。
—May/Might I play the computer games after supper
——晚飯后我可以玩電腦游戲嗎？
—Yes，you may．/No，you mustn't/can't．
——是的，可以。/不，不行。
(2)表示推測(cè)，意為“可能，或許”。
We may go to the cinema tonight，but we are not sure yet．
我們今晚或許去看電影，但還未確定。
(3)用于祈使句中，表示祝愿。
May you be happy every day and succeed in your work!
祝你每天都過(guò)得開(kāi)心且工作順利！
(4)“may/might as well＋動(dòng)詞原形”意為“最好，倒不如”。
There is nothing to do，so I may/might as well go to bed．
沒(méi)什么事可做，我還是上床睡覺(jué)好了。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練2]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①Life is unpredictable；even the poorest __________ become the richest．
②They ____ be having a meeting，but I'm not sure．
③當(dāng)我有不同的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，我或許會(huì)選擇把它放棄而尊重大多數(shù)人的觀點(diǎn)。
When I have a different opinion，I _____________________ and respect the opinion of the majority．
may/might
may
may choose to give it up
④我們倒不如利用這次機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)提高我們的口語(yǔ)水平。
We ____________________________________________ to improve our oral English．
might/may as well take advantage of the opportunity
3．must和have to
(1)表示“必須；應(yīng)該”，must一般指主觀，而have to指客觀上表示“不得不”。
We must do everything step by step．
我們一切都必須循序漸進(jìn)地做。
I have to go now for I've a meeting 15 minutes later．
我必須走了，因?yàn)?5分鐘后有個(gè)會(huì)。
(2)表示推測(cè)，意為“一定會(huì)”，此時(shí)只能用在肯定句中。
You have worked hard all day．You must be tired．
辛苦工作了一整天，你一定累了。
(3) mustn't表禁止，而have to的否定式意為“不必”。
You mustn't play with the knife，or you may hurt yourself．
你千萬(wàn)不要玩刀，否則會(huì)傷到自己的。
We don't have to take it too seriously—just for fun．
我們不必把它看得太認(rèn)真——只是為了玩耍。
(4)表示偏執(zhí)、固執(zhí)，意為“偏要，硬要”。
If you must play，please go out．
如果你硬要玩，那就出去吧。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練3]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①I(mǎi)'m sorry，but you ____ go wrong．There's no such man here．
②If you ____ go and play football，at least wait until school is over．
③最后一班公共汽車(chē)開(kāi)走了，他只好步行回家。
The last bus had gone，so he ______________________．
④你不可以在這里停車(chē)！這是緊急出口。
You ________________ It's an emergency exit．
must
must
had to go home on foot
mustn't park here
4．will和would
(1)表示意志、意愿和決心。用于各種人稱(chēng)，will指現(xiàn)在，would指過(guò)去。
We will never give up working，whatever happens．
無(wú)論發(fā)生什么事，我們都不會(huì)放棄工作。
They said that they would fight against the haze．
他們說(shuō)要與霧霾作斗爭(zhēng)。
(2)表示請(qǐng)求、建議。用于第二人稱(chēng)的疑問(wèn)句，would比will更委婉。
Will/Would you please take a message for me
你能幫我捎個(gè)口信嗎？
(3)表示習(xí)慣。will指現(xiàn)在，would指過(guò)去。
She will listen to music for hours．
她總是聽(tīng)音樂(lè)一聽(tīng)就是幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
We would sit around Grandpa after supper，listening to his stories．
過(guò)去，晚飯后我們總會(huì)坐在爺爺周?chē)?tīng)他講故事。
[名師點(diǎn)津]　would與used to兩者均表示“過(guò)去常常”，但would表示過(guò)去重復(fù)、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作；而used to則強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去與現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比。
He would take a walk near the forest in the evening．
以前，他晚間常在森林附近散步。
He used to spend all his money on food and drink；now he lives a simple life．
他過(guò)去把錢(qián)都花在吃喝上；現(xiàn)在可節(jié)省了。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練4]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①When he lived in the countryside，he _____ go fishing every day．
②___________ you tell me something about local customs
③我過(guò)去常常開(kāi)車(chē)上班，但是現(xiàn)在我騎自行車(chē)上班。
I _______________________，but now I go to work by bike．
④我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)放棄努力實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想。
We ________________ trying to make our dreams come true．
would
Would/Will
used to go to work by car
will never give up
5．shall和should
(1)shall用于第一和第三人稱(chēng)的疑問(wèn)句中，表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。
Shall I buy some picture books for the children
要我給孩子們買(mǎi)些圖畫(huà)書(shū)嗎？
(2)shall用于第二和第三人稱(chēng)的陳述句，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅；此外，當(dāng)頒布法律、規(guī)定時(shí)也用shall。
You shall finish your homework first before you go out and play．
你得先做完作業(yè)再出去玩。
No reader shall remove a book from the library without permission．
未經(jīng)許可，讀者不可以把書(shū)帶出圖書(shū)館。
(3)should表示勸告和建議，意為“應(yīng)該”。此時(shí)ought to比should語(yǔ)氣要強(qiáng)。
You should/ought to put more effort into your work．
你應(yīng)該更加努力地工作。
(4)should表示預(yù)測(cè)可能性，意為“按道理應(yīng)該會(huì)”。
He left Paris in the morning．So he should arrive here by supper time．
他早上離開(kāi)巴黎。因此他晚飯前應(yīng)該能到。
(5)should表示驚訝、意外等情緒，意為“竟然”。
It is strange that such things should happen in our school．
真奇怪，這樣的事情竟然在我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練5]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①You _____ be punished for what you have done．
②You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ______ be so rude to a lady．
shall
should
③你犯了那么多錯(cuò)。下次應(yīng)該認(rèn)真。
You have made so many mistakes．You __________________________
______．
④我們有一條規(guī)定，那就是每個(gè)學(xué)生在校期間都必須穿校服。
One of our rules is that every student ________________________ while at school．
should/ought to be careful next
time
shall wear school uniforms
6．need和dare
(1)need既可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后跟動(dòng)詞原形，表示“需要，有必要”，無(wú)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，多用于否定句、疑問(wèn)句或條件句中。
Tony has known the good news，so you needn't tell it to him．
托尼已經(jīng)知道了這個(gè)好消息，因此你不必再告訴他了。
Need I pay the whole amount now
我必須現(xiàn)在全部付清嗎？
[名師點(diǎn)津]　由need開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句的肯定回答常用must；否定回答常用needn't或don't have to。
—Need I answer the question
——我需要回答那個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎？
—Yes，you must．/No，you needn't/don't have to．
——是的，你得回答。/不，不必了。
(2)dare既可以作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，也可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)多用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句以及表示懷疑的名詞性從句中，表示“敢……”。
I dare not walk through the wood at night．
夜間，我不敢在小樹(shù)林里走。
How dare you talk to me like that
你竟敢那樣對(duì)我說(shuō)話？
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練6]　完成句子
①他嚇得不敢動(dòng)。
He was so frightened that he ________________________________．
②如果你有什么重要的事要做的話，今晚的會(huì)議就不要參加了。
You _____________________________________ this afternoon if you have something important to do．
dared not move/didn't dare to move
needn't/don't need to come to the meeting
7．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋have done
(1)must have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情十分肯定的推測(cè)，意為“想必/準(zhǔn)是/一定做過(guò)某事。”
From what you said，she must have told you all about it．
從你所說(shuō)的來(lái)看，她一定把一切都告訴你了。
(2)can/could have done用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑和不肯定，意為“不可能已經(jīng)……”或“可能已經(jīng)……了嗎？”；用在肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性的遺憾，意為“本來(lái)能做……實(shí)際上卻未做”。
Mr Smith can't have gone to Beijing，for I saw him in the library just now．
史密斯先生不可能去了北京，因?yàn)槲覄偛胚€在圖書(shū)館看見(jiàn)他了。
You could have done better，but you didn't try your best．
你本來(lái)能做得更好，但你沒(méi)盡全力。
(3)should/ought to have done表示“過(guò)去本應(yīng)該做某事而(實(shí)際上)沒(méi)有做”，含有責(zé)備或遺憾的語(yǔ)氣；其否定形式表示“某種行為不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了”。
You should have done more exercise before．
以前你應(yīng)該多進(jìn)行鍛煉的。
I was really anxious about you．You shouldn't have left home without a word．
我真的為你擔(dān)心。你本不該不打聲招呼就離開(kāi)家。
(4)need have done表示“本需要做某事而實(shí)際未做”；needn't have done表示“本不必做某事而實(shí)際做了”。
As it turned out to be a small family party，we needn't have dressed up so formally．
由于這是一個(gè)小型的家庭聚會(huì)，我們本來(lái)沒(méi)必要穿得那么正式。
(5)may/might have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，意思是“也許已經(jīng)做了某事，可能已經(jīng)做了某事”，多用在肯定句中。
He might have said so at the meeting，but I'm not sure．
他或許在會(huì)上說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話，但我說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練7]　單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①He needn't _____________(water) the flowers，but he needed to do something to kill time．
②他本可以通過(guò)這次考試的，可是他太粗心了。
He _________________________，but he was too careless．
have watered
could have passed the exam
③你很熟悉這個(gè)城市；你一定在這里待了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。
You are very familiar with the city；you __________________________
___________．
④他們不應(yīng)該走那么早。瞧，經(jīng)理正在發(fā)火。
They _________________________．Look，the manager is losing his temper．
must have stayed here for a
long time
shouldn't have left so early
用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞填空
Hi，Elisa，
Do you remember that writing competition I told you about Well，my teacher suggested I go in for it，so I think I 1．____．I think the hardest thing for me will be the fact that I 2．________________ write more than 600 words．Once I start writing I just can't stop，so I 3．____ control myself if I want to keep within the limit．
will
shall/should/must
need
The good thing is that I 4．_______ write about any specific topic—I 5．____ choose that myself．But I think I 6．______________ write about something I'm familiar with．I 7．__________ base it around a fishing trip or a tennis match．
I 8．________ send it in by the end of the month，so I'd better start writing soon，as I 9．____ go skiing on the 19th．
Wish me luck!
Tim
needn't
can
should/ought to
could/can
have to
will
①source of fascination 魅力源泉
②archeological adj．考古的
③in reality 事實(shí)上，實(shí)際上
④the naked eye 肉眼
⑤investigate v．調(diào)查，研究
課下預(yù)習(xí) 第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
⑥dramatically adv．巨大地；戲劇性地
⑦telescope n．望遠(yuǎn)鏡
⑧angle v．斜置
⑨galaxy n．星系
⑩the Milky Way 銀河系
cosmic adj．宇宙的
launch v．發(fā)射
breathtakingly adv．驚人地
image n．形象，影像
conceivably adv．可以相信地；可想象地
at an ever-increasing speed 以越來(lái)越快的速度
be engaged in從事于；忙于
advanced
telescope 先進(jìn)的望遠(yuǎn)鏡
be composed of 由……組成/構(gòu)成
subatomic particle 亞原子粒子
subatomic adj．亞原子的；原子內(nèi)的
particle n．粒子
invisible adj．看不見(jiàn)的
construct v．建造，創(chuàng)建
quest for 探求，探索
EYES UPON THE NIGHT
The night sky has been an endless source of fascination① since the start of human history．For example，the mysterious large-eyed，bronze statues of the ancient Shu Kingdom，discovered at the Chinese archeological② site at Sanxingdui，were believed to have been able to look across great distances into the stars．In reality③， humans can see very little of the night sky with the naked eye④．And，for a long while，people were unable to understand what they could see．[1] Not knowing
what the stars were，people in ancient times used their imaginations to create a world in the sky．
[1]not knowing what the stars were為動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)的否定形式，在句中作狀語(yǔ)；what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作表語(yǔ)。
[2]Our power to investigate⑤ and thus understand space changed dramatically⑥ when the first telescope⑦ was angled⑧ at the night sky，increasing as it did the power of the human eye and enabling us to understand that the universe is far larger than was previously imaginable．The planets were seen to be worlds similar to our own，many of them even having their own moons．Soon，it was understood that the Sun was just one star among billions in the galaxy⑨ we call the Milky Way⑩．Some 300 years later，we learnt that the Milky Way itself was just one galaxy among billions of others，spread across the blackness of space like great islands of light and matter floating in a vast cosmic ocean．
[2]本句句子主干為our power to investigate and thus understand space changed dramatically，主語(yǔ)中心詞為our power，動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語(yǔ)；when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句；第二個(gè)and連接并列的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。
Almost 400 years after the first Earth-based telescope was invented，the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit，giving astronomers—indeed all of us—the first breathtakingly beautiful images of our universe taken from beyond Earth．Nothing in history has allowed us to see so much over such great distances，[3]from enormous clouds of gas where stars are being born，to huge black holes，and even to new planets where we might conceivably find life．Not only that—it has also helped us to work out the age and nature of the universe，and [4]discover the incredible fact that the universe is expanding at an ever-increasing speed ．
[3]句中的兩個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的從句均為定語(yǔ)從句，分別修飾gas和planets。
[4]句中that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
To see even further into the universe，many countries are now engaged in building ever more advanced telescopes ．Currently，China operates the world's largest and most powerful radio telescope，the FAST telescope，completed in 2016．The 500-metre dish of the “Eye of Heaven”，as it is known，is being used in the search for dark matter，thought to be composed of subatomic particles invisible to ordinary telescopes．This vast dish also has the ability to explore regions of space billions of light years away，right at the edge of the visible universe．
The Hubble and the space telescopes constructed after it will allow us to see further and further into space．We will view stars and galaxies billions of light years away and look back at a past that was billions of years ago．Using ever-larger radio telescopes as our eyes，we will one day be able to look back to a time in the very early universe，before the existence of light．But the human quest for knowledge reaches even beyond that．So much of the universe remains unexplored that we are still close to the start of this incredible journey of discovery．
眺望夜空的眼睛
從人類(lèi)有史以來(lái)，夜空就一直是讓人浮想聯(lián)翩的不竭源頭。例如在中國(guó)考古遺址三星堆發(fā)掘的古蜀國(guó)神秘的巨目銅像，古時(shí)的人們認(rèn)為它能夠看到遙遠(yuǎn)的星空。事實(shí)上，人類(lèi)僅憑肉眼只能看到夜空很小的一部分。并且在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里，人們都無(wú)法理解他們所看到的事物。古時(shí)的人們并不知道星星到底是什么，所以他們便憑著想象去創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)空中世界。
當(dāng)?shù)谝慌_(tái)望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)夜空時(shí)，我們探索進(jìn)而理解太空的能力就發(fā)生了巨大變化，它不僅增強(qiáng)了人類(lèi)肉眼觀測(cè)的能力，而且也讓我們明白宇宙要比之前想象的大得多。每個(gè)行星都可以被視為和我們地球類(lèi)似的星球，其中許多行星甚至有它們自己的衛(wèi)星。很快，我們明白太陽(yáng)只不過(guò)是銀河系中數(shù)十億計(jì)的恒星中的一顆。大約300年后，我們又得知，銀河系只是數(shù)十億個(gè)散落在黑色太空中的星系之一，就像漂浮在宇宙汪洋中的一座光與物質(zhì)組成的大型島嶼。
第一個(gè)地基望遠(yuǎn)鏡問(wèn)世將近400年之后，哈勃空間望遠(yuǎn)鏡發(fā)射入軌，不僅讓天文學(xué)家，事實(shí)上還讓我們所有人，都看見(jiàn)了來(lái)自地球之外令人嘆為觀止的宇宙美景。它讓我們史無(wú)前例地看到了如此遙遠(yuǎn)的景觀——從星體誕生的巨大氣體云團(tuán)，到巨型黑洞，甚至到可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)生命跡象的新行星。不僅如此，它還幫助我們測(cè)算宇宙的年齡并分析宇宙的本質(zhì)，且發(fā)現(xiàn)了驚人的事實(shí)——宇宙正在以不斷增加的速度擴(kuò)大。
為了能更加深入地觀察宇宙，很多國(guó)家開(kāi)始投入研發(fā)更先進(jìn)的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。近來(lái)，中國(guó)研發(fā)了世界最大、功能最強(qiáng)的射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡——FAST望遠(yuǎn)鏡，于2016年建成。眾所周知，這個(gè)被稱(chēng)為“天眼”的500米口徑巨盤(pán)用于探尋暗物質(zhì)。暗物質(zhì)被認(rèn)為由亞原子粒子組成，一般望遠(yuǎn)鏡是觀測(cè)不到的。這個(gè)巨盤(pán)還能探索數(shù)十億光年之外的太空領(lǐng)域，那里是看得到的宇宙的邊界。
哈勃望遠(yuǎn)鏡以及在它之后建成的太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡將使我們能看見(jiàn)更加遙遠(yuǎn)的太空。我們將能觀察幾十億光年外的星體和星系，回看數(shù)十億年之前的過(guò)去。終將有一天，我們會(huì)使用更巨大的射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡當(dāng)作人類(lèi)之眼，回看在光產(chǎn)生之前的宇宙的最早時(shí)期。但人類(lèi)對(duì)知識(shí)的渴望不止于此。宇宙還有很多的未知領(lǐng)域，我們才剛剛接近這段奇幻發(fā)現(xiàn)之旅的起點(diǎn)。
THANKS

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