資源簡介

Period 4　 單元語法講練(Using language)
1．check out 調查，檢查；了解……的情況；結賬離開；(從圖書館等)借出
　[一詞多義]　寫出下列句中check out的含義
①The engineer checked out all the machines before they were put to use． _______
②According to regulations of this hotel，guests should check out of their rooms by noon． ________
③The library allows you to check out six books at a time． ______
④We'll have to check him out before we employ him． _________
check in　　　　 登記，報到
check up on 核對；檢驗
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
⑤Check up the facts before you write your report．
⑥布萊恩在辦理登機手續前需要見一個叫托尼的朋友。
Brain needed to meet a friend named Tony before he for his flight．
2．set out動身踏上(漫長的)旅途；開始，著手
(1)set out for 　 動身去某處
set out to do sth．＝set about doing sth． 著手做某事
(2)set aside 存儲；留出
set up 建立；創立
set down 放下；記下
set off 動身，出發；啟程；燃放(煙火等)；引發
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/一句多譯
①We can set early so that we'll have more time to read and select books．
②His company is developing so rapidly that he has set several branches in other big cities．
③I try to set a few minutes each day to do some exercise．
④在政府的幫助下，人們開始創建他們的新家園。
a．People with the help of the government．(set out)
b．People with the help of the government．(set about)
3．throw oneself into積極投入到……中去
throw away　　　 拋棄；扔掉
throw off 脫去
throw up 舉起；嘔吐
throw out 拋出；扔出去
throw oneself on 撲倒在……上；完全依賴
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①If you throw yourself the job，you'll finish it by this evening．
②People are recycling many things which they would have thrown in the past．
③Trembling with fear，he threw himself the bed and covered his head with the quilt．
④很多年輕人積極投身于醫院的志愿工作。
A lot of young people the voluntary work in hospitals actively．
There is no need (for sb．)to do sth．
　(教材原句)While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations，we should always look into things first and consider our options．
雖然我們沒有必要回避新的情況，但我們應該總是先看問題，并考慮我們的選擇。
[句式分析]　there is no need for sb．to do sth．意為“對某人來說做某事是沒有必要的”。
There is no need for us to discuss the problem again since it has already been solved．
既然這個問題已經解決了，我們就沒有必要再討論了。
There is no trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth．
　　　　　　 做某事沒有困難。
There is no doubt that... 毫無疑問……
There is no sense/point (in) doing sth． 做某事沒有道理/意義。
There is no chance/possibility to do/of doing sth．
沒有做某事的機會/可能性。
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①As long as we try our best，there's no need for us (feel) regretful for these failures．
②There is no doubt China has made great progress in space exploration．
③沒必要為此擔心，因為政府正在盡一切努力提供更多的工作崗位。
as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs．
復習名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫作名詞性從句。名詞性從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
一、名詞性從句連接詞的用法
1．連接詞that，whether和if的用法。
(1)連接詞that在從句中沒有詞義，只起連接作用，不作任何成分。
That the heavy haze is harming our health is quite apparent．
濃重的霧霾正在危害我們的健康，這是很明顯的。
(2)連接詞whether，if意為“是否”，只起連接作用，不作任何成分。若在兩者之間二選一，應選擇whether。
Whether they will have the meeting hasn't been decided yet．
他們是否要開會還沒有定下來。
2．連接代詞who(m)，whose，what，which，who(m)ever，whatever，whichever在從句中都有詞義，既起連接作用，又在從句中充當主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分。
Only by reading books are we able to realize what happened centuries ago．
只有通過讀書，我們才能了解幾個世紀前發生的事情。
Whoever breaks the rule should be punished．
不論誰違反了規則都要受到懲罰。
3．連接副詞when，where，why，how在從句中都有詞義，既起連接作用，又在從句中作狀語。
She has decided how she should settle the matter．
她已作出決定如何來解決這件事。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空
① he said at the meeting described a bright future for the company．
②Then she asked me the restaurant was on the fifth floor．
③ we understand things has a lot to do with we feel．
④The best moment for the football star was he scored the winning goal．
⑤Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming weekend．
二、主語從句
1．主語從句在復合句中作主語。
Who will win the match is still unknown．
誰將贏得這場比賽還有待分曉。
Whether we will go there tomorrow depends on the weather．
我們明天是否去那里取決于天氣。
[名師點津]　單個的主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。如果是兩個或兩個以上的主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復數形式。
Where and when he was born has not been found．
他出生的地點和時間還沒有被找到。
When he will come and how he will come are still unknown．
他什么時候來，怎么來，現在還不清楚。
2．有時為了使句子結構平衡，避免“頭重腳輕”，常用it作形式主語，而把主語從句，即真正的主語，放在后面。
It is necessary that a person should provide against a raining day．
一個人應該居安思危、未雨綢繆。
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake．
她犯了這樣一個錯誤，真是遺憾。
If a person dose his best，it doesn't matter what people think of him．
如果一個人盡了他最大的努力，那么人們如何評價他并沒關系。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
① I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents．
②It remains to be seen the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice．
③ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather later on．
④It doesn't matter you wear，so long as you look neat and tidy．
⑤ he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all．
三、賓語從句
1．賓語從句在復合句中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。在口語或非正式的文體中，引導賓語從句的that可以省略。
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year．
他告訴我他明年將去上大學。
I'm thinking of whether we should go to see the film．
我正在考慮我們是否應該去看這部電影。
2．it作形式賓語
(1)動詞find，consider，think，feel，believe，make等后有賓語補足語時，常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語從句后置。
I've made it clear that I won't accept this job．
我已表明我不會接受這份工作。
(2)有些動詞(短語)，如enjoy，love，like，hate，appreciate，see to，depend/rely on等后接賓語從句時，習慣在從句前加形式賓語it。
Yon may depend on it that we will support you．
你相信好了，我們會支持你的。
3．賓語從句的時態
當主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時時，從句的謂語動詞通常用相應的過去時。但如果從句表示客觀事實或真理，不管從句的謂語動詞是何種時態，從句都要用一般現在時。
They made up their mind that they would buy a new house soon．
他們下定決心很快就買所新房子。
The teacher told us that failure is the mother of success．
老師告訴我們失敗是成功之母。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空
①He has made it clear he will not give up taking part in the activity．
②I wonder you can give me some advice on how to make friends．
③I can't understand you are so prejudiced against us．
④Why don't you bring to his attention that you're too ill to work on
⑤Do not let any failures discourage you，for you can never tell close you may be to victory．
四、表語從句
1．表語從句在復合句中作表語，位于系動詞之后。除了前面列舉的連接詞外，還包括as if/though，because等。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel．
問題是他什么時候可以到達酒店。
It looks as if we shall stay the night here after all．
看來我們不得不在這里過夜了。
2．當主語是reason時，表語從句要用that引導而不是because。
The reason why he is absent from school is that he is sick．
他沒來上學的理由是他生病了。
[即時訓練4]　單句語法填空
①My doubt is they can complete the task on time．
②The reason why I admire him is he starts every day with a smile．
③To practice as much as possible is the secret lies，which is true．
④Everything keeps changing，and that's we should see the world．
五、同位語從句
1．在復合句中用作同位語的從句稱為同位語從句。它一般位于fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名詞的后面，對前面的名詞做進一步的解釋，或說明前面名詞的具體含義。同位語從句可由that，whether，what，when，where等引導。
We must face the fact that the war has killed many people．
我們必須正視戰爭已經奪取了許多人的生命這一事實。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there．
他還沒有做出決定是否去那里。
2．分隔式同位語從句
有時同位語從句與其所解釋說明的名詞會被其他成分隔開，從而形成分隔式同位語從句。
Word came that our football team had won the match．
消息傳來，我們的足球隊贏了比賽。
[名師點津]　同位語從句與定語從句的區別
同位語從句是對前面的名詞做進一步解釋，引導詞只起引導作用，不可省略；定語從句是對前面的名詞進行修飾、限制，在句子作一定的成分。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school．
他們贏得比賽的消息很快傳遍了整個校園。(同位語從句)
The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing．
你昨天告訴我的那個消息真令人失望。(定語從句)
[即時訓練5]　單句語法填空
①I have no idea he will come．
②They are faced with the problem they should continue the work．
③I followed his advice I should enrich myself by doing things like reading and writing．
④The question should be in charge of the meeting has not yet been settled．
用適當的名詞性從句的引導詞填空
1． worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2． she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill．She has some doubts 3． she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar．Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can't sleep well these days．Maybe this is 4． she becomes fatter these days，she thinks．5． she becomes slimmer and healthier has been her main task．So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions．But 6． will give her better advice also puzzle her．It is her parents' suggestion 7． she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital．Professor Wang suggests 8． she keep a balanced diet first．She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein．What's more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day．Mary asked Professor Wang 9． she should take exercise．Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o'clock in the afternoon．That is 10． she will have more time to do sports．It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now．
第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
①shipwreck n．失事的船；沉船
②represent v．代表
③unexplored adj．無人涉足的
④given prep．鑒于
⑤archaeological adj．考古學的；考古的
⑥find n．發現
⑦shallow adj．淺的
⑧beneath the waves在海浪下
⑨ruin n．殘垣斷壁，廢墟
⑩remaining adj．剩下的，余下的
extreme adj．極度的，極端的
depth n．深處；深度
fragment n．碎片；片段
biological adj．生物的；生物學的
at the rate of 以……的速度
transparent adj．透明的
trench n．海溝
be equivalent to相當于，等于
stack v．(使)整齊地堆起；摞起
capacity n．能力，承受力
notable adj．顯要的；顯著的；值得注意的
substance n．物質
hold the record 保持紀錄
conduct v．實施，執行
identify v．確定；找到，發現
a tough
environment 惡劣的環境
enormous adj．巨大的
intense adj．十分強烈的，極度的
beyond the reach of 無法達到；超出……的能力
cooperation n．合作
mission n．任務，使命
frontier n．邊疆；(學科或活動的)尖端，邊緣
DIVING DEEP
Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks①．All of them represent② attempts over the centuries to explore Earth's furthest corners．[1] Among these is the Esmeralda，the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia．Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little — if any — land on our planet left unexplored③．We have more detailed maps of the Moon，and even of Venus and Mars，than we do of Earth's own sea bed．
[1]本句為完全倒裝句。the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia為 Esmeralda的同位語。
[2]Given④ our limited knowledge，it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields．As with the discovery of the Esmeralda，many archaeological⑤ finds⑥ are made in shallow⑦ waters near the coast．These may sometimes include whole cities buried beneath the waves⑧．One such find is the ancient Roman city of Neápolis，discovered off the coast of Tunisia．Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD，the ruins⑨ of Neápolis are almost 2，000 years old．The remaining⑩ streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history．However，we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure，darkness and extreme cold at vast depths ．Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be discovered．
[2]句中that引導主語從句，it作形式主語。
Amazing biological discoveries are also being made．The dark zones of the oceans may contain up to 90 per cent of the planet's fish．[3] In these waters，more than 200 metres deep，where light cannot reach，are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction．Imagine bone－white coral 6，000 metres below the ocean's surface，growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year．Some of these could be 4，000 years old．Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye，a strange fish with eyes that can look upwards through its transparent forehead．In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than 8，000 metres below the surface，the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another．Yet there is still life to be found，even around the deep－sea volcanic openings．These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet，even in the most extreme circumstances．
[3]本句為表示地點的介詞短語位于句首的倒裝句；where引導非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞waters；that引導限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞creatures；as if引導表語從句。
[4]Furthermore，the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources，some of which are completely new to us．Most notable of these is China's discovery of an ice－like substance ，known as “fire ice”， under the South China Sea．In addition，China's underwater vessels，such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi，have been exploring waters at depths of thousands of metres．The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine，at 7，062 metres，giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers．[5] The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was formed，as well as helping identify areas for deep－sea drilling，taking deep－sea exploration into a whole new era．
[4]本句為復合句。some of which...為“代詞＋介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句。
[5]本句為復合句。句子主干為The research is giving scientists a greater understanding of...as well as helping...；conducted by these vessels為過去分詞短語作后置定語；how the sea bed was formed為how引導的賓語從句。
Being a tough environment of complete darkness，enormous pressure and intense cold，the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration．However，through closer international scientific，economic and cultural cooperation ，we are all becoming part of a global mission to open up our planet's final frontier ．Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery，and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today．
潛入深海
全球水域下大約有三百萬艘沉船殘骸，每艘都代表了若干世紀以來探索地球最遠端的努力嘗試。其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉達號”，它是歐洲國家探索亞洲時代留下的最早的殘骸。如今，距離“埃斯梅拉達”號起航已有500多年，我們星球上尚未被人類探索的土地已經少之又少了。然而，我們手中關于地球自身海底的地圖，甚至比不上關于月球乃至金星、火星的天體圖詳盡。
基于我們有限的認知，探索海洋可以帶來許多科學領域的新發現，這也許就顯得不足為奇了。就像發現“埃斯梅拉達號”的殘骸一樣，很多考古學發現都發生在近海岸的淺水水域。這些發現有時會包括埋在海浪下的整座城市，其中之一便是在突尼斯近海發現的古羅馬城市奈阿波利斯。據悉，在公元4世紀，奈阿波利斯被一場海嘯淹沒，其廢墟至今已有近2 000年的歷史。存留下來的街道、建筑為我們打開了一扇窗，讓我們得以窺見那段精彩的歷史。然而，我們才剛剛開始克服廣袤的海洋深處的壓強、黑暗和極寒所帶來的挑戰。過去的碎片仍深藏在大洋底部，等待被發現。
生物學領域也有驚人的發現。海洋的黑暗區域里或許生存著地球上多達90%的魚類。在200多米以下，陽光照不到的深水水域里，住著一些看起來就像是直接從科幻小說中走出來的奇異生物。想象一下，在海平面下6 000米深處，骨白色的珊瑚以每年僅一到兩毫米的速度緩慢生長著，它們中有些已經存活了4 000年。漆黑的深海里管眼魚游來游去，這是種奇特的魚，其眼睛可以透過透明的前額向上看。在海平面以下8 000多米處最深的海溝里，壓強相當于50架飛機堆疊在一起。然而這里仍有生命的存在，甚至在深海海底的火山口周圍也有生命。這些深海發現幫助我們理解地球上生命的承受力，甚至是在最極端的環境下的承受力。
此外，海洋還包含著珍貴的自然資源，其中一些對我們來說完全是新的資源。最值得一提的便是中國在南海發現的被稱為“可燃冰”的冰狀物質。此外，中國的水下艦艇如“蛟龍號”和“深海勇士號”，一直在數千米深的水域探索。“蛟龍號”甚至保持著載人潛艦的最深下潛紀錄7 062米，使中國躋身于世界頂級海洋探索國之列。借助這些潛水器所完成的研究有利于科學家進一步了解海床的形成過程，幫助確定深海鉆探區域，將深海勘探帶入一個嶄新的時代。
深海區域環境惡劣，完全黑暗、壓強極大、極度寒冷，長期以來都是人類探索無法企及的區域。然而，通過更緊密的國際科學、經濟以及文化合作，我們都在成為開拓地球最后疆域這一全球使命的參與者。人類正走向海洋發現的新時代，或許有朝一日，我們會像熟悉腳下的土地一樣熟悉那海浪下的世界。
Period 4
核心詞匯
1．①檢查　②結賬離開　③(從圖書館等)借出　④了解……的情況　⑤on　⑥checked in
2．①out/off　②up　③aside　④set out to build their new homes；set about building their new homes
3．①into　②away　③on　④throw themselves into
句法句式
①to feel　②that　③There is no need to worry about it
單元語法
[即時訓練1]
①What　②whether/if　③How；what　④when　⑤that
[即時訓練2]
①What　②that　③When　④what　⑤That
[即時訓練3]
①that　②whether/if　③why　④it　⑤how
[即時訓練4]
①whether　②that　③where　④how
[即時訓練5]
①when　②whether　③that　④who
鞏固落實
用適當的名詞性從句的引導詞填空
1．What　2．that　3．whether　4．why　5．How　6．who　7．that　8．that　9．when　10．because
1 / 12(共54張PPT)
Period 4　
Unit 5　Into the unknown
主題語境
人與社會——社會進步與人類文明
課時學案 單元語法講練(Using language)
[一詞多義]　寫出下列句中check out的含義
①The engineer checked out all the machines before they were put to use． ____
②According to regulations of this hotel，guests should check out of their rooms by noon． ________
1．check out 調查，檢查；了解……的情況；結賬離開；(從圖書館等)借出
檢查
結賬離開
③The library allows you to check out six books at a time．
________________
④We'll have to check him out before we employ him．
______________
check in　　　　 登記，報到
check up on 核對；檢驗
(從圖書館等)借出
了解……的情況
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
⑤Check up __ the facts before you write your report．
⑥布萊恩在辦理登機手續前需要見一個叫托尼的朋友。
Brain needed to meet a friend named Tony before he ___________ for his flight．
on
checked in
(1)set out for 　 動身去某處
set out to do sth．＝set about doing sth．
著手做某事
(2)set aside 存儲；留出
set up 建立；創立
set down 放下；記下
set off 動身，出發；啟程；燃放(煙火 等)；引發
2．set out動身踏上(漫長的)旅途；開始，著手
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/一句多譯
①We can set ________ early so that we'll have more time to read and select books．
②His company is developing so rapidly that he has set __ several branches in other big cities．
③I try to set _____ a few minutes each day to do some exercise．
out/off
up
aside
④在政府的幫助下，人們開始創建他們的新家園。
a．People ___________________________ with the help of the government．(set out)
b．People _______________________________ with the help of the government．(set about)
set out to build their new homes
set about building their new homes
throw away　　　　 拋棄；扔掉
throw off 脫去
throw up 舉起；嘔吐
throw out 拋出；扔出去
throw oneself on 撲倒在……上；完全依賴
3．throw oneself into積極投入到……中去
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①If you throw yourself ____ the job，you'll finish it by this evening．
②People are recycling many things which they would have thrown ____ in the past．
③Trembling with fear，he threw himself __ the bed and covered his head with the quilt．
④很多年輕人積極投身于醫院的志愿工作。
A lot of young people ___________________ the voluntary work in hospitals actively．
into
away
on
throw themselves into
(教材原句)While there is no need for us to shrink from new situations，we should always look into things first and consider our options．
雖然我們沒有必要回避新的情況，但我們應該總是先看問題，并考慮我們的選擇。
There is no need (for sb．)to do sth．
[句式分析]　there is no need for sb．to do sth．意為“對某人來說做某事是沒有必要的”。
There is no need for us to discuss the problem again since it has already been solved．
既然這個問題已經解決了，我們就沒有必要再討論了。
There is no trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth．
　　　　　　　　　 做某事沒有困難。
There is no doubt that... 毫無疑問……
There is no sense/point (in) doing sth．
做某事沒有道理/意義。
There is no chance/possibility to do/of doing sth．
沒有做某事的機會/可能性。
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①As long as we try our best，there's no need for us ________(feel) regretful for these failures．
②There is no doubt ____ China has made great progress in space exploration．
③沒必要為此擔心，因為政府正在盡一切努力提供更多的工作崗位。
_____________________________ as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs．
to feel
that
There is no need to worry about it
復習名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫作名詞性從句。名詞性從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
一、名詞性從句連接詞的用法
1．連接詞that，whether和if的用法。
(1)連接詞that在從句中沒有詞義，只起連接作用，不作任何成分。
That the heavy haze is harming our health is quite apparent．
濃重的霧霾正在危害我們的健康，這是很明顯的。
(2)連接詞whether，if意為“是否”，只起連接作用，不作任何成分。若在兩者之間二選一，應選擇whether。
Whether they will have the meeting hasn't been decided yet．
他們是否要開會還沒有定下來。
2．連接代詞who(m)，whose，what，which，who(m)ever，whatever，whichever在從句中都有詞義，既起連接作用，又在從句中充當主語、賓語、表語、定語等成分。
Only by reading books are we able to realize what happened centuries ago．
只有通過讀書，我們才能了解幾個世紀前發生的事情。
Whoever breaks the rule should be punished．
不論誰違反了規則都要受到懲罰。
3．連接副詞when，where，why，how在從句中都有詞義，既起連接作用，又在從句中作狀語。
She has decided how she should settle the matter．
她已作出決定如何來解決這件事。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空
①____ he said at the meeting described a bright future for the company．
②Then she asked me ___________ the restaurant was on the fifth floor．
③____ we understand things has a lot to do with ____ we feel．
④The best moment for the football star was _____ he scored the winning goal．
⑤Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming weekend．
What
whether/if
How
what
when
that
二、主語從句
1．主語從句在復合句中作主語。
Who will win the match is still unknown．
誰將贏得這場比賽還有待分曉。
Whether we will go there tomorrow depends on the weather．
我們明天是否去那里取決于天氣。
[名師點津]　單個的主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。如果是兩個或兩個以上的主語從句作主語，謂語動詞則用復數形式。
Where and when he was born has not been found．
他出生的地點和時間還沒有被找到。
When he will come and how he will come are still unknown．
他什么時候來，怎么來，現在還不清楚。
2．有時為了使句子結構平衡，避免“頭重腳輕”，常用it作形式主語，而把主語從句，即真正的主語，放在后面。
It is necessary that a person should provide against a raining day．
一個人應該居安思危、未雨綢繆。
It is a pity that she has made such a mistake．
她犯了這樣一個錯誤，真是遺憾。
If a person dose his best，it doesn't matter what people think of him．
如果一個人盡了他最大的努力，那么人們如何評價他并沒關系。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①_____ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents．
②It remains to be seen ____ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice．
③_____ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather later on．
④It doesn't matter ____ you wear，so long as you look neat and tidy．
⑤____ he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all．
What
that
When
what
That
三、賓語從句
1．賓語從句在復合句中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。在口語或非正式的文體中，引導賓語從句的that可以省略。
He told me (that) he would go to college the next year．
他告訴我他明年將去上大學。
I'm thinking of whether we should go to see the film．
我正在考慮我們是否應該去看這部電影。
2．it作形式賓語
(1)動詞find，consider，think，feel，believe，make等后有賓語補足語時，常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語從句后置。
I've made it clear that I won't accept this job．
我已表明我不會接受這份工作。
(2)有些動詞(短語)，如enjoy，love，like，hate，appreciate，see to，depend/rely on等后接賓語從句時，習慣在從句前加形式賓語it。
Yon may depend on it that we will support you．
你相信好了，我們會支持你的。
3．賓語從句的時態
當主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時時，從句的謂語動詞通常用相應的過去時。但如果從句表示客觀事實或真理，不管從句的謂語動詞是何種時態，從句都要用一般現在時。
They made up their mind that they would buy a new house soon．
他們下定決心很快就買所新房子。
The teacher told us that failure is the mother of success．
老師告訴我們失敗是成功之母。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空
①He has made it clear ____ he will not give up taking part in the activity．
②I wonder ___________ you can give me some advice on how to make friends．
③I can't understand ___ you are so prejudiced against us．
④Why don't you bring __ to his attention that you're too ill to work on
⑤Do not let any failures discourage you，for you can never tell ____ close you may be to victory．
that
whether/if
why
it
how
四、表語從句
1．表語從句在復合句中作表語，位于系動詞之后。除了前面列舉的連接詞外，還包括as if/though，because等。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel．
問題是他什么時候可以到達酒店。
It looks as if we shall stay the night here after all．
看來我們不得不在這里過夜了。
2．當主語是reason時，表語從句要用that引導而不是because。
The reason why he is absent from school is that he is sick．
他沒來上學的理由是他生病了。
[即時訓練4]　單句語法填空
①My doubt is _______ they can complete the task on time．
②The reason why I admire him is ____ he starts every day with a smile．
③To practice as much as possible is _____ the secret lies，which is true．
④Everything keeps changing，and that's ____ we should see the world．
whether
that
where
how
五、同位語從句
1．在復合句中用作同位語的從句稱為同位語從句。它一般位于fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名詞的后面，對前面的名詞做進一步的解釋，或說明前面名詞的具體含義。同位語從句可由that，whether，what，when，where等引導。
We must face the fact that the war has killed many people．
我們必須正視戰爭已經奪取了許多人的生命這一事實。
He hasn't made the decision whether he will go there．
他還沒有做出決定是否去那里。
2．分隔式同位語從句
有時同位語從句與其所解釋說明的名詞會被其他成分隔開，從而形成分隔式同位語從句。
Word came that our football team had won the match．
消息傳來，我們的足球隊贏了比賽。
[名師點津]　同位語從句與定語從句的區別
同位語從句是對前面的名詞做進一步解釋，引導詞只起引導作用，不可省略；定語從句是對前面的名詞進行修飾、限制，在句子作一定的成分。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school．
他們贏得比賽的消息很快傳遍了整個校園。(同位語從句)
The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing．
你昨天告訴我的那個消息真令人失望。(定語從句)
[即時訓練5]　單句語法填空
①I have no idea _____ he will come．
②They are faced with the problem _______ they should continue the work．
③I followed his advice ____ I should enrich myself by doing things like reading and writing．
④The question_____should be in charge of the meeting has not yet been settled．
when
whether
that
who
用適當的名詞性從句的引導詞填空
1．_____ worries my classmate Mary a lot these days is 2．____ she puts on too much weight and she is frequently ill．She has some doubts 3．_______ she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar．Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can't sleep well these days．Maybe this is 4．____ she becomes fatter these days，she thinks．5．____ she becomes slimmer
What
that
whether
why
How
and healthier has been her main task．So she wants to consult some experts and gain some instructions．But 6．____ will give her better advice also puzzle her．It is her parents' suggestion 7．_____ she should consult Professor Wang in Zhongshan Hospital．Professor Wang suggests 8．____ she keep a balanced diet first．She should eat vegetables and fruit high in fiber，vitamin and protein．What's more，if she wants to lose weight，she had better take regular exercise more than half an hour a day．Mary asked Professor Wang 9．_____ she
who
that
that
when
should take exercise．Professor Wang advised her to take exercise at 5 o'clock in the afternoon．That is 10．_______ she will have more time to do sports．It is with the help of Professor Wang that Mary has become much healthier now．
because
①shipwreck n．失事的船；沉船
②represent v．代表
③unexplored adj．無人涉足的
④given prep．鑒于
⑤archaeological adj．考古學的；考古的
課下預習 第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
⑥find n．發現
⑦shallow adj．淺的
⑧beneath the waves在海浪下
⑨ruin n．殘垣斷壁，廢墟
⑩remaining adj．剩下的，余下的
extreme adj．極度的，極端的
depth n．深處；深度
fragment n．碎片；片段
biological adj．生物的；生物學的
at the rate of 以……的速度
transparent adj．透明的
trench n．海溝
be equivalent to相當于，等于
stack v．(使)整齊地堆起；摞起
capacity n．能力，承受力
notable adj．顯要的；顯著的；值得注意的
substance n．物質
hold the record 保持紀錄
conduct v．實施，執行
identify v．確定；找到，發現
a tough environment 惡劣的環境
enormous adj．巨大的
intense adj．十分強烈的，極度的
beyond the reach of 無法達到；超出……的能力
cooperation n．合作
mission n．任務，使命
frontier n．邊疆；(學科或活動的)尖端，邊緣
DIVING DEEP
Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks①．All of them represent② attempts over the centuries to explore Earth's furthest corners．[1] Among these is the Esmeralda，the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia．Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little—if any—land on our planet left unexplored③．We have more detailed maps of the Moon，and even of Venus and Mars，than we do of Earth's own sea bed．
[1]本句為完全倒裝句。the earliest wreck from the age of the European exploration of Asia為 Esmeralda的同位語。
[2]Given④ our limited knowledge，it is perhaps no surprise that exploration of the oceans continues to lead to discoveries in various scientific fields．As with the discovery of the Esmeralda，many archaeological⑤ finds⑥ are made in shallow⑦ waters near the coast．These may sometimes include whole cities buried beneath the waves⑧．One such find is the ancient Roman city of Neápolis，
discovered off the coast of Tunisia．Believed to have been buried underwater by a tsunami in the fourth century AD，the ruins⑨ of Neápolis are almost 2，000 years old．The remaining⑩ streets and buildings offer a window into a fascinating period in our history．However，we are only beginning to overcome the challenges of pressure，darkness and extreme cold at vast depths ．Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting to be discovered．
[2]句中that引導主語從句，it作形式主語。
Amazing biological discoveries are also being made．The dark zones of the oceans may contain up to 90 per cent of the planet's fish．[3] In these waters，more than 200 metres deep，where light cannot reach，are extraordinary creatures that appear as if they are straight out of science fiction．Imagine bone-white coral 6，000 metres below the ocean's surface，growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year．Some of these could be 4，000 years old．Swimming through these black depths is the barreleye，a strange
fish with eyes that can look upwards through its transparent forehead．In the very deepest ocean trenches that are more than
8，000 metres below the surface，the pressure is equivalent to 50 aeroplanes stacked one on top of another．Yet there is still life to be found，even around the deep-sea volcanic openings．These discoveries all help us understand the capacity for life on our planet，even in the most extreme circumstances．
[3]本句為表示地點的介詞短語位于句首的倒裝句；where引導非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞waters；that引導限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞creatures；as if引導表語從句。
[4]Furthermore，the oceans are a valuable source of natural resources，some of which are completely new to us．Most notable of these is China's discovery of an ice-like substance ，known as “fire ice”， under the South China Sea．In addition，China's underwater vessels，such as the Jiaolong and Shenhai Yongshi，have been
exploring waters at depths of thousands of metres．The Jiaolong even holds the record for the deepest dive by a manned submarine，at
7，062 metres，giving China its place alongside the world's top ocean explorers．[5] The research conducted by these vessels is giving scientists a greater understanding of how the sea bed was formed，as well as helping identify areas for deep-sea drilling，taking deep-sea exploration into a whole new era．
[4]本句為復合句。some of which...為“代詞＋介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句。
[5]本句為復合句。句子主干為The research is giving scientists a greater understanding of...as well as helping...；conducted by these vessels為過去分詞短語作后置定語；how the sea bed was formed為how引導的賓語從句。
Being a tough environment of complete darkness，enormous pressure and intense cold，the ocean depths have long been beyond the reach of human exploration．However，through closer international scientific，economic and cultural cooperation ，we are all becoming part of a global mission to open up our planet's final frontier ．Humankind is entering a new age of oceanic discovery，and the world beneath the waves may one day be almost as familiar to us as the land we walk upon today．
潛入深海
全球水域下大約有三百萬艘沉船殘骸，每艘都代表了若干世紀以來探索地球最遠端的努力嘗試。其中就包括了“埃斯梅拉達號”，它是歐洲國家探索亞洲時代留下的最早的殘骸。如今，距離“埃斯梅拉達”號起航已有500多年，我們星球上尚未被人類探索的土地已經少之又少了。然而，我們手中關于地球自身海底的地圖，甚至比不上關于月球乃至金星、火星的天體圖詳盡。
基于我們有限的認知，探索海洋可以帶來許多科學領域的新發現，這也許就顯得不足為奇了。就像發現“埃斯梅拉達號”的殘骸一樣，很多考古學發現都發生在近海岸的淺水水域。這些發現有時會包括埋在海浪下的整座城市，其中之一便是在突尼斯近海發現的古羅馬城市奈阿波利斯。據悉，在公元4世紀，奈阿波利斯被一場海嘯淹沒，其廢墟至今已有近2 000年的歷史。存留下來的街道、建筑為我們打開了一扇窗，讓我們得以窺見那段精彩的歷史。然而，我們才剛剛開始克服廣袤的海洋深處的壓強、黑暗和極寒所帶來的挑戰。過去的碎片仍深藏在大洋底部，等待被發現。
生物學領域也有驚人的發現。海洋的黑暗區域里或許生存著地球上多達90%的魚類。在200多米以下，陽光照不到的深水水域里，住著一些看起來就像是直接從科幻小說中走出來的奇異生物。想象一下，在海平面下6 000米深處，骨白色的珊瑚以每年僅一到兩毫米的速度緩慢生長著，它們中有些已經存活了4 000年。漆黑的深海里管眼魚游來游去，這是種奇特的魚，其眼睛可以透過透明的前額向上看。在海平面以下8 000多米處最深的海溝里，壓強相當于50架飛機堆疊在一起。然而這里仍有生命的存在，甚至在深海海底的火山口周圍也有生命。這些深海發現幫助我們理解地球上生命的承受力，甚至是在最極端的環境下的承受力。
此外，海洋還包含著珍貴的自然資源，其中一些對我們來說完全是新的資源。最值得一提的便是中國在南海發現的被稱為“可燃冰”的冰狀物質。此外，中國的水下艦艇如“蛟龍號”和“深海勇士號”，一直在數千米深的水域探索。“蛟龍號”甚至保持著載人潛艦的最深下潛紀錄7 062米，使中國躋身于世界頂級海洋探索國之列。借助這些潛水器所完成的研究有利于科學家進一步了解海床的形成過程，幫助確定深海鉆探區域，將深海勘探帶入一個嶄新的時代。
深海區域環境惡劣，完全黑暗、壓強極大、極度寒冷，長期以來都是人類探索無法企及的區域。然而，通過更緊密的國際科學、經濟以及文化合作，我們都在成為開拓地球最后疆域這一全球使命的參與者。人類正走向海洋發現的新時代，或許有朝一日，我們會像熟悉腳下的土地一樣熟悉那海浪下的世界。
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