資源簡介

Period 4　 單元語法講練(Using language)
1．give an account of 描述
take...into account＝take account of 　 把……考慮在內
on account of 因為，由于
on no account 決不(置于句首時，句子要用部分倒裝)
account for 解釋，說明，(數量、比例上)占
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①She did very well on the test when you take account how little she studied．
②We had to put off the sports meet account of the bad weather．
③How do you account making so many mistakes in your homework
④他詳細描述了在那個災難性的夜晚他的財物被偷的經過。
He his possessions stolen on the fateful night．
2．on the whole 基本上，大體上；總的來說
進行總結時用以引出自己的觀點或理由的表達，常見的有：
as a whole　　　 總的來說
in general 通常，總的來說
to sum up 總之，概括地說
in short 簡言之，總之
in summary 總之，概括起來
in a word 總之，簡言之
in conclusion 總之，最后
in brief 簡言之
to conclude 最后，總之
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①When I look back on my life，what strikes me is that I have been a whole a very lucky man，above all，lucky in my friends．
② short，changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience．
③基本上，人們都渴望享受休閑時光的機會。
，people are eager for the opportunity to enjoy leisure．
復習狀語從句
一、時間狀語從句
1．when，while和as引導時間狀語從句
(1)when從句的動作和主句的動作可以同時發生，也可以先后發生，從句謂語動詞為延續性動詞或非延續性動詞。
When I lived there，I used to go to the seashore on Sundays．
我住在那里時，星期天常到海濱去。
(2)while從句的動作與主句的動作同時發生，從句的謂語動詞為延續性動詞。
Please don't talk so loud while others are working．
別人工作時，請別高聲談話。
(3)as從句的動作與主句動作交替進行或同時發生，可翻譯為“隨著；一邊……一邊……”。
He hurried home，looking behind as he went．
他匆忙回家去，一邊走一邊回頭望。
As time went on，it's getting warmer and warmer．
隨著時間的推移，天越來越暖和了。
2．before和since引導時間狀語從句
(1)before本意為“在……之前”，還可引申為“還未……就……，不到……就……；趁……；還沒來得及……就……”。before引導時間狀語從句的常用句型：
①It was＋時間段＋before從句(一般過去時)　過了多久才……
②It will be ＋時間段＋before從句(一般現在時)　要過多久才……
He had put the broken vase away before his mother came back．
他趁媽媽還沒回來就把打碎的花瓶收拾好了。
It was some time before we realized the truth．
過了一段時間我們才意識到真相。
It will be half a year before I come back．
半年之后我才回來。
(2)since意為“自從……以來”，主句用完成時。since引導的從句如果用非延續性動詞，常理解為某一狀態的終止；若用延續性動詞或狀態動詞，則理解為某一動作的開始。since引導時間狀語從句的常用句型：It is/has been＋時間段＋since...自從……以來多久了
He has written to me frequently since I got sick．
自從我病了以后，他經常給我寫信。
It is three years since he came to our school．
他來我們學校已經三年了。
3．till和until引導時間狀語從句
在肯定句中主句謂語動詞應是延續性的，而在否定句中主句謂語動詞應是非延續性的；till不可位于句首，而until則可以。
You may stay here till/until the rain stops．
你可以待在這里直到雨停。
I won't see him till/until his anger has cooled down．
等他怒氣消了，我再去看他。
Until you told me，I had no idea of it．
直到你告訴我，我才知道這件事。
[名師點津]　not until置于句首時主句要用部分倒裝。
Not until nine o'clock yesterday evening did we finish the work．
直到昨晚九點，我們才完成這項工作。
4．引導時間狀語從句的名詞詞組
一些表示時間的名詞詞組，如the moment/minute/instant，every time，each time，the first time，the last time，the next time，by the time等可以起連詞的作用，引導時間狀語從句。
Every time I was in trouble，he would come to help me．
每次我處于困境，他就會來幫助我。
By the time we got there，the rain had stopped．
等我們到達那兒時，雨已經停了。
5．表示“一……就……”的名詞詞組和連詞
the moment/minute/instant等名詞詞組以及 as soon as，immediately，directly，　no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...等連詞都可引導時間狀語從句，表示“一……就……”。
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother．
這個男孩一看到他媽媽就放聲大哭。
[名師點津]　no sooner...than...，hardly...when...結構中，no sooner與hardly置于句首時，其后的句子用部分倒裝。
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left．
我們一到車站，火車就離站了。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空/完成句子
① they heard the news，they were very surprised．
② you grow older，you'll know better and better about yourself．
③My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor I was packing them up．
④ he had finished his homework，he took a short rest．
⑤Mother asked me to make a wish I blew out all the candles．
⑥I have heard lots of good things about you I came back from abroad．
⑦I didn't begin to like our houseparents something happened one night．
⑧ moment I saw her，I knew there was something wrong．
⑨我第一次見他時，他給我留下了好印象。
He left me a good impression ．
⑩他一到家就開始抱怨。
Hardly he began to complain．
二、地點狀語從句和條件狀語從句
1．地點狀語從句
where，wherever可引導地點狀語從句。
We must camp where we can get water．
我們必須在能找到水的地方露營。
2．條件狀語從句
引導條件狀語從句的連詞有：if，unless，as/so long as，supposing (that)(倘若；如果)，provided/providing (that)(倘若；如果)，on condition that(條件是)，in case(萬一)等。
You'll fail the exam unless you study hard．
除非你努力學習，否則你會考試不及格。
We can overcome the difficulties as long as we are organized．
只要我們組織起來，我們就能克服困難。
You can use this room supposing that you keep it clean and tidy．
如果你能保持房間干凈整潔，你就可以用這間房子。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①If you happen to get lost in the wild，you'd better stay you are and wait for help．
② we don't stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone．
③Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion he wants their support．
④ (provide) that he doesn't come，what shall we do
⑤只要一個人給別人的生活帶來價值，那么他的生命就有價值。
One's life has value ．
⑥萬一你需要幫助的話，這是我的電話號碼。
，here is my telephone number．
三、原因狀語從句
1．because/as/since/now(that)引導的原因狀語從句
because 語氣最強，表示直接的理由。可用來回答why 引導的問句，可用于強調句型 從句常放在主句后
as 語氣較弱，較口語化，表示較明顯的原因或已知的事實 從句常放在主句前
since/ now (that) 語氣較弱，所表示的原因為人們已知的事實。常譯為“既然” 常可互換，但now (that)可用來說明一種新情況，然后加以推理
I was late for school because I missed the first bus．
我上學遲到是因為我錯過了頭班車。
As he was in a hurry，he left his bag home．
由于他太匆忙才把包丟在了家里。
Since/Now that the rain has stopped，let's go home at once．
既然雨已停了，我們馬上回家吧。
[名師點津]　for“因為”后跟句子時，不是從屬連詞而是并列連詞，是用來說明、補充解釋或表示一種推理，所以for跟從句時不能置于句首。
The day breaks，for the birds are singing．
天亮了，因為鳥兒都在叫了。
2．seeing(that)(鑒于，由于)，considering(that)(考慮到)，in that (因為)引導的原因狀語從句
The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history．
這本書不同于那本，因為這本是關于化學的，而那本是關于歷史的。
They have made remarkable progress，considering that they only started last week．
考慮到他們是上周才開始的，他們已經取得了相當大的進步。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①It was he was late for class that he was scolded by the teacher．
②She was fortunate in she had many friends to help her．
③因為我的英語口語很流利，我認為我適合這項工作。
，I think I am very suitable for this job．
④既然你有機會，就該充分利用。
，you might as well make full use of it．
四、目的狀語從句和結果狀語從句
1．目的狀語從句
引導目的狀語從句的常用從屬連詞有so (that)，in order that，for fear (that)，in case等。
My father began to study computer knowledge at the age of sixty so that/in order that he might keep up with times．
我的父親六十歲時開始學習電腦知識，以便跟上時代。
Sometimes we are not satisfied with what our friend does，but we will not point it out for fear that we might lose that friend．
有時我們對朋友的所作所為并不滿意，但我們不會指出來，唯恐失去那個朋友。
2．結果狀語從句
引導結果狀語從句的常用從屬連詞有so...that...，such...that...等。在非正式語體中，其中的that可以省略。
(1)這類從句的具體結構：
so＋
such＋
Mike is such an honest worker that(＝so honest a worker that) we all believe in him．
邁克是一個很誠實的工人，我們都信任他。
It is such good weather that we all want to go to the park．
天氣非常好，我們都想去公園。
These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer them．
這些問題很難，我們沒人能回答。
He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family．
他掙這么少的錢養不起家。
(2)為了強調形容詞和副詞，當so或such置于句首時，主句要用倒裝語序。
So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions．
他是一個非常聰明的學生，能夠解出所有的難題。
[名師點津]　除引導目的狀語從句外，so (that)也可引導結果狀語從句，并常有逗號和主句隔開。引導的目的狀語從句中常有can，could，might，may等情態動詞。試比較：
He turned up the radio，so that everyone heard the song．
他把收音機的音量調高了，結果每個人都聽到了那首歌。(結果狀語從句)
He turned up the radio so that everyone could hear the song．
他把收音機的音量調高，目的是每個人都能聽見那首歌。(目的狀語從句)
[即時訓練4]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①It was a hot day that they wanted to go swimming．
②The wind was strong that he could hardly move forward．
③He has made great progress that the teachers are pleased with him．
④他傷得很重，不得不被送往醫院。
So badly he had to be sent to the hospital．
⑤我們的老師講得很慢，以便我們都能聽懂。
Our teacher spoke slowly ．
⑥我們很早就朝車站出發了，唯恐錯過火車。
We set off for the station early ．
五、讓步狀語從句
1．引導讓步狀語從句的連詞有：although，though，while(盡管，雖然)，even if/though，whether...or...，疑問詞＋-ever與no matter＋疑問詞等。
Although/Though/While he may be troubled，he always presents a calm smiling face．
盡管他可能會遇到麻煩，但他總是露出平靜的微笑。
Even if it should rain tomorrow，we will continue our work．
即使明天下雨，我們也要繼續工作。
We'll go on with the work，whether we can find the necessary tools or not．
不管我們能否找到所需的工具，我們都要把這項工作做下去。
Whatever/No matter what you want to do，please look before you leap．
不管你想做什么事，請三思而后行。
2．as引導的讓步狀語從句需采用部分倒裝，有時though引導的讓步狀語從句也采用部分倒裝。
Try as he might，he couldn't solve the problem．
盡管他嘗試了，但還是無法解決這個問題。
Child as he is，he knows a lot of the history of China．
雖然他只是個孩子，但他懂得許多中國歷史方面的知識。(注意child前不用冠詞)
Young though he is，he knows how to deal with such a thing．
他雖然年輕，但懂得如何處理這件事。
[即時訓練5]　單句語法填空/完成句子
① I've tried hard，none of my books have been published．
②Hard she tries，she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework．
③無論遇到什么樣的困難，他都要繼續推行他的計劃。
，he will carry on his plan．
④即使我們會遇到困難，為實現夢想而吃苦也是值得的。
It is worthwhile to suffer for our dreams， ．
⑤清潔工不得不整天在街上工作，無論是陽光暴曬還是天降大雪。
Cleaners have to work all day on the street ．
六、比較狀語從句和方式狀語從句
1．比較狀語從句由as...as，not as/so...as，than引導。
She is as good an actress as she is a singer．
她當演員和當歌手一樣出色。
Nobody understand the situation better than you (do)．
誰也不如你了解情況。
2．方式狀語從句通常由as，as if，as though引導。
They did as I had asked．
他們是按我的要求做的。
He behaved as if/as though nothing had happened．
他表現得若無其事。
[即時訓練6]　完成句子
①她不如她姐姐外向。
She is her sister．
②你應該按照老師告訴你的去做。
You should do ．
用適當的從屬連詞填空
1． I was a little girl，my family moved to a tiny town at the bottom of a big mountain．One day after school，2． I was exploring the green woods of this magnificent mountain，I almost fell on a set of stairs．What could these steps lead to Curiosity got the best of me 3． I knew it would be starting to get dark soon．I started climbing up those strangely mysterious steps．
I climbed and climbed，4． there was nothing but just green bushes and these steps．I had to reach the top! However，it was now getting really dark．My mum would be worried sick 5． I didn't come home soon．Tired and scared 6． I was，I ran back home almost in the dark．
I was so anxious 7． I went to bed dreaming about what I would find at the top of this magical mountain．Could there be a castle up there Maybe I would find a monster 8． there are green woods．Maybe I was taking the risk of never coming back home．Or，maybe all I would find was absolutely nothing! However，9． I would encounter，I was going to climb that mountain at all cost．And it was not a long time 10． I tried this adventure again．
第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
①be familiar to 為……所熟悉
be familiar with sth．通曉……，熟悉……
②Sinologist n．漢學家
-ist后綴是名詞性后綴，主要用于表示信仰者、專家、從事某種活動的人或具有某種特征或性質的物品。如dentist指的是牙醫，artist指的是藝術家。
③translator n．翻譯，譯員
translate v．翻譯
translation n．翻譯
④fall in love with 愛上
fall into ruin(因無人照料而)衰落，敗落
⑤be amazed by 對……感到驚訝
be amazed to see/find/learn/discover驚訝地發現……
⑥tune n．曲調，旋律
theme tune 主題曲
⑦inspire v．激勵，鼓舞；賦予靈感
inspiration n．靈感
inspiring adj．鼓舞人心的；激勵的；啟發靈感的
⑧academic major 學術專業
major v．主修 n．專業；主修生 adj．主要的；重要的
⑨prior adj．先前的；較早的
prior to 在……之前，先于……
priority n．優先事項；最重要的事；首要事情
a top priority當務之急
⑩be exposed to 接觸；暴露于；面臨
encounter n．相遇，邂逅
a chance encounter偶然相遇
encounter sb．/sth．偶然碰到或意外地遇見某人或某物
genius n．天才，天賦
have a profound effect on...對……有深遠的影響
profound adj． 巨大的；深切的；深遠的；知識淵博的；理解深刻的；深邃的
passion n．熱情；激情
passionate adj． 熱誠的；狂熱的
passionately adv． 熱誠地；狂熱地
stimulating adj．激勵人心的； 趣味盎然的
stimulate v．促進；激發；激勵
particularly adv．尤其，特別
particular adj．不尋常的；格外的；特別的
in particular尤其；特別
be particular about sth．對……挑剔
be determined to do...決心做……
translate...into...把……翻譯成……
respected adj．受人尊敬的
respect n．& v．尊敬
respectable adj．可敬的
in addition 除……以外(還)
go with 伴隨；與……相伴而生
keep a close eye on 密切關注
best-seller 暢銷品；暢銷書
publish v．出版
publisher n．出版人(或機構)
publishing n．出版(業)，發行(業)
on the whole從整體上說
limited adj．有限的
significance n．意義，重要性
significant adj．重要的
be highly thought of 被高度贊揚
reflect v．反映
be closely connected 聯系密切
have...in common 有相同之處
strike a chord 引起共鳴；打動心弦
READING CHINA
The world of Chinese literature is one that is familiar to① us all．But have you ever stopped to wonder what works are read outside of China and how they are received Today，four Sinologists② and translators③share their experience of Chinese literature with us．They are：
Petko，aged 43 from Bulgaria
Annelous，aged 34 from the Netherlands
Joachim，aged 25 from France
Mai，aged 28 from Egypt
Q1：How did you get interested in Chinese literature
Petko：[1] It all started with a movie I watched when I was a boy—The Shaolin Temple． That movie gave me so many reasons to fall in love with④ China．I was amazed by⑤ Chinese kung fu，of course—everyone loves kung fu，don't they I also thought the Chinese language sounded so beautiful，and I found that I liked Chinese music，too—I just loved the movie's theme tune⑥， Song of the Shepherd．
[1] 本句為復合句，I watched為省略了that或which的定語從句，修飾先行詞a movie；when I was a boy 為時間狀語從句。
Annelous：I became interested in languages at a young age．When I started high school，I began reading books about Chinese history and culture，and this inspired⑦ me to choose Chinese Studies as my academic major⑧ at university．
Joachim：When I was 15 years old，my mother bought me a copy of the classic Shi Ji，or Records of the Grand Historian．Prior⑨ to that，the only great historical works I had been exposed to⑩ were Homer's epic poems．Records of the Grand Historian was my first encounter with Chinese classical literature．After reading it，I realised the true genius of China's “Grand Historian”， Sima Qian．His writing had a profound effect on me，and I have this to thank for my passion for Chinese literature．
Mai：I gradually fell in love with Chinese literature when I started working as a translator．Most of the translated works of literature in Egypt are from the English-speaking world，so reading Chinese literature was a stimulating and inspiring experience．
Q2：How do you select works to translate
Petko：I particularly like classical Chinese literature，especially works from the Ming and Qing dynasties．[2] I fell in love with Dream of the Red Chamber the first time I read it，and was determined to translate it into Bulgarian．[3] Now that this dream has come true，my next goal is to translate The Romance of the Three Kingdoms．
[2]本句為復合句，the first time 引導時間狀語從句，意為“第一次……”。
[3]本句為復合句，now that 引導原因狀語從句，意為“由于，因為，既然”。
Annelous：[4] In the Netherlands，the decision as to which works of Chinese literature get translated is largely influenced by the opinions of respected Sinologists． In addition ，publishing houses tend to look to other countries to see which Chinese works have sold well there．I've so far translated the writings of several young Chinese authors，and I'm looking forward to their new works．
[4]本句為復合句，which works of Chinese literature get translated為which引導的名詞性從句，作as to 的賓語。
Joachim：I just go with what I like and what I am interested in．I've translated some poems by Dai Wangshu．Right now，I'm doing research into popular literature in Shanghai at the start of the 20th century．
Mai: I don't care if a writer is popular or not．What interests me most is the work itself．I've translated some works by authors such as Xi Murong and Bi Shumin．I also keep a close eye on what's being self-published online by new，young authors—they have some good ideas．
Q3：Which works by Chinese writers are popular in your country
Petko: Thirty-six Stratagems has sold more than 1，000 copies in Bulgaria．[5] When you consider that here the best a writer can usually hope for is to sell a few hundred copies of their work，Thirty-six Stratagems is a best-seller in Bulgaria!
[5]本句為復合句，when引導時間狀語從句；that 引導賓語從句；a writer can usually hope for為省略了that的定語從句，修飾先行詞the best；to sell a few hundred copies of their work為動詞不定式短語作表語。
Annelous：[6] Each year sees more works by Chinese writers published in the Netherlands，and they are well-received．The people that buy and read these books do so because they want to learn more about Chinese culture and everyday life in China．On the whole ， I do have to admit that here，people's knowledge of Chinese literature is rather limited ．
[6]本句為簡單句，主語為each year，為無生命名詞作主語。
Joachim：Many works by modern writers such as Lu Xun and Shen Congwen have been translated into French． And the novels of some contemporary writers also sell quite well in France．Literature has a lot of significance to the French，and Chinese literary works tend to be highly thought of ．
Mai：Egyptians like literature that reflects human nature and experience．A couple of good examples of this are “Fond Memories of Autumn” by Shi Tiesheng and “Street Scene” by Zhou Guoping．I think Egypt and China are closely connected and both have a lot in common ．Because of this，Chinese literary works really strike a chord in the hearts of Egyptian readers．
解讀中國
我們都對中國文學再熟悉不過了。可你有沒有想過，在中國以外的地方，人們都讀過哪些中國文學作品？這些作品受到怎樣的評價？今天，四位漢學家、翻譯家將給我們分享他們有關中國文學的經歷。他們是：
佩特科，43歲，來自保加利亞
安妮魯斯，34歲，來自荷蘭
若阿基姆，25歲，來自法國
馬伊，28歲，來自埃及
問題1：你是怎么對中國文學產生興趣的？
佩特科：一切都要從我小時候看的一部叫《少林寺》的電影說起。那部電影給了我很多讓我愛上中國的理由。我當然為中國功夫所嘆服——人人都喜歡功夫，不是嗎？我還覺得中文聽起來那么美，我發現我也喜歡中國的音樂——我特別喜歡這部電影的主題曲《牧羊曲》。
安妮魯斯：我從小就對語言感興趣。上高中的時候，我開始讀中國歷史和文化方面的書，這激勵我在大學選擇了漢學專業。
若阿基姆：我15歲的時候，媽媽給我買了一本經典名著《史記》。在此之前，我唯一接觸過的歷史巨作是《荷馬史詩》。《史記》是我接觸的第一部中國的經典文學作品。通過閱讀《史記》，我領略了中國“太史公”司馬遷的才華。他的文章對我影響很大，激發了我對中國文學的熱情。
馬伊：我開始從事翻譯工作后，漸漸對中國文學產生了興趣。埃及大多數文學譯作來自英語國家，所以讀中國文學作品使人興奮，也鼓舞人心。
問題2：你是如何選擇作品來翻譯的？
佩特科：我特別喜歡中國古典文學，尤其是明清時期的作品。我第一次讀《紅樓夢》時就喜歡上了它，并決心把它譯成保加利亞語。現在這個夢想已經實現了，我的下一個目標就是翻譯《三國演義》。
安妮魯斯：在荷蘭，聲望高的漢學家的意見很大程度上影響翻譯作品的選擇。此外，出版社往往會參考其他國家哪些中國作品暢銷。到目前為止，我已經翻譯了一些年輕中國作家的作品，我也期待他們新的作品。
若阿基姆：我只是隨著喜好和興趣走。我翻譯了戴望舒的一些詩。現在，我正在研究20世紀初上海的流行文學。
馬伊：我不在乎一個作家是否受歡迎。我最感興趣的是作品本身。我翻譯過席慕蓉和畢淑敏等作家的作品。我還密切關注新的年輕作者自己在網上發表的作品——他們有一些不錯的想法。
問題3：中國哪些作家的作品在貴國較受歡迎？
佩特科：《三十六計》在保加利亞賣出了一千多本。在保加利亞，作者通常最期待的是自己的作品賣幾百本，《三十六計》在保加利亞是暢銷書！
安妮魯斯：每年都有更多中國作家的作品在荷蘭出版，它們很受歡迎。購買和閱讀這些書籍的人想要更多地了解中國文化和日常生活。總的來說，我不得不承認，在荷蘭，人們對中國文學的了解相當有限。
若阿基姆：魯迅、沈從文等現代作家的許多作品已被翻譯成法語。而且一些當代作家的小說在法國也賣得相當好。文學對法國人來說意義重大，中國的文學作品往往獲得很高評價。
馬伊：埃及人喜歡反映人性和人生經歷的文學。其中，史鐵生的《秋天的懷念》和周國平的《街頭即景》就是很好的例子。我認為埃及和中國聯系緊密，有許多共同之處。正因為如此，中國文學作品才真正引起了埃及讀者的共鳴。
Period 4
核心詞匯
1．①into　②on　③for　④gave a detailed account of
2．①as　②In　③On the whole
單元語法
[即時訓練1]
①When　②As　③when/while　④When/After　⑤before　⑥since　⑦until/till　⑧The　⑨the first time I met him　⑩had he come home when
[即時訓練2]
①where　②If　③unless　④Provided/Providing　⑤as long as one brings value to the life of others　⑥In case you need my help
[即時訓練3]
①because　②that 　③Because my spoken English is fluent　④Since/Now (that) you've got a chance
[即時訓練4]
①such　②so　③such　④was he injured that　⑤so that/in order that all of us could understand him　⑥for fear that we would miss the train
[即時訓練5]
①Although/Though/While　②as/though　③Whatever/No matter what difficulties he meets with　④even if/though we may encounter difficulties　⑤whether the sun shines strongly or it snows heavily
[即時訓練6]
①not so/as outgoing as　②as the teacher tells you to do
鞏固落實
用適當的從屬連詞填空
1．When　2．while　3．even if/though　4．although/though　5．if　6．as/though　7．that　8．where　9．whatever　10．before
1 / 16(共74張PPT)
Period 4　
Unit 3　The world meets China
主題語境
人與社會——物質與非物質文化遺產
課時學案 單元語法講練(Using language)
take...into account＝take account of
把……考慮在內
on account of 因為，由于
on no account 決不(置于句首時，句子要用
部分倒裝)
account for 解釋，說明，(數量、比例上)占
1．give an account of 描述
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①She did very well on the test when you take ____ account how little she studied．
②We had to put off the sports meet ___ account of the bad weather．
③How do you account ___ making so many mistakes in your homework
④他詳細描述了在那個災難性的夜晚他的財物被偷的經過。
He _______________________ his possessions stolen on the fateful night．
into
on
for
gave a detailed account of
進行總結時用以引出自己的觀點或理由的表達，常見的有：
as a whole　　　 總的來說
in general 通常，總的來說
to sum up 總之，概括地說
in short 簡言之，總之
in summary 總之，概括起來
in a word 總之，簡言之
in conclusion 總之，最后
in brief 簡言之
to conclude 最后，總之
2．on the whole 基本上，大體上；總的來說
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①When I look back on my life，what strikes me is that I have been __ a whole a very lucky man，above all，lucky in my friends．
②__ short，changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience．
③基本上，人們都渴望享受休閑時光的機會。
____________，people are eager for the opportunity to enjoy leisure．
as
In
On the whole
復習狀語從句
一、時間狀語從句
1．when，while和as引導時間狀語從句
(1)when從句的動作和主句的動作可以同時發生，也可以先后發生，從句謂語動詞為延續性動詞或非延續性動詞。
When I lived there，I used to go to the seashore on Sundays．
我住在那里時，星期天常到海濱去。
(2)while從句的動作與主句的動作同時發生，從句的謂語動詞為延續性動詞。
Please don't talk so loud while others are working．
別人工作時，請別高聲談話。
(3)as從句的動作與主句動作交替進行或同時發生，可翻譯為“隨著；一邊……一邊……”。
He hurried home，looking behind as he went．
他匆忙回家去，一邊走一邊回頭望。
As time went on，it's getting warmer and warmer．
隨著時間的推移，天越來越暖和了。
2．before和since引導時間狀語從句
(1)before本意為“在……之前”，還可引申為“還未……就……，不到……就……；趁……；還沒來得及……就……”。before引導時間狀語從句的常用句型：
①It was＋時間段＋before從句(一般過去時)
過了多久才……
②It will be ＋時間段＋before從句(一般現在時)　要過多久才……
He had put the broken vase away before his mother came back．
他趁媽媽還沒回來就把打碎的花瓶收拾好了。
It was some time before we realized the truth．
過了一段時間我們才意識到真相。
It will be half a year before I come back．
半年之后我才回來。
(2)since意為“自從……以來”，主句用完成時。since引導的從句如果用非延續性動詞，常理解為某一狀態的終止；若用延續性動詞或狀態動詞，則理解為某一動作的開始。since引導時間狀語從句的常用句型：It is/has been＋時間段＋since...自從……以來多久了
He has written to me frequently since I got sick．
自從我病了以后，他經常給我寫信。
It is three years since he came to our school．
他來我們學校已經三年了。
3．till和until引導時間狀語從句
在肯定句中主句謂語動詞應是延續性的，而在否定句中主句謂語動詞應是非延續性的；till不可位于句首，而until則可以。
You may stay here till/until the rain stops．
你可以待在這里直到雨停。
I won't see him till/until his anger has cooled down．
等他怒氣消了，我再去看他。
Until you told me，I had no idea of it．
直到你告訴我，我才知道這件事。
[名師點津]　not until置于句首時主句要用部分倒裝。
Not until nine o'clock yesterday evening did we finish the work．
直到昨晚九點，我們才完成這項工作。
4．引導時間狀語從句的名詞詞組
一些表示時間的名詞詞組，如the moment/minute/instant，every time，each time，the first time，the last time，the next time，by the time等可以起連詞的作用，引導時間狀語從句。
Every time I was in trouble，he would come to help me．
每次我處于困境，他就會來幫助我。
By the time we got there，the rain had stopped．
等我們到達那兒時，雨已經停了。
5．表示“一……就……”的名詞詞組和連詞
the moment/minute/instant等名詞詞組以及 as soon as，immediately，directly，　no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...等連詞都可引導時間狀語從句，表示“一……就……”。
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother．
這個男孩一看到他媽媽就放聲大哭。
[名師點津]　no sooner...than...，hardly...when...結構中，no sooner與hardly置于句首時，其后的句子用部分倒裝。
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left．
我們一到車站，火車就離站了。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①_____ they heard the news，they were very surprised．
②___ you grow older，you'll know better and better about yourself．
③My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor ___________ I was packing them up．
④___________ he had finished his homework，he took a short rest．
⑤Mother asked me to make a wish ______ I blew out all the candles．
⑥I have heard lots of good things about you _____ I came back from abroad．
When
As
when/while
When/After
before
since
⑦I didn't begin to like our houseparents ________ something happened one night．
⑧___ moment I saw her，I knew there was something wrong．
⑨我第一次見他時，他給我留下了好印象。
He left me a good impression _____________________．
⑩他一到家就開始抱怨。
Hardly ______________________ he began to complain．
until/till
The
the first time I met him
had he come home when
二、地點狀語從句和條件狀語從句
1．地點狀語從句
where，wherever可引導地點狀語從句。
We must camp where we can get water．
我們必須在能找到水的地方露營。
2．條件狀語從句
引導條件狀語從句的連詞有：if，unless，as/so long as，supposing (that)(倘若；如果)，provided/providing (that)(倘若；如果)，on condition that(條件是)，in case(萬一)等。
You'll fail the exam unless you study hard．
除非你努力學習，否則你會考試不及格。
We can overcome the difficulties as long as we are organized．
只要我們組織起來，我們就能克服困難。
You can use this room supposing that you keep it clean and tidy．
如果你能保持房間干凈整潔，你就可以用這間房子。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①If you happen to get lost in the wild，you'd better stay _____ you are and wait for help．
②__ we don't stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will be gone．
③Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion ______ he wants their support．
where
If
unless
④_________________ (provide) that he doesn't come，what shall we do
⑤只要一個人給別人的生活帶來價值，那么他的生命就有價值。
One's life has value _______________________________________．
⑥萬一你需要幫助的話，這是我的電話號碼。
______________________，here is my telephone number．
Provided/Providing
as long as one brings value to the life of others
In case you need my help
三、原因狀語從句
1．because/as/since/now(that)引導的原因狀語從句
because 語氣最強，表示直接的理由。可用來回答why 引導的問句，可用于強調句型 從句常放在主句后
as 語氣較弱，較口語化，表示較明顯的原因或已知的事實 從句常放在主句前
I was late for school because I missed the first bus．
我上學遲到是因為我錯過了頭班車。
As he was in a hurry，he left his bag home．
由于他太匆忙才把包丟在了家里。
since/ now(that) 語氣較弱，所表示的原因為人們已知的事實。常譯為“既然” 常可互換，但now (that)可用來說明一種新情況，然后加以推理
Since/Now that the rain has stopped，let's go home at once．
既然雨已停了，我們馬上回家吧。
[名師點津]　for“因為”后跟句子時，不是從屬連詞而是并列連詞，是用來說明、補充解釋或表示一種推理，所以for跟從句時不能置于句首。
The day breaks，for the birds are singing．
天亮了，因為鳥兒都在叫了。
2．seeing(that)(鑒于，由于)，considering(that)(考慮到)，in that (因為)引導的原因狀語從句
The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history．
這本書不同于那本，因為這本是關于化學的，而那本是關于歷史的。
They have made remarkable progress，considering that they only started last week．
考慮到他們是上周才開始的，他們已經取得了相當大的進步。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①It was _______ he was late for class that he was scolded by the teacher．
②She was fortunate in ______she had many friends to help her．
③因為我的英語口語很流利，我認為我適合這項工作。
_______________________________，I think I am very suitable for this job．
④既然你有機會，就該充分利用。
________________________________，you might as well make full use of it．
because
that
Because my spoken English is fluent
Since/Now (that) you've got a chance
四、目的狀語從句和結果狀語從句
1．目的狀語從句
引導目的狀語從句的常用從屬連詞有so (that)，in order that，for fear (that)，in case等。
My father began to study computer knowledge at the age of sixty so that/in order that he might keep up with times．
我的父親六十歲時開始學習電腦知識，以便跟上時代。
Sometimes we are not satisfied with what our friend does，but we will not point it out for fear that we might lose that friend．
有時我們對朋友的所作所為并不滿意，但我們不會指出來，唯恐失去那個朋友。
2．結果狀語從句
引導結果狀語從句的常用從屬連詞有so...that...，such...that...等。在非正式語體中，其中的that可以省略。
(1)這類從句的具體結構：
so＋
such＋
Mike is such an honest worker that(＝so honest a worker that) we all believe in him．
邁克是一個很誠實的工人，我們都信任他。
It is such good weather that we all want to go to the park．
天氣非常好，我們都想去公園。
These were such difficult questions that none of us could answer them．
這些問題很難，我們沒人能回答。
He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family．
他掙這么少的錢養不起家。
(2)為了強調形容詞和副詞，當so或such置于句首時，主句要用倒裝語序。
So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions．
他是一個非常聰明的學生，能夠解出所有的難題。
[名師點津]　除引導目的狀語從句外，so (that)也可引導結果狀語從句，并常有逗號和主句隔開。引導的目的狀語從句中常有can，could，might，may等情態動詞。試比較：
He turned up the radio，so that everyone heard the song．
他把收音機的音量調高了，結果每個人都聽到了那首歌。(結果狀語從句)
He turned up the radio so that everyone could hear the song．
他把收音機的音量調高，目的是每個人都能聽見那首歌。(目的狀語從句)
[即時訓練4]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①It was ____ a hot day that they wanted to go swimming．
②The wind was __ strong that he could hardly move forward．
③He has made ____ great progress that the teachers are pleased with him．
④他傷得很重，不得不被送往醫院。
So badly ________________ he had to be sent to the hospital．
such
so
such
was he injured that
⑤我們的老師講得很慢，以便我們都能聽懂。
Our teacher spoke slowly ______________________________________
______．
⑥我們很早就朝車站出發了，唯恐錯過火車。
We set off for the station early _______________________________．
so that/in order that all of us could understand
him
for fear that we would miss the train
五、讓步狀語從句
1．引導讓步狀語從句的連詞有：although，though，while(盡管，雖然)，even if/though，whether...or...，疑問詞＋-ever與no matter＋疑問詞等。
Although/Though/While he may be troubled，he always presents a calm smiling face．
盡管他可能會遇到麻煩，但他總是露出平靜的微笑。
Even if it should rain tomorrow，we will continue our work．
即使明天下雨，我們也要繼續工作。
We'll go on with the work，whether we can find the necessary tools or not．
不管我們能否找到所需的工具，我們都要把這項工作做下去。
Whatever/No matter what you want to do，please look before you leap．
不管你想做什么事，請三思而后行。
2．as引導的讓步狀語從句需采用部分倒裝，有時though引導的讓步狀語從句也采用部分倒裝。
Try as he might，he couldn't solve the problem．
盡管他嘗試了，但還是無法解決這個問題。
Child as he is，he knows a lot of the history of China．
雖然他只是個孩子，但他懂得許多中國歷史方面的知識。(注意child前不用冠詞)
Young though he is，he knows how to deal with such a thing．
他雖然年輕，但懂得如何處理這件事。
[即時訓練5]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①_____________________ I've tried hard，none of my books have been published．
②Hard __________ she tries，she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework．
③無論遇到什么樣的困難，他都要繼續推行他的計劃。
___________________________________________，he will carry on his plan．
Although/Though/While
as/though
Whatever/No matter what difficulties he meets with
④即使我們會遇到困難，為實現夢想而吃苦也是值得的。
It is worthwhile to suffer for our dreams，________________________
____________________．
⑤清潔工不得不整天在街上工作，無論是陽光暴曬還是天降大雪。
Cleaners have to work all day on the street ________________________
__________________________．
even if/though we may
encounter difficulties
whether the sun shines
strongly or it snows heavily
六、比較狀語從句和方式狀語從句
1．比較狀語從句由as...as，not as/so...as，than引導。
She is as good an actress as she is a singer．
她當演員和當歌手一樣出色。
Nobody understand the situation better than you (do)．
誰也不如你了解情況。
2．方式狀語從句通常由as，as if，as though引導。
They did as I had asked．
他們是按我的要求做的。
He behaved as if/as though nothing had happened．
他表現得若無其事。
[即時訓練6]　完成句子
①她不如她姐姐外向。
She is ____________________ her sister．
②你應該按照老師告訴你的去做。
You should do _________________________．
not so/as outgoing as
as the teacher tells you to do
用適當的從屬連詞填空
1．_____ I was a little girl，my family moved to a tiny town at the bottom of a big mountain．One day after school，2．_____ I was exploring the green woods of this magnificent mountain，I almost fell on a set of stairs．What could these steps lead to Curiosity got the best of me 3．_____________ I knew it would be starting to get dark soon．I started climbing up those strangely mysterious steps．
When
while
even if/though
I climbed and climbed，4．_______________ there was nothing but just green bushes and these steps．I had to reach the top! However，it was now getting really dark．My mum would be worried sick 5．__ I didn't come home soon．Tired and scared 6．__________ I was，I ran back home almost in the dark．
although/though
if
as/though
I was so anxious 7．____ I went to bed dreaming about what I would find at the top of this magical mountain．Could there be a castle up there Maybe I would find a monster 8．_____ there are green woods．Maybe I was taking the risk of never coming back home．Or，maybe all I would find was absolutely nothing! However，9．________ I would encounter，I was going to climb that mountain at all cost．And it was not a long time 10．______ I tried this adventure again．
that
where
whatever
before
①be familiar to 為……所熟悉
be familiar with sth．通曉……，熟悉……
②Sinologist n．漢學家
-ist后綴是名詞性后綴，主要用于表示信仰者、專家、從事某種活動的人或具有某種特征或性質的物品。如dentist指的是牙醫，artist指的是藝術家。
課下預習 第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
③translator n．翻譯，譯員
translate v．翻譯
translation n．翻譯
④fall in love with 愛上
fall into ruin(因無人照料而)衰落，敗落
⑤be amazed by對……感到驚訝
be amazed to see/find/learn/discover驚訝地發現……
⑥tune n．曲調，旋律
theme tune 主題曲
⑦inspire v．激勵，鼓舞；賦予靈感
inspiration n．靈感
inspiring adj．鼓舞人心的；激勵的；啟發靈感的
⑧academic major 學術專業
major v．主修 n．專業；主修生 adj．主要的；重要的
⑨prior adj．先前的；較早的
prior to 在……之前，先于……
priority n．優先事項；最重要的事；首要事情
a top priority當務之急
⑩be exposed to 接觸；暴露于；面臨
encounter n．相遇，邂逅
a chance encounter偶然相遇
encounter sb．/sth．偶然碰到或意外地遇見某人或某物
genius n．天才，天賦
have a profound effect on...對……有深遠的影響
profound adj． 巨大的；深切的；深遠的；知識淵博的；理解深刻的；深邃的
passion n．熱情；激情
passionate adj． 熱誠的；狂熱的
passionately adv． 熱誠地；狂熱地
stimulating adj．激勵人心的； 趣味盎然的
stimulate v．促進；激發；激勵
particularly adv．尤其，特別
particular adj．不尋常的；格外的；特別的
in particular尤其；特別
be particular about sth．對……挑剔
be determined to do...決心做……
translate...into...把……翻譯成……
respected adj．受人尊敬的
respect n．& v．尊敬
respectable adj．可敬的
in addition 除……以外(還)
go with 伴隨；與……相伴而生
keep a close eye on 密切關注
best-seller 暢銷品；暢銷書
publish v．出版
publisher n．出版人(或機構)
publishing n．出版(業)，發行(業)
on the whole從整體上說
limited adj．有限的
significance n．意義，重要性
significant adj．重要的
be highly thought of 被高度贊揚
reflect v．反映
be closely connected 聯系密切
have...in common 有相同之處
strike a chord 引起共鳴；打動心弦
READING CHINA
The world of Chinese literature is one that is familiar to① us all．But have you ever stopped to wonder what works are read outside of China and how they are received Today，four Sinologists② and translators③share their experience of Chinese literature with us．They are：
Petko，aged 43 from Bulgaria
Annelous，aged 34 from the Netherlands
Joachim，aged 25 from France
Mai，aged 28 from Egypt
Q1：How did you get interested in Chinese literature
Petko：[1] It all started with a movie I watched when I was a boy—The Shaolin Temple． That movie gave me so many reasons to fall in love with④ China．I was amazed by⑤ Chinese kung fu，of course—everyone loves kung fu，don't they I also thought the Chinese language sounded so beautiful，and I found that I liked Chinese music，too—I just loved the movie's theme tune⑥， Song of the Shepherd．
[1] 本句為復合句，I watched為省略了that或which的定語從句，修飾先行詞a movie；when I was a boy 為時間狀語從句。
Annelous：I became interested in languages at a young age．When I started high school，I began reading books about Chinese history and culture，and this inspired⑦ me to choose Chinese Studies as my academic major⑧ at university．
Joachim：When I was 15 years old，my mother bought me a copy of the classic Shi Ji，or Records of the Grand Historian．Prior⑨ to that，the only great historical works I had been exposed to⑩ were Homer's epic poems．Records of the Grand Historian was my first encounter with Chinese classical literature．After reading it，I realised the true genius of China's “Grand Historian”， Sima Qian．His writing had a profound effect on me，and I have this to thank for my passion for Chinese literature．
Mai：I gradually fell in love with Chinese literature when I started working as a translator．Most of the translated works of literature in Egypt are from the English-speaking world，so reading Chinese literature was a stimulating and inspiring experience．
Q2：How do you select works to translate
Petko：I particularly like classical Chinese literature，especially works from the Ming and Qing dynasties．[2] I fell in love with Dream of the Red Chamber the first time I read it，and was determined to translate it into Bulgarian．[3] Now that this dream has come true，my next goal is to translate The Romance of the Three Kingdoms．
[2]本句為復合句，the first time 引導時間狀語從句，意為“第一次……”。
[3]本句為復合句，now that 引導原因狀語從句，意為“由于，因為，既然”。
Annelous：[4] In the Netherlands，the decision as to which works of Chinese literature get translated is largely influenced by the opinions of respected Sinologists． In addition ，publishing houses tend to look to other countries to see which Chinese works have sold well there．I've so far translated the writings of several young Chinese authors，and I'm looking forward to their new works．
[4]本句為復合句，which works of Chinese literature get translated為which引導的名詞性從句，作as to 的賓語。
Joachim：I just go with what I like and what I am interested in．I've translated some poems by Dai Wangshu．Right now，I'm doing research into popular literature in Shanghai at the start of the 20th century．
Mai: I don't care if a writer is popular or not．What interests me most is the work itself．I've translated some works by authors such as Xi Murong and Bi Shumin．I also keep a close eye on what's being self-published online by new，young authors—they have some good ideas．
Q3：Which works by Chinese writers are popular in your country？
Petko: Thirty-six Stratagems has sold more than 1，000 copies in Bulgaria．[5] When you consider that here the best a writer can usually hope for is to sell a few hundred copies of their work，Thirty-six Stratagems is a best-seller in Bulgaria!
[5]本句為復合句，when引導時間狀語從句；that 引導賓語從句；a writer can usually hope for為省略了that的定語從句，修飾先行詞the best；to sell a few hundred copies of their work為動詞不定式短語作表語。
Annelous：[6] Each year sees more works by Chinese writers published in the Netherlands，and they are well-received．The people that buy and read these books do so because they want to learn more about Chinese culture and everyday life in China．On the whole ， I do have to admit that here，people's knowledge of Chinese literature is rather limited ．
[6]本句為簡單句，主語為each year，為無生命名詞作主語。
Joachim：Many works by modern writers such as Lu Xun and Shen Congwen have been translated into French． And the novels of some contemporary writers also sell quite well in France．Literature has a lot of significance to the French，and Chinese literary works tend to be highly thought of ．
Mai：Egyptians like literature that reflects human nature and experience．A couple of good examples of this are “Fond Memories of Autumn” by Shi Tiesheng and “Street Scene” by Zhou Guoping．I think Egypt and China are closely connected and both have a lot in common ．Because of this，Chinese literary works really strike a chord in the hearts of Egyptian readers．
解讀中國
我們都對中國文學再熟悉不過了。可你有沒有想過，在中國以外的地方，人們都讀過哪些中國文學作品？這些作品受到怎樣的評價？今天，四位漢學家、翻譯家將給我們分享他們有關中國文學的經歷。他們是：
佩特科，43歲，來自保加利亞
安妮魯斯，34歲，來自荷蘭
若阿基姆，25歲，來自法國
馬伊，28歲，來自埃及
問題1：你是怎么對中國文學產生興趣的？
佩特科：一切都要從我小時候看的一部叫《少林寺》的電影說起。那部電影給了我很多讓我愛上中國的理由。我當然為中國功夫所嘆服——人人都喜歡功夫，不是嗎？我還覺得中文聽起來那么美，我發現我也喜歡中國的音樂——我特別喜歡這部電影的主題曲《牧羊曲》。
安妮魯斯：我從小就對語言感興趣。上高中的時候，我開始讀中國歷史和文化方面的書，這激勵我在大學選擇了漢學專業。
若阿基姆：我15歲的時候，媽媽給我買了一本經典名著《史記》。在此之前，我唯一接觸過的歷史巨作是《荷馬史詩》。《史記》是我接觸的第一部中國的經典文學作品。通過閱讀《史記》，我領略了中國“太史公”司馬遷的才華。他的文章對我影響很大，激發了我對中國文學的熱情。
馬伊：我開始從事翻譯工作后，漸漸對中國文學產生了興趣。埃及大多數文學譯作來自英語國家，所以讀中國文學作品使人興奮，也鼓舞人心。
問題2：你是如何選擇作品來翻譯的？
佩特科：我特別喜歡中國古典文學，尤其是明清時期的作品。我第一次讀《紅樓夢》時就喜歡上了它，并決心把它譯成保加利亞語。現在這個夢想已經實現了，我的下一個目標就是翻譯《三國演義》。
安妮魯斯：在荷蘭，聲望高的漢學家的意見很大程度上影響翻譯作品的選擇。此外，出版社往往會參考其他國家哪些中國作品暢銷。到目前為止，我已經翻譯了一些年輕中國作家的作品，我也期待他們新的作品。
若阿基姆：我只是隨著喜好和興趣走。我翻譯了戴望舒的一些詩。現在，我正在研究20世紀初上海的流行文學。
馬伊：我不在乎一個作家是否受歡迎。我最感興趣的是作品本身。我翻譯過席慕蓉和畢淑敏等作家的作品。我還密切關注新的年輕作者自己在網上發表的作品——他們有一些不錯的想法。
問題3：中國哪些作家的作品在貴國較受歡迎？
佩特科：《三十六計》在保加利亞賣出了一千多本。在保加利亞，作者通常最期待的是自己的作品賣幾百本，《三十六計》在保加利亞是暢銷書！
安妮魯斯：每年都有更多中國作家的作品在荷蘭出版，它們很受歡迎。購買和閱讀這些書籍的人想要更多地了解中國文化和日常生活。總的來說，我不得不承認，在荷蘭，人們對中國文學的了解相當有限。
若阿基姆：魯迅、沈從文等現代作家的許多作品已被翻譯成法語。而且一些當代作家的小說在法國也賣得相當好。文學對法國人來說意義重大，中國的文學作品往往獲得很高評價。
馬伊：埃及人喜歡反映人性和人生經歷的文學。其中，史鐵生的《秋天的懷念》和周國平的《街頭即景》就是很好的例子。我認為埃及和中國聯系緊密，有許多共同之處。正因為如此，中國文學作品才真正引起了埃及讀者的共鳴。
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