資源簡介

Period 4　 單元語法講練(Using language)
1．make up one's mind做出決定，拿定主意
make up one's mind to do sth．　　　 下定決心做某事
change one's mind 改變主意
bear/keep...in mind 記住……
come into one's mind 進入某人的腦海
read one's mind 看出某人的心思
fix one's mind on/upon 全神貫注于
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①I think it's high time that you made up your mind (choose) a career．
②We should keep mind that protecting the ocean is protecting ourselves．
③一旦他下定決心，什么都不能使他改變主意。他將全神貫注于他正在做的事情直到實現目標。
Once he has ，nothing can ．He will
what he is doing until he achieves his goal．
2．pass up 放過，放棄，錯過(機會)
pass by　　　　　　　 經過(……旁邊)
pass sth．on to sb． 把某物傳遞給某人
pass through 穿過；通過
pass down 世代相傳，流傳
pass away 亡故
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①I noticed the girl was crying when I passed just now．
②The unique form of Chinese culture will be passed from generation to generation．
③如果你對中國的古代史感興趣，你一定不要錯過這個好機會。
If you are interested in the ancient history of China，you mustn't ．
④我多么渴望有這個好機會來把知識和技能傳遞給我的學生，這肯定會對他們以后的生活有幫助。
How I long for the great chance to my students，which will surely be of great help in their later life．
3．put off推遲……，使……延期
put off doing sth． 推遲做某事
put forward 提出(意見、建議)
put on 穿上；上演
put away 將……收起；儲存
put up with 容忍，忍受
put down 放下；寫下；鎮壓
put aside 儲存……備用；把……放在一邊
put out 撲滅
put up 搭建；提高；張貼
put through 接通(電話)；完成
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①We will have to put off (go) on vacation until you are better．
②You'd better put the mask to protect yourself from the infectious disease．
③To make space in the bedroom，she put her winter clothes and took them to the storeroom．
④我們將把公園里的野餐推遲到下周，那時天氣可能會好些。
We will ，when the weather may be better．
4．participation n．參加，參與
(1)participate v．　　 參與，參加
participate in (doing) sth．(with sb．) (和某人一起)參與(做)某事
(2)participant n． 參加者，參與者
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①He is a warm-hearted man and has been an active (participate) in the discussion．
②The scheme aims to encourage increased (participate) in sporting activities．
③了解到你非常喜歡漢語，我寫信邀請你參加外國留學生漢語演講比賽。
Learning that you have a great affection for the Chinese language，I'm writing the Chinese Speech Contest for foreign students．
復習時態
本單元復習的時態是：現在完成時、將來進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時、過去進行時和現在完成進行時。
一、現在完成時
1．構成：have/has＋過去分詞。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示動作發生在過去，但對現在造成一定的影響或產生的結果，常與already，yet，never，before，so far，up to now等連用。
I have already made a plan for my study ahead of time．
我已經提前制訂了我的學習計劃。
(2)表示動作從過去開始持續到現在，也許還會繼續下去。常用的時間狀語有：for＋時間段，since＋過去的時間點，recently，lately，this week，this month，this year，these days，during/in the last/past few years等。
We have learned English for eight years．
我們學英語八年了。
(3)在“It/This is the first/second...last time＋從句”與“It/This is the＋序數詞或形容詞最高級＋名詞＋that從句”這兩個句型中，從句中的謂語動詞要用現在完成時。
It is the first time I have driven a car．
這是我第一次開車。
This is the most interesting film that he has made．
這是他拍的最有趣的電影。
(4)用在狀語從句中代替將來完成時，這時從句的動作早于主句的動作。
I'll go to the party as soon as I have finished my homework．
我一完成家庭作業就去參加聚會。
二、將來進行時
1．構成：shall/will be＋動詞-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示將來某一時間段內或某一時刻正在進行的動作或存在的狀態，常與將來的時間狀語連用，如tomorrow，this evening，this time tomorrow，next year，in two days等。
This time tomorrow they will be sitting in the cinema to see a film．
明天這個時候他們將會坐在電影院里看電影。
(2)表示已經安排好要發生的動作。
Tom will be seeing his friend off at the airport tomorrow．
湯姆明天將在機場為他的朋友送行。
[即時訓練1]　完成句子
①明天上午十點他們將正在練習跳舞。
At ten o'clock tomorrow morning，they ．
②明天的這個時候我將正在海南享受溫暖的陽光。
I in Hainan at this time tomorrow．
③我還沒看完這本書，所以不能把它還給圖書館。
I ，so I can't return it to the library．
④她三年前畢業，從那以后一直當老師。
She left school three years ago and ．
⑤這是我看過的最好的影片，值得再看一遍。
It's and it's worth seeing a second time．
三、過去將來時
1．構成：would＋動詞原形；was/were going to＋動詞原形；was/were about to＋動詞原形；was/were to＋動詞原形。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示從過去的某一時間或過去的觀點看將要發生的動作或將要呈現的狀態，多用在賓語從句中。
I thought I would take a trip to Africa someday．
我曾想我有朝一日會去非洲旅行。
(2)was/were going to＋動詞原形，表示過去將要做的事，也可以是沒有做成的事。
Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained．
上個星期天我們原本打算去野餐的，但是下雨了。
(3)was/were about to＋動詞原形，常與when連用。
I was about to enter the cave when Tom stopped me．
我正要進山洞，這時湯姆攔住了我。
(4)was/were to＋動詞原形，表示按計劃、安排將發生的過去將來的動作。
As I was to leave the next day，I went to bed early．
由于第二天要走，我便早早地上床睡覺了。
四、過去完成時
1．構成：had＋過去分詞。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示在過去某一時間或動作以前就完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”。過去某一時間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以通過上下文來表示。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining．
我醒來時，雨已經停了。
(2)表示從過去的某一時間開始，一直延續到過去另一時間的動作或狀態，常和for，since構成的時間狀語連用。
She said that she had made much progress since she came here．
她說自從來到這里以來她已經取得了很多進步。
(3)有些動詞如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose，plan等，用過去完成時表示“原來打算做而未做的事”。
He had planned to go abroad，but he changed his mind after finding a good job．
他本來打算出國，但找到一份好工作之后他又改變了主意。
(4)用于某些固定句型中，如It was the first/second/...time that sb．had done...；Hardly/Scarcely...when...；No sooner...than...等。后面的兩個結構中，when/than前的分句通常用過去完成時，when/than后的分句通常用一般過去時。
It was the first time that I had left home．
這是我第一次離開家。
Hardly had we reached the foot of the mountain when it began to rain．
我們剛走到山腳下，就開始下雨了。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①I (plan) to go on a trip to Beijing but I couldn't afford the time．
②By the time he was fourteen，the boy (establish) a small company of his own．
③It was the second time that I (see) the same person in the store．
④He was unhappy when he (sell) the guitar．After all，he (have) it for a long time．
⑤They made up their mind that they (buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs．
⑥We (be) to have a picnic the next day but the heavy rain stopped our plan．
五、過去進行時
1．構成：was/were＋動詞-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示過去某一時刻正在進行或某一段時間內持續進行的動作，常和then，at that(this) time，last night，the whole night，those days，from one to five yesterday等時間狀語連用，表示過去某時正在進行的動作或持續的狀態。
What were you doing at this time last week
上周這個時候你在干什么？
(2)表示委婉語氣，只限于want，hope，wonder等動詞，用以提出請求。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift．
我不知你能否讓我搭乘你的車。
(3)表示的感彩與現在進行時相似，它也可表示滿意、稱贊、驚訝、厭惡等感彩，也通常與always，forever，continually等副詞連用。
The boy was continually asking questions．
這個男孩不斷地問問題。
六、現在完成進行時
1．構成：have/has been＋動詞-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示從過去開始到現在(沒有停止)且還將繼續進行下去的動作，常與all this time，this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently，since＋時間點，for＋時間段等時間狀語連用。
I have been reading this book for two weeks．
兩周來我一直在讀這本書。
(2)表示在一段持續的時間內動作的多次重復，而該動作在說話時并不一定在進行。
They have been discussing the matter several times this year．
他們今年已經數次討論這件事了。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①He (break) a glass while he (clean) up the table yesterday．
②She (phone) someone，so I nodded to her and went away．
③The thief tried to break away from the policeman who (hold) him but failed．
④Shirley (make) a gift last night but I don't know whether he has finished it．
⑤她從八歲以來一直打網球。
She since she was eight．
⑥我們已經等了他兩個小時，不想再等了。
We ，and we don't want to wait any longer．
短文語境填空
With the holiday approaching，my colleagues said that they 1． (spend) their holiday abroad．They were so excited that they 2． (talk) about the schedules all the day．As for me，it 3． (be) ten years since I graduated from high school．I 4． (miss) my best friend Jane for the past years．Having booked the ticket to her city，I told her I 5． (visit) her soon．She said that she 6． (finish) her paper by last month and could afford the time．I 7． (make) a plan for the coming reunite．I thought we 8． (be) quite excited when we saw each other．
第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
①diverge v．(兩條路)岔開，分開
②undergrowth n．(長在大樹下或周邊的)下木層，下層灌木叢
③claim n．聲明；斷言
④sigh n．嘆息
⑤quote v．引用，引述
⑥of all kinds各種各樣的
⑦be set to為……譜曲；給……配樂
⑧numerous adj．許多的，很多的
⑨of all time有史以來
⑩thoughtful adj．認真思考的，深思的
insight into洞悉，了解
symbolize v．象征，代表
symbol n．象征
progress v．進步，改進，進展
a visual
representation視覺體現
alternative n．可供選擇的事物
on a daily basis每天
range from...to...
從……到……變化/不同
dilemma n．進退兩難的境地，困境
arise v．(由……)引起
arise from產生于，起因于
moral adj．道德的，道義上的
result in導致
have in common有相同之處
specific consequences特定的結果
circumstance n．情況，情形
in most circumstances在大多數情況下
consider v．考慮
consider doing sth．考慮做某事
understandable adj．可以理解的
understand v．理解，明白
what if...要是……怎么辦？
unknowingly adv．未意識到地，不知不覺地
turn down拒絕
find out發現，找出，查明
mixture n．混合；混合體
a mixture of... ……的混合物/混合體
look back on回顧，回首
unusual adj．非同尋常的，罕見的，獨特的
usual adj．普通的，尋常的
lead to導致
adventure n．冒險，奇遇
nonetheless adv．盡管如此
make the most of充分利用
with regret 遺憾地
The Road Not Taken
Two roads diverged① in a yellow wood，
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler，long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth②；
Then took the other，as just as fair，
And having perhaps the better claim③，
Because it was grassy and wanted wear；
Though as for that，the passing there
Had worn them really about the same，
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black．
Oh，I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way，
I doubted if I should ever come back．
I shall be telling this with a sigh④
Somewhere ages and ages hence：
Two roads diverged in a wood，and I —
I took the one less traveled by，
And that has made all the difference．
Lines from the poem The Road Not Taken are often quoted⑤ in speeches of all kinds⑥．The poem has been set to⑦ music by a number of artists and used in numerous⑧television commercials．[1] It has in fact become one of the most famous American poems of all time⑨， not only because of its natural style，but also because of its thoughtful⑩ insights into human nature．
[1]not only...but also...連接并列的原因狀語。
[2] When reading The Road Not Taken，one cannot help but see in one's mind images of a peaceful wood deep within the countryside． Paths in the woods are often used to symbolize how our lives progress and change．The lines “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood，/And sorry I could not travel both” give us a visual representation of the choices that we face and the decisions that we need to make．Life throws many alternatives at us on a daily basis ．These range from the basic “What should I wear today？”to the key issues of what subject to study at university or what job to do after graduation．Of course，the greatest dilemmas arise from moral problems，when we are uncertain which choice results in doing the right thing．
[2]When引導時間狀語從句，When后省略了“主語(one)＋系動詞(is)”；cannot help but see為“cannot help but do sth．”結構，意為“忍不住做某事”。
[3] Whether big or small，what all our choices have in common is that they lead to specific consequences ．Once we make a decision，in most circumstances ， there is no going back．Although the writer of the poem considers taking the other path another day，he knows it's unlikely that he will ever have the opportunity to do so．[4] Like the writer，all we can do is look backwards “with a sigh” and imagine what could have been．
[3]本句中what引導主語從句；that引導表語從句。whether...or...意為“是……還是……；無論……”。
[4]all作主句主語，其后的定語從句中含有實義動詞do的某種形式時，作表語的不定式可以省略不定式符號to。
This sigh，this wondering whether we made the right choice，is understandable ．Although we may be free to choose which path to take，this choice isn't easy when those two paths look similar．[5] Presented with two job offers，for instance，we may wonder exactly what it is we're choosing between．What if ，in choosing one，we are unknowingly turning down other future opportunities Will we ever even find out [6] whether we made the right choice
[5]Presented with two job offers為過去分詞短語作時間狀語； what it is we're choosing between作wonder的賓語。
[6]whether引導賓語從句。
Ultimately，the road ahead — the road through our lives — is a mixture of choice and chance．And when we are approaching the end of that road，how will we remember the journey How will we look back on our lives In the poem，the writer doubts his choice，thinking that in the future “ages and ages hence”， he may claim that he took the “less traveled” road．[7] Some of us do take a more unusual path through life，and while it may be a harder one to follow，it can also lead to new adventures and experiences．Nonetheless ，part of the art of decision-making is learning to make the most of our decisions．Instead of looking back with regret ，we should be facing our future with energy and optimism，for the choices are ours，and ours only．
[7]本句為and連接的并列句。在第一個分句的Some of us do take a more unusual path中，“do＋動詞原形”對謂語動詞進行強調；在第二個分句中，while引導讓步狀語從句。
未選擇的路
金黃色林中兩條路各奔一方，
可惜我無法兼顧，
身在旅途，我久久佇立，
極目望向一條路的盡頭，
它蜿蜒拐進遠方的灌木叢；
但我卻選了另外一條路，公正公平，
抑或有更佳理由，
它荒草萋萋，誘人涉足；
即便如此，旅人的足跡
讓兩條路看起來相差無幾，
那天清晨落葉滿地，
兩條路都未經腳印污染。
啊，我留下第一條路改日再探！
明知道路徑延綿，
我不確定是否還能回到這里。
也許多年之后在某個地方，
我會回顧往事輕聲嘆息：
樹林中有兩條路，而我——
我選擇了人跡較少的那一條，
從此，它為我帶來了全新的人生軌跡。
《未選擇的路》這首詩中的詩句常常在各種演講中被引用。許多藝術家為這首詩譜了曲，它還被運用于大量的電視廣告之中。事實上，它已經成為美國歷史上最著名的詩歌之一，這不僅是因為其自然的風格，還因為其對人性的深刻洞察。
閱讀《未選擇的路》總會讓人腦海中不禁浮現出鄉村深處靜謐的樹林。林間小路往往象征我們人生中的進步和變化。“金黃色林中兩條路各奔一方，可惜我無法兼顧”這兩句話生動地展現了我們面臨的選擇以及需要做出的決定。生活每天都會向我們拋出許多選擇，不僅包括“我今天應該穿什么？”這樣的小問題，也包括大學應該學什么專業或者畢業后應該做什么工作這樣的重大問題。當然，最大的困境往往源于道德問題，因為我們不確定哪個選擇才是正確的。
無論我們的選擇是大是小，它們都有一個共同點，那就是它們都會帶來某種結果。在大多數情況下，一旦我們做了選擇，就沒有退路。雖然這首詩的作者考慮改天再探索另一條路，但是他也知道獲得這種機會的可能性微乎其微。就像作者一樣，我們能做的只有在回首往事時“輕聲嘆息”，幻想事情本可以成為什么樣子。
這一聲嘆息，以及我們對是否做出了正確選擇的顧慮都是可以理解的。雖然我們可以自由地選擇走哪一條路，但是當兩條路看起來大同小異時，其實很難做選擇。比如當我們同時面對兩個工作機會時，我們可能會思索到底我們是在什么當中選擇。如果我們選擇了一份工作而在不知不覺中放棄了其他未來的機會，那該怎么辦？而我們又甚至能否發現自己是否做出了正確的選擇呢？
最后，前方的路，也就是我們的人生之路，其實是由選擇和機會交織而成的。當我們快走到盡頭時，我們會如何銘記這段旅途？我們會如何回顧自己的一生？在這首詩中，作者質疑了自己的選擇，在“多年之后”的未來，他可能會承認自己選擇了一條“人跡較少”的路。生活中確實會有一些人選擇不尋常的道路，雖然路途更加艱難，但也會帶來新的奇遇和經歷。盡管如此，就做決定的藝術而言，一部分就在于學會充分利用我們的決定。我們應該積極樂觀地面對未來，而非帶著遺憾回顧過去，因為選擇在于我們自己，而且它們只屬于我們自己。
Period 4
核心詞匯
1．①to choose　②in　③made up his mind；change his mind；fix his mind on/upon
2．①by　②down　③pass up this excellent opportunity　④pass my knowledge and skills on to
3．①going　②on　③away　④put off the picnic in the park until next week
4．①participant　②participation　③to invite you to participate in
單元語法
[即時訓練1]
①will be practising dancing　②will be enjoying the warm sunshine　③haven't finished reading the book yet　④has worked as a teacher since then　⑤the best film I have ever seen
[即時訓練2]
①had planned　②had established　③had seen　④sold；had had　⑤would buy　⑥were
[即時訓練3]
①broke；was cleaning　②was phoning　③was holding　④was making　⑤has been playing tennis　⑥have been waiting for him for two hours
鞏固落實
短文語境填空
1．would spend　2．were talking　3．has been　4．have been missing　5．would visit　6．had finished　7．have made　8．would be
1 / 14(共60張PPT)
Period 4　
Unit 1　Looking forwards
主題語境
人與自我——未來規劃
課時學案 單元語法講練(Using language)
make up one's mind to do sth． 下定決心做某事
change one's mind 改變主意
bear/keep...in mind 記住……
come into one's mind 進入某人的腦海
read one's mind 看出某人的心思
fix one's mind on/upon 全神貫注于
1．make up one's mind做出決定，拿定主意
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①I think it's high time that you made up your mind __________(choose) a career．
②We should keep ___ mind that protecting the ocean is protecting ourselves．
to choose
in
③一旦他下定決心，什么都不能使他改變主意。他將全神貫注于他正在做的事情直到實現目標。
Once he has _________________，nothing can _______________．He will ___________________ what he is doing until he achieves his goal．
made up his mind
change his mind
fix his mind on/upon
pass by　　　　　　　 經過(……旁邊)
pass sth．on to sb． 把某物傳遞給某人
pass through 穿過；通過
pass down 世代相傳，流傳
pass away 亡故
2．pass up 放過，放棄，錯過(機會)
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①I noticed the girl was crying when I passed __ just now．
②The unique form of Chinese culture will be passed _____ from generation to generation．
③如果你對中國的古代史感興趣，你一定不要錯過這個好機會。
If you are interested in the ancient history of China，you mustn't ______________________________．
by
down
pass up this excellent opportunity
④我多么渴望有這個好機會來把知識和技能傳遞給我的學生，這肯定會對他們以后的生活有幫助。
How I long for the great chance to_______________________________
my students，which will surely be of great help in their later life．
pass my knowledge and skills on to
put off doing sth．　 推遲做某事
put forward 提出(意見、建議)
put on 穿上；上演
put away 將……收起；儲存
put up with 容忍，忍受
put down 放下；寫下；鎮壓
put aside 儲存……備用；把……放在一邊
put out 撲滅
put up 搭建；提高；張貼
put through 接通(電話)；完成
3．put off 推遲……，使……延期
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①We will have to put off _____(go) on vacation until you are better．
②You'd better put ___ the mask to protect yourself from the infectious disease．
③To make space in the bedroom，she put _____ her winter clothes and took them to the storeroom．
④我們將把公園里的野餐推遲到下周，那時天氣可能會好些。
We will ____________________________________，when the weather may be better．
going
on
away
put off the picnic in the park until next week
(1)participate v．　　 參與，參加
participate in (doing) sth．(with sb．)
(和某人一起)參與(做)某事
(2)participant n． 參加者，參與者
4．participation n．參加，參與
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①He is a warm-hearted man and has been an active___________
(participate) in the discussion．
②The scheme aims to encourage increased _____________(participate) in sporting activities．
③了解到你非常喜歡漢語，我寫信邀請你參加外國留學生漢語演講比賽。
Learning that you have a great affection for the Chinese language，I'm writing _________________________ the Chinese Speech Contest for foreign students．
participant
participation
to invite you to participate in
復習時態
本單元復習的時態是：現在完成時、將來進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時、過去進行時和現在完成進行時。
一、現在完成時
1．構成：have/has＋過去分詞。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示動作發生在過去，但對現在造成一定的影響或產生的結果，常與already，yet，never，before，so far，up to now等連用。
I have already made a plan for my study ahead of time．
我已經提前制訂了我的學習計劃。
(2)表示動作從過去開始持續到現在，也許還會繼續下去。常用的時間狀語有：for＋時間段，since＋過去的時間點，recently，lately，this week，this month，this year，these days，during/in the last/past few years等。
We have learned English for eight years．
我們學英語八年了。
(3)在“It/This is the first/second...last time＋從句”與“It/This is the＋序數詞或形容詞最高級＋名詞＋that從句”這兩個句型中，從句中的謂語動詞要用現在完成時。
It is the first time I have driven a car．
這是我第一次開車。
This is the most interesting film that he has made．
這是他拍的最有趣的電影。
(4)用在狀語從句中代替將來完成時，這時從句的動作早于主句的動作。
I'll go to the party as soon as I have finished my homework．
我一完成家庭作業就去參加聚會。
二、將來進行時
1．構成：shall/will be＋動詞-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示將來某一時間段內或某一時刻正在進行的動作或存在的狀態，常與將來的時間狀語連用，如tomorrow，this evening，this time tomorrow，next year，in two days等。
This time tomorrow they will be sitting in the cinema to see a film．
明天這個時候他們將會坐在電影院里看電影。
(2)表示已經安排好要發生的動作。
Tom will be seeing his friend off at the airport tomorrow．
湯姆明天將在機場為他的朋友送行。
[即時訓練1]　完成句子
①明天上午十點他們將正在練習跳舞。
At ten o'clock tomorrow morning，they _______________________．
②明天的這個時候我將正在海南享受溫暖的陽光。
I _____________________________ in Hainan at this time tomorrow．
will be practising dancing
will be enjoying the warm sunshine
③我還沒看完這本書，所以不能把它還給圖書館。
I _________________________________，so I can't return it to the library．
④她三年前畢業，從那以后一直當老師。
She left school three years ago and ____________________________．
⑤這是我看過的最好的影片，值得再看一遍。
It's __________________________ and it's worth seeing a second time．
haven't finished reading the book yet
has worked as a teacher since then
the best film I have ever seen
三、過去將來時
1．構成：would＋動詞原形；was/were going to＋動詞原形；was/were about to＋動詞原形；was/were to＋動詞原形。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示從過去的某一時間或過去的觀點看將要發生的動作或將要呈現的狀態，多用在賓語從句中。
I thought I would take a trip to Africa someday．
我曾想我有朝一日會去非洲旅行。
(2)was/were going to＋動詞原形，表示過去將要做的事，也可以是沒有做成的事。
Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained．
上個星期天我們原本打算去野餐的，但是下雨了。
(3)was/were about to＋動詞原形，常與when連用。
I was about to enter the cave when Tom stopped me．
我正要進山洞，這時湯姆攔住了我。
(4)was/were to＋動詞原形，表示按計劃、安排將發生的過去將來的動作。
As I was to leave the next day，I went to bed early．
由于第二天要走，我便早早地上床睡覺了。
四、過去完成時
1．構成：had＋過去分詞。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示在過去某一時間或動作以前就完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”。過去某一時間可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以通過上下文來表示。
When I woke up，it had already stopped raining．
我醒來時，雨已經停了。
(2)表示從過去的某一時間開始，一直延續到過去另一時間的動作或狀態，常和for，since構成的時間狀語連用。
She said that she had made much progress since she came here．
她說自從來到這里以來她已經取得了很多進步。
(3)有些動詞如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose，plan等，用過去完成時表示“原來打算做而未做的事”。
He had planned to go abroad，but he changed his mind after finding a good job．
他本來打算出國，但找到一份好工作之后他又改變了主意。
(4)用于某些固定句型中，如It was the first/second/...time that sb．had done...；Hardly/Scarcely...when...；No sooner...than...等。后面的兩個結構中，when/than前的分句通常用過去完成時，when/than后的分句通常用一般過去時。
It was the first time that I had left home．
這是我第一次離開家。
Hardly had we reached the foot of the mountain when it began to rain．
我們剛走到山腳下，就開始下雨了。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①I ____________(plan) to go on a trip to Beijing but I couldn't afford the time．
②By the time he was fourteen，the boy ______________(establish) a small company of his own．
③It was the second time that I _________(see) the same person in the store．
had planned
had established
had seen
④He was unhappy when he ____(sell) the guitar．After all，he ________(have) it for a long time．
⑤They made up their mind that they __________ (buy)a new house once Larry changed jobs．
⑥We ______(be) to have a picnic the next day but the heavy rain stopped our plan．
sold
had had
would buy
were
五、過去進行時
1．構成：was/were＋動詞-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示過去某一時刻正在進行或某一段時間內持續進行的動作，常和then，at that(this)time，last night，the whole night，those days，from one to five yesterday等時間狀語連用，表示過去某時正在進行的動作或持續的狀態。
What were you doing at this time last week
上周這個時候你在干什么？
(2)表示委婉語氣，只限于want，hope，wonder等動詞，用以提出請求。
I was wondering if you could give me a lift．
我不知你能否讓我搭乘你的車。
(3)表示的感彩與現在進行時相似，它也可表示滿意、稱贊、驚訝、厭惡等感彩，也通常與always，forever，continually等副詞連用。
The boy was continually asking questions．
這個男孩不斷地問問題。
六、現在完成進行時
1．構成：have/has been＋動詞-ing形式。
2．基本用法：
(1)表示從過去開始到現在(沒有停止)且還將繼續進行下去的動作，常與all this time，this week，this month，all night，all the morning，recently，since＋時間點，for＋時間段等時間狀語連用。
I have been reading this book for two weeks．
兩周來我一直在讀這本書。
(2)表示在一段持續的時間內動作的多次重復，而該動作在說話時并不一定在進行。
They have been discussing the matter several times this year．
他們今年已經數次討論這件事了。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①He _____(break) a glass while he _____________(clean) up the table yesterday．
②She ____________(phone) someone，so I nodded to her and went away．
③The thief tried to break away from the policeman who __________
(hold) him but failed．
broke
was cleaning
was phoning
was holding
④Shirley ___________(make) a gift last night but I don't know whether he has finished it．
⑤她從八歲以來一直打網球。
She _____________________ since she was eight．
⑥我們已經等了他兩個小時，不想再等了。
We ___________________________________，and we don't want to wait any longer．
was making
has been playing tennis
have been waiting for him for two hours
短文語境填空
With the holiday approaching，my colleagues said that they 1．____________(spend) their holiday abroad．They were so excited that they 2．_____________(talk) about the schedules all the day．As for me，it 3．_________(be) ten years since I graduated from high school．I 4．_________________(miss) my best friend Jane for the past years．Having booked the ticket to her city，I told her I 5．__________ (visit) her soon．She said that she 6．____________ (finish) her paper
would spend
were talking
has been
have been missing
would visit
had finished
by last month and could afford the time．I 7．__________(make) a plan for the coming reunite．I thought we 8．_________(be) quite excited when we saw each other．
have made
would be
①diverge v．(兩條路)岔開，分開
②undergrowth n．(長在大樹下或周邊的)下木層，下層灌木叢
③claim n．聲明；斷言
④sigh n．嘆息
⑤quote v．引用，引述
課下預習 第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
⑥of all kinds各種各樣的
⑦be set to為……譜曲；給……配樂
⑧numerous adj．許多的，很多的
⑨of all time有史以來
⑩thoughtful adj．認真思考的，深思的
insight into洞悉，了解
symbolize v．象征，代表
symbol n．象征
progress v．進步，改進，進展
a visual
representation視覺體現
alternative n．可供選擇的事物
on a daily basis每天
range from...to...從……到……變化/不同
dilemma n．進退兩難的境地，困境
arise v．(由……)引起
arise from產生于，起因于
moral adj．道德的，道義上的
result in導致
have in common有相同之處
specific consequences特定的結果
circumstance n．情況，情形
in most circumstances在大多數情況下
consider v．考慮
consider doing sth．考慮做某事
understandable adj．可以理解的
understand v．理解，明白
what if...要是……怎么辦？
unknowingly adv．未意識到地，不知不覺地
turn down拒絕
find out發現，找出，查明
mixture n．混合；混合體
a mixture of... ……的混合物/混合體
look back on回顧，回首
unusual adj．非同尋常的，罕見的，獨特的
usual adj．普通的，尋常的
lead to導致
adventure n．冒險，奇遇
nonetheless adv．盡管如此
make the most of充分利用
with regret 遺憾地
The Road Not Taken
Two roads diverged① in a yellow wood，
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler，long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth②；
Then took the other，as just as fair，
And having perhaps the better claim③，
Because it was grassy and wanted wear；
Though as for that，the passing there
Had worn them really about the same，
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black．
Oh，I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way，
I doubted if I should ever come back．
I shall be telling this with a sigh④
Somewhere ages and ages hence：
Two roads diverged in a wood，and I —
I took the one less traveled by，
And that has made all the difference．
Lines from the poem The Road Not Taken are often quoted⑤ in speeches of all kinds⑥．The poem has been set to⑦ music by a number of artists and used in numerous⑧television commercials．[1] It has in fact become one of the most famous American poems of all time⑨， not only because of its natural style，but also because of its thoughtful⑩ insights into human nature．
[1]not only...but also...連接并列的原因狀語。
[2] When reading The Road Not Taken，one cannot help but see in one's mind images of a peaceful wood deep within the countryside． Paths in the woods are often used to symbolize how our lives progress and change．The lines “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood，/And sorry I could not travel both” give us a visual representation of the choices that we face and the decisions that we need to make．Life throws many alternatives at us on a daily basis ．These range from the basic “What should I wear today？”to the key issues of what subject to study at university or what job to do
after graduation．Of course，the greatest dilemmas arise from moral problems，when we are uncertain which choice results in doing the right thing．
[2]When引導時間狀語從句，When后省略了“主語(one)＋系動詞(is)”；cannot help but see為“cannot help but do sth．”結構，意為“忍不住做某事”。
[3] Whether big or small，what all our choices have in common is that they lead to specific consequences ．Once we make a decision，in most circumstances ， there is no going back．Although the writer of the poem considers taking the other path another day，he knows it's unlikely that he will ever have the opportunity to do so．[4] Like the writer，all we can do is look backwards “with a sigh” and imagine what could have been．
[3]本句中what引導主語從句；that引導表語從句。whether...or...意為“是……還是……；無論……”。
[4]all作主句主語，其后的定語從句中含有實義動詞do的某種形式時，作表語的不定式可以省略不定式符號to。
This sigh，this wondering whether we made the right choice，is understandable ．Although we may be free to choose which path to take，this choice isn't easy when those two paths look similar．[5] Presented with two job offers，for instance，we may wonder exactly what it is we're choosing between．What if ，in choosing one，we are unknowingly turning down other future opportunities Will we ever even find out [6] whether we made the right choice
[5]Presented with two job offers為過去分詞短語作時間狀語； what it is we're choosing between作wonder的賓語。
[6]whether引導賓語從句。
Ultimately，the road ahead—the road through our lives—is a mixture of choice and chance．And when we are approaching the end of that road，how will we remember the journey How will we look back on our lives In the poem，the writer doubts his choice，thinking that in the future “ages and ages hence”， he may claim that
he took the “less traveled” road．[7] Some of us do take a more unusual path through life，and while it may be a harder one to follow，it can also lead to new adventures and experiences．Nonetheless ，part of the art of decision-making is learning to make the most of our decisions．Instead of looking back with regret ，we should be facing our future with energy and optimism，for the choices are ours，and ours only．
[7]本句為and連接的并列句。在第一個分句的Some of us do take a more unusual path中，“do＋動詞原形”對謂語動詞進行強調；在第二個分句中，while引導讓步狀語從句。
未選擇的路
金黃色林中兩條路各奔一方，
可惜我無法兼顧，
身在旅途，我久久佇立，
極目望向一條路的盡頭，
它蜿蜒拐進遠方的灌木叢；
但我卻選了另外一條路，公正公平，
抑或有更佳理由，
它荒草萋萋，誘人涉足；
即便如此，旅人的足跡
讓兩條路看起來相差無幾，
那天清晨落葉滿地，
兩條路都未經腳印污染。
啊，我留下第一條路改日再探！
明知道路徑延綿，
我不確定是否還能回到這里。
也許多年之后在某個地方，
我會回顧往事輕聲嘆息：
樹林中有兩條路，而我——
我選擇了人跡較少的那一條，
從此，它為我帶來了全新的人生軌跡。
《未選擇的路》這首詩中的詩句常常在各種演講中被引用。許多藝術家為這首詩譜了曲，它還被運用于大量的電視廣告之中。事實上，它已經成為美國歷史上最著名的詩歌之一，這不僅是因為其自然的風格，還因為其對人性的深刻洞察。
閱讀《未選擇的路》總會讓人腦海中不禁浮現出鄉村深處靜謐的樹林。林間小路往往象征我們人生中的進步和變化。“金黃色林中兩條路各奔一方，可惜我無法兼顧”這兩句話生動地展現了我們面臨的選擇以及需要做出的決定。生活每天都會向我們拋出許多選擇，不僅包括“我今天應該穿什么？”這樣的小問題，也包括大學應該學什么專業或者畢業后應該做什么工作這樣的重大問題。當然，最大的困境往往源于道德問題，因為我們不確定哪個選擇才是正確的。
無論我們的選擇是大是小，它們都有一個共同點，那就是它們都會帶來某種結果。在大多數情況下，一旦我們做了選擇，就沒有退路。雖然這首詩的作者考慮改天再探索另一條路，但是他也知道獲得這種機會的可能性微乎其微。就像作者一樣，我們能做的只有在回首往事時“輕聲嘆息”，幻想事情本可以成為什么樣子。
這一聲嘆息，以及我們對是否做出了正確選擇的顧慮都是可以理解的。雖然我們可以自由地選擇走哪一條路，但是當兩條路看起來大同小異時，其實很難做選擇。比如當我們同時面對兩個工作機會時，我們可能會思索到底我們是在什么當中選擇。如果我們選擇了一份工作而在不知不覺中放棄了其他未來的機會，那該怎么辦？而我們又甚至能否發現自己是否做出了正確的選擇呢？
最后，前方的路，也就是我們的人生之路，其實是由選擇和機會交織而成的。當我們快走到盡頭時，我們會如何銘記這段旅途？我們會如何回顧自己的一生？在這首詩中，作者質疑了自己的選擇，在“多年之后”的未來，他可能會承認自己選擇了一條“人跡較少”的路。生活中確實會有一些人選擇不尋常的道路，雖然路途更加艱難，但也會帶來新的奇遇和經歷。盡管如此，就做決定的藝術而言，一部分就在于學會充分利用我們的決定。我們應該積極樂觀地面對未來，而非帶著遺憾回顧過去，因為選擇在于我們自己，而且它們只屬于我們自己。
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