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Period 4　 單元語法講練(Using language)
非謂語動詞作定語、狀語和補足語
一、非謂語動詞作定語
1．不定式作定語
①被修飾的詞是不定式的邏輯主語。
This is the best book on the subject to appear(＝that has appeared) this year．
這是今年出版的這個題材的最好的一本書。
②被修飾的詞是不定式的邏輯賓語。
I have a lot of reading to complete(＝that I must complete) before the end of this term．
在這學期結束前，我有很多閱讀任務要完成。
③被修飾的詞與不定式是同位關系。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself．
表達想法的能力和想法本身一樣重要。
2．過去分詞作定語，被修飾的詞是過去分詞的邏輯主語
The players selected(＝that have been selected)from the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summer game．
從全國選拔出來的選手有望在這個夏季的比賽中給我們帶來榮譽。
3．動詞-ing形式作定語
①說明被修飾詞的用途。
He may be in the reading room(＝a room that for people to read)．
他說不定在閱覽室里。
②表示被修飾詞發出的動作。
In the room we found a sleeping child(＝a child that was sleeping)．
在房間里，我們發現了一個正在睡覺的孩子。
[名師點津]　作定語時，不定式(短語)、過去分詞(短語)和動詞-ing形式(短語)放在被修飾詞之后；單個的過去分詞和動詞-ing形式放在被修飾詞之前。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空
①I am going to the shop because I have something ______ (buy)．
②Have you read the books _______ (write)by the young writer
③This is a ________ (defeat) army．
④The man ________ (break) the law was sentenced to death．
⑤Yesterday he bought his granny a _______ (walk)stick．
二、非謂語動詞作狀語
1．不定式作狀語，常表示原因、結果、條件、目的等。
He seemed surprised to meet us．
遇到我們，他好像很吃驚。
The boy is old enough to go to school．
這男孩到了上學的年齡了。
To hear him talk，you would think he owned the whole world．
聽他講話，你會認為他擁有了全世界。
I've come to ask if Tom can go swimming with me．
我來是要問一問湯姆能否與我一起去游泳。
[名師點津]　表示未曾預料到的或令人不快的結果，不定式前常加only。
He hurried to the booking office only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out．
他匆匆趕到售票處，卻被告知所有的票都賣完了。
2．過去分詞作狀語，可表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。
Seen from the top of the tower，the park is more beautiful．
從塔頂上看，這個公園更漂亮。
Defeated，the whole team is in low spirits．
因為被打敗了，全隊都情緒低落。
Time，used correctly，is money in the bank．
時間，要是被恰當地利用，就是銀行里的錢。
3．動詞-ing形式作狀語，常表示時間、伴隨、原因、結果、條件等。當表示動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前時，要用完成形式having done。
Dina，having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency．
迪娜為了找一份服務員的工作苦苦掙扎了幾個月，終于在當地一家廣告公司找到了一份工作。
She was in the kitchen preparing lunch．
她在廚房里做午飯。
Not understanding its meaning he asked the teacher to explain the word．
因為不懂這個詞的意思，他便請老師解釋。
The boy's parents died，leaving him an orphan．
這男孩的父母雙亡，使他成了孤兒。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(對齊)，______ (make) it hard to produce labiodentals...
②________ (select) from collections throughout the world，it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years．
③For thousands of years，people have told fables (寓言) ________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom．
④_________ (realise) that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games．
⑤Film has a much shorter history，especially when ________ (compare) to such art forms as music and painting．
三、非謂語動詞作補足語
1．過去分詞作賓語補足語
作賓語補足語的過去分詞表示被動或完成意義。
Alexander tried to get this work recognized in the medical circles．
亞歷山大試圖使這項工作在醫學界得到認可。
We found him greatly changed．
我們發現他變化很大。
2．動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語
作賓語補足語的動詞-ing形式表示主動意義。
Listen！Do you hear someone calling for help
聽！你聽到有人在呼救嗎？
I can't get the clock going again．
我無法讓鐘再走起來。
3．不定式作賓語補足語
(1)不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語
①用在see，hear，feel，watch，notice，observe等表示感覺的動詞后。
Did you notice anyone come in
你注意到有人進來了嗎？
The police observed the man open the window．
警察看到一個男子打開了窗戶。
[名師點津]　上述“動詞(notice，observe除外)＋賓語＋不帶to 的不定式”結構變為被動語態時，不定式作主語補足語，其前要加上to。
②用在have，let ，make這三個表示“致使……”意義的動詞后。
What would you have me do
你要讓我干什么？
They won't let him leave the country．
他們不允許他離開這個國家。
Nothing will make me change my mind．
什么也不能使我改變主意。
[名師點津]　“make＋賓語＋不帶to 的不定式”結構變為被動語態時，不定式作主語補足語，其前要加上to。
(2)帶to的不定式作賓語補足語
此類不定式用在advise，cause，allow，ask，beg，drive，encourage，expect，force，get，invite，permit，remind，teach，tell，trust，urge，want，warn等動詞后。
His parents won't allow him to stay out late．
他父母不會允許他在外面待到很晚。
The notice warned us not to go into the fields．
警示牌告誡我們不要進入田地。
[名師點津]　(1)have/get＋sb．/sth．＋doing sth．讓某人/某物一直做某事/處于某種狀態
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry．
他讓燈亮了整晚，這使他父母很生氣。
(2)have sb．doing sth．用于否定句中，常與can't，won't等連用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won't have you speaking to your dad like that．
我不容許你和你父親那樣講話。
(3)have/get/make＋賓語＋done讓……被……/遭遇某事(強調被動性動作)
I'll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow．
我明天得(請人)修一下我的自行車。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home．
在他回家的路上，他的錢包被偷了。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空
①The boy was made _____ (go) to bed early．
②I looked up and noticed a snake _______ (wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast．
③The doctor advised him _______ (stay)in bed for another few days．
④Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car ______ (wash)．
短文語境填空
1．____ (bear) in 1770，William Wordsworth was one of the 2．_______ (lead)poets of the Romantic movement in England． 3．_______ (grow) up in the beautiful Lake District，Wordsworth had a childhood that was perfect for a developing poet． 4．________ (educate) at Cambridge，Wordsworth received his degree in 1791．He spent a lot of time 5．_______ (tour) in Europe．
Travelling obviously provided Wordsworth with plenty of ideas for his poems．In 1795，he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the two talented young men became close friends．6．_______ (meet) Coleridge had a huge impact on Wordsworth．Lyrical Ballads，a collection of poems 7．_______ (write) together with Coleridge and 8．_________ (publish)in 1798，was Wordsworth's first great work，9．_______ (mark)the start of the Romantic era in poetry．Wordsworth explained that they wanted to write poetry that ordinary people could use 10．___________ (express)their feelings．Many of the poems in the collection were about returning to nature．Like other Romantics，Wordsworth preferred to live in the country rather than in the city．
第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
①stillness n．靜止；安靜
②speak of提起
③puzzled adj．困惑的，無法理解的
④feeding stations飼養站
⑤backyard n．后院
⑥desert v．舍棄，離棄(某地方)；拋棄(某人)n．沙漠
[形近詞]dessert n．(飯后)甜點，甜食
⑦moribund adj．垂死的，奄奄一息的
⑧tremble v．顫抖，發抖
⑨violently adv．強烈地；猛烈地
⑩throb v．生機勃勃；熱鬧
chorus n．合唱曲
scores of很多，大量
score n．20個；約20個
marsh n．沼澤，濕地
by profession就職業來說
fable n．寓言
aim to do sth．＝aim at
doing sth．力爭做某事
be aimed at...針對……，對象是……；旨在……
alert v．提醒，使(某人)意識到
alert sb．to sth．使某人意識到某事
the scientific community科學界
the general public普通百姓，公眾
knowingly adv．故意地
knowing adj．會意的，心照不宣的，知情的
cause harm to...對……造成危害
monitor v．監視，檢查，跟蹤調查
urge sb．to do sth．敦促某人做某事
detail v．詳細說明，詳述
dozens of幾十，很多
dozen number一打；許多
thorough adj．仔細的；縝密的
thoroughly adv．徹底地，完全地
precise adj．精確的；一絲不茍的
precisely adv．精確地；準確地
alarming adj．使人驚恐的，令人驚慌的
environmental awareness環境意識
far-reaching adj．影響深遠的，涉及廣泛的
milestone n．重要事件，重要階段，轉折點，里程碑
launch n．推出，發起
posthumous adj．死后獲得的
receive v．對……作出反應(通常用于被動語態)
positively adv．絕對地；贊成地
strong adj．難以辯駁的；確鑿的
become a target for...成為……的對象
a marine biologist一位海洋生物學家
marine adj．海洋的
marine life海洋生物
reputation n．名譽，名聲
stand by sth．堅持某事
stand by sb．支持，幫助，忠于某人
defend one's claims捍衛某人的主張
ring v．反復響起，不斷回蕩
difficult-to-understand adj．難理解的
elegance n．優美；簡潔
elegant adj．優美的，文雅的；精美的；簡潔的
deserve to be done＝deserve doing值得做……
passionate adj．感情強烈的
wake up to意識到，認識到
Silent Spring
There was a strange stillness①．The birds，for example—where had they gone？Many people spoke of②them，puzzled③and disturbed[1]．The feeding stations④in the backyards⑤were deserted⑥．The few birds seen anywhere[2] were moribund⑦；they trembled⑧violently⑨and could not fly．It was a spring without voices．On the mornings that had once throbbed⑩with the dawn chorus of robins，catbirds，doves，jays，wrens，and scores of other bird voices[3] there was now no sound；only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh ．
[1]形容詞短語作狀語，表示主語的狀態。
[2]過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾The few birds。
[3]關系詞that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the mornings。
Rachel Carson was a scientist by profession ，but these lines from the opening chapter of her 1962 book Silent Spring，“A Fable for Tomorrow”，show her talent as a writer．By imagining a world without birds，she aimed to alert not only the scientific community but also the general public to the damaging effects of human activity on natural ecosystems—in particular，to the harmful use of pesticides，such as DDT．[4] She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly causing harm to plants，animals and even humans，and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible，limited and carefully monitored way[5]．
[4]本句是較長的簡單句。By imagining...birds是方式狀語；not only...but also...連接并列的賓語。
[5]“see＋賓語＋賓語補足語”結構，過去分詞短語used in...way作賓語補足語；過去分詞monitored作定語修飾way。
Carson urged people to make themselves aware of the facts and do something about the situation．Silent Spring contains a lot of scientific research and case studies．The book details the gypsy moth eradication programme，which killed birds，in addition to gypsy moths．Another case study was the fire-ant programme that killed cows，but not fire ants．The book also gives dozens of other examples of eradication programmes that did nothing to reduce the problems they were originally designed to solve．The 50 or so pages at the end of the book list Carson's sources，showing how thorough and precise she was as a scientist[6]．
[6]動詞-ing形式短語作狀語，其中how thorough...scientist為how引導的賓語從句。
Carson's message was very alarming ，causing a great increase in environmental awareness [7]．Its impact was immediate and far-reaching ：the use of DDT was banned and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in the US．Silent Spring was therefore regarded as a milestone in the launch of the green movement in the Western world．It also earned Carson a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom and put her face on the 17-cent US stamp．
Silent Spring was not，however，received positively by everyone．Though Carson's research was strong and was supported by most scientists who reviewed her work[8]，the book quickly became a target for critics in the pesticide industry．They said that Carson did not understand the science behind her arguments because she was a marine biologist rather than a chemist．Some also said that her work was more emotional than scientific．These were attempts to damage Carson's reputation and stop her work from influencing public policy，but she remained determined to stand by her research．Carson appeared in public and on television to defend her claims —and today，more than 50 years after it was published[9]，the voice of Silent Spring is still ringing loud and clear [10]．
[8]though引導的讓步狀語從句，從句中又包含一個who引導的定語從句。
[9]此處為插入語，修飾today。
[10]此處意為“擲地有聲，深遠綿長”。
Personally，I enjoy Carson's book．She made a crucial but potentially difficult-to-understand subject interesting and accessible to millions of people[11]．This is not so much because of the quality of her arguments，strong though they are[12]，but because of the beauty and elegance of her writing．Her book not only changed the world；half a century later it remains a book that deserves to be reread today，so that we can once again feel ourselves warm to the fire of its passionate message[13]．For unless we do listen to Rachel Carson's warning[14]，one day we may wake up to the strange and quiet horror of another silent spring．
[11]“make＋賓語＋賓語補足語”結構，此處為形容詞短語作賓語補足語。
[12]though引導的讓步狀語從句，此處使用了部分倒裝語序。
[13]so that引導的結果狀語從句。
[14]此處for作并列連詞，表示因果關系；unless引導條件狀語從句，從句中謂語用“do＋動詞原形”的形式表示強調。
寂靜的春天
“一片古怪的寂靜籠罩著這里。小鳥都飛到哪里去了？許多人談論著，茫然困惑、惴惴不安。后院的飼養站已經被遺棄，為數不多的幾只鳥也奄奄一息；它們渾身打戰，無法飛翔。這是一個寂靜的春天。原本喧鬧的清晨，再也沒有了知更鳥、北美貓鳥、鴿子、松鴉、鷦鷯的奏鳴曲以及其他小鳥的鳴叫聲；只留下一片寂靜，籠罩在田野、樹林和沼澤的上空。”
蕾切爾·卡森本是一位科學家，但是1962 年，她在《寂靜的春天》一書的開篇章節“明天的寓言”中的這段描寫，展現了她作為作家的天賦。通過想象一個沒有鳥兒的世界，她想要警告科學界，提醒公眾，人類活動已經對自然界生態系統造成了破壞性的后果，尤其是使用DDT之類的殺蟲劑給自然界帶來了嚴重的危害。她認為化學工業正在明目張膽地對動植物，甚至對人類本身造成傷害，她希望人們在使用殺蟲劑時能夠更加負責、節制，并且嚴加監管。
卡森敦促人們認清事實，并且為此做出努力。《寂靜的春天》中含有大量的科學研究和真實案例。在滅除舞毒蛾項目這一案例中，她細致講述了人們在消滅舞毒蛾的同時，也殺死了鳥類；另一個案例則是在開展消滅火蟻計劃時，人們殺死的是奶牛，而非火蟻。書中還講了幾十個其他滅除計劃的案例，都未能像預期那樣解決問題。這本書最后的五十幾頁列出了卡森的資料來源，顯示出她作為一名科學家的周密和嚴謹。
卡森所述的事實讓人們十分擔憂，大大提升了人們保護環境的意識。這本書的效果立竿見影，并且影響深遠：DDT被禁用，環境保護署也在美國成立。《寂靜的春天》因此被視為西方發起綠色運動的里程碑，這使作者在去世后獲得了“總統自由勛章”的榮譽，美國17美分的郵票上也印上了她的頭像。
但并不是所有人都支持《寂靜的春天》。雖然卡森的研究很有說服力，而且得到多數審閱過這本書的科學家的支持，但是這本書很快成了殺蟲劑行業批判的對象。他們說卡森并不理解她論證背后的科學原理，因為她是一位海洋生物學家，而非化學家。還有一些人說她的作品過于情感化，科學性并不強。他們想要通過破壞卡森的名聲來削減她的作品對公共政策的影響，但卡森仍然堅持自己的研究，在公眾面前、在電視節目中捍衛自己的觀點。時至今日，《寂靜的春天》已經出版五十多年了，但它的影響力依舊深遠綿長。
而我個人也十分喜歡卡森的書。她把一個至關重要但十分復雜的問題用簡單有趣的方式傳達給了數百萬人。這并不都是因為她書中高質量的論點是多么強有力，而是因為她美麗和高雅的文筆讓讀者喜歡。她的書不僅在當時改變了世界，就是在半個世紀后的今天，它仍然值得人們重新閱讀，以感受她充滿感情的文字帶給我們如火焰般的溫暖。因為如果我們不聽從卡森的勸告，可能有一天在我們醒來之后，真的會面對一個古怪而又相當恐怖的寂靜的春天。
Period 4
單元語法
[即時訓練1]
①to buy　②written　③defeated　④breaking　⑤walking
[即時訓練2]
①making　②Selected　③to teach　④Realising　⑤compared
[即時訓練3]
①to go　②winding　③to stay　④washed
鞏固落實
1．Born　2．leading　3．Growing　4．Educated　5．touring　6．Meeting　7．written　8．published　9．marking　10．to express
1 / 1(共50張PPT)
Period 4　
Unit 6　Nature in words
主題語境
人與自然——人類生存與環境的關系
課時學案　單元語法講練(Using language)
非謂語動詞作定語、狀語和補足語
一、非謂語動詞作定語
1．不定式作定語
①被修飾的詞是不定式的邏輯主語。
This is the best book on the subject to appear(＝that has appeared) this year．
這是今年出版的這個題材的最好的一本書。
②被修飾的詞是不定式的邏輯賓語。
I have a lot of reading to complete(＝that I must complete) before the end of this term．
在這學期結束前，我有很多閱讀任務要完成。
③被修飾的詞與不定式是同位關系。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself．
表達想法的能力和想法本身一樣重要。
2．過去分詞作定語，被修飾的詞是過去分詞的邏輯主語
The players selected(＝that have been selected)from the whole country are expected to bring us honour in this summer game．
從全國選拔出來的選手有望在這個夏季的比賽中給我們帶來榮譽。
3．動詞-ing形式作定語
①說明被修飾詞的用途。
He may be in the reading room(＝a room that for people to read)．
他說不定在閱覽室里。
②表示被修飾詞發出的動作。
In the room we found a sleeping child(＝a child that was sleeping)．
在房間里，我們發現了一個正在睡覺的孩子。
[名師點津]　作定語時，不定式(短語)、過去分詞(短語)和動詞-ing形式(短語)放在被修飾詞之后；單個的過去分詞和動詞-ing形式放在被修飾詞之前。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空
①I am going to the shop because I have something ______ (buy)．
②Have you read the books _______ (write)by the young writer
③This is a ________ (defeat) army．
④The man ________ (break) the law was sentenced to death．
⑤Yesterday he bought his granny a _______ (walk)stick．
to buy
written
defeated
breaking
walking
二、非謂語動詞作狀語
1．不定式作狀語，常表示原因、結果、條件、目的等。
He seemed surprised to meet us．
遇到我們，他好像很吃驚。
The boy is old enough to go to school．
這男孩到了上學的年齡了。
To hear him talk，you would think he owned the whole world．
聽他講話，你會認為他擁有了全世界。
I've come to ask if Tom can go swimming with me．
我來是要問一問湯姆能否與我一起去游泳。
[名師點津]　表示未曾預料到的或令人不快的結果，不定式前常加only。
He hurried to the booking office only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out．
他匆匆趕到售票處，卻被告知所有的票都賣完了。
2．過去分詞作狀語，可表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨情況等。
Seen from the top of the tower，the park is more beautiful．
從塔頂上看，這個公園更漂亮。
Defeated，the whole team is in low spirits．
因為被打敗了，全隊都情緒低落。
Time，used correctly，is money in the bank．
時間，要是被恰當地利用，就是銀行里的錢。
3．動詞-ing形式作狀語，常表示時間、伴隨、原因、結果、條件等。當表示動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前時，要用完成形式having done。
Dina，having struggled for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency．
迪娜為了找一份服務員的工作苦苦掙扎了幾個月，終于在當地一家廣告公司找到了一份工作。
She was in the kitchen preparing lunch．
她在廚房里做午飯。
Not understanding its meaning he asked the teacher to explain the word．
因為不懂這個詞的意思，他便請老師解釋。
The boy's parents died，leaving him an orphan．
這男孩的父母雙亡，使他成了孤兒。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(對齊)，________ (make) it hard to produce labiodentals...
②________ (select) from collections throughout the world，it is the first major exhibition of his work to be held in over forty years．
③For thousands of years，people have told fables (寓言) ________ (teach) a lesson or to pass on wisdom．
making
Selected
to teach
④_________ (realise) that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games．
⑤Film has a much shorter history，especially when ________ (compare) to such art forms as music and painting．
Realising
compared
三、非謂語動詞作補足語
1．過去分詞作賓語補足語
作賓語補足語的過去分詞表示被動或完成意義。
Alexander tried to get this work recognized in the medical circles．
亞歷山大試圖使這項工作在醫學界得到認可。
We found him greatly changed．
我們發現他變化很大。
2．動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語
作賓語補足語的動詞-ing形式表示主動意義。
Listen！Do you hear someone calling for help
聽！你聽到有人在呼救嗎？
I can't get the clock going again．
我無法讓鐘再走起來。
3．不定式作賓語補足語
(1)不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語
①用在see，hear，feel，watch，notice，observe等表示感覺的動詞后。
Did you notice anyone come in
你注意到有人進來了嗎？
The police observed the man open the window．
警察看到一個男子打開了窗戶。
[名師點津]　上述“動詞(notice，observe除外)＋賓語＋不帶to 的不定式”結構變為被動語態時，不定式作主語補足語，其前要加上to。
②用在have，let ，make這三個表示“致使……”意義的動詞后。
What would you have me do
你要讓我干什么？
They won't let him leave the country．
他們不允許他離開這個國家。
Nothing will make me change my mind．
什么也不能使我改變主意。
[名師點津]　“make＋賓語＋不帶to 的不定式”結構變為被動語態時，不定式作主語補足語，其前要加上to。
(2)帶to的不定式作賓語補足語
此類不定式用在advise，cause，allow，ask，beg，drive，encourage，expect，force，get，invite，permit，remind，teach，tell，trust，urge，want，warn等動詞后。
His parents won't allow him to stay out late．
他父母不會允許他在外面待到很晚。
The notice warned us not to go into the fields．
警示牌告誡我們不要進入田地。
[名師點津]　(1)have/get＋sb．/sth．＋doing sth．讓某人/某物一直做某事/處于某種狀態
He had the light burning all night，which made his parents very angry．
他讓燈亮了整晚，這使他父母很生氣。
(2)have sb．doing sth．用于否定句中，常與can't，won't等連用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。
I won't have you speaking to your dad like that．
我不容許你和你父親那樣講話。
(3)have/get/make＋賓語＋done讓……被……/遭遇某事(強調被動性動作)
I'll have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow．
我明天得(請人)修一下我的自行車。
He had his wallet stolen on his way home．
在他回家的路上，他的錢包被偷了。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空
①The boy was made _____ (go) to bed early．
②I looked up and noticed a snake _______ (wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast．
③The doctor advised him _______ (stay)in bed for another few days．
④Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car ______ (wash)．
to go
winding
to stay
washed
短文語境填空
1．________ (bear) in 1770，William Wordsworth was one of the 2．_________ (lead)poets of the Romantic movement in England．
3．_________ (grow) up in the beautiful Lake District，Wordsworth had a childhood that was perfect for a developing poet． 4．________ (educate) at Cambridge，Wordsworth received his degree in 1791．He spent a lot of time 5．_______ (tour) in Europe．
Born
leading
Growing
Educated
touring
Travelling obviously provided Wordsworth with plenty of ideas for his poems．In 1795，he met Samuel Taylor Coleridge and the two talented young men became close friends．6．_______ (meet) Coleridge had a huge impact on Wordsworth．Lyrical Ballads，a collection of poems 7．_______ (write) together with Coleridge and 8．_________ (publish)in 1798，was Wordsworth's first great work，9．_______ (mark)the start of the Romantic era in poetry．Wordsworth explained that they wanted to write poetry that ordinary people could use
Meeting
written
published
marking
10．___________ (express)their feelings．Many of the poems in the collection were about returning to nature．Like other Romantics，Wordsworth preferred to live in the country rather than in the city．
to express
①stillness n．靜止；安靜
②speak of提起
③puzzled adj．困惑的，無法理解的
④feeding stations飼養站
⑤backyard n．后院
課下預習　第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
⑥desert v．舍棄，離棄(某地方)；拋棄(某人)n．沙漠
[形近詞]dessert n．(飯后)甜點，甜食
⑦moribund adj．垂死的，奄奄一息的
⑧tremble v．顫抖，發抖
⑨violently adv．強烈地；猛烈地
⑩throb v．生機勃勃；熱鬧
chorus n．合唱曲
scores of很多，大量
score n．20個；約20個
marsh n．沼澤，濕地
by profession就職業來說
fable n．寓言
aim to do sth．＝aim at
doing sth．力爭做某事
be aimed at...針對……，對象是……；旨在……
alert v．提醒，使(某人)意識到
alert sb．to sth．使某人意識到某事
the scientific community科學界
the general public普通百姓，公眾
knowingly adv．故意地
knowing adj．會意的，心照不宣的，知情的
cause harm to...對……造成危害
monitor v．監視，檢查，跟蹤調查
urge sb．to do sth．敦促某人做某事
detail v．詳細說明，詳述
dozens of幾十，很多
dozen number一打；許多
thorough adj．仔細的；縝密的
thoroughly adv．徹底地，完全地
precise adj．精確的；一絲不茍的
precisely adv．精確地；準確地
alarming adj．使人驚恐的，令人驚慌的
environmental awareness環境意識
far-reaching adj．影響深遠的，涉及廣泛的
milestone n．重要事件，重要階段，轉折點，里程碑
launch n．推出，發起
posthumous adj．死后獲得的
receive v．對……作出反應(通常用于被動語態)
positively adv．絕對地；贊成地
strong adj．難以辯駁的；確鑿的
become a target for...成為……的對象
a marine biologist一位海洋生物學家
marine adj．海洋的
marine life海洋生物
reputation n．名譽，名聲
stand by sth．堅持某事
stand by sb．支持，幫助，忠于某人
defend one's claims捍衛某人的主張
ring v．反復響起，不斷回蕩
difficult-to-understand adj．難理解的
elegance n．優美；簡潔
elegant adj．優美的，文雅的；精美的；簡潔的
deserve to be done＝deserve doing值得做……
passionate adj．感情強烈的
wake up to意識到，認識到
Silent Spring
There was a strange stillness①．The birds，for example—where had they gone？Many people spoke of ②them，puzzled③and disturbed[1]．The feeding stations④in the backyards⑤were deserted⑥．The few birds seen anywhere[2] were moribund ⑦；they trembled⑧violently⑨and could not fly．It was a spring without voices．On the mornings that had once throbbed⑩with the dawn chorus of robins，catbirds，doves，jays，wrens，and scores of other bird voices[3] there was now no sound；only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh ．
[1]形容詞短語作狀語，表示主語的狀態。
[2]過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾The few birds。
[3]關系詞that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞the mornings。
Rachel Carson was a scientist by profession ，but these lines from the opening chapter of her 1962 book Silent Spring，“A Fable for Tomorrow”，show her talent as a writer．By imagining a world without birds，she aimed to alert not only the scientific community but also the general public to the damaging effects of human activity on natural ecosystems—in particular，to the harmful use of pesticides，such as DDT．[4] She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly causing harm to plants，animals and even humans，and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible，limited and carefully monitored way[5]．
[4]本句是較長的簡單句。By imagining...birds是方式狀語；not only...but also...連接并列的賓語。
[5]“see＋賓語＋賓語補足語”結構，過去分詞短語used in...way作賓語補足語；過去分詞monitored作定語修飾way。
Carson urged people to make themselves aware of the facts and do something about the situation．Silent Spring contains a lot of scientific research and case studies．The book details the gypsy moth eradication programme，which killed birds，in addition to gypsy moths．Another case study was the fire-ant programme that killed cows，but not fire ants．The book also gives dozens of other examples of eradication programmes that did nothing to reduce the problems they were originally designed to solve．The 50 or so pages at the end of the book list Carson's sources，showing how thorough and precise she was as a scientist[6]．
[6]動詞-ing形式短語作狀語，其中how thorough...scientist為how引導的賓語從句。
Carson's message was very alarming ，causing a great increase in environmental awareness [7]．Its impact was immediate and far-reaching ：the use of DDT was banned and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in the US．Silent Spring was therefore regarded as a milestone in the launch of the green movement in the Western world．It also earned Carson a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom and put her face on the 17-cent US stamp．
Silent Spring was not，however，received positively by everyone．Though Carson's research was strong and was supported by most scientists who reviewed her work[8]，the book quickly became a target for critics in the pesticide industry．They said that Carson did not understand the science behind her arguments because she was a marine biologist rather than a chemist．Some also said that her work was more emotional than scientific．These were attempts to damage Carson's reputation and stop her work from influencing public policy，but she remained determined to stand by her research．Carson appeared in public and on television to defend her claims —and today，more than 50 years after it was published[9]，the voice of Silent Spring is still ringing loud and clear [10]．
[8]though引導的讓步狀語從句，從句中又包含一個who引導的定語從句。
[9]此處為插入語，修飾today。
[10]此處意為“擲地有聲，深遠綿長”。
Personally，I enjoy Carson's book．She made a crucial but potentially difficult-to-understand subject interesting and accessible to millions of people[11]．This is not so much because of the quality of her arguments，strong though they are[12]，but because of the beauty and elegance of her writing．Her book not only changed the world；half a century later it remains a book that deserves to be reread today，so that we can once again feel ourselves warm to the fire of its passionate message[13]．For unless we do listen to Rachel Carson's warning[14]，one day we may wake up to the strange and quiet horror of another silent spring．
[11]“make＋賓語＋賓語補足語”結構，此處為形容詞短語作賓語補足語。
[12]though引導的讓步狀語從句，此處使用了部分倒裝語序。
[13]so that引導的結果狀語從句。
[14]此處for作并列連詞，表示因果關系；unless引導條件狀語從句，從句中謂語用“do＋動詞原形”的形式表示強調。
寂靜的春天
“一片古怪的寂靜籠罩著這里。小鳥都飛到哪里去了？許多人談論著，茫然困惑、惴惴不安。后院的飼養站已經被遺棄，為數不多的幾只鳥也奄奄一息；它們渾身打戰，無法飛翔。這是一個寂靜的春天。原本喧鬧的清晨，再也沒有了知更鳥、北美貓鳥、鴿子、松鴉、鷦鷯的奏鳴曲以及其他小鳥的鳴叫聲；只留下一片寂靜，籠罩在田野、樹林和沼澤的上空。”
蕾切爾·卡森本是一位科學家，但是1962 年，她在《寂靜的春天》一書的開篇章節“明天的寓言”中的這段描寫，展現了她作為作家的天賦。通過想象一個沒有鳥兒的世界，她想要警告科學界，提醒公眾，人類活動已經對自然界生態系統造成了破壞性的后果，尤其是使用DDT之類的殺蟲劑給自然界帶來了嚴重的危害。她認為化學工業正在明目張膽地對動植物，甚至對人類本身造成傷害，她希望人們在使用殺蟲劑時能夠更加負責、節制，并且嚴加監管。
卡森敦促人們認清事實，并且為此做出努力。《寂靜的春天》中含有大量的科學研究和真實案例。在滅除舞毒蛾項目這一案例中，她細致講述了人們在消滅舞毒蛾的同時，也殺死了鳥類；另一個案例則是在開展消滅火蟻計劃時，人們殺死的是奶牛，而非火蟻。書中還講了幾十個其他滅除計劃的案例，都未能像預期那樣解決問題。這本書最后的五十幾頁列出了卡森的資料來源，顯示出她作為一名科學家的周密和嚴謹。
卡森所述的事實讓人們十分擔憂，大大提升了人們保護環境的意識。這本書的效果立竿見影，并且影響深遠：DDT被禁用，環境保護署也在美國成立。《寂靜的春天》因此被視為西方發起綠色運動的里程碑，這使作者在去世后獲得了“總統自由勛章”的榮譽，美國17美分的郵票上也印上了她的頭像。
但并不是所有人都支持《寂靜的春天》。雖然卡森的研究很有說服力，而且得到多數審閱過這本書的科學家的支持，但是這本書很快成了殺蟲劑行業批判的對象。他們說卡森并不理解她論證背后的科學原理，因為她是一位海洋生物學家，而非化學家。還有一些人說她的作品過于情感化，科學性并不強。他們想要通過破壞卡森的名聲來削減她的作品對公共政策的影響，但卡森仍然堅持自己的研究，在公眾面前、在電視節目中捍衛自己的觀點。時至今日，《寂靜的春天》已經出版五十多年了，但它的影響力依舊深遠綿長。
而我個人也十分喜歡卡森的書。她把一個至關重要但十分復雜的問題用簡單有趣的方式傳達給了數百萬人。這并不都是因為她書中高質量的論點是多么強有力，而是因為她美麗和高雅的文筆讓讀者喜歡。她的書不僅在當時改變了世界，就是在半個世紀后的今天，它仍然值得人們重新閱讀，以感受她充滿感情的文字帶給我們如火焰般的溫暖。因為如果我們不聽從卡森的勸告，可能有一天在我們醒來之后，真的會面對一個古怪而又相當恐怖的寂靜的春天。
THANKS

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