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Period 4　 單元語法講練(Using language)
非謂語動詞作主語、表語、賓語
一、非謂語動詞作主語
(一)動詞-ing形式(短語)作主語
1．表示一般行為或抽象動作。
Reading is my favourite pastime．
讀書是我最喜歡的消遣。
Collecting information is very important to businessmen．
搜集信息對于商人來說是非常重要的。
2．可以用it作形式主語，將動詞-ing形式(短語)后置。
It's a waste of time waiting here．
在這里等是浪費時間。
(二)不定式作主語
1．表示具體某一次的行為。
In my opinion，to win the game is possible．
我認為，贏得這場比賽是可能的。
2．如果主語太長，通常用it作形式主語，將不定式后置。
It is necessary to learn English well．
有必要學好英語。
[名師點津]　(1)當表語是動詞-ing形式時，主語也常用動詞-ing形式；當表語是不定式時，主語也要用不定式。
Seeing is believing．眼見為實。
To teach is to learn．教即是學。
(2)在It's no use/no good/a waste of time ...句型中一般用動詞-ing形式(短語)作真正的主語。
It is no good keeping this secret．
此事不公開沒有什么好處。
(3)在It is＋adj．＋ for/of sb．＋to do sth．句型中只能用不定式。
It is important for you to learn English well．
對你來說學好英語很重要。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空
①It is no good ________ (learn) without practice．
②_______ (read) is learning．
③It was nice of them _________ (invite) all of us．
④___________ (be) here is a great pleasure．
二、非謂語動詞作表語
(一)動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語
Doing it properly makes considerable demands on our time．
把這件事做得到位，要花我們相當多的時間。
Her job is teaching English．
她的工作是教英語。
[名師點津]　動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語與現在進行時的區別：
(1)句子為現在進行時，主語是動詞-ing形式的執行者；否則就是動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語。
He is cleaning the street．
他正在打掃大街。(現在進行時)
His job is cleaning the street．
他的工作是打掃大街。[動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語]
(2)動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語能與主語互換位置， 現在進行時中的動詞-ing形式(短語)則不能。
The most difficult problem is building the bridge base．
＝Building the bridge base is the most difficult problem．
最困難的事情是建造橋基。[動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語]
They are building the bridge base．
他們正在建造橋基。(現在進行時)
Building the bridge are they．(×)
(二)不定式作表語
不定式作表語常用一般式，可表示目的、結果、征求意見、安排、命令、勸告及意愿等情況，常指將來的情況或尚未發生的動作。
The sports meeting is to take place on Friday morning．
運動會將于星期五上午舉行。
Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends．
也許最難熬的挑戰，就是生活中孤獨無友。
(三)過去分詞作表語
過去分詞作表語時，常表示主語(多為人)所處的狀態。
She looked disappointed．
她看上去挺失望。
He seemed quite delighted at the good news．
聽到這個好消息，他似乎很開心。
[名師點津]　過去分詞作表語(系表結構)與被動語態的區別：
被動語態表示動作，句子的主語是動作的承受者；系表結構中的過去分詞已基本上失去了動詞的意義，只起到一個形容詞的作用，在句子中作表語，表明主語的性質，或具有的特征或所處的狀態。
This book is well written．
這本書寫得很好。(系表結構)
This book was written by a soldier．
這本書是一位戰士寫的。(被動語態)
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①What she likes is ________ (watch) children play．
②His ambition is _____ (go) to Harvard University．
③My job is ________ (clean) the house three times a week．
④It remains __________ (see) whether the newly-formed committee's policy can be put into practice．
三、非謂語動詞作賓語
(一)動詞-ing形式(短語)作賓語
1．作動詞(短語)賓語
mind，avoid，enjoy，escape，mention，suggest，appreciate，practise，delay，imagine，finish，miss，feel like，look forward to，can't help，get down to，be used to，be worth，put off，have difficulty in，give up 等動詞(短語)后可跟動詞-ing形式(短語)作賓語。
He suggested going out for a walk．
他建議出去走走。
I wouldn't mind telling people my age．
我不會介意告訴人們我的年齡。
Let's get down to repairing the machine．
讓我們開始修理機器吧。
[名師點津]　(1)有些動詞不能直接跟動詞-ing形式作賓語，而需用it作形式賓語，動詞-ing形式后置。常見的動詞有：find，make，feel，think，consider，suppose等。
We found it no good making fun of others．
我們發現取笑他人不好。
Do you consider it any good trying again
你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎？
(2)有些動詞(短語)后既可跟不定式也可跟動詞-ing形式，但意義不同：動詞-ing形式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前，常用一般式(doing)代替完成式(having done)，而不定式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之后。比較：
①stop doing sth．“停止正在做的事情”；stop to do sth．“停下來去做某事”。
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in．
當老師進來時學生停止了講話。
He stopped to say hello to me．
他停下來跟我打招呼。
②forget to do sth．“忘記去做某事”，指尚未發生的動作；forget doing sth．“忘記曾經做過某事”，表示已經發生了的動作。
He forgot locking the door．
他忘記已把門鎖上了。(門鎖上了，但是他忘記了)
He forgot to lock the door．
他忘記鎖門了。(門沒有鎖)
③try doing sth．“試著做某事(看看是否有作用)”；try to do sth．“努力/盡力去做某事”。
He tried to pretend to share the pleasure with his friend．
他盡力假裝要與朋友分享歡樂。
She tried reading a novel，but that couldn't make her forget her sorrow．
她試著看看小說，但那并不能使她忘記傷心事。
④regret doing sth．(regret having done sth．)“后悔做了某事”；regret to do sth．“很遺憾要做某事”。
I regret having told you the truth．
我后悔把真相告訴了你。
I regret to say that you have failed the exam．
我很遺憾地告訴你，你沒有通過考試。
⑤remember doing sth．“記得做過某事”；remember to do sth．“記住要去做某事”。
I don't remember meeting him．
我不記得見過他。
Remember to write to us when you get there．
當你到那里時記得給我們寫信。
⑥mean doing sth．“意味著(必須要做某事或導致某種結果)”，其主語通常是指事物的詞；mean to do sth．“打算或企圖做某事”，其主語通常是表示人的名詞或代詞。
This new order will mean working overtime．
新訂單就意味著(我們)得加班加點。
I didn't mean to break it—it was an accident．
我不是故意打碎它的——這是個意外。
⑦be afraid of doing sth．“擔心/害怕去做某事”；be afraid to do sth．“不敢做某事”。
He was afraid of making mistakes．
他擔心會犯錯誤。
He was afraid to tell the truth．
他不敢把實情講出來。
⑧go on doing sth．“(停頓以后)繼續做原來做的事”；go on to do sth．“接著做另一件事”，指接下去做與原來不同的事。
Now let's go on reading lesson 1．
現在讓我們繼續讀第一課。
After reading the text，the students went on to listen to the teacher carefully．
讀完課文以后，學生們接著認真聽老師講課。
(3)need，want，require表示“需要”時，后跟動詞-ing形式的主動式或不定式的被動式。
The washing-machine needs repairing/to be required．
這臺洗衣機需要修理。
The present situation required studying/to be studied．
現在的形勢需要研究。
2．作介詞賓語
He apologised to the teacher for being late．
他因為來晚向老師道歉。
Her family are all proud of having such a splendid house．
她的家人為擁有這么壯觀的房子而驕傲。
[名師點津]　admit to，devote oneself to，be equal to，lead to，look forward to，pay attention to，stick to，be used to，turn to等動詞短語中的to都是介詞。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空
①He got well-prepared for the job interview，for he couldn't risk ______ (lose) the good opportunity．
②I avoided __________ (mention) the subject in case he should be offended．
③It's quite hot today．Do you feel like _____ (go) for a swim
④Was she worried how I would react or that I would stop ______ (buy) the groceries if I found out
⑤What a poor memory！I forgot _________ (borrow)money from him yesterday．And today I forgot _________ (return) the money to him．
(二)不定式作賓語
1．英語中有些及物動詞只能接不定式作賓語。此類動詞有：afford，agree，aim，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，undertake，wish等。
The school wished to write a letter of thanks to the driver．
學校希望給司機寫一封感謝信。
We decided to make some changes in our plan．
我們決定對我們的計劃做一些改動。
They expect to finish the work by Friday．
他們希望到周五能完成這項工作。
2．如果作賓語的不定式還帶有自己的補足語，要先用it作形式賓語，而把不定式放在補足語之后，構成“動詞(find，think，make，consider，feel等)＋it＋adj．/n＋to do”結構。
I find it difficult to know when and where the meeting will be held．
我發現很難知道這次會議將在何時何地舉行。
He counts it a great honour to serve the people．
他認為為人民服務很光榮。
[即時訓練4]　單句語法填空
①We agreed _______ (meet)here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
②She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting ____________ (serve)．
③John really upset Granny，but I'm sure he did not mean _____ (do) that．
④I'll make it my business _______ (help) him．
⑤While reading don't always stop _______ (look) up new words．
短文語境填空
It is usual for young people and old people not 1．________ (agree) with each other about life，work and play．But in one special program in New York State，the adults and the teenagers live in peace．Each summer，200 teenagers and 50 adults keep 2．______ (live) for eight weeks as members of a special work group．Some teenagers work in the woods or on the farms near the villages．Some learn 3．_______ (make) furniture and 4．________ (build)houses．The adults are 5．_________ (delight) to teach them these skills．Everyone has several free hours every day and is completely free on weekends，too．During the free hours some teenagers enjoy photographing or 6．________ (paint)．
It is necessary 7．_______ (make) rules when people live together．In this program the teenagers and the adults make the rules together．When someone breaks the rules，the group will discuss the problem．After the program，one of the teenagers said，“This program has taught me that I should stop 8．________ (think) only about myself．I am 9．_________ (think) about the whole group．”
第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
①superficially adv．表面(上)地
superficial adj．表面的；膚淺的
②polar opposites截然相反
polar adj．完全相反的；截然對立的
opposite n．對立的人(或物)；對立面；反面
③intense adj．很大的；十分強烈的；有強烈感情(或意見，想法)的；熱切的
④a respect for對……的尊重
⑤an influential figure有影響力的人物
⑥dramatic transformations巨大的改變
transformation n．(徹底的)變化，改觀，轉變，改革
transformation from...to/into...從……到……的轉變
⑦reconnect with與……重新聯系/連接
⑧conflicted adj．因心理沖突而不知所措的
be/feel conflicted about/over sth．對某事感到困惑
conflict v．(兩種思想、信仰、說法等)沖突，抵觸n．沖突，爭執，爭論；抵觸，矛盾，不一致
⑨for good (and all)永久地
⑩bow v．鞠躬
in return for作為對……的回報
work the land耕種土地
rural adj．農村的，鄉村的
urban adj．城市的，都市的
arduous adj．艱苦的；困難的
contentment n．滿足
content adj．滿意的，滿足的
simplicity n．質樸，淳樸；簡單(性)
for the sake of simplicity為了方便起見
a reaction to...對……的反應/回應
reaction n．反應，回應
be opposed to反對
opposed adj．強烈反對，截然不同
decent adj．可接受的，相當好的
decently adv．得體地，合宜地
cottage n．鄉村小屋
deliberately adv．不慌不忙地，從容不迫地
front v．面向，朝；在……前面
withdraw from...從……中退出
withdraw v．退出
contemporary adj．當代的，屬同時期的
seek a harmonious relationship with...尋求與……的和諧關系
harmonious adj．(關系等)友好和睦的，和諧的
domestic adj．馴養的；家養的
in contrast to... 與……形成對照
critical of...批評/批判……
depressive adj．抑郁的
reluctant adj．不愿意的；勉強的
be reluctant to do sth．不情愿地做某事
depart v．離開
depart from從……出發
depart for動身去……
lane n．(鄉間的)小路
winding country lanes蜿蜒的鄉間小路
atop prep．在……頂上
mulberry n．桑葚；桑樹
emphasise the beauty and purity of...強調……的美麗和純潔
emphasise v．強調，重視，著重
purity n．純潔；潔凈
pure adj．純的，純凈的，純粹的
convince sb．that/of ...使某人相信……
resign oneself to聽任，只好接受，順從
botanical medicines草藥
botanical adj．植物(學)的
considerable adj．相當多(或大、重要等)的
reject v．拒絕接受
reflective adj．沉思的，深思的，內省的
reflect v．認真思考，沉思
reflection n．沉思，深思，審慎的思考
at ease with不拘束，放松
ease n．舒適，悠閑
take sb．a step closer to使某人更接近……
attain v．得到，獲得
attainment n．達到，獲得；成就，造詣
well-being n．安康，幸福
fulfilment n．滿足(感)
Back to Nature
Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets，but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America．Superficially①，these two men，whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1，500 years，were polar opposites②．And yet they shared an intense③respect for④nature，which made them each an influential figure⑤of their time[1]．
[1]which 引導非限制性定語從句，which在從句中作主語。
Both men made dramatic transformations⑥to their lives in order to reconnect with⑦nature．As an official in the Eastern Jin Dynasty，Tao felt conflicted⑧over life at court．In 405，he quit the service of the court for good⑨，expressing his unhappiness in the now famous line that he would not“bow⑩like a servant in return for five dou of grain”[2]．He spent the next 22 years until his death，working the land in a poor，rural area．From his poetry，we can learn that although his life was arduous ，he succeeded in finding contentment in its simplicity and in drawing pleasure from nature．
[2]動詞-ing形式短語作狀語，其中含有that引導的同位語從句，對先行詞line進行解釋說明。
While Tao's return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to [3]，Thoreau's was a personal decision to transform the way he lived．He had a decent quality of life，but he wanted to live in a simpler way．For two years，two months and two days，he lived in a cottage in the forest on the edge of Walden Pond，focusing on himself and his writing[4]．He explained his reason for doing so in Walden：“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately ，to front only the essential facts of life[5]．”Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life，seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives．
[3]While為并列連詞，連接兩個并列分句，表示“(對比兩件事物)……而……然而”。
[4]動詞-ing形式短語作狀語，focus與其邏輯主語he之間為主謂關系。
[5]兩個并列的不定式短語作wished的賓語。
Although Tao and Thoreau do not treat nature in quite the same way，their works show its beauty and value．Tao's nature is a place of fields and villages，in other words，rural，and his animals are domestic ones，such as chickens and dogs．The calm and peaceful life he wrote about is in contrast to and critical of the depressive court life：
Beyond the dark and distance lies a village[6]，
The smoke above reluctant to depart ．
A dog is barking somewhere down the lane ，
And chickens sit atop the mulberry tree．
[6]表示地點的介詞短語位于句首，句子使用全部倒裝，其正常語序為A village lies beyond the dark and distance。
Thoreau's descriptions of nature emphasised the beauty and purity of the wild areas around him．Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena，he recorded his detailed findings in his journals．Thoreau's writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper，as we do[7]．We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature's gifts，as he describes in his journals：
Live in each season as it passes；breathe the air，drink the drink，taste the fruit，and resign yourself to the influences of each．Let them be your only diet，drink and botanical medicines ．
[7]as引導方式狀語從句，as在此表示“像……，就像……”。
It takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature[8]，as both Tao and Thoreau did．Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with fewer material desires．In today's modern world，their ideas about living simply and being at ease with nature may take us a step closer to attaining personal well-being and fulfilment ．
回歸大自然
陶淵明和亨利·大衛·梭羅都是詩人，但是一位生活在古代中國，另一位生活在19 世紀的美國。表面上看，這兩個人生活在不同的時代，相隔近一千五百年，迥然不同。然而，他們都非常尊重自然，這使得他們在各自的時代都成為有影響力的人物。
為了重歸自然，兩人的生活都發生了戲劇性的轉變。陶淵明是東晉的官員，但是對官場生活感到困惑。公元405年，陶淵明辭去了官職，以表達他對仕途的不滿，用今天的一句名言形容就是“不為五斗米折腰”。在之后的22年里，直到生命的盡頭，他躬耕于田野，生活在清貧的農村。我們可以從他的詩歌中看出，盡管生活艱苦，但他從這種簡單的生活中成功獲得了滿足感，并從大自然中獲得了樂趣。
陶淵明回歸大自然是對自己反對的生活方式做出的一種反應，而梭羅則是出于個人的決定而改變自己的生活方式。雖然梭羅過著體面的生活，但他希望活得更簡單些。兩年兩個月零兩天，他住在瓦爾登湖邊森林里的一間小屋里，專注于自身和寫作。他在《瓦爾登湖》中解釋了這樣做的原因：“我步入叢林，是因為我希望自由地生活，只面對生活中的基本事實。”兩個人都樂于從當下的生活中抽身而退，在平靜的生活中尋求與自然和諧的關系。
盡管陶淵明和梭羅對待自然的方式不同，但他們的作品都展現了自然的美麗和價值。陶淵明的自然是田野和村莊，換句話說，是田園。他的動物們都是家養的，比如雞和狗。他描寫的平靜祥和的生活，與壓抑的官場生活形成鮮明對比，是對壓抑的官場生活的批判：
曖曖遠人村，依依墟里煙。
狗吠深巷中，雞鳴桑樹顛。
梭羅在描述自然時，重點描繪了他周圍原野的美麗與純粹。他全身心投入到觀察自然現象中，并在日記中詳細地記錄了自己的發現。梭羅的寫作意在使人們信服，動物和植物就像我們人類一樣都有生存和繁榮的權利。我們應該與它們和諧共處，享受大自然的恩賜，正如他在日記中描述的那樣：
好好度過每一個季節，呼吸新鮮的空氣，暢飲美酒，品嘗水果，盡情享受這一切。讓生活中只有飲食和草藥。
像陶淵明和梭羅那樣，拒絕簡單熟悉的事物，轉而嘗試親近大自然，這需要相當大的勇氣。他們的選擇使他們過上了平靜而沉思的生活，物質欲望減少了。在今天這個現代世界，他們關于簡單生活和與自然和諧相處的想法，可能會讓我們離獲得個人幸福和滿足感更近一步。
Period 4
單元語法
[即時訓練1]
①learning?、赗eading　③to invite　④To be/Being
[即時訓練2]
①watching　②to go?、踓leaning?、躷o be seen
[即時訓練3]
①losing　②mentioning?、踘oing　④buying　⑤borrowing；to return
[即時訓練4]
①to meet　②to be served　③to do?、躷o help?、輙o look
鞏固落實
1．to agree　2．living　3．to make　4．to build　5．delighted　6．painting　7．to make　8．thinking　9．to think
1 / 1(共61張PPT)
Period 4　
Unit 5　Learning from nature
主題語境
人與社會——建筑領域的代表性作品
課時學案　單元語法講練(Using language)
非謂語動詞作主語、表語、賓語
一、非謂語動詞作主語
(一)動詞-ing形式(短語)作主語
1．表示一般行為或抽象動作。
Reading is my favourite pastime．
讀書是我最喜歡的消遣。
Collecting information is very important to businessmen．
搜集信息對于商人來說是非常重要的。
2．可以用it作形式主語，將動詞-ing形式(短語)后置。
It's a waste of time waiting here．
在這里等是浪費時間。
(二)不定式作主語
1．表示具體某一次的行為。
In my opinion，to win the game is possible．
我認為，贏得這場比賽是可能的。
2．如果主語太長，通常用it作形式主語，將不定式后置。
It is necessary to learn English well．
有必要學好英語。
[名師點津]　(1)當表語是動詞-ing形式時，主語也常用動詞-ing形式；當表語是不定式時，主語也要用不定式。
Seeing is believing．眼見為實。
To teach is to learn．教即是學。
(2)在It's no use/no good/a waste of time ...句型中一般用動詞-ing形式(短語)作真正的主語。
It is no good keeping this secret．
此事不公開沒有什么好處。
(3)在It is＋adj．＋ for/of sb．＋to do sth．句型中只能用不定式。
It is important for you to learn English well．
對你來說學好英語很重要。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空
①It is no good ________ (learn) without practice．
②_______ (read) is learning．
③It was nice of them _________ (invite) all of us．
④___________ (be) here is a great pleasure．
learning
Reading
to invite
To be/Being
二、非謂語動詞作表語
(一)動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語
Doing it properly makes considerable demands on our time．
把這件事做得到位，要花我們相當多的時間。
Her job is teaching English．
她的工作是教英語。
[名師點津]　動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語與現在進行時的區別：
(1)句子為現在進行時，主語是動詞-ing形式的執行者；否則就是動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語。
He is cleaning the street．
他正在打掃大街。(現在進行時)
His job is cleaning the street．
他的工作是打掃大街。[動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語]
(2)動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語能與主語互換位置， 現在進行時中的動詞-ing形式(短語)則不能。
The most difficult problem is building the bridge base．
＝Building the bridge base is the most difficult problem．
最困難的事情是建造橋基。[動詞-ing形式(短語)作表語]
They are building the bridge base．
他們正在建造橋基。(現在進行時)
Building the bridge are they．(×)
(二)不定式作表語
不定式作表語常用一般式，可表示目的、結果、征求意見、安排、命令、勸告及意愿等情況，常指將來的情況或尚未發生的動作。
The sports meeting is to take place on Friday morning．
運動會將于星期五上午舉行。
Perhaps the most difficult challenge is how to survive without friends．
也許最難熬的挑戰，就是生活中孤獨無友。
(三)過去分詞作表語
過去分詞作表語時，常表示主語(多為人)所處的狀態。
She looked disappointed．
她看上去挺失望。
He seemed quite delighted at the good news．
聽到這個好消息，他似乎很開心。
[名師點津]　過去分詞作表語(系表結構)與被動語態的區別：
被動語態表示動作，句子的主語是動作的承受者；系表結構中的過去分詞已基本上失去了動詞的意義，只起到一個形容詞的作用，在句子中作表語，表明主語的性質，或具有的特征或所處的狀態。
This book is well written．
這本書寫得很好。(系表結構)
This book was written by a soldier．
這本書是一位戰士寫的。(被動語態)
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①What she likes is ________ (watch) children play．
②His ambition is _____ (go) to Harvard University．
③My job is ________ (clean) the house three times a week．
④It remains __________ (see) whether the newly-formed committee's policy can be put into practice．
watching
to go
cleaning
to be seen
三、非謂語動詞作賓語
(一)動詞-ing形式(短語)作賓語
1．作動詞(短語)賓語
mind，avoid，enjoy，escape，mention，suggest，appreciate，practise，delay，imagine，finish，miss，feel like，look forward to，can't help，get down to，be used to，be worth，put off，have difficulty in，give up 等動詞(短語)后可跟動詞-ing形式(短語)作賓語。
He suggested going out for a walk．
他建議出去走走。
I wouldn't mind telling people my age．
我不會介意告訴人們我的年齡。
Let's get down to repairing the machine．
讓我們開始修理機器吧。
[名師點津]　(1)有些動詞不能直接跟動詞-ing形式作賓語，而需用it作形式賓語，動詞-ing形式后置。常見的動詞有：find，make，feel，think，consider，suppose等。
We found it no good making fun of others．
我們發現取笑他人不好。
Do you consider it any good trying again
你覺得再試一次會有好處嗎？
(2)有些動詞(短語)后既可跟不定式也可跟動詞-ing形式，但意義不同：動詞-ing形式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前，常用一般式(doing)代替完成式(having done)，而不定式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之后。比較：
①stop doing sth．“停止正在做的事情”；stop to do sth．“停下來去做某事”。
The students stopped talking when the teacher came in．
當老師進來時學生停止了講話。
He stopped to say hello to me．
他停下來跟我打招呼。
②forget to do sth．“忘記去做某事”，指尚未發生的動作；forget doing sth．“忘記曾經做過某事”，表示已經發生了的動作。
He forgot locking the door．
他忘記已把門鎖上了。(門鎖上了，但是他忘記了)
He forgot to lock the door．
他忘記鎖門了。(門沒有鎖)
③try doing sth．“試著做某事(看看是否有作用)”；try to do sth．“努力/盡力去做某事”。
He tried to pretend to share the pleasure with his friend．
他盡力假裝要與朋友分享歡樂。
She tried reading a novel，but that couldn't make her forget her sorrow．
她試著看看小說，但那并不能使她忘記傷心事。
④regret doing sth．(regret having done sth．)“后悔做了某事”；regret to do sth．“很遺憾要做某事”。
I regret having told you the truth．
我后悔把真相告訴了你。
I regret to say that you have failed the exam．
我很遺憾地告訴你，你沒有通過考試。
⑤remember doing sth．“記得做過某事”；remember to do sth．“記住要去做某事”。
I don't remember meeting him．
我不記得見過他。
Remember to write to us when you get there．
當你到那里時記得給我們寫信。
⑥mean doing sth．“意味著(必須要做某事或導致某種結果)”，其主語通常是指事物的詞；mean to do sth．“打算或企圖做某事”，其主語通常是表示人的名詞或代詞。
This new order will mean working overtime．
新訂單就意味著(我們)得加班加點。
I didn't mean to break it—it was an accident．
我不是故意打碎它的——這是個意外。
⑦be afraid of doing sth．“擔心/害怕去做某事”；be afraid to do sth．“不敢做某事”。
He was afraid of making mistakes．
他擔心會犯錯誤。
He was afraid to tell the truth．
他不敢把實情講出來。
⑧go on doing sth．“(停頓以后)繼續做原來做的事”；go on to do sth．“接著做另一件事”，指接下去做與原來不同的事。
Now let's go on reading lesson 1．
現在讓我們繼續讀第一課。
After reading the text，the students went on to listen to the teacher carefully．
讀完課文以后，學生們接著認真聽老師講課。
(3)need，want，require表示“需要”時，后跟動詞-ing形式的主動式或不定式的被動式。
The washing-machine needs repairing/to be required．
這臺洗衣機需要修理。
The present situation required studying/to be studied．
現在的形勢需要研究。
2．作介詞賓語
He apologised to the teacher for being late．
他因為來晚向老師道歉。
Her family are all proud of having such a splendid house．
她的家人為擁有這么壯觀的房子而驕傲。
[名師點津]　admit to，devote oneself to，be equal to，lead to，look forward to，pay attention to，stick to，be used to，turn to等動詞短語中的to都是介詞。
[即時訓練3]　單句語法填空
①He got well-prepared for the job interview，for he couldn't risk ______ (lose) the good opportunity．
②I avoided __________ (mention) the subject in case he should be offended．
③It's quite hot today．Do you feel like _____ (go) for a swim
④Was she worried how I would react or that I would stop ______ (buy) the groceries if I found out
⑤What a poor memory！I forgot _________ (borrow)money from him yesterday．And today I forgot _________ (return) the money to him．
losing
mentioning
going
buying
borrowing
to return
(二)不定式作賓語
1．英語中有些及物動詞只能接不定式作賓語。此類動詞有：afford，agree，aim，ask，believe，care，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，fail，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，undertake，wish等。
The school wished to write a letter of thanks to the driver．
學校希望給司機寫一封感謝信。
We decided to make some changes in our plan．
我們決定對我們的計劃做一些改動。
They expect to finish the work by Friday．
他們希望到周五能完成這項工作。
2．如果作賓語的不定式還帶有自己的補足語，要先用it作形式賓語，而把不定式放在補足語之后，構成“動詞(find，think，make，consider，feel等)＋it＋adj．/n＋to do”結構。
I find it difficult to know when and where the meeting will be held．
我發現很難知道這次會議將在何時何地舉行。
He counts it a great honour to serve the people．
他認為為人民服務很光榮。
[即時訓練4]　單句語法填空
①We agreed _______ (meet)here but so far she hasn't turned up yet．
②She seated herself at a small table in the restaurant，waiting ____________ (serve)．
③John really upset Granny，but I'm sure he did not mean _____ (do) that．
④I'll make it my business _______ (help) him．
⑤While reading don't always stop _______ (look) up new words．
to meet
to be served
to do
to help
to look
短文語境填空
It is usual for young people and old people not 1．________ (agree) with each other about life，work and play．But in one special program in New York State，the adults and the teenagers live in peace．Each summer，200 teenagers and 50 adults keep 2．______ (live) for eight weeks as members of a special work group．Some teenagers work in the woods or on the farms near the villages．Some learn 3．_______ (make)
to agree
living
to make
furniture and 4．________ (build)houses．The adults are 5．_________ (delight) to teach them these skills．Everyone has several free hours every day and is completely free on weekends，too．During the free hours some teenagers enjoy photographing or 6．________ (paint)．
to build
delighted
painting
It is necessary 7．_______ (make) rules when people live together．In this program the teenagers and the adults make the rules together．When someone breaks the rules，the group will discuss the problem．After the program，one of the teenagers said，“This program has taught me that I should stop 8．________ (think) only about myself．I am 9．_________ (think) about the whole group．”
to make
thinking
to think
①superficially adv．表面(上)地
superficial adj．表面的；膚淺的
②polar opposites截然相反
polar adj．完全相反的；截然對立的
opposite n．對立的人(或物)；對立面；反面
③intense adj．很大的；十分強烈的；有強烈感情(或意見，想法)的；熱切的
課下預習　第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
④a respect for對……的尊重
⑤an influential figure有影響力的人物
⑥dramatic transformations巨大的改變
transformation n．(徹底的)變化，改觀，轉變，改革
transformation from...to/into...從……到……的轉變
⑦reconnect with與……重新聯系/連接
⑧conflicted adj．因心理沖突而不知所措的
be/feel conflicted about/over sth．對某事感到困惑
conflict v．(兩種思想、信仰、說法等)沖突，抵觸n．沖突，爭執，爭論；抵觸，矛盾，不一致
⑨for good (and all)永久地
⑩bow v．鞠躬
in return for作為對……的回報
work the land耕種土地
rural adj．農村的，鄉村的
urban adj．城市的，都市的
arduous adj．艱苦的；困難的
contentment n．滿足
content adj．滿意的，滿足的
simplicity n．質樸，淳樸；簡單(性)
for the sake of simplicity為了方便起見
a reaction to...對……的反應/回應
reaction n．反應，回應
be opposed to反對
opposed adj．強烈反對，截然不同
decent adj．可接受的，相當好的
decently adv．得體地，合宜地
cottage n．鄉村小屋
deliberately adv．不慌不忙地，從容不迫地
front v．面向，朝；在……前面
withdraw from...從……中退出
withdraw v．退出
contemporary adj．當代的，屬同時期的
seek a harmonious relationship with...尋求與……的和諧關系
harmonious adj．(關系等)友好和睦的，和諧的
domestic adj．馴養的；家養的
in contrast to... 與……形成對照
critical of...批評/批判……
depressive adj．抑郁的
reluctant adj．不愿意的；勉強的
be reluctant to do sth．不情愿地做某事
depart v．離開
depart from從……出發
depart for動身去……
lane n．(鄉間的)小路
winding country lanes蜿蜒的鄉間小路
atop prep．在……頂上
mulberry n．桑葚；桑樹
emphasise the beauty and purity of...強調……的美麗和純潔
emphasise v．強調，重視，著重
purity n．純潔；潔凈
pure adj．純的，純凈的，純粹的
convince sb．that/of ...使某人相信……
resign oneself to聽任，只好接受，順從
botanical medicines草藥
botanical adj．植物(學)的
considerable adj．相當多(或大、重要等)的
reject v．拒絕接受
reflective adj．沉思的，深思的，內省的
reflect v．認真思考，沉思
reflection n．沉思，深思，審慎的思考
at ease with不拘束，放松
ease n．舒適，悠閑
take sb．a step closer to使某人更接近……
attain v．得到，獲得
attainment n．達到，獲得；成就，造詣
well-being n．安康，幸福
fulfilment n．滿足(感)
Back to Nature
Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau were both poets，but one lived in Ancient China and the other in 19th century America．Superficially①，these two men，whose lives were separated in time by nearly 1，500 years，were polar opposites②．And yet they shared an intense③respect for④nature，which made them each an influential figure⑤of their time[1]．
[1]which 引導非限制性定語從句，which在從句中作主語。
Both men made dramatic transformations⑥to their lives in order to reconnect with⑦nature．As an official in the Eastern Jin Dynasty，Tao felt conflicted⑧over life at court．In 405，he quit the service of the court for good⑨，expressing his unhappiness in the now famous line that he would not“bow⑩like a servant in return for five dou of grain”[2]．He spent the next 22 years until his death，working the land in a poor，rural area．From his poetry，we can learn that although his life was arduous ，he succeeded in finding contentment in its simplicity and in drawing pleasure from nature．
[2]動詞-ing形式短語作狀語，其中含有that引導的同位語從句，對先行詞line進行解釋說明。
While Tao's return to nature was a reaction to a lifestyle he was opposed to [3]，Thoreau's was a personal decision to transform the way he lived．He had a decent quality of life，but he wanted to live in a simpler way．For two years，two months and two days，he lived in a cottage in the forest on the edge of Walden Pond，focusing on himself and his writing[4]．He explained his reason for doing so in Walden：“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately ，to front only the essential facts of life[5]．”Both men were happy to withdraw from contemporary life，seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives．
[3]While為并列連詞，連接兩個并列分句，表示“(對比兩件事物)……而……然而”。
[4]動詞-ing形式短語作狀語，focus與其邏輯主語he之間為主謂關系。
[5]兩個并列的不定式短語作wished的賓語。
Although Tao and Thoreau do not treat nature in quite the same way，their works show its beauty and value．Tao's nature is a place of fields and villages，in other words，rural，and his animals are domestic ones，such as chickens and dogs．The calm and peaceful life he wrote about is in contrast to and critical of the depressive court life：
Beyond the dark and distance lies a village[6]，
The smoke above reluctant to depart ．
A dog is barking somewhere down the lane ，
And chickens sit atop the mulberry tree．
[6]表示地點的介詞短語位于句首，句子使用全部倒裝，其正常語序為A village lies beyond the dark and distance。
Thoreau's descriptions of nature emphasised the beauty and purity of the wild areas around him．Devoting himself to observations of the natural phenomena，he recorded his detailed findings in his journals．Thoreau's writing aimed to convince people that animals and plants had a right to live and prosper，as we do[7]．We should live with them in harmony and enjoy nature's gifts，as he describes in his journals：
Live in each season as it passes；breathe the air，drink the drink，taste the fruit，and resign yourself to the influences of each．Let them be your only diet，drink and botanical medicines ．
[7]as引導方式狀語從句，as在此表示“像……，就像……”。
It takes considerable courage to reject the easy and familiar and instead try to live closer to nature[8]，as both Tao and Thoreau did．Their choices led them to quiet and reflective lives with fewer material desires．In today's modern world，their ideas about living simply and being at ease with nature may take us a step closer to attaining personal well-being and fulfilment ．
回歸大自然
陶淵明和亨利·大衛·梭羅都是詩人，但是一位生活在古代中國，另一位生活在19 世紀的美國。表面上看，這兩個人生活在不同的時代，相隔近一千五百年，迥然不同。然而，他們都非常尊重自然，這使得他們在各自的時代都成為有影響力的人物。
為了重歸自然，兩人的生活都發生了戲劇性的轉變。陶淵明是東晉的官員，但是對官場生活感到困惑。公元405年，陶淵明辭去了官職，以表達他對仕途的不滿，用今天的一句名言形容就是“不為五斗米折腰”。在之后的22年里，直到生命的盡頭，他躬耕于田野，生活在清貧的農村。我們可以從他的詩歌中看出，盡管生活艱苦，但他從這種簡單的生活中成功獲得了滿足感，并從大自然中獲得了樂趣。
陶淵明回歸大自然是對自己反對的生活方式做出的一種反應，而梭羅則是出于個人的決定而改變自己的生活方式。雖然梭羅過著體面的生活，但他希望活得更簡單些。兩年兩個月零兩天，他住在瓦爾登湖邊森林里的一間小屋里，專注于自身和寫作。他在《瓦爾登湖》中解釋了這樣做的原因：“我步入叢林，是因為我希望自由地生活，只面對生活中的基本事實。”兩個人都樂于從當下的生活中抽身而退，在平靜的生活中尋求與自然和諧的關系。
盡管陶淵明和梭羅對待自然的方式不同，但他們的作品都展現了自然的美麗和價值。陶淵明的自然是田野和村莊，換句話說，是田園。他的動物們都是家養的，比如雞和狗。他描寫的平靜祥和的生活，與壓抑的官場生活形成鮮明對比，是對壓抑的官場生活的批判：
曖曖遠人村，依依墟里煙。
狗吠深巷中，雞鳴桑樹顛。
梭羅在描述自然時，重點描繪了他周圍原野的美麗與純粹。他全身心投入到觀察自然現象中，并在日記中詳細地記錄了自己的發現。梭羅的寫作意在使人們信服，動物和植物就像我們人類一樣都有生存和繁榮的權利。我們應該與它們和諧共處，享受大自然的恩賜，正如他在日記中描述的那樣：
好好度過每一個季節，呼吸新鮮的空氣，暢飲美酒，品嘗水果，盡情享受這一切。讓生活中只有飲食和草藥。
像陶淵明和梭羅那樣，拒絕簡單熟悉的事物，轉而嘗試親近大自然，這需要相當大的勇氣。他們的選擇使他們過上了平靜而沉思的生活，物質欲望減少了。在今天這個現代世界，他們關于簡單生活和與自然和諧相處的想法，可能會讓我們離獲得個人幸福和滿足感更近一步。
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