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Period 4　 單元語法講練(Using language)
主謂一致(2)
1．分數或百分數修飾單數可數名詞或不可數名詞，謂語動詞用單數形式；如果修飾的是復數名詞，謂語動詞就用復數形式；如果修飾的是集合名詞，謂語動詞也多用復數形式。
Two thirds of the land is covered with forests．
三分之二的土地被森林覆蓋。
Two thirds of the students have passed the examinations．
三分之二的學生通過了考試。
2．先行詞為one of...結構時，定語從句一般視為修飾復數名詞，從句謂語動詞一般用復數形式；如果先行詞是the one of...或者the only one of...結構，定語從句則視為修飾單數名詞，從句的謂語動詞應用單數形式。
Mr Green is one of the foreign experts who are working in China．
格林先生是在中國工作的外國專家之一。
Mr Green is the only one of the foreign experts who is working in China．
格林先生是外國專家中唯一在中國工作的人。
3．a number of...作主語時，謂語動詞用復數形式；the number of...作主語時，謂語動用單數形式。a group of...作主語時，謂語動詞既可用單數形式，也可用復數形式。
The number of the students is decreasing．
學生數量在下降。
A number of students came to look for you this morning．
今天上午不少學生來找過你。
A group of us is/are going to the theatre this evening．
我們有一幫人今晚要去看戲。
4．a great deal of...，a large amount of...，a quantity of...作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式；large amounts of...，large quantities of...作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復數形式。
A large quantity of coal is needed in our school this winter．
這個冬天我們學校需要大量的煤。
Large quantities of vegetables have been sent to Beijing by train．
大量的蔬菜通過火車運到了北京。
A large amount of medicine was indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area．
＝Large amounts of medicine were indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area．
地震災區確實需要大量的藥品。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空
①The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ____ (be) previously unprotected．
②Up to now，a great deal of money ______________ (spend) on the project．
③Two fifths of the land in that district __(be) covered with trees now，about 80% of which ____________ (plant) in the 1990s．
④A group of dogs ____________ (know) as “Therapy Dogs”．
⑤She is the only one of the youngest girls who _____ (play) in the band．
5．and連接的兩個名詞作主語，表示兩個人或事物時，謂語動詞用復數形式；指同一個人、同一物、同一件事或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
The teacher and the writer are going to give us a talk．
那個老師和那個作家將給我們作報告。
The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk．
那個老師兼作家將給我們作報告。
6．each...and each...或every...and every...作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
Each boy and each girl was congratulated yesterday．
昨天每個男生和女生都被祝賀了。
Every flower and every bush is to be cut down．
每一株花和灌木都要齊根砍倒。
7．“all/half/some/a lot/plenty/any/part/the rest/most等＋of...”作主語時，謂語動詞要與of后面的名詞的數保持一致。of后面是單數名詞或不可數名詞，謂語動詞用單數形式；of后面是復數可數名詞，謂語動詞要用復數形式。
All of my colleagues were invited yesterday．
昨天我的所有同事都被邀請了。
All of the work has been done．
所有的工作都做完了。
[名師點津]　當all/some/a lot/plenty/the rest/the most等單獨作主語(即不跟of...)時，要根據它們表示的單復數意義確定謂語動詞的單復數形式。
All is ready for the reception．
招待會的一切都準備完畢。
All are eager to reach an agreement．
所有的人都急于達成一項協議。
8．population作主語時，通常看作單數，若population前有分數、百分數，the greater part，the greatest part時，謂語動詞通常用復數形式。
The population of the country is very large，and about 50% of its population are farmers．
這個國家的人口很多，其中大約50%是農民。
9．當一些由兩部分組成一體的表示衣物或工具的名詞(如chopsticks，glasses，gloves，scissors，shoes，trousers等)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復數形式；但當它們由a kind of，a pair of，a series of等修飾時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。
Her trousers are beautiful indeed．
她的褲子確實好看。
A pair of gloves is a welcome present．
一副手套是一件受歡迎的禮物。
10．“this kind of＋名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式；“復數名詞＋of this kind”作主語時，謂語動詞要用復數形式。
This kind of man/men is very dangerous．
這種人很危險。
Men of this kind are very dangerous．
這類人很危險。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①All that can be done _____________ (do)．
②War and peace __ (be) a constant theme in history．
③The greatest part of the population ____ (be) illiterate then．
④Two thirds of the students will go home during the summer vacation and the rest ___ (be) going to travel．
⑤Until now a series of pre-recorded tapes _________________ (prepare) for language laboratory use．
[名師點津]　強調句及倒裝句的主謂一致：
(1)如果被強調的成分是原來句子的主語，引導詞that/who后面謂語的數與被強調的成分保持一致。
I am a doctor．
→It is I who am a doctor．
He has read the book．
→It is he who has read the book．
(2)倒裝句中謂語動詞的數與后面的主語保持一致，即謂語動詞后面的主語是單數，謂語動詞用單數形式；謂語動詞后面的主語是復數，謂語動詞就用復數形式。
A building stands in front of us．
→In front of us stands a building．
Rows of fruit trees were on either side．
→On either side were rows of fruit trees．
短文語境填空
The number of teachers and students in our school 1．__ (be) about 2，000 and two thirds of the students in my class 2．___ (be) girls．All 3．__ (be) going on well in my class and every boy and every girl 4．__ (be) ready to help others．Li Lin is the only one of my best friends who 5．_____ (come) from Guangzhou，and the rest 6．___ (be) locals．Politics 7．__ (be) my favourite subject and listening to music 8．__ (be) what I often do in my spare time．Whether I can be admitted to a university 9．__ (be) still unknown，but what I need to do now 10．__ (be) not to waste any valuable time．
第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
①crater n．(物體墜落、炸彈爆炸等在地上造成的)坑
②go through經歷/經過某過程
③agile adj．敏捷的，靈活的
④slope v．傾斜，成斜坡n．斜坡
⑤keep sb．from doing sth．阻止某人做某事
from不可省略。
prevent/stop sb．(from) doing sth．阻止某人做某事
此時from可省略，但在被動語態中不可省略。
⑥hop n．跳躍
⑦nonexistent adj．不存在的
⑧squeak v．發出吱吱聲
⑨outrace v．(在速度上)超過
前綴out-有兩類含義：一是表示“超過，過度”；二是表示“出去，過時”。例如：outdo勝過，優于；outlive比……活得長；outside在外面，向外面
⑩tendon n．腱
trip v．將……絆倒
wavelength n．波長
“名詞＋名詞”的復合詞是由兩個名詞連起來寫而形成的。例如：
bookshop書店；
penfriend筆友；
sunglasses太陽鏡
mechanical adj．機械的
mechanic n．技工，機械師
imitation n．仿制品；模仿，仿效
imitate v．模仿，仿效
mutt n．雜種狗
frown v．皺眉
positronic adj．正電子的
programme v．預調，預設(機器)
hold out伸出，遞出
in one bound一躍，一跳
bound n．蹦跳；
跳躍adj．可能的
be bound to很有可能，肯定會
adjust v．調節，調整；適應
adjust to...適應……
adjust oneself
to...使某人自己適應……
adjustable adj．可調節的
tightly adv．緊緊地
hold sth．tightly緊緊抱住/抓住某物
desperate adj．拼命的，絕望的
desperately adv．拼命地，非常(特別是在談論困難或惡劣情況時)
count v．重要
A Boy's Best Friend
Mr Anderson said，“Where's Jimmy，dear？”“Out on the crater①，”said Mrs Anderson．“Robutt is with him．Did he arrive？”“Yes．He's at the rocket station，going through②the tests[1]．I haven't really seen one since I left Earth 15 years ago．”
“Jimmy has never seen one，”said Mrs Anderson．
“Because he's Moon-born and can't visit Earth．That's why I'm bringing one here．[2]I think it's the first one ever on the Moon．”
[2]“That's why...”句型表示“那就是為什么……”。
Jimmy was out on the crater，as his mother had said[3]．His arms and legs were long and agile③．He looked thicker and stubbier with his spacesuit on[4]，but he could handle the lunar gravity as no Earth-born human being could[5]．The outer side of the crater sloped④southward and the Earth，which was low in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater-slope was brightly lit[6]．The slope was a gentle one and even the weight of the spacesuit couldn't keep Jimmy from racing up⑤it in a floating hop⑥that made the gravity seem nonexistent⑦．
[3]as引導非限制性定語從句，as指代前面主句的內容。
[4]“with＋n．＋adv．”結構。
[5]as引導比較狀語從句。
[6]so that引導結果狀語從句。
“Come on，Robutt，”he shouted．Robutt，who could hear him by radio，squeaked⑧and bounded after．
Jimmy，expert though he was[7]，couldn't outrace⑨Robutt，who didn't need a spacesuit，and had four legs and tendons⑩of steel．Jimmy couldn't go wrong while Robutt was around，tripping him when he was too near a rock，or jumping on him to show how much he loved him，or circling around and squeaking low and scared when Jimmy hid behind a rock[8]，when all the time Robutt knew well enough where he was．
[7]此處是讓步狀語從句的倒裝形式，作表語的名詞提到了句首，名詞前的冠詞要省略。
[8]并列的動詞-ing形式(短語)作狀語。
He heard his father's voice on his private wavelength ．“Jimmy，come back．I have something to tell you．”
Mr Anderson was smiling．“We have something for you，Jimmy．It's at the rocket station now，but we'll have it tomorrow after all the tests are over．”
“From Earth，Dad？”
“A dog from Earth，son．The first dog on the Moon．You won't need Robutt any more．We can't keep them both，and some other boy or girl will have Robutt．”He seemed to be waiting for Jimmy to say something，then he said，“You know what a dog is，Jimmy．It's the real thing．Robutt's only a mechanical imitation ，a robot-mutt ．That's how he got his name．”
Jimmy frowned ．“Robutt isn't an imitation，Dad．”
“Robutt's just steel and wiring and a simple positronic brain．”
“He does everything I want him to do[9]，Dad．He understands me．”
“No，son．Robutt is just a machine．It's just programmed to act the way [10]it does．A dog is alive．You'll see the difference once he gets here．”
Jimmy looked at Robutt，who was squeaking again，a very low，slow squeak that seemed frightened．Jimmy held out his arms and Robutt was in them in one bound ．
Jimmy said，“What will the difference be between Robutt and the dog？”
“It's hard to explain，”said Mr Anderson，“but it will be easy to see．The dog will really love you．Robutt is just adjusted to act as though it loves you[11]．”
[11]as though引導方式狀語從句，表示“好像”。
“But，Dad，we don't know what's inside the dog，or what his feelings are．Maybe it's just acting，too．”
Mr Anderson frowned．“Jimmy，you'll know the difference when you experience the love of a living thing．”
Jimmy held Robutt tightly ．He was frowning，too，and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn't change his mind．He said，“But what's the difference how they act？How about how I feel？I love Robutt and that's what counts [12]．”
[12]what引導表語從句，what在該從句中作主語。
And the little robot-mutt，which had never been held so tightly in all its existence，squeaked high and rapid squeaks—happy squeaks．
(Adaptation of excerpts from“A Boy's Best Friend”by Isaac Asimov)
男孩的摯友
安德森先生問：“親愛的，吉米在哪兒？”“在外面的環形山上。”安德森太太回答道，“羅布特跟吉米在一起。它到了嗎？”“是的，在火箭站，正在接受測試。自從15年前我離開地球后，就從沒見過真正的狗了。”
“吉米從來沒見過狗。”安德森太太說。
“因為吉米是在月球上出生的，他不能去地球。所以我要帶過來一只。我覺得這應該是月球上有史以來的第一只狗。”
正如吉米媽媽所說，他在外面的環形山上。吉米手長腳長，行動靈活。穿著太空服的吉米雖看起來臃腫矮胖了一些，但他能承受月球引力，而在地球出生的人是不能承受這種引力的。環形山外側向南傾斜，南面天空下方的地球全部顯現出來，因此整個環形山山坡明亮了起來。山坡非常平緩，即使吉米穿著厚重的太空服，也不能阻礙他跳著躍向山坡，就好像引力不存在一樣。
“快過來，羅布特。”他大喊。靠電波辨認聲音的羅布特發出叫聲，跳著跑向吉米。
論速度，吉米雖然是個能手，但他比不過羅布特，因為它有四條腿和鋼鐵做的肌腱，還不用穿太空服。只要有羅布特相伴，吉米就沒有危險。當吉米過于靠近一塊巖石時，它會撲倒他；羅布特還會撲向他，以表達愛意；當吉米藏在巖石后面時，羅布特就原地打轉，低吼，戰戰兢兢，不論什么時候，羅布特都對吉米的位置了如指掌。
吉米通過自己的專屬波長接收到了爸爸的聲音，“吉米，回來一下。我有事情要和你說。”
安德森先生面帶微笑，“吉米，我們有東西要給你，它現在就在火箭站，但是要等到明天所有測試結束后，我們才能接到它。”
“是從地球來的嗎，爸爸？”
“是從地球來的小狗，兒子，是月球上的第一只狗。你將不再需要羅布特了。我們不能同時要兩只，其他的孩子會收養羅布特。”他好像在等吉米說點什么，接著又說：“你會知道什么才是真正的狗，吉米。狗是有生命的。羅布特僅僅是機械仿制品，是一只機器狗罷了。所以它才叫羅布特。”
吉米皺皺眉頭，“爸爸，羅布特不是仿制品。”
“羅布特只是用鋼鐵和電線制造的，只有一個簡單的正電子大腦。”
“爸爸，我想讓它做什么，它都能做到，它懂我。”
“不是這樣的，兒子。羅布特只是一個機器。它的反應只不過是按照編好的程序去做而已。真正的狗是有生命的。等小狗來了，你就會明白二者的不同之處了。”
吉米看著又在吼叫的羅布特，它的叫聲非常低沉緩慢，好像受到了驚嚇。吉米伸出雙臂，羅布特一躍跳了上去。
吉米問：“那羅布特和真正的小狗有什么不一樣呢？”
“這很難解釋。”安德森先生說，“但用眼睛看的話，會很容易。小狗會真的愛你，而羅布特只是設定好，假裝很愛你。”
“但是，爸爸，我們并不知道小狗真正想的是什么，它是什么感覺。可能它也只是在假裝。”
安德森先生眉頭一皺，“吉米，如果你體驗過一個生命體對你的愛時，你就會明白其中的不同。”
吉米緊緊抱著羅布特。他也皺著眉頭，臉上的堅定表明他不愿改變心意。他說：“那它們在行為上有什么不一樣？那我的想法呢？我愛羅布特，我覺得這是最重要的。”
小小的機器狗自出現以來從未被抱得那么緊，它發出尖細且急促的叫聲，那是快樂的叫聲。
(節選自艾薩克·阿西莫夫的《男孩的摯友》)
Period 5　 課文整體教學(Developing ideas)
1．What's the text mainly about
A．Jimmy and his parents．
B．The relationship between Jimmy and Robutt．
C．The life on the Moon．
D．The dog from Earth．
2．What can we learn from paragraph 4
A．Jimmy was thicker and stubbier than Earth-born human beings．
B．Jimmy was well adapted to the gravity on the Moon．
C．The spacesuit was too light，and its gravity was nonexistent．
D．The entire crater was brightly lit by the nearly full Earth．
3．From the conversation between the father and the son，what can we conclude about Robutt
A．Robutt was a real dog from Earth．
B．Robutt was a real dog living on the Moon．
C．Robutt was a mechanical dog．
D．Robutt was the first real dog on the Moon．
4．What can we learn from the passage
A．Jimmy's father didn't like Robutt．
B．Robutt is completely different from a real dog．
C．Jimmy is much lighter than Earth-born humans．
D．Despite his father's advice，Jimmy would keep Robutt．
[答案]　1－4　BBCD
1．go through經歷；檢查，瀏覽；穿過；(法律、合同等正式)通過
①(教材P58)He's at the rocket station，going through the tests． __
②Before handing in my essay，I went through it again． _____
③Go through this gate，and you'll see the house on your left． __
④The bill didn't go through in the congress． __
2．slope v．傾斜，成斜坡 n．斜坡
①(教材P58)The outer side of the crater sloped southward and the Earth，which was low in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater-slope was brightly lit． ________
②The street must have been on a slope． ____
1．(學會斷句)The outer side/of the crater/sloped southward and the Earth，which was low/in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater-slope was brightly lit．
[分析]　此句是and連接的____句。第二個分句中which 引導______從句，先行詞為_________；so that 引導____從句。
[翻譯]　_________________________________________
2．(學會斷句)Jimmy，expert though he was，couldn't outrace Robutt，who didn't need a spacesuit，and had four legs/and tendons of steel．
[分析]　此句是______句。expert though he was 是讓步狀語從句的倒裝結構，相當于though he was an expert；who 引導______從句，對______ 進行補充說明。
[翻譯]　_____________________________________________
3．(學會斷句)Jimmy couldn't go wrong/while Robutt was around，tripping him/when he was too near a rock，or jumping on him to show/how much he loved him，or circling around and squeaking low and scared/when Jimmy hid behind a rock，when all the time Robutt knew well enough/where he was．
[分析]　此句是____句。while引導的是____從句；tripping...jumping...circling...squeaking...是動詞-ing形式短語作__狀語；when he was too near a rock和when Jimmy hid behind a rock 是兩個____從句；how much he loved him是__從句；when all the time...he was是____從句，when 意為“__”。
[翻譯]　_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4．(學會斷句)Jimmy looked at Robutt，who was squeaking again，a very low，slow squeak/that seemed frightened．
[分析]　此句是一個__句。who引導的是______從句，對______進行補充說明；that引導的是_____從句，修飾______；a very low，slow squeak是Robutt的___。
[翻譯]　________________________________
1．(續寫佳句)Robutt，who could hear him by radio，squeaked and bounded after．
靠電波辨認聲音的羅布特發出叫聲，跳著跑向吉米。
2．(續寫佳句)Jimmy looked at Robutt，who was squeaking again，a very low，slow squeak that seemed frightened．Jimmy held out his arms and Robutt was in them in one bound．
吉米看著又在吼叫的羅布特，它的叫聲非常低沉緩慢，好像受到了驚嚇。吉米伸出雙臂，羅布特一躍，跳了上去。
3．(續寫佳句)Jimmy held Robutt tightly．He was frowning，too，and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn't change his mind．
吉米緊緊抱著羅布。他也皺著眉頭，臉上的堅定表明他不愿改變心意。
1．desperate adj．拼命的，絕望的；非常需要的
(1)be desperate for sth．　　 渴望某物
be desperate to do sth． 渴望做某事
in desperate need of... 迫切需要……
(2)desperation n． 絕望；拼命；鋌而走險
in desperation 在絕望中；拼命地
(3)desperately adv． 拼命地，絕望地；極度地
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①After several years of hard study，he was desperate _______ (pass)the College Entrance Examination and enter an ideal university．
②It was a hummingbird，___________ (desperate) trying to escape．
③The children are in desperate need __ love and attention．
④In ___________ (desperate)，they jumped out of the window to escape the fire．
⑤(應用文之申請信)我渴望有機會成為一名志愿者，我的確希望您給我這個寶貴的機會。
_____________ the chance to be a volunteer，I do hope you can offer me the precious opportunity．
2．in shock吃驚地；處于極度震驚狀態
(1)shock n．　　　　　　 休克；吃驚，震驚；令人震驚的事
v． 使震驚
a (great) shock to... 讓……(非常)震驚
It is/was a shock to hear/find/discover that...
聽說/發現……很震驚。
(2)shocked adj． 震驚的，驚愕的；十分厭惡的
be shocked at/by sb．/sth． 對……感到震驚；對……感到十分厭惡
be shocked to do sth． 做某事很吃驚
(3)shocking adj． 令人震驚的；令人氣憤的
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①I was shocked _______ (hear) that the old castle had been destroyed．
②It's ________ (shock) that they involved children in the crime．
③All of us were shocked _____ the news that many deaths had been caused by the heavy rain．
④For a moment，neither of us moved，we were still __ shock．
⑤(應用文之情緒描寫)這個消息讓這個可憐的女孩震驚了，她開始哭了起來。
The news was ______________________________ and she started to cry．
3．faulty adj．有故障的，有缺陷的
fault n．　　　　　　　　 過錯；缺點；故障
find fault with... 對……不滿/挑剔
be at fault 有過錯的；有責任的
It is/was one's fault that...
……是某人的錯。
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①This iron is guaranteed for a year against ______ (fault) workmanship．
②When a quarrel happens in a family，it is very hard to say who is __ fault．
③Life can be great when you are not busy finding fault ____ it．
④(讀后續寫之動作及心理描寫)露比低下了頭，感到遺憾和羞愧，因為她意識到是她的錯讓他們陷入了這種境地。
Hanging her head down，Ruby felt so regretful and shameful because she realized _____________________ put them into such a situation．
4．make a comment/comments on對……作出評論
comment n．　　　　　　　 評論
v． 評論；表達意見
no comment 無可奉告
comment on/upon... 對……評論
comment that... 評論……
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/一句多譯
①The official declined to comment _______ the matter．
②He commented ____ the two essays were rather similar．
③The tutor's ________ (comment) on my work were very apt and to the point．
④Facing the reporter's question，he declined to make comments____the event．
⑤評論別人的外貌是不禮貌的。
a．It is impolite to __________ others' appearance．(comment v．)
b．It is impolite to ________________ others' appearance．(comment n．)
5．consistent adj．一貫的，一致的；始終如一的
(1)be consistent with　 與……一致/吻合
be consistent in 在……方面一致
(2)consist vi． 由……組成/構成；在于
consist in 在于；存在于
consist of＝be made up of 由……組成
(3)consistently adv． 一貫地，一致地；始終如一地
consistency n． 一致性，連貫性
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/完成句子
①Life mainly consists __ happiness and sorrow while happiness consists __ struggle．
②It's important to show some ___________ (consistent) in your work．
③It's not what we do once in a while that shapes our lives，but what we do ____________ (consistent)．
④(應用文之建議信)總之，你說的應該和你做的一致，否則別人不會相信你。
In summary，what you say ______________________________________otherwise others will not believe in you．
1．though引導讓步狀語從句
(教材P59)Jimmy，expert though he was，couldn't outrace Robutt，who didn't need a spacesuit，and had four legs and tendons of steel．
論速度，吉米雖然是個能手，但他比不過羅布特，因為它有四條腿和鋼鐵做的肌腱，還不用穿太空服。
[句式分析]　此句中 though意為“雖然，盡管”，引導讓步狀語從句，將表語提前，構成部分倒裝。
Unsatisfied though he was with the payment，he took the job just to get some work experience．
雖然他對報酬不滿意，但他接受這份工作只是為了獲得一些工作經驗。
(1)though/as引導讓步狀語從句時可把表語、狀語或謂語動詞提前，構成部分倒裝。提前的名詞前不帶冠詞。
(2)as引導讓步狀語從句時必須倒裝；though 可倒裝，也可使用正常語序；although引導讓步狀語從句時不能倒裝。
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/句型轉換
①Child _________ he was，he had the capacity to tell what was the right thing to do．
②On the way，_______________ some students fell behind，they kept running to the finishing line．
③Although she was tired and exhausted，she managed to make a flag with her yellow blouse．
→_____________________________________，she managed to make a flag with her yellow blouse．(倒裝句)
2．強調句型：It is/was not until...that...
(教材P62)It was not until an hour later that he noticed that Carolyn had left her emergency call device on the breakfast table．
直到一個小時后，他才注意到卡羅琳把她的緊急呼叫裝置忘在早餐桌上了。
[句式分析]　本句為強調句型，句型結構為：It is/was not until＋被強調部分＋that＋句子其他成分。
It was not until the 1970s that Tu Youyou succeeded in discovering qinghaosu．
直到20世紀70年代，屠呦呦才成功地發現了青蒿素。
(1)not...until...直到……才……
(2)not until置于句首時，主句要用部分倒裝。
[即學即練]　單句語法填空/句式升級
①It was not until I followed this feeling to its source ____ I discovered I had a passion for writing．
②I didn't really realize the value of friends _____ I left my hometown．
③I wasn't aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened until I experienced the accident．
→_____________________________________________________ bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened．(倒裝句)
→________________________________________________ I was aware that bad fortune might be the door waiting to be opened．(強調句型)
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．At the sight of Mr Willow，Jack and Frey froze __ shock．
2．Not until he went _______ real hardship did he realise the love we have for our families is important．
3．Some people are desperate ___ friends but don't want to pay out．
4．If your behaviour is not consistent ____ your words，you're bound to lose your friends．
5．After watching the movie，she made _ positive comment on it．
Ⅱ．完成句子
1．他感到好像跑了一場馬拉松似的。
It felt _______________________ a marathon．
2．雖然我們很累，但我們精神很好。
_______________________，we were in high spirits．
3．直到幾年后，我才意識到這份禮物真正的重要性。
_________________________________________ I realised the real importance of the gift．
4．湯姆仍然對生活滿懷希望，如同十年前一樣。
Tom is still hopeful about his life _______________________．
5．不用的時候關掉水龍頭，這樣可以節省很多水。
Turn off the taps when they're not in use _______________________________．
Ⅲ．課文語法填空
Jimmy，whose arms and legs were long and agile，was Moon-born．He could handle the lunar gravity 1．__ no Earth-born human being could．However，he couldn't visit Earth，so his father，2．___ had left Earth 15 years ago，3．_______ (bring) a real dog for him，though he had a mechanical dog，Robutt．
Jimmy's father explained to him what 4．_ real dog was and some other boy or girl would keep Robutt．Jimmy frowned．He said that Robutt understood 5．___ (he)．His father continued to talk about the 6．__________ (differ) between Robutt and the dog，7．______ (say) that the dog would really love him while Robutt was just adjusted 8．______ (act) as though it loved him．
Jimmy held Robutt 9．_______ (tight) and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn't change his mind．He said，“I love Robutt and that's what 10．______ (count)．”
Period 4
單元語法
[即時訓練1]
①were　②has been spent　③is；were planted　④are/is known　⑤plays
[即時訓練2]
①has been done　②is　③were　④are　⑤has been prepared
鞏固落實
1．is　2．are　3．is　4．is　5．comes　6．are　7．is　8．is　9．is
10．is
1 / 1(共47張PPT)
Period 4　
Unit 4　A glimpse of the future
主題語境
人與社會——科技發展與信息技術創新
課時學案　單元語法講練(Using language)
主謂一致(2)
1．分數或百分數修飾單數可數名詞或不可數名詞，謂語動詞用單數形式；如果修飾的是復數名詞，謂語動詞就用復數形式；如果修飾的是集合名詞，謂語動詞也多用復數形式。
Two thirds of the land is covered with forests．
三分之二的土地被森林覆蓋。
Two thirds of the students have passed the examinations．
三分之二的學生通過了考試。
2．先行詞為one of...結構時，定語從句一般視為修飾復數名詞，從句謂語動詞一般用復數形式；如果先行詞是the one of...或者the only one of...結構，定語從句則視為修飾單數名詞，從句的謂語動詞應用單數形式。
Mr Green is one of the foreign experts who are working in China．
格林先生是在中國工作的外國專家之一。
Mr Green is the only one of the foreign experts who is working in China．
格林先生是外國專家中唯一在中國工作的人。
3．a number of...作主語時，謂語動詞用復數形式；the number of...作主語時，謂語動用單數形式。a group of...作主語時，謂語動詞既可用單數形式，也可用復數形式。
The number of the students is decreasing．
學生數量在下降。
A number of students came to look for you this morning．
今天上午不少學生來找過你。
A group of us is/are going to the theatre this evening．
我們有一幫人今晚要去看戲。
4．a great deal of...，a large amount of...，a quantity of...作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數形式；large amounts of...，large quantities of...作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復數形式。
A large quantity of coal is needed in our school this winter．
這個冬天我們學校需要大量的煤。
Large quantities of vegetables have been sent to Beijing by train．
大量的蔬菜通過火車運到了北京。
A large amount of medicine was indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area．
＝Large amounts of medicine were indeed needed in the earthquake-hit area．
地震災區確實需要大量的藥品。
[即時訓練1]　單句語法填空
①The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that _______ (be) previously unprotected．
②Up to now，a great deal of money ______________ (spend) on the project．
③Two fifths of the land in that district __(be) covered with trees now，about 80% of which ____________ (plant) in the 1990s．
④A group of dogs ____________ (know) as “Therapy Dogs”．
⑤She is the only one of the youngest girls who _____ (play) in the band．
were
has been spent
is
were planted
are/is known
plays
5．and連接的兩個名詞作主語，表示兩個人或事物時，謂語動詞用復數形式；指同一個人、同一物、同一件事或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
The teacher and the writer are going to give us a talk．
那個老師和那個作家將給我們作報告。
The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk．
那個老師兼作家將給我們作報告。
6．each...and each...或every...and every...作主語時，謂語動詞用單數形式。
Each boy and each girl was congratulated yesterday．
昨天每個男生和女生都被祝賀了。
Every flower and every bush is to be cut down．
每一株花和灌木都要齊根砍倒。
7．“all/half/some/a lot/plenty/any/part/the rest/most等＋of...”作主語時，謂語動詞要與of后面的名詞的數保持一致。of后面是單數名詞或不可數名詞，謂語動詞用單數形式；of后面是復數可數名詞，謂語動詞要用復數形式。
All of my colleagues were invited yesterday．
昨天我的所有同事都被邀請了。
All of the work has been done．
所有的工作都做完了。
[名師點津]　當all/some/a lot/plenty/the rest/the most等單獨作主語(即不跟of...)時，要根據它們表示的單復數意義確定謂語動詞的單復數形式。
All is ready for the reception．
招待會的一切都準備完畢。
All are eager to reach an agreement．
所有的人都急于達成一項協議。
8．population作主語時，通常看作單數，若population前有分數、百分數，the greater part，the greatest part時，謂語動詞通常用復數形式。
The population of the country is very large，and about 50% of its population are farmers．
這個國家的人口很多，其中大約50%是農民。
9．當一些由兩部分組成一體的表示衣物或工具的名詞(如chopsticks，glasses，gloves，scissors，shoes，trousers等)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復數形式；但當它們由a kind of，a pair of，a series of等修飾時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。
Her trousers are beautiful indeed．
她的褲子確實好看。
A pair of gloves is a welcome present．
一副手套是一件受歡迎的禮物。
10．“this kind of＋名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數形式；“復數名詞＋of this kind”作主語時，謂語動詞要用復數形式。
This kind of man/men is very dangerous．
這種人很危險。
Men of this kind are very dangerous．
這類人很危險。
[即時訓練2]　單句語法填空
①All that can be done _____________ (do)．
②War and peace __ (be) a constant theme in history．
③The greatest part of the population ____ (be) illiterate then．
④Two thirds of the students will go home during the summer vacation and the rest ___ (be) going to travel．
⑤Until now a series of pre-recorded tapes _________________ (prepare) for language laboratory use．
has been done
is
were
are
has been prepared
[名師點津]　強調句及倒裝句的主謂一致：
(1)如果被強調的成分是原來句子的主語，引導詞that/who后面謂語的數與被強調的成分保持一致。
I am a doctor．
→It is I who am a doctor．
He has read the book．
→It is he who has read the book．
(2)倒裝句中謂語動詞的數與后面的主語保持一致，即謂語動詞后面的主語是單數，謂語動詞用單數形式；謂語動詞后面的主語是復數，謂語動詞就用復數形式。
A building stands in front of us．
→In front of us stands a building．
Rows of fruit trees were on either side．
→On either side were rows of fruit trees．
短文語境填空
The number of teachers and students in our school 1．__ (be) about 2，000 and two thirds of the students in my class 2．___ (be) girls．All 3．__ (be) going on well in my class and every boy and every girl 4．__ (be) ready to help others．Li Lin is the only one of my best friends who 5．_______ (come) from Guangzhou，and the rest 6．___ (be) locals．Politics 7．__ (be) my favourite subject and listening to music 8．__ (be) what I often do in my spare time．Whether I can be admitted to a university 9．__ (be) still unknown，but what I need to do now 10．__ (be) not to waste any valuable time．
is
are
is
is
comes
are
is
is
is
is
①crater n．(物體墜落、炸彈爆炸等在地上造成的)坑
②go through經歷/經過某過程
③agile adj．敏捷的，靈活的
④slope v．傾斜，成斜坡n．斜坡
課下預習　第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
⑤keep sb．from doing sth．阻止某人做某事
from不可省略。
prevent/stop sb．(from) doing sth．阻止某人做某事
此時from可省略，但在被動語態中不可省略。
⑥hop n．跳躍
⑦nonexistent adj．不存在的
⑧squeak v．發出吱吱聲
⑨outrace v．(在速度上)超過
前綴out-有兩類含義：一是表示“超過，過度”；二是表示“出去，過時”。例如：outdo勝過，優于；outlive比……活得長；outside在外面，向外面
⑩tendon n．腱
trip v．將……絆倒
wavelength n．波長
“名詞＋名詞”的復合詞是由兩個名詞連起來寫而形成的。例如：
bookshop書店；
penfriend筆友；
sunglasses太陽鏡
mechanical adj．機械的
mechanic n．技工，機械師
imitation n．仿制品；模仿，仿效
imitate v．模仿，仿效
mutt n．雜種狗
frown v．皺眉
positronic adj．正電子的
programme v．預調，預設(機器)
hold out伸出，遞出
in one bound一躍，一跳
bound n．蹦跳；
跳躍adj．可能的
be bound to很有可能，肯定會
adjust v．調節，調整；適應
adjust to...適應……
adjust oneself
to...使某人自己適應……
adjustable adj．可調節的
tightly adv．緊緊地
hold sth．tightly緊緊抱住/抓住某物
desperate adj．拼命的，絕望的
desperately adv．拼命地，非常(特別是在談論困難或惡劣情況時)
count v．重要
A Boy's Best Friend
Mr Anderson said，“Where's Jimmy，dear？”“Out on the crater①，”said Mrs Anderson．“Robutt is with him．Did he arrive？”“Yes．He's at the rocket station，going through②the tests[1]．I haven't really seen one since I left Earth 15 years ago．”
“Jimmy has never seen one，”said Mrs Anderson．
“Because he's Moon-born and can't visit Earth．That's why I'm bringing one here．[2]I think it's the first one ever on the Moon．”
[2]“That's why...”句型表示“那就是為什么……”。
Jimmy was out on the crater，as his mother had said[3]．His arms and legs were long and agile③．He looked thicker and stubbier with his spacesuit on[4]，but he could handle the lunar gravity as no Earth-born human being could[5]．The outer side of the crater sloped④southward and the Earth，which was low in the southern sky，was nearly full，so that the entire crater-slope was brightly lit[6]．The slope was a gentle one and even the weight of the spacesuit couldn't keep Jimmy from racing up⑤it in a floating hop⑥that made the gravity seem nonexistent⑦．
[3]as引導非限制性定語從句，as指代前面主句的內容。
[4]“with＋n．＋adv．”結構。
[5]as引導比較狀語從句。
[6]so that引導結果狀語從句。
“Come on，Robutt，”he shouted．Robutt，who could hear him by radio，squeaked⑧and bounded after．
Jimmy，expert though he was[7]，couldn't outrace⑨Robutt，who didn't need a spacesuit，and had four legs and tendons⑩of steel．Jimmy couldn't go wrong while Robutt was around，tripping him when he was too near a rock，or jumping on him to show how much he loved him，or circling around and squeaking low and scared when Jimmy hid behind a rock[8]，when all the time Robutt knew well enough where he was．
[7]此處是讓步狀語從句的倒裝形式，作表語的名詞提到了句首，名詞前的冠詞要省略。
[8]并列的動詞-ing形式(短語)作狀語。
He heard his father's voice on his private wavelength ．“Jimmy，come back．I have something to tell you．”
Mr Anderson was smiling．“We have something for you，Jimmy．It's at the rocket station now，but we'll have it tomorrow after all the tests are over．”
“From Earth，Dad？”
“A dog from Earth，son．The first dog on the Moon．You won't need Robutt any more．We can't keep them both，and some other boy or girl will have Robutt．”He seemed to be waiting for Jimmy to say something，then he said，“You know what a dog is，Jimmy．It's the real thing．Robutt's only a mechanical imitation ，a robot-mutt ．That's how he got his name．”
Jimmy frowned ．“Robutt isn't an imitation，Dad．”
“Robutt's just steel and wiring and a simple positronic brain．”
“He does everything I want him to do[9]，Dad．He understands me．”
“No，son．Robutt is just a machine．It's just programmed to act the way [10]it does．A dog is alive．You'll see the difference once he gets here．”
Jimmy looked at Robutt，who was squeaking again，a very low，slow squeak that seemed frightened．Jimmy held out his arms and Robutt was in them in one bound ．
Jimmy said，“What will the difference be between Robutt and the dog？”
“It's hard to explain，”said Mr Anderson，“but it will be easy to see．The dog will really love you．Robutt is just adjusted to act as though it loves you[11]．”
[11]as though引導方式狀語從句，表示“好像”。
“But，Dad，we don't know what's inside the dog，or what his feelings are．Maybe it's just acting，too．”
Mr Anderson frowned．“Jimmy，you'll know the difference when you experience the love of a living thing．”
Jimmy held Robutt tightly ．He was frowning，too，and the desperate look on his face meant that he wouldn't change his mind．He said，“But what's the difference how they act？How about how I feel？I love Robutt and that's what counts [12]．”
[12]what引導表語從句，what在該從句中作主語。
And the little robot-mutt，which had never been held so tightly in all its existence，squeaked high and rapid squeaks—happy squeaks．
(Adaptation of excerpts from“A Boy's Best Friend”by Isaac Asimov)
男孩的摯友
安德森先生問：“親愛的，吉米在哪兒？”“在外面的環形山上。”安德森太太回答道，“羅布特跟吉米在一起。它到了嗎？”“是的，在火箭站，正在接受測試。自從15年前我離開地球后，就從沒見過真正的狗了。”
“吉米從來沒見過狗。”安德森太太說。
“因為吉米是在月球上出生的，他不能去地球。所以我要帶過來一只。我覺得這應該是月球上有史以來的第一只狗。”
正如吉米媽媽所說，他在外面的環形山上。吉米手長腳長，行動靈活。穿著太空服的吉米雖看起來臃腫矮胖了一些，但他能承受月球引力，而在地球出生的人是不能承受這種引力的。環形山外側向南傾斜，南面天空下方的地球全部顯現出來，因此整個環形山山坡明亮了起來。山坡非常平緩，即使吉米穿著厚重的太空服，也不能阻礙他跳著躍向山坡，就好像引力不存在一樣。
“快過來，羅布特。”他大喊。靠電波辨認聲音的羅布特發出叫聲，跳著跑向吉米。
論速度，吉米雖然是個能手，但他比不過羅布特，因為它有四條腿和鋼鐵做的肌腱，還不用穿太空服。只要有羅布特相伴，吉米就沒有危險。當吉米過于靠近一塊巖石時，它會撲倒他；羅布特還會撲向他，以表達愛意；當吉米藏在巖石后面時，羅布特就原地打轉，低吼，戰戰兢兢，不論什么時候，羅布特都對吉米的位置了如指掌。
吉米通過自己的專屬波長接收到了爸爸的聲音，“吉米，回來一下。我有事情要和你說。”
安德森先生面帶微笑，“吉米，我們有東西要給你，它現在就在火箭站，但是要等到明天所有測試結束后，我們才能接到它。”
“是從地球來的嗎，爸爸？”
“是從地球來的小狗，兒子，是月球上的第一只狗。你將不再需要羅布特了。我們不能同時要兩只，其他的孩子會收養羅布特。”他好像在等吉米說點什么，接著又說：“你會知道什么才是真正的狗，吉米。狗是有生命的。羅布特僅僅是機械仿制品，是一只機器狗罷了。所以它才叫羅布特。”
吉米皺皺眉頭，“爸爸，羅布特不是仿制品。”
“羅布特只是用鋼鐵和電線制造的，只有一個簡單的正電子大腦。”
“爸爸，我想讓它做什么，它都能做到，它懂我。”
“不是這樣的，兒子。羅布特只是一個機器。它的反應只不過是按照編好的程序去做而已。真正的狗是有生命的。等小狗來了，你就會明白二者的不同之處了。”
吉米看著又在吼叫的羅布特，它的叫聲非常低沉緩慢，好像受到了驚嚇。吉米伸出雙臂，羅布特一躍跳了上去。
吉米問：“那羅布特和真正的小狗有什么不一樣呢？”
“這很難解釋。”安德森先生說，“但用眼睛看的話，會很容易。小狗會真的愛你，而羅布特只是設定好，假裝很愛你。”
“但是，爸爸，我們并不知道小狗真正想的是什么，它是什么感覺。可能它也只是在假裝。”
安德森先生眉頭一皺，“吉米，如果你體驗過一個生命體對你的愛時，你就會明白其中的不同。”
吉米緊緊抱著羅布特。他也皺著眉頭，臉上的堅定表明他不愿改變心意。他說：“那它們在行為上有什么不一樣？那我的想法呢？我愛羅布特，我覺得這是最重要的。”
小小的機器狗自出現以來從未被抱得那么緊，它發出尖細且急促的叫聲，那是快樂的叫聲。
(節選自艾薩克·阿西莫夫的《男孩的摯友》)
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