資源簡(jiǎn)介

Period 4　 單元語(yǔ)法講練(Using language)
1．minority n．少數(shù)派；少數(shù)
(1)a minority of．．．　　 少數(shù)……
in the/a minority 占少數(shù)
(2)minor adj． 較小的；次要的
(3)major adj． 較大的；重要的；主要的
　n． 專(zhuān)業(yè)課
　v． 主修
major in 主修……；以……為專(zhuān)業(yè)
(4)majority n． 多數(shù)
in the/a majority 占大多數(shù)
a majority of．．． 大多數(shù)……
[即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①I(mǎi)n that developing country，people who really attach great importance to education are in the_________(minor)．
②The_________(major) of overseas Chinese students take an online language test before starting studying abroad．
③(讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)之情感描寫(xiě)) 我以50票的優(yōu)勢(shì)被選為該劇的主角，這讓我很高興。
I was selected to be the leading role in the play by________________，which made me filled with joy．
2．harmonious adj．和睦的，融洽的
(harmony n． 和睦，融洽
in harmony with．．． 與……相處融洽
out of harmony with．．． 與……不協(xié)調(diào)/不一致
[即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①We should be kind to one another，which is essential to enjoying a_________(harmony) life．
②When children grow up，their ideas may sometimes be out of harmony_________their parents' thoughts．
③ (應(yīng)用文之演講稿)我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想，人類(lèi)可以與美麗的自然和諧相處。
I have a dream that human could live______________________．
3．rewarding adj．值得做的，有意義的
reward n． 報(bào)酬；酬勞；獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)
　v． 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；獎(jiǎng)賞
as a reward for 作為對(duì)……的報(bào)酬/獎(jiǎng)賞
in reward for 為酬謝……；作為……的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)
reward sb．for (doing) sth． 因(做)某事而獎(jiǎng)賞某人
reward sb．with sth． 用某物回報(bào)某人
[即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/一句多譯
①I(mǎi)n a word，the trip will be both relaxing and________(reward)，which is bound to be a memorable experience for you．
②________a reward for her help，I sent her some fresh fruit．
③我很樂(lè)意帶你游玩北京，以報(bào)答你的慷慨相助。
a．I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing_____________your generous help．(reward n．)
b．I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing_________________your generous help．(reward v．)
P54
1．_______________性別與種族歧視
2．_______________發(fā)行影片
3．_______________電視節(jié)目
4．_______________主演
5．_______________現(xiàn)實(shí)的希望
6．_______________尤其；特別
7．_______________甚至到現(xiàn)在；盡管如此
8．_______________電影公司；電影制片廠(chǎng)
9．_______________朝著正確的方向發(fā)展
P55
1．_______________膚色
2．_______________安頓下來(lái)；安定下來(lái)
3．_______________地球村
4．_______________對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)
5．_______________使人們聯(lián)合起來(lái)；把人們召集起來(lái)
6．_______________溝通渠道
7．_______________在地球的另一端
8．_______________與……建立密切聯(lián)系
9．_______________了解世界的手段
10．_______________文化交流
11．_______________文化沖擊
12．_______________與……相融；融入……中
13．_______________共同努力做……
14．_______________互利共贏
P56
1．_______________引起某人內(nèi)心共鳴；觸動(dòng)某人的心弦
2．_______________教學(xué)項(xiàng)目
3．_______________親自；親身
4．_______________再；重新
5．_______________跨文化交流
6．_______________更好地了解彼此
P57
1．_______________(……)不足為奇
2．_______________遭遇困難
3．_______________克服困難
it作形式主語(yǔ)
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分相對(duì)于謂語(yǔ)部分而言太長(zhǎng)時(shí)，常把主語(yǔ)部分移到句尾，在主語(yǔ)的位置放上it。it沒(méi)有具體的意義，僅用于使句子顯得平衡，不頭重腳輕。 it 作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí)常代替三種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)詞 ing形式(短語(yǔ))和從句。
一、it代替不定式(短語(yǔ))作形式主語(yǔ)
it 代替不定式(短語(yǔ))作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
(1)It＋be＋形容詞＋(for/of sb．) to do sth．
(2)It＋be＋名詞＋to do sth．
(3)It takes/took (sb．) some time to do sth．
(4)It be up to sb．to do sth．
It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese．
外國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)不容易。
It is everyone's duty to obey the law．
遵守法律是每個(gè)人的義務(wù)。
Unfortunately，it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources．
不幸的是，探險(xiǎn)家和隨后的定居者僅僅幾十年就摧毀了這些資源的大部分。
It is up to us to help those in need．
幫助那些有困難的人是我們的責(zé)任。
[溫馨提示]　“It ＋ be ＋形容詞 ＋ for sb．to do sth．”與“It ＋be ＋形容詞 ＋ of sb．to do sth．”的用法區(qū)別：
如果形容詞描述的是人的品質(zhì)、品格，介詞用 of；如果形容詞描述不定式所表示動(dòng)作的特征，介詞就用 for。
It was important for me to learn that you don't have to always get everything right the first time and that good things come with continual effort．
對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，重要的是要知道，你不必總是在第一次就把每件事都做好，好的事情總是伴隨著不斷的努力而來(lái)。
It's generous of the little girl to share her toys with the others though she loves them so much．
盡管這個(gè)小女孩非常喜歡她的玩具，但她還是慷慨地把它們和別人分享。
二、it代替動(dòng)詞 ing形式(短語(yǔ))作形式主語(yǔ)
it代替動(dòng)詞 ing形式(短語(yǔ))作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
It＋be＋no use/no good/useless/a waste of time/．．．＋ doing sth．
It is no use arguing about the matter with him．
和他爭(zhēng)論這件事是沒(méi)有用的。
It is a waste of time trying to persuade such a person to join us．
試圖說(shuō)服這樣的人加入我們真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
三、it代替從句作形式主語(yǔ)
it所代替的從句可以用that引導(dǎo)，也可以用whether/if、連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)。常見(jiàn)句型：
(1)It＋be＋a pity/a shame/a fact/an honour/no wonder/a wonder/．．．that．．．
(2)It＋be＋形容詞(strange/natural/important/surprising/obvious/true/fortunate/
possible/impossible/likely/unlikely/clear/certain/．．．)＋that．．．
(3)It＋不及物動(dòng)詞(happened/turned out/occured to me/appeared/．．．)＋that．．．
(4)It＋be＋過(guò)去分詞(said/reported/expected/hoped/known/believed/．．．)＋that．．．
(5)It doesn't matter＋that/what/where/whether．．．
It's a pity that you missed the exciting football match!
你錯(cuò)過(guò)了那場(chǎng)激動(dòng)人心的足球比賽，真遺憾！
It is important that we should learn from each other and help each other．
我們互相學(xué)習(xí)、互相幫助很重要。
It is likely that he will ring me tonight．
他今晚可能給我打電話(huà)。
It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem．
我忽然想起我知道怎樣解決那個(gè)問(wèn)題。
It is hoped that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon．
人們希望鹿的數(shù)量將會(huì)很快增加。
[溫馨提示]　在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposed/．．．＋that．．．的主語(yǔ)從句中用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
It is requested that he (should) give a performance at the party．
有人請(qǐng)求他在聚會(huì)上表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。
It is suggested that we (should) get everything ready by tonight．
有人建議我們應(yīng)該在今晚之前把一切準(zhǔn)備好。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①I(mǎi)t is hard_____________(name) a comedy star who hasn't been on the stage here．
②It is believed_________today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar，putting them at a higher risk of the disease．
③作為高中生，保護(hù)海洋是我們的責(zé)任。
As high school students，it's our responsibility_____________________．
④平衡學(xué)習(xí)和工作對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)真的很重要，我認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)自我控制。
It's really important for me________________________and I think I should learn to exercise some self control．
⑤和他爭(zhēng)論這個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)有用，因?yàn)樗粫?huì)改變主意的。
It's no use____________________________for he won't change his mind．
短文語(yǔ)境填空
I have studied English for six years．It was difficult for me 1．________(remember) new words at first．I tried every means，but it was no use 2．________(recite) them over and over again．It was very kind of you 3．________(offer) me some suggestions．It is necessary 4．___________(understand) their meanings in sentences．It is no wonder 5．________your English is so good．It is requested that everyone 6．_______________(master) proper methods of learning．7．___________ was a shame that I hadn't asked you for help earlier．I will spare no effort to improve my English．It 8．___________(hope) that I will pass the TOEFL and have a chance to study abroad．No words are strong enough to express how grateful I am to you for your generous assistance．I would be grateful if you could give me a reply soon．
第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
①mount v．走上，登上
②site n．[C]現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，發(fā)生地，場(chǎng)所
the site of the battle戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)
③in memory of紀(jì)念；追念
④address n．& v．[熟詞生義] 演說(shuō)，演講
address a meeting向大會(huì)致辭/在會(huì)上發(fā)言
⑤bitterly adv．極其，非常
⑥divided adj．分裂的，有分歧的
a deeply divided society四分五裂的社會(huì)
⑦civil war內(nèi)戰(zhàn)
civil adj．公民的，國(guó)民的
⑧slave owning adj．擁有奴隸的
⑨confederate adj．(美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間)南部聯(lián)邦的
confederation n．[C]聯(lián)盟，聯(lián)合體
⑩union n．聯(lián)邦
Union n．[sing．]聯(lián)邦，(尤指內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的)美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)，美國(guó)
at a great cost付出巨大代價(jià)
suffering n．[U]痛苦，苦難
civilian adj．平民的；百姓的
look to展望；指望
look to sb．for sth．依賴(lài)/期待/指望某人提供某物
look to sb．to do sth．依賴(lài)/期待/指望某人做某事
vision n．[C]想象(力)，遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)卓識(shí)
ideal n．[C]理想，看似完美的思想(或標(biāo)準(zhǔn))
political ideals政治理想
set down制訂，規(guī)定；記下
Founding Fathers(1787年參加制定美國(guó)憲法的)制憲元?jiǎng)祝▏?guó)元?jiǎng)?br/> die for．．．為……獻(xiàn)身
be up to是……的職責(zé)(或責(zé)任)；由……決定
the living活著的人，屬于“the＋形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
division n．分歧，分裂
equality n．[U]平等
score num．二十，二十左右
bring forth使產(chǎn)生，使出現(xiàn)
conceive v．構(gòu)想，設(shè)想
liberty n．自由
at liberty to do sth．有權(quán)做某事，有做某事的自由
dedicate v．致力于，獻(xiàn)身于
dedicated adj．專(zhuān)心致志的，獻(xiàn)身的
be dedicated to sth．專(zhuān)心于/獻(xiàn)身于某事
proposition n．[C]主張，建議
be engaged in．．．忙于/從事……
endure v．持續(xù)存在
battlefield n．戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)
portion n．一部分
a portion of．．．一部分……
altogether adv．完全
fitting adj．恰當(dāng)?shù)模m合的
in a larger sense從更廣泛意義上來(lái)說(shuō)
consecrate v．宣布……為神圣之處
hallow v．使成為神圣
detract v．減低，破壞，損害
thus far(＝so far)到目前為止，迄今為止
nobly adv．高尚地，崇高地
noble adj．高尚的，崇高的
full measure足量
resolve v．決心，決定
resolve to do sth．決定做某事
in vain白白地
perish v．死亡
The Words That Changed A Nation
On a grey afternoon on 19 November 1863，a tall，thin man mounted① a platform in a field in Gettysburg，Pennsylvania and began to speak． The place was the site② of a recent battle [1]where thousands of soldiers had died．The man was Abraham Lincoln，[2]President of the United States of America，and he was there in memory of③ the soldiers who had died． The speech he gave was just 268 words long and lasted two minutes． But this address④ to the crowd changed the minds of his people and helped shape a nation．
[1]此處為關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the site；where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
[2]此處是名詞詞組，作Abraham Lincoln的同位語(yǔ)。president在此處表示“獨(dú)一無(wú)二”的職務(wù)，其前用零冠詞。
At that time，America was bitterly⑤ divided⑥． For two years，its people had been deep in a civil war⑦ between the slave owning⑧ Confederate⑨ Southern States and the “free” Northern States of the Union⑩． The worst battle lasted three days and took place at Gettysburg in 1863． The Union side won，but at a great cost ． Over 50，000 soldiers were killed or wounded，and people lost hope and purpose． What was all this suffering for
Lincoln understood the feelings of the civilian people． His speech gave them hope，belief and a reason to look to the future．[3]He gave them a new vision of what the United States of America should be，based on the ideals set down by its Founding Fathers 87 years before． It was what the soldiers had died for ． [4]Now it was up to the living to remove not only the divisions between North and South，but the boundaries between black and white，and work step by step towards the equality of humankind．
[3]本句是主從復(fù)合句。其中“what the．．．should be”為what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，作of的賓語(yǔ)，what在從句中作表語(yǔ)；“based on．．．before”為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)；“set down by．．．before”為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾the ideals。
[4]本句中it為形式主語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)“to remove．．．humankind”為真正的主語(yǔ)；“not only．．．South，but．．．white”為“not only．．．but (also)．．．”連接的并列成分，作remove的賓語(yǔ)。
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth ，upon this continent，a new nation，[5]conceived in Liberty ，and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal．
[5]“conceived in Liberty”為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)， “dedicated to．．．equal”為形容詞短語(yǔ)，二者并列作后置定語(yǔ)；“that all．．．equal”為that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，作the proposition的同位語(yǔ)。
Now we are engaged in a great civil war，[6]testing whether that nation，or any nation，so conceived，and so dedicated，can long endure ． We are met here on a great battlefield of that war． We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those [7]who here gave their lives that that nation might live．It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this．
[6]此處為動(dòng)詞 ing形式短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。其中“whether that．．．endure”為whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
[7]此處為who引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾those；that that nation might live是so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，so已省略，第二個(gè)that為指示代詞。
But in a larger sense ，we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate —we can not hallow this ground． The brave men，living and dead，who struggled here，have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract ． The world will little note，nor long remember，what we say here，but can never forget what they did here．[8]It is for us，the living，rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have，thus far ，so nobly carried on．It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task [9]remaining before us—[10]that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve __that these dead shall not have died in vain ； that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people，by the people，for the people，shall not perish from the earth．
(“The Gettysburg Address” by Abraham Lincoln)
[8]本句是“It is for sb．to do sth．”句型，意為“應(yīng)該由某人做某事”。“which they．．．on”為which引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the unfinished work。
[9]此處是動(dòng)詞 ing形式短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾the great task。
[10]“that from．．．of devotion”“that we here．．．in vain”“that this nation．．．of freedom”和“that this government of．．．from the earth”都是由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，均對(duì)the great task的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋。在第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句中，“for which．．．of devotion”為“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾that cause；在第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句中，“that these dead．．．in vain”為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，作resolve的賓語(yǔ)。
改變了一個(gè)國(guó)家的演說(shuō)
1863年11月19日，一個(gè)天空灰蒙蒙的下午，賓夕法尼亞州葛底斯堡的一塊空地上，一個(gè)高大瘦削的男人登上了演講臺(tái)，開(kāi)始演說(shuō)。就在不久前，這里曾是一片戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，數(shù)千名士兵犧牲于此。這個(gè)人是美國(guó)總統(tǒng)亞伯拉罕·林肯，他來(lái)到這里悼念已逝的戰(zhàn)士。他的演說(shuō)只有268個(gè)詞，時(shí)長(zhǎng)兩分鐘，但卻改變了民眾的想法，甚至幫助塑造了整個(gè)國(guó)家。
在那時(shí)，美國(guó)分崩離析。兩年來(lái)，美國(guó)人民深陷內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之中，一方是擁護(hù)奴隸制的南部邦聯(lián)，另一方是擁護(hù)“自由”的北方聯(lián)盟。最殘酷的戰(zhàn)斗持續(xù)了三天，就發(fā)生在1863年的葛底斯堡。北方聯(lián)盟取得了勝利，但代價(jià)慘重。五萬(wàn)多名士兵死傷，人們失去了希望和目標(biāo)。遭受這些苦難究竟是為了什么呢？
林肯理解民眾的感受。他的演說(shuō)給了民眾希望、信念以及展望未來(lái)的理由。他給予了美國(guó)人民一個(gè)新的愿景，那就是依照87年前開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)椎睦砟睿览麍?jiān)合眾國(guó)本應(yīng)成為的樣子。那也是已故的將士為之獻(xiàn)出生命的原因。現(xiàn)在，責(zé)任落到了生者身上，不僅要消除南北之間的分歧，還要打破黑人與白人之間的界限，一步一步朝著實(shí)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)平等而努力。
87年前，我們的先輩在這塊大陸上創(chuàng)立了一個(gè)新的國(guó)家，它孕育于自由之中，獻(xiàn)身于人人生而平等的理想。
當(dāng)下我們正深陷于一場(chǎng)大規(guī)模的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之中，它考驗(yàn)著這個(gè)國(guó)家，或者任何一個(gè)生于自由、對(duì)上述理想深信不疑的國(guó)家，能否長(zhǎng)久生存下去。現(xiàn)在我們聚集在這場(chǎng)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的一個(gè)重要戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上，我們來(lái)到這里，是為了把這里的一部分土地獻(xiàn)給那些為了國(guó)家存續(xù)而獻(xiàn)出自己生命的人，作為他們最終的安息之地。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)當(dāng)且非常恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?br/>但是，從更廣泛的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，我們不能獻(xiàn)出——不能圣化——不能神化這塊土地，因?yàn)樵谶@里勇敢抗?fàn)幍娜藗儯徽撋溃呀?jīng)圣化了這片土地，這遠(yuǎn)不是我們渺小的力量所能增減的。世界不會(huì)留意，也不會(huì)銘記我們?cè)谶@里說(shuō)了什么，但它永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記他們?cè)谶@里做的事情。他們英勇地堅(jiān)持至今，現(xiàn)在是我們這些生者獻(xiàn)身于這未完成的事業(yè)的時(shí)候了。我們應(yīng)該把自己奉獻(xiàn)于在我們面前的偉大事業(yè)——從這些光榮的逝者身上汲取更多的信仰，來(lái)投身于他們?yōu)橹弑M最后一絲力量的事業(yè)——我們?cè)谶@里下最大的決心，不讓逝者白白失去生命，要讓國(guó)家獲得自由的新生，要使民有、民治、民享的政府永存。
(《葛底斯堡演講》——亞伯拉罕·林肯)
Period 4
核心詞匯
1．①minority　②majority　③a majority of 50
2．①harmonious　②with　③in harmony with the beautiful nature
3．①rewarding　②As　③in reward for；to reward you for
詞塊積累
P541．gender and racial discrimination　2．release a film　3．TV shows　4．a(chǎn) leading actor　5．a(chǎn) realistic hope　6．in particular　7．even now　8．a(chǎn) film studio　9．move in the right direction
P551．skin colour　2．settle down　3．global village　4．be responsible for　5．bring people together　6．a(chǎn) channel of communication　7．on the other side of the planet　8．form close connections with　9．a(chǎn) window on the world　10．cultural exchange　11．culture shock　12．merge into　13．make a joint effort to do　14．mutual benefits
P561．strike a chord with sb．　2．a(chǎn) teaching project　3．in person　4．a(chǎn)ll over again　5．intercultural communication　6．have a better understanding of each other
P571．(It is)no wonder (that)　2．encounter difficulties　3．overcome difficulties
單元語(yǔ)法
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]
①to name　②that　③to protect oceans　④to balance study and work　⑤arguing with him about the question
鞏固落實(shí)
1．to remember　2．reciting　3．to offer　4．to understand　5．that　6．(should) master　7．It　8．is hoped
1/1(共54張PPT)
Period 4　
Unit 4　Breaking boundaries
主題語(yǔ)境
人與社會(huì)—— 志愿服務(wù)
課時(shí)學(xué)案 單元語(yǔ)法講練(Using language)
(1)a minority of... 少數(shù)……
in the/a minority 占少數(shù)
(2)minor adj． 較小的；次要的
1．minority n．少數(shù)派；少數(shù)
(3)major adj． 較大的；重要的；主要的
　 n． 專(zhuān)業(yè)課
　 v． 主修
major in 主修……；以……為專(zhuān)業(yè)
(4)majority n． 多數(shù)
in the/a majority 占大多數(shù)
a majority of... 大多數(shù)……
[即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①I(mǎi)n that developing country，people who really attach great importance to education are in the _________ (minor)．
②The _________ (major) of overseas Chinese students take an online language test before starting studying abroad．
③(讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)之情感描寫(xiě)) 我以50票的優(yōu)勢(shì)被選為該劇的主角，這讓我很高興。
I was selected to be the leading role in the play by________________，which made me filled with joy．
minority
majority
a majority of 50
harmony n． 和睦，融洽
in harmony with... 與……相處融洽
out of harmony with... 與……不協(xié)調(diào)/不一致
2．harmonious adj．和睦的，融洽的
[即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①We should be kind to one another，which is essential to enjoying a ___________ (harmony) life．
②When children grow up，their ideas may sometimes be out of harmony _____ their parents' thoughts．
③ (應(yīng)用文之演講稿)我有一個(gè)夢(mèng)想，人類(lèi)可以與美麗的自然和諧相處。
I have a dream that human could live ____________________________
_______．
harmonious
with
in harmony with the beautiful
nature
reward n． 報(bào)酬；酬勞；獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)
　v． 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；獎(jiǎng)賞
as a reward for 作為對(duì)……的報(bào)酬/獎(jiǎng)賞
in reward for 為酬謝……；作為……的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)
reward sb．for (doing) sth． 因(做)某事而獎(jiǎng)賞某人
reward sb．with sth． 用某物回報(bào)某人
3．rewarding adj．值得做的，有意義的
[即學(xué)即練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/一句多譯
①I(mǎi)n a word，the trip will be both relaxing and __________(reward)，which is bound to be a memorable experience for you．
②___ a reward for her help，I sent her some fresh fruit．
③我很樂(lè)意帶你游玩北京，以報(bào)答你的慷慨相助。
a．I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing ____________ your generous help．(reward n．)
b．I'm more than willing to show you around Beijing ______________
your generous help．(reward v．)
rewarding
As
in reward for
to reward you for
P54
1．______________________________性別與種族歧視
2．_____________發(fā)行影片
3．__________電視節(jié)目
4．_____________主演
5．______________現(xiàn)實(shí)的希望
6．____________尤其；特別
gender and racial discrimination
release a film
TV shows
a leading actor
a realistic hope
in particular
7．________甚至到現(xiàn)在；盡管如此
8．____________電影公司；電影制片廠(chǎng)
9．________________________朝著正確的方向發(fā)展
P55
1．__________膚色
2．___________安頓下來(lái)；安定下來(lái)
3．_____________地球村
even now
a film studio
move in the right direction
skin colour
settle down
global village
4．________________對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)
5．___________________使人們聯(lián)合起來(lái)；把人們召集起來(lái)
6．_________________________溝通渠道
7．_________________________在地球的另一端
8．__________________________與……建立密切聯(lián)系
9．____________________了解世界的手段
10．________________文化交流
11．____________文化沖擊
be responsible for
bring people together
a channel of communication
on the other side of the planet
form close connections with
a window on the world
cultural exchange
culture shock
12．__________與……相融；融入……中
13．_____________________共同努力做……
14．_______________互利共贏
merge into
make a joint effort to do
mutual benefits
P56
1．_____________________引起某人內(nèi)心共鳴；觸動(dòng)某人的心弦
2．________________教學(xué)項(xiàng)目
3．________親自；親身
4．____________再；重新
5．____________________________跨文化交流
6．___________________________________更好地了解彼此
strike a chord with sb．
a teaching project
in person
all over again
intercultural communication
have a better understanding of each other
P57
1．_____________________(……)不足為奇
2．_____________________遭遇困難
3．_____________________克服困難
(It is)no wonder (that)
encounter difficulties
overcome difficulties
it作形式主語(yǔ)
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分相對(duì)于謂語(yǔ)部分而言太長(zhǎng)時(shí)，常把主語(yǔ)部分移到句尾，在主語(yǔ)的位置放上it。it沒(méi)有具體的意義，僅用于使句子顯得平衡，不頭重腳輕。 it 作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí)常代替三種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))和從句。
一、it代替不定式(短語(yǔ))作形式主語(yǔ)
it 代替不定式(短語(yǔ))作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
(1)It＋be＋形容詞＋(for/of sb．) to do sth．
(2)It＋be＋名詞＋to do sth．
(3)It takes/took (sb．) some time to do sth．
(4)It be up to sb．to do sth．
It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese．
外國(guó)人學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)不容易。
It is everyone's duty to obey the law．
遵守法律是每個(gè)人的義務(wù)。
Unfortunately，it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources．
不幸的是，探險(xiǎn)家和隨后的定居者僅僅幾十年就摧毀了這些資源的大部分。
It is up to us to help those in need．
幫助那些有困難的人是我們的責(zé)任。
[溫馨提示]　“It ＋ be ＋形容詞 ＋ for sb．to do sth．”與“It ＋be ＋形容詞 ＋ of sb．to do sth．”的用法區(qū)別：
如果形容詞描述的是人的品質(zhì)、品格，介詞用 of；如果形容詞描述不定式所表示動(dòng)作的特征，介詞就用 for。
It was important for me to learn that you don't have to always get everything right the first time and that good things come with continual effort．
對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，重要的是要知道，你不必總是在第一次就把每件事都做好，好的事情總是伴隨著不斷的努力而來(lái)。
It's generous of the little girl to share her toys with the others though she loves them so much．
盡管這個(gè)小女孩非常喜歡她的玩具，但她還是慷慨地把它們和別人分享。
二、it代替動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))作形式主語(yǔ)
it代替動(dòng)詞-ing形式(短語(yǔ))作形式主語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)句型：
It＋be＋no use/no good/useless/a waste of time/...＋ doing sth．
It is no use arguing about the matter with him．
和他爭(zhēng)論這件事是沒(méi)有用的。
It is a waste of time trying to persuade such a person to join us．
試圖說(shuō)服這樣的人加入我們真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
三、it代替從句作形式主語(yǔ)
it所代替的從句可以用that引導(dǎo)，也可以用whether/if、連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)。常見(jiàn)句型：
(1)It＋be＋a pity/a shame/a fact/an honour/no wonder/a wonder/...that...
(2)It＋be＋形容詞(strange/natural/important/surprising/obvious/
true/fortunate/possible/impossible/likely/unlikely/clear/certain/...)＋that...
(3)It＋不及物動(dòng)詞(happened/turned out/occured to me/appeared/...)＋that...
(4)It＋be＋過(guò)去分詞(said/reported/expected/hoped/known/believed/...)＋that...
(5)It doesn't matter＋that/what/where/whether...
It's a pity that you missed the exciting football match!
你錯(cuò)過(guò)了那場(chǎng)激動(dòng)人心的足球比賽，真遺憾！
It is important that we should learn from each other and help each other．
我們互相學(xué)習(xí)、互相幫助很重要。
It is likely that he will ring me tonight．
他今晚可能給我打電話(huà)。
It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem．
我忽然想起我知道怎樣解決那個(gè)問(wèn)題。
It is hoped that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon．
人們希望鹿的數(shù)量將會(huì)很快增加。
[溫馨提示]　在It is suggested/required/desired/ordered/proposed/...＋that...的主語(yǔ)從句中用“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
It is requested that he (should) give a performance at the party．
有人請(qǐng)求他在聚會(huì)上表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。
It is suggested that we (should) get everything ready by tonight．
有人建議我們應(yīng)該在今晚之前把一切準(zhǔn)備好。
[即時(shí)訓(xùn)練]——單句語(yǔ)法填空/完成句子
①I(mǎi)t is hard _______ (name) a comedy star who hasn't been on the stage here．
②It is believed ____ today's children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar，putting them at a higher risk of the disease．
to name
that
③作為高中生，保護(hù)海洋是我們的責(zé)任。
As high school students，it's our responsibility _______________．
④平衡學(xué)習(xí)和工作對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)真的很重要，我認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)自我控制。
It's really important for me ______________________ and I think I should learn to exercise some self-control．
⑤和他爭(zhēng)論這個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)有用，因?yàn)樗粫?huì)改變主意的。
It's no use ________________________________ for he won't change his mind．
to protect oceans
to balance study and work
arguing with him about the question
短文語(yǔ)境填空
I have studied English for six years．It was difficult for me 1．____________(remember) new words at first．I tried every means，but it was no use 2．________(recite) them over and over again．It was very kind of you 3．_______(offer) me some suggestions．It is necessary 4．____________(understand) their meanings in sentences．It is no wonder 5．_______ your English is so good．It is requested that
to remember
reciting
to offer
to understand
that
everyone 6．_________________(master) proper methods of learning．7．___ was a shame that I hadn't asked you for help earlier．
I will spare no effort to improve my English．It 8．_______(hope) that I will pass the TOEFL and have a chance to study abroad．No words are strong enough to express how grateful I am to you for your generous assistance．I would be grateful if you could give me a reply soon．
(should) master
It
is hoped
①mount v．走上，登上
②site n．[C]現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，發(fā)生地，場(chǎng)所
the site of the battle戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)
③in memory of紀(jì)念；追念
④address n．& v．[熟詞生義] 演說(shuō)，演講
address a meeting向大會(huì)致辭/在會(huì)上發(fā)言
課下預(yù)習(xí) 第二篇課文(Developing ideas)
⑤bitterly adv．極其，非常
⑥divided adj．分裂的，有分歧的
a deeply divided society四分五裂的社會(huì)
⑦civil war內(nèi)戰(zhàn)
civil adj．公民的，國(guó)民的
⑧slave-owning adj．擁有奴隸的
⑨confederate adj．(美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間)南部聯(lián)邦的
confederation n．[C]聯(lián)盟，聯(lián)合體
⑩union n．聯(lián)邦
Union n．[sing．]聯(lián)邦，(尤指內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的)美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)，美國(guó)
at a great cost付出巨大代價(jià)
suffering n．[U]痛苦，苦難
civilian adj．平民的；百姓的
look to展望；指望
look to sb．for sth．依賴(lài)/期待/指望某人提供某物
look to sb．to do sth．依賴(lài)/期待/指望某人做某事
vision n．[C]想象(力)，遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)卓識(shí)
ideal n．[C]理想，看似完美的思想(或標(biāo)準(zhǔn))
political ideals政治理想
set down制訂，規(guī)定；記下
Founding Fathers
(1787年參加制定美國(guó)憲法的)制憲元?jiǎng)祝▏?guó)元?jiǎng)?br/> die for...為……獻(xiàn)身
be up to是……的職責(zé)(或責(zé)任)；由……決定
the living活著的人，屬于“the＋形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
division n．分歧，分裂
equality n．[U]平等
score num．二十，二十左右
bring forth使產(chǎn)生，使出現(xiàn)
conceive v．構(gòu)想，設(shè)想
liberty n．自由
at liberty to do sth．有權(quán)做某事，有做某事的自由
dedicate v．致力于，獻(xiàn)身于
dedicated adj．專(zhuān)心致志的，獻(xiàn)身的
be dedicated to sth．專(zhuān)心于/獻(xiàn)身于某事
proposition n．[C]主張，建議
be engaged in...忙于/從事……
endure v．持續(xù)存在
battlefield n．戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)
portion n．一部分
a portion of...一部分……
altogether adv．完全
fitting adj．恰當(dāng)?shù)模m合的
in a larger sense從更廣泛意義上來(lái)說(shuō)
consecrate v．宣布……為神圣之處
hallow v．使成為神圣
detract v．減低，破壞，損害
thus far(＝so far)到目前為止，迄今為止
nobly adv．高尚地，崇高地
noble adj．高尚的，崇高的
full measure足量
resolve v．決心，決定
resolve to do sth．決定做某事
in vain白白地
perish v．死亡
The Words That Changed A Nation
On a grey afternoon on 19 November 1863，a tall，thin man mounted① a platform in a field in Gettysburg，Pennsylvania and began to speak．The place was the site② of a recent battle [1]where thousands of soldiers had died．The man was Abraham Lincoln，[2]President of the United States of America，and he was there in memory of③ the soldiers who had died．The speech he gave was just 268 words long and lasted two minutes．But this address④ to the crowd changed the minds of his people and helped shape a nation．
[1]此處為關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the site；where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
[2]此處是名詞詞組，作Abraham Lincoln的同位語(yǔ)。president在此處表示“獨(dú)一無(wú)二”的職務(wù)，其前用零冠詞。
At that time，America was bitterly⑤ divided⑥．For two years，its people had been deep in a civil war⑦ between the slave-owning⑧ Confederate⑨ Southern States and the “free” Northern States of the Union⑩．The worst battle lasted three days and took place at Gettysburg in 1863．The Union side won，but at a great cost ．Over 50，000 soldiers were killed or wounded，and people lost hope and purpose．What was all this suffering for
Lincoln understood the feelings of the civilian people．His speech gave them hope，belief and a reason to look to the future．[3]He gave them a new vision of what the United States of America should be，based on the ideals set down by its Founding Fathers 87 years before． It was what the soldiers had died for ．[4]Now it was up to the living to remove not only the divisions between North and South，but the boundaries between black and white，and work step by step towards the equality of humankind．
[3]本句是主從復(fù)合句。其中“what the...should be”為what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，作of的賓語(yǔ)，what在從句中作表語(yǔ)；“based on...before”為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)；“set down by...before”為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾the ideals。
[4]本句中it為形式主語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)“to remove...humankind”為真正的主語(yǔ)；“not only...South，but...white”為“not only...but (also)...”連接的并列成分，作remove的賓語(yǔ)。
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth ，upon this continent，a new nation，[5]conceived in Liberty ，and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal．
[5]“conceived in Liberty”為過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)， “dedicated to...equal”為形容詞短語(yǔ)，二者并列作后置定語(yǔ)；“that all...equal”為that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，作the proposition的同位語(yǔ)。
Now we are engaged in a great civil war，[6]testing whether that nation，or any nation，so conceived，and so dedicated，can long endure ．We are met here on a great battlefield of that war．We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those [7]who here gave their lives that that nation might live．It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this．
[6]此處為動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。其中“whether that...endure”為whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。
[7]此處為who引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾those；that that nation might live是so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，so已省略，第二個(gè)that為指示代詞。
But in a larger sense ，we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate —we can not hallow this ground．The brave men，living and dead，who struggled here，have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract ．The world will little note，nor long remember，what we say here，but can never forget what they did here．[8]It is for us，the living，rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have，thus far ，so nobly carried on．It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task [9]remaining before
us—[10]that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ； that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people，by the people，for the people，shall not perish from the earth．
(“The Gettysburg Address” by Abraham Lincoln)
[8]本句是“It is for sb．to do sth．”句型，意為“應(yīng)該由某人做某事”。“which they...on”為which引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the unfinished work。
[9]此處是動(dòng)詞-ing形式短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾the great task。
[10]“that from...of devotion”“that we here...in vain”“that this nation...of freedom”和“that this government of...from the earth”都是由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句，均對(duì)the great task的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋。在第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句中，“for which...of devotion”為“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾that cause；在第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句中，“that these dead...in vain”為that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，作resolve的賓語(yǔ)。
改變了一個(gè)國(guó)家的演說(shuō)
1863年11月19日，一個(gè)天空灰蒙蒙的下午，賓夕法尼亞州葛底斯堡的一塊空地上，一個(gè)高大瘦削的男人登上了演講臺(tái)，開(kāi)始演說(shuō)。就在不久前，這里曾是一片戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)，數(shù)千名士兵犧牲于此。這個(gè)人是美國(guó)總統(tǒng)亞伯拉罕·林肯，他來(lái)到這里悼念已逝的戰(zhàn)士。他的演說(shuō)只有268個(gè)詞，時(shí)長(zhǎng)兩分鐘，但卻改變了民眾的想法，甚至幫助塑造了整個(gè)國(guó)家。
在那時(shí)，美國(guó)分崩離析。兩年來(lái)，美國(guó)人民深陷內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之中，一方是擁護(hù)奴隸制的南部邦聯(lián)，另一方是擁護(hù)“自由”的北方聯(lián)盟。最殘酷的戰(zhàn)斗持續(xù)了三天，就發(fā)生在1863年的葛底斯堡。北方聯(lián)盟取得了勝利，但代價(jià)慘重。五萬(wàn)多名士兵死傷，人們失去了希望和目標(biāo)。遭受這些苦難究竟是為了什么呢？
林肯理解民眾的感受。他的演說(shuō)給了民眾希望、信念以及展望未來(lái)的理由。他給予了美國(guó)人民一個(gè)新的愿景，那就是依照87年前開(kāi)國(guó)元?jiǎng)椎睦砟睿览麍?jiān)合眾國(guó)本應(yīng)成為的樣子。那也是已故的將士為之獻(xiàn)出生命的原因。現(xiàn)在，責(zé)任落到了生者身上，不僅要消除南北之間的分歧，還要打破黑人與白人之間的界限，一步一步朝著實(shí)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)平等而努力。
87年前，我們的先輩在這塊大陸上創(chuàng)立了一個(gè)新的國(guó)家，它孕育于自由之中，獻(xiàn)身于人人生而平等的理想。
當(dāng)下我們正深陷于一場(chǎng)大規(guī)模的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之中，它考驗(yàn)著這個(gè)國(guó)家，或者任何一個(gè)生于自由、對(duì)上述理想深信不疑的國(guó)家，能否長(zhǎng)久生存下去。現(xiàn)在我們聚集在這場(chǎng)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的一個(gè)重要戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上，我們來(lái)到這里，是為了把這里的一部分土地獻(xiàn)給那些為了國(guó)家存續(xù)而獻(xiàn)出自己生命的人，作為他們最終的安息之地。我們這樣做是完全應(yīng)當(dāng)且非常恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?br/>但是，從更廣泛的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，我們不能獻(xiàn)出——不能圣化——不能神化這塊土地，因?yàn)樵谶@里勇敢抗?fàn)幍娜藗儯徽撋溃呀?jīng)圣化了這片土地，這遠(yuǎn)不是我們渺小的力量所能增減的。世界不會(huì)留意，也不會(huì)銘記我們?cè)谶@里說(shuō)了什么，但它永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記他們?cè)谶@里做的事情。他們英勇地堅(jiān)持至今，現(xiàn)在是我們這些生者獻(xiàn)身于這未完成的事業(yè)的時(shí)候了。我們應(yīng)該把自己奉獻(xiàn)于在我們面前的偉大事業(yè)——從這些光榮的逝者身上汲取更多的信仰，來(lái)投身于他們?yōu)橹弑M最后一絲力量的事業(yè)——我們?cè)谶@里下最大的決心，不讓逝者白白失去生命，要讓國(guó)家獲得自由的新生，要使民有、民治、民享的政府永存。
(《葛底斯堡演講》——亞伯拉罕·林肯)
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