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Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
維度一：基礎題型練
用正確的關系詞填空。
1.The reason 　　　　　　he was late was that his car broke down on the way.
2.I know a girl 　　　　　　father works in our community.
3.We don’t know the number of people 　　　　　lost their homes in the disaster.
4.He was late for the opening ceremony， 　　　　　was very surprising to me.
5.All the presents 　　　　　　your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.
6.She is such a girl 　　　　　　is always finding fault with other people.
7.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears， none of 　　　　　has been proved.
8.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere 　　　　　　his employees enjoy their work.
9.I am looking forward to the day 　　　　　　my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
10.This is my best friend， for 　　　　　　I want to buy a present because it is his birthday tomorrow.
維度二：語法與寫作
用定語從句完成下列句子。
1.　　　　　　　　， getting close to nature is beneficial to our health.
我們都知道，親近大自然對我們的健康有益。
2.After graduation， he returned to the small town 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
畢業以后，他回到了那個他長大的小鎮上。
3.I will never forget the day 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我永遠不會忘記我們參觀故宮那一天。
4.The girl handed everything 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　in the street to the police.
這個女孩把她在街上撿到的一切都交給了警察。
5.The man 　　　　　　　　　　　　yesterday lives in the room next to me.
昨天做演講的那個男人住在我旁邊的房間。
維度三：語法與語篇
閱讀下面短文，用適當的關系詞填空。
　　Tai Dong is a small city in south-east Taiwan 1.　　　　　　 I grew up.My family moved there from Taipei the summer 2.　　　　　　 I was born. The house 3.　　　　　　 I grew up was on a main street in Tai Dong. It was a nice house with a big garden 4.　　　　　　 there were a lot of nice flowers. My father sold tea， and my mother had a small restaurant 5.　　　　　　 there were always many customers. A cousin of mine 6.　　　　　　 family I visited every summer lived with us. He was an apprentice （學徒） 7.　　　　　　 my father was teaching the tea business to. On the first floor of our house， we had a huge kitchen 8.　　　　　　 we all gathered for dinner. I will never forget the happy days 9.　　　　　　 we were eating and talking happily. The bedrooms were upstairs. My brother and my cousin slept in one bedroom. I slept in another 10.　　　　　　 I shared with Polly， the smartest bird that I had ever seen.
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　When I worked as a global media coordinator （協調人） for the United Nations several years ago， I organized biweekly conference calls， during which I would ask my colleagues around the world to provide information by particular deadlines.My colleagues almost always responded with a yes.But all too often， the deadlines came and went without the requested material.Finally， my South African boss had to explain what would never have occurred to me： In many cultures， it is rude to say no.So some people would say yes to anything I asked， regardless of whether they had any intention of delivering.
　　If communicating internally at the UN was challenging， interacting with the outside world was much harder.How would we reach people in places where newspapers and televisions are still not widely available？ How could we generate media coverage there？ Communicating globally may require changing the way you interview senior communication professionals in 31 countries about how they help clients modify their messages and strategies for particular cultures.I have found that some of the biggest factors to consider when communicating in a new culture involve emotion， context and social expectations.
　　As an example of emotional differences， if I were to do a media interview in the US and became visibly angry at a reporter’s question， I would be seen as unstable.By contrast， in the Middle East， when people are talking about a heated issue， they tend to display powerful feelings — those who stay cool and calm while discussing such a problem may be viewed as untrustworthy.
　　Another big cultural difference revolves round the level of “context” provided in a conversation.As an American，I am what is known as a low-context communicator （who communicates information in a direct manner that relies mainly on words rather than contextual elements such as tones and body language）， so if I want something done， I say so frankly.In high-context cultures， as in Asia， people may do the opposite.You have to pick up on body language， tones， and other contextual cues to realize that your colleague who just said yes to you has actually communicated that she does not agree to your plan.
1.How did the author probably feel about those colleagues according to Paragraph 1？（　　）
A.Confused and upset.　　 B.Ashamed and guilty.
C.Satisfied and delighted. D.Doubtful and angry.
2.What is often expected in the Middle East when people discuss heated issues？（　　）
A.Mild body language. B.Remarkable criticism.
C.Emotional responses. D.Confident evaluation.
3.What can we infer from the colleague mentioned in the last paragraph？（　　）
A.She may be from the United States.
B.She may prefer to speak in a direct way.
C.She may be a high-context communicator.
D.She may be influenced by low-context cultures.
4.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows？（　　）
A.The main content of the author’s book.
B.Cultural differences of social expectations.
C.Different meanings of “yes” in different cultures.
D.Important skills of communicating with colleagues.
B
　　（2024·江蘇揚州月考）When “irregardless” was included in Merriam-Webster Dictionary， it caused wide disagreements.“Irregardless” has been in widespread and near-constant use since 1795， when a newspaper called The Charleston City Gazette of Charleston Ga first used it.“We do not make the English language， and we merely record it，” the dictionary’s staff wrote in “Words of the Week”.
　　The word’s definition， when we read it， would seem to be： without without regard.However， Merriam-Webster defines “irregardless” as “nonstandard” but meaning the same as “regardless”.According to Merriam-Webster， “Many people find ‘irregardless’ to be a ridiculous word， as the ir-prefix usually indicates negative meaning； however， in this case， it appears to make the meaning of ‘regardless’ stronger.”
　　“It’s not a real word.I don’t care what the dictionary says，” responds author Michelle Ray， who teaches English in Silver Spring， Maryland.And she says she’s still planning to mark “irregardless” as incorrect on her students’ work.
　　An American newspaper The Baltimore Sun published the word in editor John McIntyre’s commentary on Saturday，“‘Irregardless’ is too a word； you just don’t understand dictionaries.People get upset about the dictionary because they think it is some sort of the official document.But actually， it’s not.It’s just lexicographers （詞典編纂者） identifying words that people use and trying to find out how they are spelt， how they are pronounced， what meanings they have and where they came from.”
　　“The dictionary’s recognition doesn’t enrol a word as correct in the English language，” McIntyre says.“It just says this is a word that a lot of people use in English.And here’s what we know about it.” So it’s a word， but its use is still discouraged in formal writing.
5.What’s the function of the first paragraph？（　　）
A.To lead in the topic.
B.To criticize the use of “irregardless”.
C.To introduce a new word.
D.To make a definition of “irregardless”.
6.What is McIntyre’s attitude to the appearance of “irregardless” in Merriam-Webster Dictionary？（　　）
A.Conservative. B.Favourable.
C.Indifferent. D.Ambiguous.
7.What can we learn from the passage？（　　）
A.The dictionary’s staff rarely record the English language.
B.Michelle Ray thinks the use of “irregardless” formal but incorrect.
C.People are still not encouraged to use “irregardless” in formal writing.　
D.“Irregardless” had been in widespread and near-constant use before 1795.　
8.What can be the best title for the passage？（　　）
A.“Irregardless” Is Frequently Used in Formal Writing
B.“Irregardless” Shouldn’t Be Included in the Dictionary
C.Experts Can’t Agree on the Meaning of “Irregardless”
D.Regardless of What You Think， “Irregardless” Is a Word
Ⅱ.閱讀七選五
　　There are mental health benefits to having friends who knew you before you became a successful adult.9.（　　） They know when you’re in high spirits and when you’re tired out.Maybe your friend encouraged you to do something you didn’t dare to do.Maybe you helped your friend learn how to drive.These memories probably form a huge part of who you are.
　　Valuing friendship is associated with better health， greater happiness and higher levels of wellbeing across cultures.Also， according to findings published in Psychological Science， boys who spent more time with friends as children tended to have lower blood pressure when they became men in their early thirties.10.（　　）
　　However， sometimes these friends， knowingly or unknowingly， limit our growth.Let’s say you weren’t great at academics and hit it big when it came to sports in primary school.While your brother was called “the brains”， you were labeled “the athletic one”. Your athletic ambitions didn’t result in your becoming a star sports figure.11.（　　） But you really want to do something else now.
　　Childhood friends view us in a way that might be frozen in time.12.（　　） Maybe you even internalized the label.You therefore struggle with the confidence and the high self-esteem （自尊心） necessary to move into a new field.
　　13.（　　） Sometimes you lose them through no choice of your own.It might feel like losing a part of your old self.Value and keep the childhood friends who live a healthy life and support you in a positive and balanced manner.
A.It’s easy to make friends.
B.Your friends helped shape you.
C.That idea might restrict you and box you in.
D.You can be sympathetic， but know your limits.
E.Letting go of a childhood friend is especially hard.
F.Therefore， you pursued a career as a personal trainer at a local fitness center.
G.So， time spent with childhood friends is related to physical health even in adulthood.
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　Tom McKenna had been a firefighter for nine years when he took on a part-time job at Iroquois High School in Louisville， Kentucky.He knew 　14　 would take a lot of work， but he never imagined that he’d become a 　15　 in the process.
　　The first day McKenna arrived at the school in 2015， he immediately felt 　16　 by then-16-year-old Brandon Reed.The student athlete showed him around and made him 　17　.“He had a strong 　18　 to succeed，” says McKenna.“　19　， I wanted to help make him the best wrestler.”
　　It quickly became 　20　 that Reed and his fellow students， who lived in a low-income area， had 　21　 resources.Coach McKenna drove Reed to meets and practices and got him part-time work.He even made 　22　 for Reed during his 75-hour work weeks at the firehouse， where he’d cook healthy meals for the teenager.
　　At the end of the school year， when McKenna decided to 　23　 to Taylorsville， Kentucky， with his wife， he invited Reed to come with them.The two didn’t just train together.McKenna taught Reed how to drive， manage money and learn to be 　24　.As was expected， Reed 　25　 during his senior year.With McKenna’s 　26　 and encouragement， he earned a full scholarship to Lindsey Wilson College in Columbia， Kentucky， where he won the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Championship.When Reed 　27　 everything McKenna did for him， he says he’s “beyond 　28　”.“I don’t know where I would be without him，” says Reed.
14.（　）A.rescuing　　　B.consulting
C.searching D.coaching
15.（　）A.first-aider B.stepfather
C.father-figure D.statesman
16.（　）A.persuaded B.welcomed
C.interrupted D.guarded
17.（　）A.forget his pain B.get into trouble
C.change his mind D.feel at home
18.（　）A.drive B.option
C.influence D.position
19.（　）A.Besides B.Nevertheless
C.Therefore D.Instead
20.（　）A.bearable B.apparent
C.complicated D.helpless
21.（　）A.teaching B.extra
C.physical D.limited
22.（　）A.room B.money
C.time D.way
23.（　）A.relocate B.refer
C.apply D.walk
24.（　）A.free B.sensitive
C.generous D.independent
25.（　）A.returned B.dropped
C.shone D.recovered
26.（　）A.control B.guidance
C.pressure D.recommendation
27.（　）A.checks in B.adds to
C.looks back on D.makes up for
28.（　）A.grateful B.hopeful
C.pitiful D.thoughtful
Ⅳ.語法填空
　　English is full of loanwords （外來詞） from other languages， mostly from Latin or French.But did you know that there are also several English words 29.　　　　　　 come from Chinese？ Now let’s dive in and learn some of them.
　　To start with， Chinese restaurants are found all over the world， so it should come as no surprise that a lot of Chinese loanwords in English are 30.　　　　　 （relate） to food， such as wonton， dim sum， and lychee.Perhaps the most interesting word on that list is ketchup.31.　　　　　　 is hard to believe that something so American 32.　　　　　　 （actual） has its roots in China’s Fujian Province.Back in the day， the Chinese made a kind of fish sauce.This sauce in the Southern Min dialect （閩南語） 33.　　　　　　 （call） something like “ke-tchup”“ge-tchup” or “kue-chiap” in the 18th century， 34.　　　　　　 （depend） on the dialect.It wasn’t until the 19th century that people first attempted 35.　　　　　　 （add） tomato to ketchup.
　　The influence of Chinese on English words 36.　　　　　　 （extend） far beyond the kitchen.There are several Chinese words that are just too difficult to translate into English， so the original ones are used， such as typhoon， tai chi， kung fu， and mahjong.Many key 37.　　　　　　 （element） of Chinese culture are better left said in the Chinese way， after all！
As you can see， Chinese has made its mark on the English language with quite 38.　　　　　　 few words and expressions.Do you know of any other English words of Chinese origin？
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
基礎知識自測
維度一
1.why　2.whose　3.who/that　4.which　5.（that）　6.as
7.which　8.where　9.when　10.whom
維度二
1.As we all know　2.where/in which he grew up　3.when/on which we visited the Palace Museum　4.that she had picked up　5.who/that made a speech
維度三
1.where　2.when　3.where　4.where　5.where
6.whose　7.who/whom/that　8.where　9.when
10.which/that
素養能力提升
Ⅰ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。作者結合自身經歷，講述了不同文化之間的差異給人際溝通帶來的影響。
1.A　推理判斷題。根據第一段中的My colleagues almost always responded with a yes.But all too often， the deadlines came and went without the requested material.可知，同事答應作者的事情沒有兌現，因此，作者肯定會感到不快；又根據最后兩句可知，如果不是來自南非的老板對此進行解釋，作者會一直感到困惑，不明白同事們為什么會這么做。由此可知，作者對那些同事可能感到困惑和不快。
2.C　細節理解題。根據第三段中的By contrast ...may be viewed as untrustworthy.可知，當討論到熱點問題時，中東地區的人往往會表現出強烈的情感回應。
3.C　推理判斷題。根據最后一段最后一句可知，這位同事表達她的想法不是直接用語言，而是通過肢體語言、語氣和其他與情境有關的提示。所以，她可能是一個高語境溝通者。
4.B　推理判斷題。根據第二段中的I have found that ... involve emotion， context and social expectations.可推知，在文章中作者可能會分別討論上面提到的這些因素，而第三段講的是情感因素，第四段講的是語境因素。由此可以推斷，在接下來的段落中最有可能討論社會期望方面的文化差異。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。本文主要介紹了“irregardless”被收錄進了《韋氏詞典》，引起了廣泛的爭議，還介紹了這一單詞被使用的歷史以及人們對此的不同看法。
5.A　推理判斷題。第一段主要介紹了“irregardless”一詞從1795年起就一直被廣泛使用，下文介紹了這個詞在《韋氏詞典》中的釋義，人們對該詞的看法以及該詞的應用。由此可知，第一段的作用是引入關于“irregardless”一詞的話題。
6.B　觀點態度題。根據第四段中的“Irregardless” is too a word； you just don’t understand dictionaries.可知，麥金太爾認為“irregardless”的確是一個單詞，只是我們對詞典的理解不夠。由此可知，麥金太爾對《韋氏詞典》中“irregardless”的出現持支持態度。
7.C　細節理解題。根據最后一段中的So it’s a word， but its use is still discouraged in formal writing.可知，irregardless雖然是一個單詞，但不鼓勵人們在正式的寫作中使用它。
8.D　標題歸納題。本文主要介紹了“irregardless”被收錄進了《韋氏詞典》，引起了廣泛的爭議，還介紹了這一單詞被使用的歷史以及人們對此的不同看法。因此，D項（不管你怎么想，“irregardless”是一個單詞）是本文最佳標題。
Ⅱ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。隨著年齡的增長，我們是否還應該維持兒時的友誼？
9.B　上文說到擁有兒時的朋友對心理健康有益，由此推斷，設空處說的應該是擁有兒時朋友的益處，故B項符合語境。設空后的form a huge part of who you are與B項中的helped shape you相呼應。
10.G　設空前說到調查結果顯示，童年時與朋友待的時間長的男孩到了三十多歲后血壓更低，由此可知，兒時的友誼對身體健康也有好處，故G項符合語境。
11.F　設空前說到運動方面的雄心壯志并沒有使你成為體壇明星，設空后說到你想干點別的事情，F項符合語境。trainer、fitness與上文中的athletic構成詞匯同現。本段中hit it big意為“非常成功”， the brains意為“智力超群的人”。
12.C　設空前說到兒時的朋友會以一成不變的眼光看待我們，設空后說到那些標簽會使我們缺乏自信開拓新的領域。由此推斷，設空處說的應該是那種一成不變的眼光對我們的負面影響。C項中的box you in意為“阻礙，禁錮”。
13.E　上文說到有時兒時的友誼會妨礙我們的發展，下文說到要珍惜對我們有積極影響的朋友，故E項符合語境。下文It might feel like losing a part of your old self.是對設空處的進一步解釋。
Ⅲ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了消防員McKenna教一名中學生練習摔跤期間與他結下的深厚友誼。
14.D　根據下文Coach McKenna可知，McKenna在這所學校做兼職教練，他知道當教練會花費很多精力。本空與下文中的Coach是原詞復現。
15.C　根據下文McKenna drove Reed to meets and practices、cook healthy meals for the teenager、taught Reed how to drive， manage money可知，McKenna不僅教Reed摔跤，還在生活上照顧他。father-figure意為“父親般的人，受尊敬的人”。
16.B　根據下文showed him around可知，McKenna到達學校的第一天受到了Reed的歡迎。
17.D　McKenna第一天來到這所學校時，Reed非常熱情地帶他參觀，讓McKenna覺得不拘束。
18.A　根據下文I wanted to help make him the best wrestler可推斷，Reed有強烈的取得成功的愿望，所以McKenna想幫助他。
19.C　參見上題解析。
20.B　根據下文Coach McKenna ...got him part-time work.可推斷，McKenna很快就了解到Reed和他的同學的處境，并幫助他找到了兼職。
21.D　根據上文a low-income area可推斷，Reed家經濟條件有限。resources在此意為“財力”。low-income與limited構成詞匯同現。
22.C　根據下文where he’d cook healthy meals for the teenager可知，McKenna甚至在工作之余為Reed做飯。make time for意為“為……抽出時間”。
23.A　根據上文Louisville， Kentucky及下文中的invited Reed to come with them可推斷，McKenna搬家了。
24.D　根據上文McKenna taught Reed how to drive， manage money可知，McKenna在教Reed生活中用到的各種技能，使他學會獨立。
25.C　根據下文a full scholarship to Lindsey Wilson College可推斷，Reed在高年級時變得出類拔萃。
26.B　根據上文taught Reed how to drive， manage money可知，在McKenna的指導和鼓勵下，Reed獲得了大學獎學金。guidance與taught、encouragement構成詞匯同現。
27.C　根據空后everything McKenna did for him可知，Reed獲得大學獎學金、在摔跤比賽中奪冠后，回顧McKenna為他所做的一切。
28.A　根據下文I don’t know where I would be without him可知，Reed對McKenna充滿了感激。
Ⅳ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章簡單介紹了一些英文單詞源自漢語的語言現象。
29.that/which　考查定語從句。設空處引導限制性定語從句，指代先行詞several English words，且在從句中作主語，故填that/which。
30.related　考查詞形轉換。設空處在句中作表語，應用形容詞，表示“有關系的”，故填related。
31.It　考查it的用法。設空處作形式主語，句中的真正主語是to believe that ...，故填It。
32.actually　考查詞形轉換。設空處在句中作狀語，應用副詞，故填actually。
33.was called　考查動詞的時態和語態。This sauce與call之間為被動關系，應用被動語態，且根據后面的in the 18th century可知，應用一般過去時，故填was called。
34.depending　考查固定搭配。depending on為固定搭配，意為“依附，取決于”，在句中作狀語，故填depending。
35.to add　考查非謂語動詞。attempt to do sth 表示“嘗試做某事”，故填to add。
36.extends　考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。根據語境可知，此處是對客觀事實的描述，應用一般現在時，又因設空處在句中作謂語，主語為The influence of Chinese on English words，故填extends。
37.elements　考查名詞復數。element為可數名詞，意為“要素，特色”，在此表泛指，且前面有Many修飾，故填elements。
38.a　考查固定搭配。quite a few為固定搭配，意為“相當多的”，故填a。
5 / 6Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
定語從句復習
閱讀下列句子并體會加黑部分的用法。
1.Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries that are separated by a common language.
2.I spent one term in the UK，where the greatest challenge was the indirect manner of speaking.
3.There were times when questions like “...would be met with the reply ...” ...way of communicating.
4.So polite， in fact， that they will sometimes say the complete opposite of what they really mean： a common opinion is “It’s not bad”，which usually translates as “It’s awful”.
5.Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a preference for the direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to the point.
6.As my experiences clearly show， learning a language is just the beginning！
【我的發現】
（1）限制性定語從句指修飾名詞、代詞或名詞短語的從句，對修飾的對象加以限制。在從句中，關系代詞或關系副詞前沒有　　　　，如句　　　　。
（2）非限制性定語從句往往是對先行詞或整個主句的補充說明，通常用　　　　與主句隔開，如句　　　　　　。　　　　　　不能用來引導非限制性定語從句。
一、引導定語從句的關系代詞
1.引導定語從句的常用關系代詞的用法
關系代詞 先行詞 在從句中所作的成分
who 人 主語、賓語
whom 人 賓語
which 物 主語、賓語
that 人或物 主語、賓語、表語
whose 人或物 定語
as 人或物 主語、賓語、表語
We’ll reach the sales target in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year.
我們將在一個月內完成年初定下的銷售目標。
However， because of poverty，Nolan has to leave high school and find a job， whose life is full of ups and downs.
然而，由于貧困，諾蘭不得不從高中輟學去找工作，他的生活充滿了起起落落。
This woman has set a good example to her son，who is a really lucky guy.
這位女士給她的兒子樹立了一個好榜樣，他是一個非常幸運的小伙子。
2.關系代詞that和which的用法區別
只用that 的情況 先行詞是all、much、few、little、everything、anything、nothing、none、the one等不定代詞時
先行詞被any、few、little、much、some、no等詞修飾或被the only、the very、the same、the last等修飾時
先行詞是形容詞的最高級或先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時
先行詞是序數詞或先行詞前有序數詞對其進行修飾時
先行詞既指人又指物時
主句是以who、which、what等開頭的特殊疑問句時
只用which 的情況 在非限制性定語從句中用which不用that
介詞后用which，不用that
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？
你有什么要為自己說的嗎？
We should do everything that is useful to the people.
我們應該做一切有益于人民的事。
This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.
這是目前發現的世界上最小的計算機。
Which is the kindergarten that you used to be studying in？
你以前在哪個幼兒園上學？
I bought a great many books， on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我買了很多書，這些書花光了我所有的積蓄。
【即時演練1】　單句語法填空
①The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp， 　　　　　　was surrounded by a high wire fence.
②The man 　　　　　　is sitting in the front row is our English teacher.
③He lives in a big house 　　　　　　window faces the sea.
④Is there anything else 　　　　　　you asked me to do for you？
⑤This is one of the most exciting basketball games 　　　　　　my nephew has ever seen.
⑥The little problems 　　　　　　we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.
二、引導定語從句的關系副詞
關系副詞 先行詞 在從句中所作的成分
when 時間名詞 時間狀語
where 地點名詞或抽象地點名詞（situation、point、activity、case、stage等） 地點狀語
why the reason 原因狀語
I will never forget the day when （＝on which） we moved into our new house.
我永遠不會忘記我們搬進新家的那一天。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where （＝in which） they can gain experience for growth.
學生們應該參與社團活動，在這些活動中他們可以獲得成長的經驗。
He didn’t know the reason why （＝for which） he was dismissed.
他不知道他為什么被解雇了。
【即時演練2】　完成句子
①The time 　　　　　　　　　　　　was a very difficult period of my life.
第一次見到他的時候，是我一生中非常艱難的時期。
②Ancient China was a place 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
古代中國是各諸侯國之間經常發生戰爭的地方。
③The reason 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　is that it has been giving me strength to face the challenges in my life.
我最喜愛的體育運動是打籃球，原因是它一直給我力量來面對生活中的挑戰。
三、定語從句中關系詞的選用
方法一：用關系代詞還是關系副詞取決于從句中的謂語動詞。如果是及物動詞，就要用關系代詞；如果是不及物動詞，則要用關系副詞。
方法二：準確判斷關系詞在定語從句中所作的成分（主、賓、定、狀、表），也能正確選擇出是用關系代詞還是關系副詞。
關系詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語時，應用關系代詞（who、whom、that、which、whose、as）；關系詞在從句中作狀語時，應用關系副詞（where作地點狀語，when作時間狀語，why作原因狀語）。
The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father.
昨天我收到的那封信是我父親寄來的。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
這是我去年待過的山村。
四、“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句
1.“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中介詞的確定方法
方法一：根據從句中的謂語動詞或主要的形容詞確定介詞。
方法二：根據定語從句修飾的先行詞確定介詞。
方法三：根據句子所要表達的意思確定介詞。
The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那個窮人沒有房子住。
I don’t know the reason for which he was late for school.
我不知道他為什么上學遲到。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
這就是那位救了我兒子的飛行員。
2.“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句注意事項
（1）“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中的關系代詞通常用which或whom。
Do you know the man with whom Mr Black talked just now？
你認識剛才和布萊克先生說話的那個人嗎？
（2）關系副詞where、when、why有時可以用“介詞＋關系代詞”替換，介詞取決于先行詞及“介詞＋which”在從句中所作的成分，why只能用for which替換。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
＝This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
這就是兩年前我居住的那個房子。
（3）“不定代詞或數詞＋介詞＋which/whom”引導的定語從句，說明整體中的一部分。
Last week， only two people came to look at the house， neither of whom wanted to buy it.
上周只有兩個人來看房子，他們兩個人都不想買。
（4）“the＋名詞＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名詞”可替換為“whose＋名詞”，引導定語從句。
The house， the windows of which/of which the windows/whose windows were damaged， has now been repaired.
那所窗子遭到破壞的房子現在已經修好了。
五、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
和先行詞的關系密切，如果省略，主句意義往往不完整 和先行詞關系并不十分密切（起補充說明的作用，刪除后不影響整個句子意義的表達）
主句和從句不用逗號隔開 主句和從句用逗號隔開
只可以修飾先行詞，不可以修飾主句或主句的一部分 既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個主句或主句的一部分
He is the man who came to see you yesterday.
他是昨天來看你的那個人。
The sports meeting was put off， which astonished us.
運動會推遲了，這讓我們很吃驚。
2.as/which引導的非限制性定語從句的區別
as 引導非限制性定語從句時，修飾整個主句或主句的一部分 可放在句首、句中或句尾，意為“正如……，正像……”；從句的謂語動詞多為see、know、expect、say、mention、report等
which 引導非限制性定語從句時，修飾整個主句或主句的一部分，也可修飾先行詞 只能置于主句后，常譯為“這一點，這件事”等；which引導的從句與主句之間常含有并列或因果關系
As we all know， smoking is harmful to health.
眾所周知，吸煙有害健康。
He finished the task ahead of time， which is very important to us.
他提前完成了任務，這對我們很重要。
3.非限制性定語從句與并列句的識別
非限制性定語從句與主句之間常用逗號隔開，并且不能加入and、but、so等連接詞。并列句一般由and、but、so、or等詞連接。
He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， and most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
他付給那個男孩10美元擦窗戶，大部分窗戶至少有一年沒擦了。
【即時演練3】　完成句子
①Trading leather shoes is the business 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
皮鞋生意是格林一家致力于的事業。
②　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， talks between the two countries are making progress.
正如報紙上報道的那樣，這兩個國家之間的會談正在取得進展。
③I will never forget the day 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我永遠不會忘記我被大學錄取的那一天。
④He has a lot of friends， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　when he is in trouble.
他有許多朋友，當他遇到麻煩時有一些朋友會給他提供幫助。
Part Ⅰ　核心詞匯集釋
preference n.偏愛；偏愛的事物
【教材原句】　Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a preference for the direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to the point.
現在，當我與偏愛直接風格的美國人交談時，我發現我常常無法直接切入要點。
【用法】
（1）have/show a preference for　　　　　　　　　喜好……，偏愛…… （2）prefer v. 較喜歡，更喜歡 prefer to do/doing sth 更喜歡做某事 prefer sb to do sth 寧愿某人做某事 寧愿做某事而不愿做某事
【佳句】　I like pop music while my sister has a preference for classic music.
我喜歡流行音樂，而我妹妹偏愛古典音樂。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①I prefer 　　　　　　　　　　（exercise） at home， and it seems that I am always going on a diet.
②Nowadays a lot of teenagers prefer 　　　　　　（surf） the Internet at home to taking exercise outdoors.
【寫美】　一句多譯
③她寧愿步行去上班也不愿開車。
→　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（prefer to do ...rather than do ...）
→　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（would rather do ...than do ...）
intention n.意圖，計劃
【教材原句】　Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them.
那些打破禁忌的人可能會感到沮喪或尷尬，即使他們無意傷害其他人，這種情況也會讓周圍的人感到尷尬。
【用法】
（1）have no intention of doing sth　　　　　　　　不打算做某事 with the intention of doing/to do ... 抱有做……的目的/打算 （2）intend v. 打算；計劃；想要 intend to do/doing sth 打算/想要做某事 intend sb to do sth 　打算讓某人做某事 had intended to do ...＝intended to have done ... 原本打算做…… be intended for 打算為……所用，專為……而設計的
【佳句】　I start every summer with the best of intentions： to attack one big book from the past， a classic that I was supposed to have read when young and ambitious.
每年夏天， 我都抱有最好的打算：去讀一本古書，一本我年輕而雄心勃勃時就應該讀的經典之作。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①I intended 　　　　　　　　（visit） him， but I was afraid I would disturb him.
②This book 　　　　　　　　（intend） for primary and middle school students， aged between 6 and 18.
③We come here with the 　　　　　　（intend） of getting knowledge.
④His father intended him 　　　　　　　　（study） medicine but he decided to join the army.
⑤I 　　　　　　　　（intend） to visit you last night， but it rained.
【寫美】　句式升級
⑥The university is known for its language and culture courses which are intended for international students.
→The university is known for its language and culture courses 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.（分詞作定語）
correspond vi.類似于；相一致，符合；通信
【教材原句】　This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”.
這是因為漢語中與“傘”對應的單詞聽起來像另一個漢語單詞，意思是“分開”。
【用法】
（1）correspond to/with　和……相一致，相符合 correspond with sb 和某人通信 （2）correspondence n. 一致，符合；通信聯系；來往信件 in correspondence with 與……有通信聯系；與……一致 （3）corresponding adj. 符合的；相應的；相關的
【佳句】　I corresponded with Mary in the past several months when she took care of my mother.在瑪麗照顧我母親的這幾個月里，我和她一直通信。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①I have to inform you that the goods do not correspond 　　　　　　the samples you sent me.
②All rights carry with them 　　　　　　（correspond） responsibilities.
③What she has just said isn’t in 　　　　　　（correspond） with the views of the majority.
【寫美】　完成句子
④The way 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　went from letters to emails.
我們彼此通信的方式從書信變成郵件。
behave vi.& vt.表現得體，有禮貌；表現
【教材原句】　If you know what to avoid and how to behave， you will spare yourself embarrassment.
如果你知道避免什么和如何表現得體，你就會使自己免于尷尬。
【用法】
（1）behave well/badly to/towards sb　　　對待某人好/差 behave oneself 守規矩；表現得體 （2）well-behaved adj. 表現好的 badly-behaved adj. 表現差的 （3）behaviour n. 舉止，行為 be on one’s best behaviour 盡量表現得體
【佳句】　Students should be encouraged to develop good habits and better behave themselves.應當鼓勵學生養成良好的習慣，表現更加得體。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①They behaved badly 　　　　　　me at the party， which made me very angry.
②It is not right for some parents to control the 　　　　　　（behave） of their children.
③You’d better be 　　　　　　your best behaviour or else you’ll be in deep trouble when Mom gets home.
【寫美】　完成句子
④My mother asked me to 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我母親要求我在客人面前舉止得體。
Part Ⅱ　中頻詞匯特訓
embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尷尬的；拮據的
【教材原句】　Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them.
那些打破禁忌的人可能會感到沮喪或尷尬，即使他們無意傷害其他人，這種情況也會讓周圍的人感到尷尬。
【用法】
（1）be embarrassed to do sth 做某事而感到尷尬 be embarrassed about/at sth 因某事而窘迫 （2）embarrass vt.　　使窘迫，使尷尬 （3）embarrassing adj. 讓人難堪（尷尬、害羞）的 （4）embarrassment n. 窘迫，難堪；使人為難的處境 to one’s embarrassment 使某人感到尷尬的是
【佳句】　The embarrassing occasion embarrassed him so much that he felt very embarrassed and an embarrassed expression appeared on his face.
這個尷尬的場合使他很尷尬，他感到非常尷尬，他臉上露出了尷尬的表情。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①I would have liked him to give me a hand， but found it 　　　　　　（embarrass） to ask.
②The girl felt 　　　　　　（embarrass） at being the centre of attention.
③To avoid the 　　　　　　（embarrass）， the girl pretended that nothing had happened and continued working on her computer.
【寫美】　完成句子
④He 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　people speak so highly of him.
他聽見別人這樣贊揚他，感到很尷尬。
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
【重難語法·要攻克】
我的發現
（1）逗號　1、3　（2）逗號　2、4、5、6　that
即時演練1
①which　②who/that　③whose　④that　⑤that
⑥that/which
即時演練2
①when I first met him　
②where states were often at war with each other　
③why my favourite sport is playing basketball
即時演練3
①to which the Greens are devoted　②As is reported in the newspapers　③when/on which I was admitted into a university　④some of whom will offer help to him
【核心知識·巧突破】
Part Ⅰ
1.①to exercise/exercising　②surfing
③She prefers to walk to work rather than drive a car.
She would rather walk to work than drive a car.
2.①to visit/visiting　②is intended　③intention　④to study
⑤had intended　⑥intended for international students
3.①to/with　②corresponding　③correspondence
④we corresponded with each other
4.①to/towards　②behaviour　③on④behave myself before the guests
Part Ⅱ
①embarrassing　②embarrassed　③embarrassment④was very embarrassed to hear
8 / 8(共103張PPT)
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
1
重難語法·要攻克
目 錄
2
核心知識·巧突破
3
課時檢測·提能力
重難語法 · 要攻克
掌握核心語法
1
定語從句復習
閱讀下列句子并體會加藍部分的用法。
1. Some people say that the UK and the USA are two countries that are
separated by a common language.
2. I spent one term in the UK，where the greatest challenge was the
indirect manner of speaking.
3. There were times when questions like “...would be met with the
reply ...” ...way of communicating.
4. So polite， in fact， that they will sometimes say the complete
opposite of what they really mean： a common opinion is “It’s not
bad”，which usually translates as “It’s awful”.
5. Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a preference for the
direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to the point.
6. As my experiences clearly show， learning a language is just the
beginning！
【我的發現】
（1）限制性定語從句指修飾名詞、代詞或名詞短語的從句，對修飾
的對象加以限制。在從句中，關系代詞或關系副詞前沒有
，如句 。
（2）非限制性定語從句往往是對先行詞或整個主句的補充說明，通
常用 與主句隔開，如句 。 不能
用來引導非限制性定語從句。
逗
號　
1、3　
逗號　
2、4、5、6　
that　
一、引導定語從句的關系代詞
1. 引導定語從句的常用關系代詞的用法
關系代詞 先行詞 在從句中所作的成分
who 人 主語、賓語
whom 人 賓語
which 物 主語、賓語
that 人或物 主語、賓語、表語
whose 人或物 定語
as 人或物 主語、賓語、表語
We’ll reach the sales target in a month which/that we set at the
beginning of the year.
我們將在一個月內完成年初定下的銷售目標。
However， because of poverty，Nolan has to leave high school and
find a job， whose life is full of ups and downs.
然而，由于貧困，諾蘭不得不從高中輟學去找工作，他的生活充滿
了起起落落。
This woman has set a good example to her son，who is a really lucky
guy.
這位女士給她的兒子樹立了一個好榜樣，他是一個非常幸運的
小伙子。
2. 關系代詞that和which的用法區別
只用
that 的情
況 先行詞是all、much、few、little、everything、anything、
nothing、none、the one等不定代詞時
先行詞被any、few、little、much、some、no等詞修飾或被the only、the very、the same、the last等修飾時
先行詞是形容詞的最高級或先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時
先行詞是序數詞或先行詞前有序數詞對其進行修飾時
先行詞既指人又指物時
主句是以who、which、what等開頭的特殊疑問句時
只用
which 的情況 在非限制性定語從句中用which不用that
介詞后用which，不用that
Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？
你有什么要為自己說的嗎？
We should do everything that is useful to the people.
我們應該做一切有益于人民的事。
This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now.
這是目前發現的世界上最小的計算機。
Which is the kindergarten that you used to be studying in？
你以前在哪個幼兒園上學？
I bought a great many books， on which I spent all my money that I
saved.
我買了很多書，這些書花光了我所有的積蓄。
①The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp， was
surrounded by a high wire fence.
②The man is sitting in the front row is our English
teacher.
③He lives in a big house window faces the sea.
④Is there anything else you asked me to do for you？
⑤This is one of the most exciting basketball games my
nephew has ever seen.
⑥The little problems we meet in our daily lives may be
inspirations for great inventions.
which　
who/that　
whose　
that　
that　
that/which　
【即時演練1】　單句語法填空
二、引導定語從句的關系副詞
關系副詞 先行詞 在從句中
所作的成分
when 時間名詞 時間狀語
where 地點名詞或抽象地點名詞（situation、point、activity、case、stage等） 地點狀語
why the reason 原因狀語
I will never forget the day when （＝on which） we moved into our new
house.
我永遠不會忘記我們搬進新家的那一天。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where （＝in
which） they can gain experience for growth.
學生們應該參與社團活動，在這些活動中他們可以獲得成長的經驗。
He didn’t know the reason why （＝for which） he was dismissed.
他不知道他為什么被解雇了。
【即時演練2】　完成句子
①The time was a very difficult period of my
life.
第一次見到他的時候，是我一生中非常艱難的時期。
②Ancient China was a place
.
古代中國是各諸侯國之間經常發生戰爭的地方。
when I first met him　
where states were often at war with each
other　
③The reason is that it
has been giving me strength to face the challenges in my life.
我最喜愛的體育運動是打籃球，原因是它一直給我力量來面對生活中
的挑戰。
why my favourite sport is playing basketball　
三、定語從句中關系詞的選用
方法一：用關系代詞還是關系副詞取決于從句中的謂語動詞。如果是
及物動詞，就要用關系代詞；如果是不及物動詞，則要用關系副詞。
方法二：準確判斷關系詞在定語從句中所作的成分（主、賓、定、
狀、表），也能正確選擇出是用關系代詞還是關系副詞。
關系詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語時，應用關系代詞
（who、whom、that、which、whose、as）；關系詞在從句中作狀語
時，應用關系副詞（where作地點狀語，when作時間狀語，why作原
因狀語）。
The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father.
昨天我收到的那封信是我父親寄來的。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
這是我去年待過的山村。
四、“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句
1. “介詞＋關系代詞”結構中介詞的確定方法
方法一：根據從句中的謂語動詞或主要的形容詞確定介詞。
方法二：根據定語從句修飾的先行詞確定介詞。
方法三：根據句子所要表達的意思確定介詞。
The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那個窮人沒有房子住。
I don’t know the reason for which he was late for school.我不知道他為
什么上學遲到。
This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.
這就是那位救了我兒子的飛行員。
2. “介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句注意事項
（1）“介詞＋關系代詞”結構中的關系代詞通常用which或
whom。
Do you know the man with whom Mr Black talked just now？
你認識剛才和布萊克先生說話的那個人嗎？
（2）關系副詞where、when、why有時可以用“介詞＋關系代詞”
替換，介詞取決于先行詞及“介詞＋which”在從句中所作的
成分，why只能用for which替換。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
＝This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
這就是兩年前我居住的那個房子。
（3）“不定代詞或數詞＋介詞＋which/whom”引導的定語從句，
說明整體中的一部分。
Last week， only two people came to look at the house， neither
of whom wanted to buy it.
上周只有兩個人來看房子，他們兩個人都不想買。
（4）“the＋名詞＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名詞”可替換為
“whose＋名詞”，引導定語從句。
The house， the windows of which/of which the
windows/whose windows were damaged， has now been repaired.
那所窗子遭到破壞的房子現在已經修好了。
五、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
和先行詞的關系密切，如果省
略，主句意義往往不完整 和先行詞關系并不十分密切（起補
充說明的作用，刪除后不影響整個
句子意義的表達）
主句和從句不用逗號隔開 主句和從句用逗號隔開
只可以修飾先行詞，不可以修
飾主句或主句的一部分 既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整
個主句或主句的一部分
He is the man who came to see you yesterday.
他是昨天來看你的那個人。
The sports meeting was put off， which astonished us.
運動會推遲了，這讓我們很吃驚。
2. as/which引導的非限制性定語從句的區別
as 引導非限制性定語從句
時，修飾整個主句或主
句的一部分 可放在句首、句中或句尾，意為“正
如……，正像……”；從句的謂語動詞
多為see、know、expect、say、
mention、report等
w
hi
ch 引導非限制性定語從句
時，修飾整個主句或主
句的一部分，也可修飾
先行詞 只能置于主句后，常譯為“這一點，這
件事”等；which引導的從句與主句之
間常含有并列或因果關系
As we all know， smoking is harmful to health.
眾所周知，吸煙有害健康。
He finished the task ahead of time， which is very important to us.
他提前完成了任務，這對我們很重要。
3. 非限制性定語從句與并列句的識別
非限制性定語從句與主句之間常用逗號隔開，并且不能加入and、
but、so等連接詞。并列句一般由and、but、so、or等詞連接。
He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， most of which
hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows， and most of them
hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
他付給那個男孩10美元擦窗戶，大部分窗戶至少有一年沒擦了。
【即時演練3】　完成句子
①Trading leather shoes is the business
.
皮鞋生意是格林一家致力于的事業。
② ， talks between the two countries
are making progress.
正如報紙上報道的那樣，這兩個國家之間的會談正在取得進展。
to which the Greens are
devoted　
As is reported in the newspapers　
③I will never forget the day
.
我永遠不會忘記我被大學錄取的那一天。
④He has a lot of friends， when
he is in trouble.
他有許多朋友，當他遇到麻煩時有一些朋友會給他提供幫助。
when/on which I was admitted into a
university　
some of whom will offer help to him　
核心知識·巧突破
探究課堂重點
2
Part Ⅰ　核心詞匯集釋
preference n.偏愛；偏愛的事物
【教材原句】　Now， when speaking to Americans， who have a
preference for the direct style， I found that I often failed to get straight to
the point.
現在，當我與偏愛直接風格的美國人交談時，我發現我常常無法直接
切入要點。
【用法】
（1）have/show a preference for　　喜好……，偏愛……
（2）prefer v.　　較喜歡，更喜歡
prefer to do/doing sth　　更喜歡做某事
prefer sb to do sth　　寧愿某人做某事
寧愿做某事而不愿做某事
【佳句】　I like pop music while my sister has a preference for classic
music.
我喜歡流行音樂，而我妹妹偏愛古典音樂。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①I prefer （exercise） at home， and it seems
that I am always going on a diet.
②Nowadays a lot of teenagers prefer （surf） the Internet at
home to taking exercise outdoors.
to exercise/exercising　
surfing　
【寫美】　一句多譯
③她寧愿步行去上班也不愿開車。
→ （prefer to
do ...rather than do ...）
→ （would rather
do ...than do ...）
She prefers to walk to work rather than drive a car.　
She would rather walk to work than drive a car.　
intention n.意圖，計劃
【教材原句】　Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or
embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the
situation will also be awkward for the people around them.
那些打破禁忌的人可能會感到沮喪或尷尬，即使他們無意傷害其他
人，這種情況也會讓周圍的人感到尷尬。
【用法】
（1）have no intention of doing sth　不打算做某事
with the intention of doing/to do ...　　抱有做……的目的/打算
（2）intend v.　　打算；計劃；想要
intend to do/doing sth　　打算/想要做某事
intend sb to do sth　　打算讓某人做某事
had intended to do ...＝intended to have done ...　　原本打算做……
be intended for　　打算為……所用，專為……而設計的
【佳句】　I start every summer with the best of intentions： to attack
one big book from the past， a classic that I was supposed to have read
when young and ambitious.
每年夏天， 我都抱有最好的打算：去讀一本古書，一本我年輕而雄心
勃勃時就應該讀的經典之作。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①I intended （visit） him， but I was afraid I would
disturb him.
②This book （intend） for primary and middle school
students， aged between 6 and 18.
③We come here with the （intend） of getting knowledge.
④His father intended him （study） medicine but he
decided to join the army.
⑤I （intend） to visit you last night， but it rained.
to visit/visiting　
is intended　
intention　
to study　
had intended　
【寫美】　句式升級
⑥The university is known for its language and culture courses which are
intended for international students.
→The university is known for its language and culture courses
.（分詞作定語）
intended
for international students　
correspond vi.類似于；相一致，符合；通信
【教材原句】　This is because the word that corresponds to
“umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means
“to separate”.這是因為漢語中與“傘”對應的單詞聽起來像另一個
漢語單詞，意思是“分開”。
【用法】
（1）correspond to/with　　和……相一致，相符合
correspond with sb　　和某人通信
（2）correspondence n.　　一致，符合；通信聯系；來往信件
in correspondence with　　與……有通信聯系；
與……一致
（3）corresponding adj.　　符合的；相應的；相關的
【佳句】　I corresponded with Mary in the past several months when
she took care of my mother.
在瑪麗照顧我母親的這幾個月里，我和她一直通信。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①I have to inform you that the goods do not correspond the
samples you sent me.
②All rights carry with them （correspond）
responsibilities.
③What she has just said isn’t in （correspond）
with the views of the majority.
to/with　
corresponding　
correspondence　
【寫美】　完成句子
④The way went from letters to
emails.
我們彼此通信的方式從書信變成郵件。
we corresponded with each other　
behave vi.& vt.表現得體，有禮貌；表現
【教材原句】　If you know what to avoid and how to behave， you will
spare yourself embarrassment.
如果你知道避免什么和如何表現得體，你就會使自己免于尷尬。
【用法】
（1）behave well/badly to/towards sb　　對待某人好/差
behave oneself　　守規矩；表現得體
（2）well-behaved adj.　　表現好的
badly-behaved adj.　　表現差的
（3）behaviour n.　　舉止，行為
be on one’s best behaviour　　盡量表現得體
【練透】　單句語法填空
①They behaved badly me at the party， which made me
very angry.
②It is not right for some parents to control the （behave）
of their children.
③You’d better be your best behaviour or else you’ll be in deep
trouble when Mom gets home.
【佳句】　Students should be encouraged to develop good habits and
better behave themselves.
應當鼓勵學生養成良好的習慣，表現更加得體。
to/towards　
behaviour　
on　
【寫美】　完成句子
④My mother asked me to .
我母親要求我在客人面前舉止得體。
behave myself before the guests　
Part Ⅱ　中頻詞匯特訓
embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尷尬的；拮據的
【教材原句】　Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or
embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others， and the
situation will also be awkward for the people around them.
那些打破禁忌的人可能會感到沮喪或尷尬，即使他們無意傷害其他
人，這種情況也會讓周圍的人感到尷尬。
【用法】
（1）be embarrassed to do sth　　做某事而感到尷尬
be embarrassed about/at sth　　因某事而窘迫
（2）embarrass vt.　　使窘迫，使尷尬
（3）embarrassing adj.　　讓人難堪（尷尬、害羞）的
（4）embarrassment n.　　窘迫，難堪；使人為難的處境
to one’s embarrassment 使某人感到尷尬的是
【佳句】　The embarrassing occasion embarrassed him so much that
he felt very embarrassed and an embarrassed expression appeared on his
face.
這個尷尬的場合使他很尷尬，他感到非常尷尬，他臉上露出了尷尬的
表情。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①I would have liked him to give me a hand， but found
it （embarrass） to ask.
②The girl felt （embarrass） at being the centre of
attention.
③To avoid the （embarrass）， the girl pretended
that nothing had happened and continued working on her computer.
embarrassing　
embarrassed　
embarrassment　
【寫美】　完成句子
④He people speak so highly of him.
他聽見別人這樣贊揚他，感到很尷尬。
was very embarrassed to hear　
課時檢測·提能力
培育學科素養
3
維度一：基礎題型練
用正確的關系詞填空。
1. The reason he was late was that his car broke down on the
way.
2. I know a girl father works in our community.
3. We don’t know the number of people lost their homes in
the disaster.
why　
whose　
who/that　
4. He was late for the opening ceremony， was very surprising
to me.
5. All the presents your friends gave you on your birthday
should be put away.
6. She is such a girl is always finding fault with other people.
7. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry
tears， none of has been proved.
8. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy
atmosphere his employees enjoy their work.
which　
（that）
as　
which　
where　
9. I am looking forward to the day my daughter can read this
book and know my feelings for her.
10. This is my best friend， for I want to buy a present
because it is his birthday tomorrow.
when　
whom　
維度二：語法與寫作
用定語從句完成下列句子。
1. ， getting close to nature is beneficial to our
health.
我們都知道，親近大自然對我們的健康有益。
2. After graduation， he returned to the small town
.
畢業以后，他回到了那個他長大的小鎮上。
As we all know　
where/in which he
grew up　
3. I will never forget the day
.
我永遠不會忘記我們參觀故宮那一天。
4. The girl handed everything in the street to
the police.
這個女孩把她在街上撿到的一切都交給了警察。
5. The man yesterday lives in the room next
to me.
昨天做演講的那個男人住在我旁邊的房間。
when/on which we visited the Palace
Museum　
that she had picked up　
who/that made a speech　
維度三：語法與語篇
閱讀下面短文，用適當的關系詞填空。
　　Tai Dong is a small city in south-east Taiwan 1. I grew
up.My family moved there from Taipei the summer 2. I was
born. The house 3. I grew up was on a main street in Tai
Dong. It was a nice house with a big garden 4. there were a
lot of nice flowers. My father sold tea， and my mother had a small
restaurant 5. there were always many customers. A cousin
of mine 6. family I visited every summer lived with us. He
was an apprentice （學徒） 7. my father was
teaching the tea business to.
where　
when　
where　
where　
where　
whose　
who/whom/that　
On the first floor of our house， we had a huge kitchen 8. we
all gathered for dinner. I will never forget the happy days 9. we
were eating and talking happily. The bedrooms were upstairs. My brother
and my cousin slept in one bedroom. I slept in another 10.
I shared with Polly， the smartest bird that I had ever seen.
where　
when　
which/that　
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　When I worked as a global media coordinator （協調人） for the
United Nations several years ago， I organized biweekly conference
calls， during which I would ask my colleagues around the world to
provide information by particular deadlines.My colleagues almost always
responded with a yes.But all too often， the deadlines came and went
without the requested material.Finally， my South African boss had to
explain what would never have occurred to me： In many cultures， it is
rude to say no.So some people would say yes to anything I asked，
regardless of whether they had any intention of delivering.
　　If communicating internally at the UN was challenging， interacting
with the outside world was much harder.How would we reach people in
places where newspapers and televisions are still not widely available？
How could we generate media coverage there？ Communicating globally
may require changing the way you interview senior communication
professionals in 31 countries about how they help clients modify their
messages and strategies for particular cultures.I have found that some of
the biggest factors to consider when communicating in a new culture
involve emotion， context and social expectations.
　　As an example of emotional differences， if I were to do a media
interview in the US and became visibly angry at a reporter’s question， I
would be seen as unstable.By contrast， in the Middle East， when
people are talking about a heated issue， they tend to display powerful
feelings — those who stay cool and calm while discussing such a problem
may be viewed as untrustworthy.
　　Another big cultural difference revolves round the level of
“context” provided in a conversation.As an American，I am what is
known as a low-context communicator （who communicates information
in a direct manner that relies mainly on words rather than contextual
elements such as tones and body language）， so if I want something
done， I say so frankly.In high-context cultures， as in Asia， people
may do the opposite.You have to pick up on body language， tones， and
other contextual cues to realize that your colleague who just said yes to you
has actually communicated that she does not agree to your plan.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。作者結合自身經歷，講述了不同文
化之間的差異給人際溝通帶來的影響。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。作者結合自身經歷，講述了不同文
化之間的差異給人際溝通帶來的影響。
1. How did the author probably feel about those colleagues according to
Paragraph 1？（　　）
A. Confused and upset.
B. Ashamed and guilty.
C. Satisfied and delighted.
D. Doubtful and angry.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據第一段中的My colleagues almost
always responded with a yes.But all too often， the deadlines came
and went without the requested material.可知，同事答應作者的事情
沒有兌現，因此，作者肯定會感到不快；又根據最后兩句可知，如
果不是來自南非的老板對此進行解釋，作者會一直感到困惑，不明
白同事們為什么會這么做。由此可知，作者對那些同事可能感到困
惑和不快。
2. What is often expected in the Middle East when people discuss heated
issues？（　　）
A. Mild body language.
B. Remarkable criticism.
C. Emotional responses.
D. Confident evaluation.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第三段中的By contrast ...may be
viewed as untrustworthy.可知，當討論到熱點問題時，中東地區的
人往往會表現出強烈的情感回應。
3. What can we infer from the colleague mentioned in the last paragraph？
（　　）
A. She may be from the United States.
B. She may prefer to speak in a direct way.
C. She may be a high-context communicator.
D. She may be influenced by low-context cultures.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據最后一段最后一句可知，這位同事表
達她的想法不是直接用語言，而是通過肢體語言、語氣和其他與情
境有關的提示。所以，她可能是一個高語境溝通者。
4. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows？
（　　）
A. The main content of the author’s book.
B. Cultural differences of social expectations.
C. Different meanings of “yes” in different cultures.
D. Important skills of communicating with colleagues.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據第二段中的I have found that ...
involve emotion， context and social expectations.可推知，在文章中
作者可能會分別討論上面提到的這些因素，而第三段講的是情感因
素，第四段講的是語境因素。由此可以推斷，在接下來的段落中最
有可能討論社會期望方面的文化差異。
B
　　（2024·江蘇揚州月考）When “irregardless” was included in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary， it caused wide
disagreements.“Irregardless” has been in widespread and near-constant
use since 1795， when a newspaper called The Charleston City Gazette of
Charleston Ga first used it.“We do not make the English language， and
we merely record it，” the dictionary’s staff wrote in “Words of the
Week”.
　　The word’s definition， when we read it， would seem to be：
without without regard.However， Merriam-Webster defines
“irregardless” as “nonstandard” but meaning the same as
“regardless”.According to Merriam-Webster， “Many people find
‘irregardless’ to be a ridiculous word， as the ir-prefix usually indicates
negative meaning； however， in this case， it appears to make the
meaning of ‘regardless’ stronger.”
　　“It’s not a real word.I don’t care what the dictionary says，”
responds author Michelle Ray， who teaches English in Silver Spring，
Maryland.And she says she’s still planning to mark “irregardless” as
incorrect on her students’ work.
　　An American newspaper The Baltimore Sun published the word in
editor John McIntyre’s commentary on Saturday，“‘Irregardless’ is
too a word； you just don’t understand dictionaries.People get upset
about the dictionary because they think it is some sort of the official
document.But actually， it’s not.It’s just lexicographers （詞典編纂
者） identifying words that people use and trying to find out how they are
spelt， how they are pronounced， what meanings they have and where
they came from.”
　　“The dictionary’s recognition doesn’t enrol a word as correct in
the English language，” McIntyre says.“It just says this is a word that a
lot of people use in English.And here’s what we know about it.” So
it’s a word， but its use is still discouraged in formal writing.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。本文主要介紹了“irregardless”被收
錄進了《韋氏詞典》，引起了廣泛的爭議，還介紹了這一單詞被使
用的歷史以及人們對此的不同看法。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。本文主要介紹了“irregardless”被收
錄進了《韋氏詞典》，引起了廣泛的爭議，還介紹了這一單詞被使
用的歷史以及人們對此的不同看法。
5. What’s the function of the first paragraph？（　　）
A. To lead in the topic.
B. To criticize the use of “irregardless”.
C. To introduce a new word.
D. To make a definition of “irregardless”.
解析：　推理判斷題。第一段主要介紹了“irregardless”一詞從
1795年起就一直被廣泛使用，下文介紹了這個詞在《韋氏詞典》中
的釋義，人們對該詞的看法以及該詞的應用。由此可知，第一段的
作用是引入關于“irregardless”一詞的話題。
6. What is McIntyre’s attitude to the appearance of “irregardless” in
Merriam-Webster Dictionary？（　　）
A. Conservative. B. Favourable.
C. Indifferent. D. Ambiguous.
解析：　觀點態度題。根據第四段中的“Irregardless” is too a
word； you just don’t understand dictionaries.可知，麥金太爾認為
“irregardless”的確是一個單詞，只是我們對詞典的理解不夠。由
此可知，麥金太爾對《韋氏詞典》中“irregardless”的出現持支持
態度。
7. What can we learn from the passage？（　　）
A. The dictionary’s staff rarely record the English language.
B. Michelle Ray thinks the use of “irregardless” formal but incorrect.
C. People are still not encouraged to use “irregardless” in formal
writing.
D. “Irregardless” had been in widespread and near-constant use before
1795.
解析：　細節理解題。根據最后一段中的So it’s a word， but its
use is still discouraged in formal writing.可知，irregardless雖然是一
個單詞，但不鼓勵人們在正式的寫作中使用它。
8. What can be the best title for the passage？（　　）
A. “Irregardless” Is Frequently Used in Formal Writing
B. “Irregardless” Shouldn’t Be Included in the Dictionary
C. Experts Can’t Agree on the Meaning of “Irregardless”
D. Regardless of What You Think， “Irregardless” Is a Word
解析：　標題歸納題。本文主要介紹了“irregardless”被收錄進
了《韋氏詞典》，引起了廣泛的爭議，還介紹了這一單詞被使用的
歷史以及人們對此的不同看法。因此，D項（不管你怎么想，
“irregardless”是一個單詞）是本文最佳標題。
Ⅱ.閱讀七選五
　　There are mental health benefits to having friends who knew you
before you became a successful adult.9.（　　） They know when
you’re in high spirits and when you’re tired out.Maybe your friend
encouraged you to do something you didn’t dare to do.Maybe you
helped your friend learn how to drive.These memories probably form a
huge part of who you are.
　　Valuing friendship is associated with better health， greater happiness
and higher levels of wellbeing across cultures.Also， according to
findings published in Psychological Science， boys who spent more time
with friends as children tended to have lower blood pressure when they
became men in their early thirties.10.（　　）
　　Childhood friends view us in a way that might be frozen in time.12.
（　　） Maybe you even internalized the label.You therefore struggle
with the confidence and the high self-esteem （自尊心） necessary to
move into a new field.
　　However， sometimes these friends， knowingly or unknowingly，
limit our growth.Let’s say you weren’t great at academics and hit it big
when it came to sports in primary school.While your brother was called
“the brains”， you were labeled “the athletic one”. Your athletic
ambitions didn’t result in your becoming a star sports figure.11.
（　　） But you really want to do something else now.
　　13. （　　） Sometimes you lose them through no choice of your
own.It might feel like losing a part of your old self.Value and keep the
childhood friends who live a healthy life and support you in a positive and
balanced manner.
A. It’s easy to make friends.
B. Your friends helped shape you.
C. That idea might restrict you and box you in.
D. You can be sympathetic， but know your limits.
E. Letting go of a childhood friend is especially hard.
F. Therefore， you pursued a career as a personal trainer at a local fitness
center.
G. So， time spent with childhood friends is related to physical health
even in adulthood.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。隨著年齡的增長，我們是否還應該
維持兒時的友誼？
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。隨著年齡的增長，我們是否還應該
維持兒時的友誼？
9. B　上文說到擁有兒時的朋友對心理健康有益，由此推斷，設空處
說的應該是擁有兒時朋友的益處，故B項符合語境。設空后的form a
huge part of who you are與B項中的helped shape you相呼應。
10. G　設空前說到調查結果顯示，童年時與朋友待的時間長的男孩
到了三十多歲后血壓更低，由此可知，兒時的友誼對身體健康也有好
處，故G項符合語境。
11. F　設空前說到運動方面的雄心壯志并沒有使你成為體壇明星，設
空后說到你想干點別的事情，F項符合語境。trainer、fitness與上文中
的athletic構成詞匯同現。本段中hit it big意為“非常成功”， the
brains意為“智力超群的人”。
12. C　設空前說到兒時的朋友會以一成不變的眼光看待我們，設空
后說到那些標簽會使我們缺乏自信開拓新的領域。由此推斷，設空處
說的應該是那種一成不變的眼光對我們的負面影響。C項中的box you
in意為“阻礙，禁錮”。
13. E　上文說到有時兒時的友誼會妨礙我們的發展，下文說到要珍
惜對我們有積極影響的朋友，故E項符合語境。下文It might feel like
losing a part of your old self.是對設空處的進一步解釋。
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　Tom McKenna had been a firefighter for nine years when he took on a
part-time job at Iroquois High School in Louisville， Kentucky.He
knew 　14　 would take a lot of work， but he never imagined that he’d
become a 　15　 in the process.
　　The first day McKenna arrived at the school in 2015， he
immediately felt 　16　 by then-16-year-old Brandon Reed.The student
athlete showed him around and made him 　17　.“He had a
strong 　18　 to succeed，” says McKenna.“ 　19　， I wanted to
help make him the best wrestler.”
　　It quickly became 　20　 that Reed and his fellow students， who
lived in a low-income area， had 　21　 resources.Coach McKenna
drove Reed to meets and practices and got him part-time work.He even
made 　22　 for Reed during his 75-hour work weeks at the firehouse，
where he’d cook healthy meals for the teenager.
　　At the end of the school year， when McKenna decided to 　23　 to
Taylorsville， Kentucky， with his wife， he invited Reed to come with
them.The two didn’t just train together.McKenna taught Reed how to
drive， manage money and learn to be 　24　.As was expected，
Reed 　25　 during his senior year.With McKenna’s 　26　 and
encouragement， he earned a full scholarship to Lindsey Wilson College
in Columbia， Kentucky， where he won the National Association of
Intercollegiate Athletics Championship.When Reed 　27　 everything
McKenna did for him， he says he’s “beyond 　28　”.“I don’t
know where I would be without him，” says Reed.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了消防員McKenna教一名
中學生練習摔跤期間與他結下的深厚友誼。
14. A. rescuing B. consulting
C. searching D. coaching
解析：　根據下文Coach McKenna可知，McKenna在這所學校做
兼職教練，他知道當教練會花費很多精力。本空與下文中的
Coach是原詞復現。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了消防員McKenna教一名
中學生練習摔跤期間與他結下的深厚友誼。
15. A. first-aider B. stepfather
C. father-figure D. statesman
解析：　根據下文McKenna drove Reed to meets and practices、
cook healthy meals for the teenager、taught Reed how to drive，
manage money可知，McKenna不僅教Reed摔跤，還在生活上照顧
他。father-figure意為“父親般的人，受尊敬的人”。
16. A. persuaded B. welcomed
C. interrupted D. guarded
解析：B　根據下文showed him around可知，McKenna到達學校的
第一天受到了Reed的歡迎。
17. A. forget his pain B. get into trouble
C. change his mind D. feel at home
解析：　McKenna第一天來到這所學校時，Reed非常熱情地帶
他參觀，讓McKenna覺得不拘束。
18. A. drive B. option
C. influence D. position
解析：　根據下文I wanted to help make him the best wrestler可推
斷，Reed有強烈的取得成功的愿望，所以McKenna想幫助他。
19. A. Besides B. Nevertheless
C. Therefore D. Instead
解析：　參見上題解析。
20. A. bearable B. apparent
C. complicated D. helpless
解析：　根據下文Coach McKenna ...got him part-time work.可
推斷，McKenna很快就了解到Reed和他的同學的處境，并幫助他
找到了兼職。
21. A. teaching B. extra
C. physical D. limited
解析：　根據上文a low-income area可推斷，Reed家經濟條
件有限。resources在此意為“財力”。low-income與limited構
成詞匯同現。
22. A. room B. money C. time D. way
解析：　根據下文where he’d cook healthy meals for the teenager
可知，McKenna甚至在工作之余為Reed做飯。make time for意為
“為……抽出時間”。
23. A. relocate B. refer
C. apply D. walk
解析：　根據上文Louisville， Kentucky及下文中的invited Reed
to come with them可推斷，McKenna搬家了。
24. A. free B. sensitive
C. generous D. independent
解析：　根據上文McKenna taught Reed how to drive， manage
money可知，McKenna在教Reed生活中用到的各種技能，使他學
會獨立。
25. A. returned B. dropped
C. shone D. recovered
解析：　根據下文a full scholarship to Lindsey Wilson College可推
斷，Reed在高年級時變得出類拔萃。
26. A. control B. guidance
C. pressure D. recommendation
解析：　根據上文taught Reed how to drive， manage money可
知，在McKenna的指導和鼓勵下，Reed獲得了大學獎學金。
guidance與taught、encouragement構成詞匯同現。
27. A. checks in B. adds to
C. looks back on D. makes up for
解析：　根據空后everything McKenna did for him可知，Reed獲
得大學獎學金、在摔跤比賽中奪冠后，回顧McKenna為他所做的
一切。
28. A. grateful B. hopeful
C. pitiful D. thoughtful
解析：　根據下文I don’t know where I would be without him可
知，Reed對McKenna充滿了感激。
Ⅳ.語法填空
　　English is full of loanwords （外來詞） from other languages，
mostly from Latin or French.But did you know that there are also several
English words 29. 　　　　　　 come from Chinese？ Now let’s dive
in and learn some of them.
　　To start with， Chinese restaurants are found all over the world， so
it should come as no surprise that a lot of Chinese loanwords in English are
30. 　　　　　　 （relate） to food， such as wonton， dim sum， and
lychee.Perhaps the most interesting word on that list is
ketchup.31. 　　　　　　 is hard to believe that something so American
32. 　　　　　　 （actual） has its roots in China’s Fujian
Province.Back in the day， the Chinese made a kind of fish sauce.This
sauce in the Southern Min dialect （閩南語）
33. 　　　　　　（call） something like “ke-tchup”“ge-tchup” or “kue-chiap” in the 18th century， 34. 　　　　　　 （depend） on the dialect.It wasn’t until the 19th century that people first attempted
35. 　　　　　　 （add） tomato to ketchup.
　　The influence of Chinese on English words 36. 　 　 （extend） far beyond the kitchen.There are several Chinese words that are just too difficult to translate into English， so the original ones are used， such as typhoon， tai chi， kung fu， and mahjong.Many key 37. 　　　　　　 （element） of Chinese culture are better left said in
the Chinese way， after all！
　　As you can see， Chinese has made its mark on the English language
with quite 38. 　　　　　　 few words and expressions.Do you know of
any other English words of Chinese origin？
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章簡單介紹了一些英文單詞源自
漢語的語言現象。
29. that/which　考查定語從句。設空處引導限制性定語從句，指代先
行詞several English words，且在從句中作主語，故填that/which。
30. related　考查詞形轉換。設空處在句中作表語，應用形容詞，表
示“有關系的”，故填related。
31. It　考查it的用法。設空處作形式主語，句中的真正主語是to
believe that ...，故填It。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章簡單介紹了一些英文單詞源自
漢語的語言現象。
32. actually　考查詞形轉換。設空處在句中作狀語，應用副詞，故填
actually。
33. was called　考查動詞的時態和語態。This sauce與call之間為被動
關系，應用被動語態，且根據后面的in the 18th century可知，應用一
般過去時，故填was called。
34. depending　考查固定搭配。depending on為固定搭配，意為“依
附，取決于”，在句中作狀語，故填depending。
35. to add　考查非謂語動詞。attempt to do sth 表示“嘗試做某事”，
故填to add。
36. extends　考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。根據語境可知，此處是對
客觀事實的描述，應用一般現在時，又因設空處在句中作謂語，主語
為The influence of Chinese on English words，故填extends。
37. elements　考查名詞復數。element為可數名詞，意為“要素，特
色”，在此表泛指，且前面有Many修飾，故填elements。
38. a　考查固定搭配。quite a few為固定搭配，意為“相當多的”，
故填a。
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