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Section Ⅱ　Learning About Language
維度一：基礎題型練
1.He 　　　　　　　　　　（wait） for two weeks. He was still waiting.
2.We 　　　　　　　　　　　　（advertise） in all the local papers for a nurse-companion， but with no result to date.
3.I 　　　　　　　　　　　　（read） research studies on self-monitoring for 20 years， and I’ve conducted some myself.
4.The two friends 　　　　　　　　　　　　（chat） on the Internet for three hours， and they will go on till next morning.
5.Over the past three years， I 　　　　　　　　　　　　（get） along well with my classmates and teachers.
6.Recently our school 　　　　　　　　　　（call） on us to take exercise for our physical and mental health.
7.Our players 　　　　　　　　　　　　（practice） hard whenever possible since our football team was organised.
8.We were told that you’re an expert on English drama and 　　　　　　　　（do） research in this field for many years.
9.All the staff of the company， who 　　　　　　　　　　　　（work） extra hours these days， hope to finish the project as scheduled.
10.Thanks to the reading club， I 　　　　　　　（know） many friends who share the same interest with me.
11.I 　　　　　　　　　　　　（write） a report about the environment here over the last few days， which I have to hand in next week.
12.I am sorry to hear that you 　　　　　　　　　　　　（put） on weight recently and you are upset about it.
維度二：語法與寫作
1.你的衣服全濕透了，我想你整天都在跑來跑去吧。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
2.你看起來又瘦又累，最近你工作一定很辛苦吧。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
3.這個女孩丟了鑰匙，她到處找都找不到。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
4.最近我一直在從報紙上看有關流行病的資料。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
5.這本書我已經讀了兩個小時，但我還沒讀完。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
6.在過去的幾十年里，由于全球變暖，北極的海冰一直在減少。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
7.我找工作已經三個月了，這是我第一次正式面試。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
8.寫作時，你要運用所學過的知識來寫出正確的句子。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
9.他一直盼望著下周趁他父母去度假時參觀美術館。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
10.這個女孩對運動很感興趣，在過去的三年里，她每周上兩次羽毛球課。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
維度三：語法與語篇
　　運用現在完成時和現在完成進行時完成下面短文。
　　I 1.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （一直努力學習） for the College Entrance Examination since I became a Senior Three student.Our headteacher 2.　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （一直努力付出） to build a great learning atmosphere， which has helped us focus on our study.Also， I 3.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （一直相處很好） with my classmates and teachers.I want to be a doctor， which I 4.　　　　　　　　　　　 （一直夢想的） these years.Now I am under great pressure.But fortunately， my parents 5.　　　　　　　　　　 （一直支持我）， and I also have great confidence in myself and my future.
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　（2024·浙江四校高二下學期聯考）When Jessika Kattah was put in a wheelchair， she knew she wouldn’t be able to walk again.
　　But she could still fly.
　　Kattah and other disabled people have found a home once a month at iFly， an indoor skydiving center in Davie，US.Every second Thursday of the month， iFly hosts All Abilities Night， at which individuals with physical challenges can safely try the free-fall simulation （模擬） in a giant wind tunnel.
　　And if you’re thinking that floating in a giant wind tunnel is nothing like jumping out of an airplane， Kattah is happy to tell you that you’re wrong.
　　“You definitely get that feeling of flying，” said Kattah， who did skydiving twice.“But the fact that I’m able to get out of my chair makes it so great.You forget about your disability； you’re just like everybody else.”
　　The experience is safe and almost anyone can participate.Few people come out without a big smile on their face， and there will be applause from the people sitting in the observation area.
　　Chuck Petscher， who is blind， had never been the type of person to try anything risky.But recently he decided to give indoor skydiving a shot.“I’ll do this， but I’m not jumping out of an airplane，” he joked.
　　“When you’re disabled， you usually have to do things in a different way from everybody else，” he said.“Here， you’re doing what everybody else is doing.That’s what turned me on to it.”
　　This is also why Kattah has started sharing her experiences on a blog.She wants to send a message to people like her that even though they may feel restricted by their disability， they can always do something they never thought they’d be able to do.
　　“If you want to do something， just do it.Don’t let fear guide you.In the end， you’re going to be so happy you did it，” she says.
1.What’s special about All Abilities Night？（　　）
A.One can travel on an airplane.
B.One can jump out of an airplane.
C.It takes place four times a month.
D.It offers special service for the disabled.
2.After experiencing skydiving， most people will 　　　　.（　　）
A.feel regretful
B.feel frightened
C.get a sense of achievement
D.get a sense of responsibility
3.Why did Chuck Petscher try indoor skydiving？（　　）
A.He wanted to be appreciated.
B.He liked showing off in public.
C.He could be treated as equals.
D.He was interested in adventures.
4.Why does Kattah share her experience on her blog？（　　）
A.To share her joy and excitement.
B.To promote the skydiving center.
C.To offer some suggestions for the disabled.
D.To encourage others to challenge themselves.
B
　　（2024·聊城高二下學期期末）A good friend was complaining about her son who spent money way too freely and without concern， putting himself into debt on multiple credit cards. At the suggestion that perhaps it would help him to make it harder to use credit （by canceling some cards or locking them away）， she angrily said， “But he should be able to control himself without these tricks. He should have the willpower to just not spend money.”
　　This reaction demonstrates a popular belief that self-control is synonymous （同義的） with willpower — controlling desires with pure force of will. By contrast， current psychological thinking suggests that there are many actions and thoughts people can take to direct their choices without having to resort to the strength of will. These self-control strategies can make goal-oriented choices easier and temptation-oriented choices less likely.
　　For example， one might avoid tempting situations altogether， make some choices more accessible （for example， by leaving credit cards at home and bringing only limited amounts of cash）， focus attention strategically （for example， looking at the price tag rather than the specs of a product）， or remind oneself of one’s goals when faced with temptations （for example， by writing them down and bringing the piece of paper along）. Self-control strategies help people to stay on track with their goals and resist temptations.
　　However， do people feel — like my friend — that using strategies is a “trick”， whereas willpower is the “real deal”？ What do people think of a person who is using self-control strategies？
　　According to our studies， participants consistently rated people who were described as using strategies as lower in self-control than people who were described as using willpower. Diminishing strategies as “tricks” was linked to less willingness to use self-control strategies in our studies.
　　My friend might be more open to “tricks” that help her son limit his spending as the understanding of what self-control means changes. Self-control strategies are an important part of realising goals and resisting temptations. Self-control does not have to be hard. It can also mean arranging the world and one’s mind to make good choices more likely.
5.What was the problem with the author’s friend？（　　）
A.She fell into financial trouble.
B.She needed more credit cards.
C.Her son was heavily in debt.
D.Her son lacked discipline at school.
6.What do many people focus on when speaking of self-control？（　　）
A.A strong will.　　　 B.A great ambition.
C.Some specific goals. D.Some practical tricks.
7.Why does the author give some examples in Paragraph 3？（　　）
A.To show there are many tempting situations.
B.To show self-control strategies are effective.
C.To prove it isn’t difficult to resist temptations.
D.To prove we are faced with many temptations.
8.What does the underlined word “Diminishing” in Paragraph 5 mean？（　　）
A.Reducing in value.
B.Changing in position.
C.Improving in popularity.
D.Increasing in importance.
Ⅱ.完形填空
　　In the town of Norwich， England， there is a bookshop called Bookbugs and Dragon Tales.It opened in 2019 — just months before the pandemic 　9　.The bookshop’s owners， Dan and Leanne Fridd， 　10　 to keep the shop open for two years before they decided they needed some 　11　， so they started crowdfunding （眾籌）.
　　When they saw someone had donated￡5，000 they were 　12　.“And we checked the name， and I sort of was like，‘Russell Crowe？ No， it can’t be Russell Crowe.’” Leanne told CBS News.
　　Now， they’re 　13　 it is the real Russell Crowe — a famous actor.Dan and Leanne said the 　14　 helped spread the word about their shop.“People wanted to come in and the press were 　15　 and we were on Australian breakfast television，” Leanne said.
　　They may never know why Crowe 　16　 their business， but perhaps it’s because the couple uses their 　17　 to help the community in many ways.They chose to 　18　 free books to kids in need.Last year， 30 kids got their books.They said the 　19　 why they used the donation money so selflessly is simple.
　　“Someone took a 　20　 on us，” Leanne said.“They saw the 　21　 in us and we get to pay that forward through the shop by really 　22　 other people.”
　　Have you ever done anything to “pay it forward”？ Next time when someone does something good for you， instead of paying that person back 　23　， please pass it on to someone else instead.
9.（　）A.exposed　　　　B.struck
C.presented D.emerged
10.（　）A.intended B.attempted
C.managed D.required
11.（　）A.help B.service
C.favour D.honour
12.（　）A.worried B.shocked
C.confused D.moved
13.（　）A.curious B.doubtful
C.hopeful D.certain
14.（　）A.advice B.experience
C.donation D.honour
15.（　）A.excited B.amazed
C.interested D.disappointed
16.（　）A.chose B.found
C.respected D.praised
17.（　）A.house B.bookshop
C.space D.supermarket
18.（　）A.take out B.make up
C.turn down D.give away
19.（　）A.concept B.reason
C.project D.decision
20.（　）A.chance B.moment
C.mission D.contest
21.（　）A.strength B.energy
C.promise D.potential
22.（　）A.making for B.believing in
C.turning to D.going through
23.（　）A.frequently B.instantly
C.directly D.gradually
Ⅲ.語法填空
　　（2024·西安高二下學期期末）According to the American Institute of Stress， about 83% of American workers suffer from work-related stress. Some of this stress can lead to more complex 24.　　　　　　 （problem）， such as depression and anxiety.
　　If 25.　　　　　　 （leave） untreated， it can develop into physical and mental illnesses that can prevent you from living your best life.
　　Anxiety is your body’s natural response 26.　　　　　　 stress. When you’re faced with situations 27.　　　　　　 are new and unfamiliar， normal feelings of fear may arise.
　　Because symptoms of work anxiety 28.　　　　　　 （be） very physically-based， it becomes difficult 29.　　　　　　 （stay） on task when working. Your body begins redirecting the mind away from what it’s supposed to be working on and into the worries trying to win your attention.
　　When experiencing work anxiety， you may have trouble 30.　　　　　　 （concentrate） on your work， even when you’re motivated to do so. You may also jump from one task to another 31.　　　　　　 have a hard time settling down to see one project through to completion.
Now that we know what work anxiety is and how it 32.　　　 　　 （present） itself， we can dig into how to stop it from making us miserable at work. 33.　　 　　　 （fortunate）， for many of us， the idea of a work-life balance is no longer a taboo subject.
Section Ⅱ　Learning About Language
基礎知識自測
維度一
1.had been waiting　2.have been advertising　3.have been reading　4.have been chatting　5.have been getting
6.has been calling　7.have been practicing　8.have been doing
9.have been working　10.have known　11.have been writing
12.have been putting
維度二
1.Your clothes are wet all over. You have been running all day long， I think.
2.You look thin and tired.You have been working too hard recently.
3.The girl has lost her keys.She can’t find them anywhere.
4.I have been reading the materials about the pandemic from the newspaper recently.
5.I have been reading this book for two hours， but I haven’t finished it.
6.Over the past decades， sea ice has been decreasing in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
7.I have been looking for a job for three months， and this is my first formal interview.
8.When writing， try to make use of what you have learnt to make the sentences correct.
9.He has been looking forward to visiting the art gallery next week while his parents are on holiday.
10.The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
維度三
1.have been studying hard
2.has been making great efforts
3.have been getting along well
4.have been dreaming of
5.have been supporting me
素養能力提升
Ⅰ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Jessika Kattah雖然身體殘疾，卻敢于參加模擬跳傘運動。她通過自己的經歷，鼓勵人們要勇于挑戰自我。
1.D　細節理解題。根據第三段可知，All Abilities Night這一活動是室內進行的模擬跳傘活動，每個月的第二個星期四進行，專門為殘疾人提供特殊服務。
2.C　推理判斷題。根據第六段可知，大部分人出來后都是面帶笑容，同時獲得熱烈的掌聲。由此判斷，大多數人都獲得一種成就感。
3.C　細節理解題。根據倒數第三段可知，Chuck Petscher認為，這一活動最吸引他的地方，是他能夠像正常人一樣被對待。
4.D　推理判斷題。根據最后兩段可知，Kattah之所以分享自己的經歷，主要是鼓勵殘疾人不要被身體和恐懼所束縛，應該去大膽嘗試和冒險。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。提到自控，人們通常會強調意志力的重要性；可是，心理學家認為，采取一些有助于我們抵制誘惑的技巧也非常重要。
5.C　細節理解題。根據第一段可知，作者的這位朋友遇到的問題是：她的兒子由于缺乏自控、花錢無度，因此陷入信用卡債務。
6.A　細節理解題。根據第二段可知，提到自控，人們普遍認為自控與意志力是同義詞——即用純粹的意志力控制個人欲望。
7.B　推理判斷題。根據第三段可知，作者通過舉例說明，自控策略可以幫助人們堅持自己的目標，抵制誘惑。最后一句是對本段大意的總結。
8.A　詞義猜測題。根據上下文可知，作者所從事的研究表明，研究對象普遍認為，比起那些單純利用意志力的人，那些借助策略的人自控能力更低；另外，很多研究對象也不愿采用這些策略。這說明他們“看不起”這些自控策略，也就是“貶低”它們。
Ⅱ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦在英格蘭開著一家書店。當收到一筆5，000英鎊的捐贈時，他們選擇用這些錢購書捐贈給貧困學生。
9.B　這里交代時間背景：當流行病發生時。strike 表示“（指災難、疾病等）侵襲，降臨”。
10.C　Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦努力設法讓書店正常運營了兩年。manage to do sth表示“設法做成某事”。
11.A　根據下文中的they started crowdfunding可知，他們的書店經營困難，需要幫助。
12.B　根據下文可知，Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦看到這筆5，000英鎊的捐贈時非常吃驚。
13.D　剛開始他們懷疑捐贈者的身份，現在他們確信他就是著名演員Russell Crowe。
14.C　由于是一位明星捐款，因此這筆捐贈使得該書店出名。
15.C　該書店出名后，自然是顧客絡繹不絕，新聞媒體也對它很感興趣。
16.A　Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦不知道為什么著名演員Russell Crowe會選擇為他們書店捐贈。
17.B　根據上下文可知，Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦經常通過他們的書店做一些公益活動，服務當地的社區。
18.D　根據下文中的30 kids got their books可知，Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦選擇給有需要的孩子贈送圖書。
19.B　根據下文可知，這里Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦在解釋他們選擇捐贈圖書的原因。
20.A　在Leanne看來，好心人將錢捐贈給他們也是一種冒險。也就是說，如果他們是好人，這些籌來的錢將會用來幫助更多人。take a chance on表示“冒險；碰運氣”。
21.D　由于Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦平時一貫做公益，所以參與眾籌的人看到了他們身上的（服務大眾的）潛力。
22.B　Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦在行善做公益時，自然要選擇他們相信的對象。
23.C　文章最后一段解釋了pay it forward的具體含義：當你成為某一善行的受益者時，不是去直接感恩回報該善行的發出者，而是用你的行動，將善意傳遞給其他人。
Ⅲ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究顯示，美國83%的員工面臨工作帶來的壓力。這些壓力可能會導致人們產生各種心理問題。
24.problems　根據后面的such as depression and anxiety可知，這里應用復數形式。
25.left　這里If left untreated是If it is left untreated的省略形式，意為“如果放任不管”。
26.to　response to ...是固定搭配，表示“對……的反應”。
27.that/which　前面的situations是先行詞，這里應用關系代詞that或which引導一個定語從句。
28.are　本句主語為symptoms，因此這里用系動詞are。
29.to stay　本句中it為形式主語，這里應用動詞不定式作真正主語。
30.concentrating　have trouble/difficulty （in） doing sth是一個固定表達，表示“做某事有困難”。
31.and/or　這里jump from one task to another與have a hard time ...是兩個并列的謂語，故填and/or。
32.presents　根據上下文可知，這里應用一般現在時，故填presents。
33.Fortunately　這里需要一個副詞來修飾整個句子，故填Fortunately。
6 / 6Section Ⅱ　Learning About Language
現在完成進行時
①Indeed， thanks to the good ideas of lots of people， many people around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years.
②He has been fighting with a friend recently.
③I have been looking for a job for three months.
④I have been writing letters all this evening and I’ve just finished them.
⑤You haven’t been doing your homework those days.
⑥Too much has been happening today.
【我的發現】
1.現在完成進行時的構成：肯定形式　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （句①②③④⑥）；否定形式 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（句⑤）。
2.現在完成進行時表示動作開始于過去，并一直持續到現在，動作有可能繼續進行下去，也可能　　　　　　 （句④）。
3.現在完成進行時也可以　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （句⑥）。
一、概念
現在完成進行時表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直持續到現在，可能還要繼續進行下去。
二、結構
1.肯定形式：have/has＋been doing （第三人稱單數用has，其他人稱用have）
I have been waiting for you here.
我一直在這里等你。
2.否定形式：have/has＋not＋been doing
He has not been giving enough attention to the safety of production， which may cause great crisis.
他一直未給予安全生產足夠的關注，這或許會造成巨大的危機。
3.疑問句：
Have/Has＋subject＋been＋present participle？
疑問詞＋have/has＋subject＋been＋present participle？
Have you been making every effort to prepare for the important examination recently？
你最近一直在努力為這場重要的考試做準備嗎？
三、用法
1.表示動作從過去某一時間開始一直持續到說話時還在進行，可能還要繼續下去，通常和“for＋時間段”或“since＋時間點（或從句）”的時間狀語連用。
It has been snowing for three hours.
雪已經下了三個小時了。（從過去某一時間開始下雪，強調到現在還在下）
2.表示剛剛結束的動作，這種意義通常根據上下文來判斷。
—Sorry！ I’m late.How long have you been waiting for me？
—We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
——很抱歉，我遲到了。你們等了我多長時間了？
——我們已經等你半個小時了。
3.強調動作延續時間的長久或帶感彩。
She has been saying that twenty times.
那話她已經說了二十遍了。
4.表示這段時間反復發生的事情。
I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
這個月我一直在訪問中國的一些城市。
四、不能用現在完成進行時的情況
1.某些不能用于進行時的動詞同樣也不能用于現在完成進行時，只能用現在完成時，如hear、 know、 have、 like、 be等。
他已經感冒兩個星期了。
（×）He has been having a cold for two weeks.
（√）He has had a cold for two weeks.
2.不具有延續意義的動詞，如finish、 come、 go、 marry等，也不能用于現在完成進行時。
【即時演練1】　完成句子
　①She 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　recently.
最近她工作一直很努力。
②Her eyes are red.It’s obvious that she 　　　　　　　　　　　　for a long time.
她的眼睛紅紅的，顯然她哭了很長時間。
③It 　　　　　　　　　since last Sunday.
從上星期天開始就一直在下雪。
④Your clothes are covered with dust.You 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　， I think.
你的衣服滿是灰塵，我想你一直在打掃教室吧。
⑤My sister 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　since 2016.
自從2016年以來，我姐姐一直在學英語。
五、現在完成進行時與現在完成時的區別
　　　　　　　時態 用法　　　　　 現在完成 進行時 現在完 成時
強調過去的動作對現在的影響或產生的結果 √
強調動作的延續性 √
強調動作重復 √
表達生動，含有感彩 √
說明一個事實、一種影響或結果 √
I have been reading this book for two hours.
這本書我已經讀了兩個小時了。（延續性）
I have read this book.
我看過這本書。（影響及結果）
She has always been working like that.
她一直都是那樣工作的。（贊許或批評）
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我們經常見面。（動作重復）
The students have prepared for the exam.
學生們已為考試做了準備。（陳述事實）
【即時演練2】　用所給詞的適當形式填空
　①Although many measures 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（take）， the world’s economy is still going down.
②To start with， people 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（cut） down trees to build houses， causing some animals to lose their habitats.
③I 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（clean） the windows since this morning.
④All of us 　　　　　　　　　　（make） great progress in English due to our hard work.
⑤The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（play） in the mud all the morning.
⑥By the time he realises he 　　　　　　　　　　（walk） into a trap， it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it.
cruel adj.殘酷的；殘忍的；冷酷的
【教材原句】　Life was cruel to Oliver when he was young.
奧利弗小時候，生活對他很殘酷。
【用法】
（1）be cruel to　　　　對……殘忍
be cruel to be kind 為使其受益而嚴格要求
（2）cruelly adv. 殘忍地；殘酷地
cruelty n. 殘忍；殘酷
【佳句】　Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is cruel to animals.
有些人選擇不吃肉，因為他們認為吃肉對動物太殘忍了。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The tramp had been 　　　　　　（cruel） treated before she adopted him.
【寫美】　完成句子
②We human beings 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， some of which have died out. （發言稿）
我們人類對野生動物太殘忍了，有些野生動物已經滅絕了。
unfortunately adv.不幸地；遺憾地
【教材原句】　Unfortunately，his application was turned down because he was too young and not qualified enough. 不幸的是，他的申請被拒絕了，因為他太年輕，資質不夠。
【用法】
unfortunate adj.　　不幸的
fortunate adj. 幸運的
fortunately adv. 幸運地
fortune n. 機遇；運氣；大筆錢，巨款
【佳句】　①Unfortunately， he submitted himself to the temporary difficulty and he didn’t achieve his goal.不幸的是，他屈服于暫時的困難，沒有實現他的目標。
②We had to eat out all the time. It ended up costing a fortune.
我們不得不總在外面吃飯，結果花了很多錢。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The young man resolved to seek his 　　　　　　（fortunate） in that city， but in vain.
②I was late，but 　　　　　　（fortune） the meeting hadn’t started.
【寫美】　完成句子
③　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 to serve as a volunteer in the activity.
我很幸運有這樣一次寶貴的機會在活動中擔任志愿者。
Section Ⅱ　Learning About Language
【重難語法·要攻克】
我的發現
1.have/has been doing； have/has not been doing
2.剛剛結束　3.帶有某種感彩
即時演練1
①has always been working hard　②has been crying
③has been snowing　④have been cleaning the classroom
⑤has been learning English
即時演練2
①have been taken　②have been cutting
③have been cleaning　④have made
⑤has been playing　⑥has walked
【知識要點·須拾遺】
1.①cruelly　②are cruel to wildlife
2.①fortune　②fortunately　③I am fortunate to have such a precious opportunity/chance
4 / 4(共72張PPT)
Section Ⅱ　
Learning About Language
1
重難語法·要攻克
目 錄
2
知識要點·須拾遺
3
課時檢測·提能力
重難語法·要攻克
掌握核心語法
1
現在完成進行時
①Indeed， thanks to the good ideas of lots of people， many people
around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for
many years.
②He has been fighting with a friend recently.
③I have been looking for a job for three months.
④I have been writing letters all this evening and I’ve just finished
them.
⑤You haven’t been doing your homework those days.
⑥Too much has been happening today.
【我的發現】
1. 現在完成進行時的構成：肯定形式 （句①
②③④⑥）；否定形式 （句⑤）。
2. 現在完成進行時表示動作開始于過去，并一直持續到現在，動作有
可能繼續進行下去，也可能 （句④）。
3. 現在完成進行時也可以 （句⑥）。
have/has been doing　
have/has not been doing　
剛剛結束　
帶有某種感彩　
一、概念
現在完成進行時表示動作從過去某一時間開始，一直持續到現
在，可能還要繼續進行下去。
二、結構
1. 肯定形式：have/has＋been doing （第三人稱單數用has，其他人稱
用have）
I have been waiting for you here.
我一直在這里等你。
2. 否定形式：have/has＋not＋been doing
He has not been giving enough attention to the safety of production，
which may cause great crisis.
他一直未給予安全生產足夠的關注，這或許會造成巨大的危機。
3. 疑問句：
Have/Has＋subject＋been＋present participle？
疑問詞＋have/has＋subject＋been＋present participle？
Have you been making every effort to prepare for the important
examination recently？
你最近一直在努力為這場重要的考試做準備嗎？
三、用法
1. 表示動作從過去某一時間開始一直持續到說話時還在進行，可能還
要繼續下去，通常和“for＋時間段”或“since＋時間點（或從
句）”的時間狀語連用。
It has been snowing for three hours.
雪已經下了三個小時了。（從過去某一時間開始下雪，強調到現在
還在下）
2. 表示剛剛結束的動作，這種意義通常根據上下文來判斷。
—Sorry！ I’m late.How long have you been waiting for me？
—We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
——很抱歉，我遲到了。你們等了我多長時間了？
——我們已經等你半個小時了。
3. 強調動作延續時間的長久或帶感彩。
She has been saying that twenty times.
那話她已經說了二十遍了。
4. 表示這段時間反復發生的事情。
I have been visiting some cities of China this month.
這個月我一直在訪問中國的一些城市。
四、不能用現在完成進行時的情況
1. 某些不能用于進行時的動詞同樣也不能用于現在完成進行時，只能
用現在完成時，如hear、 know、 have、 like、 be等。
他已經感冒兩個星期了。
（　×　）He has been having a cold for two weeks.
（　√　）He has had a cold for two weeks.
2. 不具有延續意義的動詞，如finish、 come、 go、 marry等，也不能
用于現在完成進行時。
×
√
【即時演練1】　完成句子
①She recently.
最近她工作一直很努力。
②Her eyes are red.It’s obvious that she for a long
time.
她的眼睛紅紅的，顯然她哭了很長時間。
③It since last Sunday.
從上星期天開始就一直在下雪。
has always been working hard　
has been crying　
has been snowing　
④Your clothes are covered with dust.You
， I think.
你的衣服滿是灰塵，我想你一直在打掃教室吧。
⑤My sister since 2016.
自從2016年以來，我姐姐一直在學英語。
have been cleaning the
classroom　
has been learning English　
五、現在完成進行時與現在完成時的區別
　　　　　　　時態 用法　　　　　 現在完成進
行時 現在完成時
強調過去的動作對現在的影響或產生
的結果 √
強調動作的延續性 √
強調動作重復 √
表達生動，含有感彩 √
說明一個事實、一種影響或結果 √
I have been reading this book for two hours.
這本書我已經讀了兩個小時了。（延續性）
I have read this book.
我看過這本書。（影響及結果）
She has always been working like that.
她一直都是那樣工作的。（贊許或批評）
We have been seeing each other quite a lot recently.
最近我們經常見面。（動作重復）
The students have prepared for the exam.
學生們已為考試做了準備。（陳述事實）
【即時演練2】　用所給詞的適當形式填空
①Although many measures （take）， the
world’s economy is still going down.
②To start with， people （cut） down trees to
build houses， causing some animals to lose their habitats.
③I （clean） the windows since this morning.
④All of us （make） great progress in English due to our
hard work.
⑤The little boy is dirty from head to foot because he
（play） in the mud all the morning.
⑥By the time he realises he （walk） into a trap， it’ll
be too late for him to do anything about it.
have been taken　
have been cutting　
have been cleaning　
have made　
has been playing　
has walked　
知識要點·須拾遺
關注高頻詞匯
2
cruel adj.殘酷的；殘忍的；冷酷的
【教材原句】　Life was cruel to Oliver when he was young.
奧利弗小時候，生活對他很殘酷。
【用法】
（1）be cruel to　　對……殘忍
be cruel to be kind　　為使其受益而嚴格要求
（2）cruelly adv.　　殘忍地；殘酷地
cruelty n.　　殘忍；殘酷
【佳句】　Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that
it is cruel to animals.
有些人選擇不吃肉，因為他們認為吃肉對動物太殘忍了。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The tramp had been （cruel） treated before she adopted
him.
cruelly　
【寫美】　完成句子
②We human beings ， some of which have died
out.　（發言稿）
我們人類對野生動物太殘忍了，有些野生動物已經滅絕了。
are cruel to wildlife　
unfortunately adv.不幸地；遺憾地
【教材原句】　Unfortunately，his application was turned down
because he was too young and not qualified enough. 不幸的是，他的申
請被拒絕了，因為他太年輕，資質不夠。
【用法】
unfortunate adj.　　不幸的
fortunate adj.　　幸運的
fortunately adv.　　幸運地
fortune n.　　機遇；運氣；大筆錢，巨款
【佳句】　①Unfortunately， he submitted himself to the temporary
difficulty and he didn’t achieve his goal.
不幸的是，他屈服于暫時的困難，沒有實現他的目標。
②We had to eat out all the time. It ended up costing a fortune.
我們不得不總在外面吃飯，結果花了很多錢。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The young man resolved to seek his （fortunate） in that
city， but in vain.
②I was late，but （fortune） the meeting hadn’t
started.
【寫美】　完成句子
③ to serve
as a volunteer in the activity.
我很幸運有這樣一次寶貴的機會在活動中擔任志愿者。
fortune　
fortunately　
I am fortunate to have such a precious opportunity/chance　
課時檢測·提能力
培育學科素養
3
維度一：基礎題型練
1. He （wait） for two weeks. He was still
waiting.
2. We （advertise） in all the local papers for a
nurse-companion， but with no result to date.
3. I （read） research studies on self-monitoring
for 20 years， and I’ve conducted some myself.
had been waiting　
have been advertising　
have been reading　
4. The two friends （chat） on the Internet for
three hours， and they will go on till next morning.
5. Over the past three years， I （get） along well
with my classmates and teachers.
6. Recently our school （call） on us to take
exercise for our physical and mental health.
7. Our players （practice） hard whenever
possible since our football team was organised.
have been chatting　
have been getting　
has been calling　
have been practicing　
8. We were told that you’re an expert on English drama and
（do） research in this field for many years.
9. All the staff of the company， who （work）
extra hours these days， hope to finish the project as scheduled.
10. Thanks to the reading club， I （know） many
friends who share the same interest with me.
11. I （write） a report about the environment here
over the last few days， which I have to hand in next week.
12. I am sorry to hear that you （put） on weight
recently and you are upset about it.
have been
doing　
have been working　
have known　
have been writing　
have been putting　
維度二：語法與寫作
1. 你的衣服全濕透了，我想你整天都在跑來跑去吧。


2. 你看起來又瘦又累，最近你工作一定很辛苦吧。

3. 這個女孩丟了鑰匙，她到處找都找不到。

　Your clothes are wet all over. You have been running all day long， I
think.　
You look thin and tired.You have been working too hard recently.　
The girl has lost her keys.She can’t find them anywhere.　
4. 最近我一直在從報紙上看有關流行病的資料。


5. 這本書我已經讀了兩個小時，但我還沒讀完。


6. 在過去的幾十年里，由于全球變暖，北極的海冰一直在減少。


　I have been reading the materials about the pandemic from the
newspaper recently.　
　I have been reading this book for two hours， but I haven’t finished
it.　
　Over the past decades， sea ice has been decreasing in the Arctic as a
result of global warming.　
7. 我找工作已經三個月了，這是我第一次正式面試。


8. 寫作時，你要運用所學過的知識來寫出正確的句子。


9. 他一直盼望著下周趁他父母去度假時參觀美術館。


　I have been looking for a job for three months， and this is my first
formal interview.　
　When writing， try to make use of what you have learnt to make the
sentences correct.　
　He has been looking forward to visiting the art gallery next week
while his parents are on holiday.　
10. 這個女孩對運動很感興趣，在過去的三年里，她每周上兩次羽毛
球課。


　The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton
classes twice a week over the last three years.　
維度三：語法與語篇
　　運用現在完成時和現在完成進行時完成下面短文。
　　I 1. （一直努力學習） for the College
Entrance Examination since I became a Senior Three student.Our
headteacher 2. （一直努力付出） to
build a great learning atmosphere， which has helped us focus on our
study.Also， I 3. （一直相處很好）
with my classmates and teachers.I want to be a doctor， which I 4.
（一直夢想的） these years.Now I am under great
pressure.But fortunately， my parents 5.
（一直支持我）， and I also have great confidence in myself and my
future.
have been studying hard　
has been making great efforts　
have been getting along well　
have
been dreaming of　
have been supporting me　
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　（2024·浙江四校高二下學期聯考）When Jessika Kattah was put in
a wheelchair， she knew she wouldn’t be able to walk again.
　　But she could still fly.
　　Kattah and other disabled people have found a home once a month at
iFly， an indoor skydiving center in Davie，US. Every second Thursday
of the month， iFly hosts All Abilities Night， at which individuals with
physical challenges can safely try the free-fall simulation （模擬） in a
giant wind tunnel.
　　And if you’re thinking that floating in a giant wind tunnel is nothing
like jumping out of an airplane， Kattah is happy to tell you that you’re
wrong.
　　“You definitely get that feeling of flying，” said Kattah， who did
skydiving twice.“But the fact that I’m able to get out of my chair makes
it so great.You forget about your disability； you’re just like everybody
else.”
　　The experience is safe and almost anyone can participate.Few people
come out without a big smile on their face， and there will be applause
from the people sitting in the observation area.
　　Chuck Petscher， who is blind， had never been the type of person to
try anything risky.But recently he decided to give indoor skydiving a
shot.“I’ll do this， but I’m not jumping out of an airplane，” he
joked.
“When you’re disabled， you usually have to do things in a
different way from everybody else，” he said.“Here， you’re doing
what everybody else is doing.That’s what turned me on to it.”
This is also why Kattah has started sharing her experiences on a
blog.She wants to send a message to people like her that even though they
may feel restricted by their disability， they can always do something they
never thought they’d be able to do.
“If you want to do something， just do it.Don’t let fear guide
you.In the end， you’re going to be so happy you did it，” she says.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Jessika Kattah雖然身體殘疾，卻敢于
參加模擬跳傘運動。她通過自己的經歷，鼓勵人們要勇于挑戰自。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Jessika Kattah雖然身體殘疾，卻敢于
參加模擬跳傘運動。她通過自己的經歷，鼓勵人們要勇于挑戰自我。
1. What’s special about All Abilities Night？（　　）
A. One can travel on an airplane.
B. One can jump out of an airplane.
C. It takes place four times a month.
D. It offers special service for the disabled.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第三段可知，All Abilities Night這一
活動是室內進行的模擬跳傘活動，每個月的第二個星期四進行，專
門為殘疾人提供特殊服務。
2. After experiencing skydiving， most people will 　　　　.（　　）
A. feel regretful
B. feel frightened
C. get a sense of achievement
D. get a sense of responsibility
解析：　推理判斷題。根據第六段可知，大部分人出來后都是面
帶笑容，同時獲得熱烈的掌聲。由此判斷，大多數人都獲得一種成
就感。
3. Why did Chuck Petscher try indoor skydiving？（　　）
A. He wanted to be appreciated.
B. He liked showing off in public.
C. He could be treated as equals.
D. He was interested in adventures.
解析：　細節理解題。根據倒數第三段可知，Chuck Petscher認
為，這一活動最吸引他的地方，是他能夠像正常人一樣被對待。
4. Why does Kattah share her experience on her blog？（　　）
A. To share her joy and excitement.
B. To promote the skydiving center.
C. To offer some suggestions for the disabled.
D. To encourage others to challenge themselves.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據最后兩段可知，Kattah之所以分享自
己的經歷，主要是鼓勵殘疾人不要被身體和恐懼所束縛，應該去大
膽嘗試和冒險。
B
　　（2024·聊城高二下學期期末）A good friend was complaining
about her son who spent money way too freely and without concern，
putting himself into debt on multiple credit cards. At the suggestion that
perhaps it would help him to make it harder to use credit （by canceling
some cards or locking them away）， she angrily said， “But he should
be able to control himself without these tricks. He should have the
willpower to just not spend money.”
　　This reaction demonstrates a popular belief that self-control is
synonymous （同義的） with willpower — controlling desires with pure
force of will. By contrast， current psychological thinking suggests that
there are many actions and thoughts people can take to direct their choices
without having to resort to the strength of will. These self-control
strategies can make goal-oriented choices easier and temptation-oriented
choices less likely.
　　For example， one might avoid tempting situations altogether， make
some choices more accessible （for example， by leaving credit cards at
home and bringing only limited amounts of cash）， focus attention
strategically （for example， looking at the price tag rather than the specs
of a product）， or remind oneself of one’s goals when faced with
temptations （for example， by writing them down and bringing the piece
of paper along）. Self-control strategies help people to stay on track with
their goals and resist temptations.
　　However， do people feel — like my friend — that using strategies is
a “trick”， whereas willpower is the “real deal”？ What do people
think of a person who is using self-control strategies？
　　According to our studies， participants consistently rated people who
were described as using strategies as lower in self-control than people who
were described as using willpower. Diminishing strategies as “tricks”
was linked to less willingness to use self-control strategies in our studies.
　　My friend might be more open to “tricks” that help her son limit his
spending as the understanding of what self-control means changes. Self-
control strategies are an important part of realising goals and resisting
temptations. Self-control does not have to be hard. It can also mean
arranging the world and one’s mind to make good choices more likely.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。提到自控，人們通常會強調意志力
的重要性；可是，心理學家認為，采取一些有助于我們抵制誘惑的
技巧也非常重要。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。提到自控，人們通常會強調意志力
的重要性；可是，心理學家認為，采取一些有助于我們抵制誘惑的
技巧也非常重要。
5. What was the problem with the author’s friend？（　　）
A. She fell into financial trouble.
B. She needed more credit cards.
C. Her son was heavily in debt.
D. Her son lacked discipline at school.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第一段可知，作者的這位朋友遇到
的問題是：她的兒子由于缺乏自控、花錢無度，因此陷入信用
卡債務。
6. What do many people focus on when speaking of self-control？
（　　）
A. A strong will. B. A great ambition.
C. Some specific goals. D. Some practical tricks.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第二段可知，提到自控，人們普遍認
為自控與意志力是同義詞——即用純粹的意志力控制個人欲望。
7. Why does the author give some examples in Paragraph 3？（　　）
A. To show there are many tempting situations.
B. To show self-control strategies are effective.
C. To prove it isn’t difficult to resist temptations.
D. To prove we are faced with many temptations.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據第三段可知，作者通過舉例說明，自
控策略可以幫助人們堅持自己的目標，抵制誘惑。最后一句是對本
段大意的總結。
8. What does the underlined word “Diminishing” in Paragraph 5
mean？（　　）
A. Reducing in value.
B. Changing in position.
C. Improving in popularity.
D. Increasing in importance.
解析：　詞義猜測題。根據上下文可知，作者所從事的研究表
明，研究對象普遍認為，比起那些單純利用意志力的人，那些借助
策略的人自控能力更低；另外，很多研究對象也不愿采用這些策
略。這說明他們“看不起”這些自控策略，也就是“貶低”它們。
Ⅱ.完形填空
In the town of Norwich， England， there is a bookshop called
Bookbugs and Dragon Tales.It opened in 2019 — just months before the
pandemic 　9　.The bookshop’s owners， Dan and Leanne
Fridd， 　10　 to keep the shop open for two years before they decided
they needed some 　11　， so they started crowdfunding （眾籌）.
When they saw someone had donated￡5，000 they
were 　12　.“And we checked the name， and I sort of was like，
‘Russell Crowe？ No， it can’t be Russell Crowe.’” Leanne told
CBS News.
Now， they’re 　13　 it is the real Russell Crowe — a famous
actor.Dan and Leanne said the 　14　 helped spread the word about their
shop.“People wanted to come in and the press were 　15　 and we were
on Australian breakfast television，” Leanne said.
They may never know why Crowe 　16　 their business， but
perhaps it’s because the couple uses their 　17　 to help the community
in many ways.They chose to 　18　 free books to kids in need.Last
year， 30 kids got their books.They said the 　19　 why they used the
donation money so selflessly is simple.
“Someone took a 　20　 on us，” Leanne said.“They saw
the 　21　 in us and we get to pay that forward through the shop by
really 　22　 other people.”
Have you ever done anything to “pay it forward”？ Next time when
someone does something good for you， instead of paying that person
back 　23　， please pass it on to someone else instead.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦在英格蘭開
著一家書店。當收到一筆5，000英鎊的捐贈時，他們選擇用這些錢
購書捐贈給貧困學生。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦在英格蘭開
著一家書店。當收到一筆5，000英鎊的捐贈時，他們選擇用這些錢
購書捐贈給貧困學生。
9. A. exposed B. struck
C. presented D. emerged
解析： 　這里交代時間背景：當流行病發生時。strike 表示“（指
災難、疾病等）侵襲，降臨”。
10. A. intended B. attempted
C. managed D. required
解析： 　Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦努力設法讓書店正常運營了兩
年。manage to do sth表示“設法做成某事”。
11. A. help B. service
C. favour D. honour
解析： 　根據下文中的they started crowdfunding可知，他們的書
店經營困難，需要幫助。
12. A. worried B. shocked
C. confused D. moved
解析： 　根據下文可知，Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦看到這筆5，
000英鎊的捐贈時非常吃驚。
13. A. curious B. doubtful
C. hopeful D. certain
解析： 　剛開始他們懷疑捐贈者的身份，現在他們確信他就是
著名演員Russell Crowe。
14. A. advice B. experience
C. donation D. honour
解析： 　由于是一位明星捐款，因此這筆捐贈使得該書店出
名。
15. A. excited B. amazed
C. interested D. disappointed
解析： 　該書店出名后，自然是顧客絡繹不絕，新聞媒體也對
它很感興趣。
16. A. chose B. found
C. respected D. praised
解析： 　Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦不知道為什么著名演員Russell
Crowe會選擇為他們書店捐贈。
17. A. house B. bookshop
C. space D. supermarket
解析： 　根據上下文可知，Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦經常通過他
們的書店做一些公益活動，服務當地的社區。
18. A. take out B. make up
C. turn down D. give away
解析： 　根據下文中的30 kids got their books可知，Dan和Leanne
Fridd夫婦選擇給有需要的孩子贈送圖書。
19. A. concept B. reason
C. project D. decision
解析： 　根據下文可知，這里Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦在解釋他
們選擇捐贈圖書的原因。
20. A. chance B. moment
C. mission D. contest
解析： 　在Leanne看來，好心人將錢捐贈給他們也是一種冒
險。也就是說，如果他們是好人，這些籌來的錢將會用來幫助更
多人。take a chance on表示“冒險；碰運氣”。
21. A. strength B. energy
C. promise D. potential
解析： 　由于Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦平時一貫做公益，所以參
與眾籌的人看到了他們身上的（服務大眾的）潛力。
22. A. making for B. believing in
C. turning to D. going through
解析： 　Dan和Leanne Fridd夫婦在行善做公益時，自然要選擇
他們相信的對象。
23. A. frequently B. instantly
C. directly D. gradually
解析： 　文章最后一段解釋了pay it forward的具體含義：當你成
為某一善行的受益者時，不是去直接感恩回報該善行的發出者，
而是用你的行動，將善意傳遞給其他人。
Ⅲ.語法填空
（2024·西安高二下學期期末）According to the American Institute
of Stress， about 83% of American workers suffer from work-related
stress. Some of this stress can lead to more complex 24. 　　　　　
（problem）， such as depression and anxiety.
　　If 25. 　　　　　　 （leave） untreated， it can develop into
physical and mental illnesses that can prevent you from living your best
life.
　　Anxiety is your body’s natural response 26. 　　　　　　 stress.
When you’re faced with situations 27. 　　　　　　 are new and
unfamiliar， normal feelings of fear may arise.
　　Because symptoms of work anxiety 28. 　　　　　 （be） very
physically-based， it becomes difficult 29. 　　　　　　 （stay） on
task when working. Your body begins redirecting the mind away from
what it’s supposed to be working on and into the worries trying to win
your attention.
　　When experiencing work anxiety， you may have trouble
30. 　　　　　　 （concentrate） on your work， even when you’re
motivated to do so. You may also jump from one task to another
31. 　　　　　　 have a hard time settling down to see one project
through to completion.
　　Now that we know what work anxiety is and how it
32. 　　　　　　 （present） itself， we can dig into how to stop it from
making us miserable at work. 33. 　　　　　　 （fortunate）， for
many of us， the idea of a work-life balance is no longer a taboo subject.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究顯示，美國83%的員工面臨工作
帶來的壓力。這些壓力可能會導致人們產生各種心理問題。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究顯示，美國83%的員工面臨工作
帶來的壓力。這些壓力可能會導致人們產生各種心理問題。
24. problems　根據后面的such as depression and anxiety可知，這里應
用復數形式。
25. left　這里If left untreated是If it is left untreated的省略形式，意為
“如果放任不管”。
26. to　response to ...是固定搭配，表示“對……的反應”。
27. that/which　前面的situations是先行詞，這里應用關系代詞that或
which引導一個定語從句。
28. are　本句主語為symptoms，因此這里用系動詞are。
29. to stay　本句中it為形式主語，這里應用動詞不定式作真正主語。
30. concentrating　have trouble/difficulty （in） doing sth是一個固定表
達，表示“做某事有困難”。
31. and/or　這里jump from one task to another與have a hard time ...是
兩個并列的謂語，故填and/or。
32. presents　根據上下文可知，這里應用一般現在時，故填presents。
33. Fortunately　這里需要一個副詞來修飾整個句子，故填
Fortunately。
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