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Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
維度一：基礎題型練
用省略結構改寫下列句子。
1.Who is the man whom you were talking to？
→Who is the man 　　　　　　　　　　　　？
2.Someone has used my mobile phone， but I don’t know who has used it.
→Someone has used my mobile phone， but I 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
3.Although he was hard-working， he couldn’t earn enough to support himself.
→　　　　　　　　　　　　， he couldn’t earn enough to support himself.
4.They don’t use more water than it is necessary.
→They don’t use more water 　　　　　　　　.
維度二：語法與寫作
用省略結構完成下列句子。
1.He has made a lot of films， 　　　　　　　　　　.
他拍了很多電影，但很少拍出好的。
2.I don’t like the way 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我不喜歡她對待她的學生的方式。
3.She wants to learn English well， but she 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
她想學好英語，但不知道怎么學。
4.The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
司機想把他的車停在路邊，但警察要求他不要這樣做。
5.He doesn’t get up early 　　　　　　　　.
他不像過去那樣早早起床了。
維度三：語法與語篇
閱讀下面對話，補全對話中被省略的部分。
James：How was your day？
Alex：It was good but busy at the same time.How was yours？
James：Mine was the same.But I felt relaxed when 1.　　　　　　 having an ice cream.
Alex： Me， too！ It’s so hot these days.What are you looking for？
James： A dustbin.Do you know where one is？
Alex： No， I don’t know 2.　　　　　　.Why do you need one？
James： I need to throw the ice cream stick away.
Alex： Oh！ It’s just a stick and you can throw it anywhere you want.
James： No， I can’t 3.　　　　　　　　　　　　.It will cause environmental pollution.
Alex： Throwing a small stick away won’t harm the environment.
James：You’re wrong.Every piece of garbage can harm the environment.If we care for the environment and 4.　　　　　　 work hard to protect it， changes will come.
Alex： Your words make sense.But it is not enough to maintain a clean environment by our actions alone.Many people around us are indifferent to environmental pollution and 5.　　　　　　 unwilling to change their lifestyles.
James：It’s true.I plan to set up an organization to call for action to be taken.
Alex：It sounds great！ Let’s do it together.
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　Last summer， staff at the San Diego Zoo welcomed 41 baby turtles （海龜） from the Indian narrow-headed soft-shell turtle species， which is native to South Asia.It makes the zoo the first officially recognized organization in North America to hatch （孵化） and raise the species.
　　Three Indian narrow-headed soft-shell turtles have been at the zoo for over 20 years.All that time， zoo staff had been hoping they would one day reproduce.“This is a thrilling moment for us， and a big step forward in the protection of this species，” said Kim Gray， director of the zoo.
　　The eggs were found in two separate nests.Some of the turtles hatched in their habitat， while most of the eggs were stored in an artificial box to create the best conditions for survival.Turtle experts at the zoo say eggs in the habitat are often difficult to find， as the turtles like to lay their eggs overnight and cover them with dirt.
　　The species is listed as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List， though it’s unclear how many remain in the wild.Environmental pollution， habitat destruction， the international pet trade and human food harvesting have all led to the species’ reduction over the years.
　　“We have been caring for these turtles for a very long time， and part of that care is to gain a greater understanding of the species’ natural history，” Kim Gray added.“With the knowledge we gain here at the zoo， we can better assist our partners in India to help this essential species develop and grow in their native habitat.”
1.Why did Kim Gray feel excited at this reproduction？（　　）
A.The zoo got officially recognized. B.It was a breakthrough in turtle protection.
C.A great many turtles were hatched at once. D.An endangered turtle species was saved.
2.What made the turtle eggs in the habitat hard to find？（　　）
A.Their dark colour. B.The artificial box.
C.Their being dirt-covered. D The low light at night.
3.What does Paragraph 4 focus on about the turtles？（　　）
A.The time when listed as endangered. B.Human activities to save them.
C.Their existing number in the wild. D.Factors endangering them.
4.Who might be most interested in the text according to the last paragraph？（　　）
A.Pet lovers.　　　　　　 B.Zoologists.
C.Environmentalists. D.Zoo visitors.
B
　　By 2100， cities around the world could warm by 4 ℃ on average， exposing the growing urban population to conditions that will damage humans’ lives.Cities are in the front line， dealing daily with the impacts of climate change.
　　At the 27th United Nations Climate Change Conference， the UN Environment Programme （UNEP） announced a new initiative — the Nature for Cool Cities Challenge， which encourages cities to use the cooling power of nature.Solutions such as forests， green belts and parks in and around cities can deliver cooling services， without damaging emissions （排放物）.The cooling benefits of such solutions are well-documented， but they need to be better understood and managed to bring about changes at a global level.
　　Cities across the world that are already too hot in summer are taking a variety of measures from insisting new buildings have gardens on their roofs， painting existing roofs white， to colouring roads light grey and planting trees in streets and open spaces.The good news is that all these measures work，mitigating land surface temperatures by 2 ℃ to 3 ℃ in the areas where they are applied.
　　Qatar， host country of 2022 World Cup， surprises the world with an open mind about using technological innovation to deal with the environmental challenges of living in the desert.The government has implemented （實施） a pilot “cool pavement” project in the capital， Doha， which involves the use of a cooling material to decrease the temperature of the asphalt （瀝青） on roads.Unlike conventional asphalt， which contributes to increased temperatures by absorbing up to 95 per cent of sunlight， the so-called “cool pavement” reflects UV rays and absorbs solar radiation to a lesser extent， contributing to overall temperature reduction in a greener way.The government， using the World Cup event as a platform， is seeking for partnership with more countries in addressing global environmental issues.
　　Many hands make light work.Just as Sheila Aggarwal-Khan， Director of UNEP’s Economy Division put it， “Truly effective solutions require partnership between governments， the private sectors， experts， and practitioners， nationally and internationally.It is decisive that the joint efforts from financial institutions，investors and businesses help make this vision a reality.”
5.What does UNEP’s new initiative aim to do？（　　）
A.Cool cities with nature-based methods.
B.Cut down the emissions in public places.
C.Document the benefits of living in the city.
D.Decrease urban population to improve living.
6.What does the underlined word “mitigating” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？（　　）
A.Reducing. B.Increasing.
C.Maintaining. D.Adjusting.
7.How does the new material work in Qatar’s “cool pavement” project？（　　）
A.It takes in much of the sunlight.
B.It enlarges the exposure to solar radiation.
C.It helps improve the air quality of Doha effectively.
D.It absorbs less and reflects more than conventional materials.
8.What did Sheila stress？（　　）
A.Finance. B.Cooperation. C.Professionalism. D.Management.
Ⅱ.閱讀七選五
　　Let’s discover some of the benefits that forests provide and consider protecting them by reducing your carbon footprint！
　　Forests provide necessary resources
　　Just look around your house — how many things are made from wood or other forest products？ Many common household items such as furniture and books are also made from forest resources.Timber （木材） is the primary material used to build homes in many parts of the world.9.（　　）.
　　Forests provide food and nutrition
　　10.（　　）.Forests are an excellent place to search for wild foods such as berries， mushrooms， leaves， tubers， and nuts； and the wild animals that live in forests are an important source of protein.
　　11.（　　）
　　Forests also provide income for millions of people worldwide.Many types of jobs depend on forests and their resources， from woodcutters to trekking （徒步旅行） guides to forest rangers who take care of forests.
　　Forests protect us from natural disasters
　　Trees and other plants help prevent landslides （滑坡） by holding the soil in place and lessening the force of rain on the ground.12.（　　）.As such， they act as a natural buffer （緩沖物）， protecting coastal communities from the damaging effects of storms.
　　Forests are playgrounds for recreation （娛樂）
　　13.（　　）.Each year， about 8 billion visitors explore the world’s national parks and other protected areas， many of which are forested.From trekking to mountain biking， forests are an ideal place for adventures.
A.Forests support jobs
B.Forests help people stay healthy
C.Forests are a natural carbon solution
D.Forests are also a source of fun， excitement， and inspiration
E.Not to mention， many families use wood to heat their homes
F.Similarly， forests along the coastline can help reduce the power of waves
G.For many communities in the countryside， forests are their neighborhood “grocery stores”
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　When Laney Rogers met Howard Kitchen， Howard was just 4 years old.He was cute.But soon Rogers found he was a 　14　 kid.He easily became angry and often 　15　 things.And he was unwilling to obey.
　　Rogers， who was Howard’s special education teacher， and other teachers studied behavior management and tried many methods， but they 　16　 totally.What finally 　17　 him wasn’t anything learned in a book.It was 　18　.
　　“I feel so 　19　 to have teachers who care so much about me and 　20　 me，” said Howard Kitchen， now a 17-year-old high schooler.Last month， he started mentoring （指導） “　21　 Howards” at the school where his schooling 　22　.His efforts there are already 　23　.Christian Scates， 5， said， “Howard is my best friend.When I get mad， he teaches me how to get 　24　.”
　　Rogers， now an administrator （管理人員） for the school district， happened to 　25　 Howard， now a man， in the same hallways where she used to chase him down as a child.Today， many kids 　26　 him there.In great excitement， Rogers took a photo of Howard with her.
　　Rogers and her colleagues never 　27　 the badly-behaved student.They tried to let him 　28　 they always love him.“What really worked was just good old basic love and kindness from a whole lot of amazing people，” Rogers said.
14.（　）A.lonely B.troubled
C.shy D.proud
15.（　）A.damaged B.lost
C.wasted D.hid
16.（　）A.agreed B.forgot
C.failed D.missed
17.（　）A.challenged B.pleased
C.protected D.changed
18.（　）A.love B.knowledge
C.hope D.confidence
19.（　）A.worried B.lucky
C.eager D.ashamed
20.（　）A.recognize B.test
C.need D.support
21.（　）A.little B.poor
C.curious D.great
22.（　）A.struggled B.continued
C.began D.ended
23.（　）A.getting ready B.paying off
C.coming back D.making sense
24.（　）A.slow B.cheerful
C.polite D.calm
25.（　）A.meet B.save
C.prevent D.mention
26.（　）A.understand B.respect
C.surprise D.impress
27.（　）A.kept track of B.took advantage of
C.gave up on D.caught up with
28.（　）A.confirm B.expect
C.accept D.know
Ⅳ.語法填空
　　Did you know that seahorses are going extinct？ These little fish struggle 29.　　　　　　 （survive） against traps （捕捉器）， habitat loss， and more.
　　To fix this problem， many Australian government departments are working at Project Seahorse， a project 30.　　　　　　 （design） to repopulate seahorse communities and rebuild their habitat.The project was inspired by the observation of throwaway fishing traps left in the sea.Seahorses 31.　　　　　　 （attract） to these throwaway traps， which had begun to grow sea vegetation and coral （珊瑚）， which is home 32.　　　　　　 the animals that seahorses feed on.
　　SEA LIFE Sydney Aquarium is building seahorse hotels to give both the seahorses and their habitat a 33.　　　　　　 （help） hand.The hotels are metal cages 34.　　　　　　 come in different shapes.Underwater， the hotels will begin to grow sea vegetation and coral.These hotels are being used in Australia’s Sydney harbor， and at least three 35.　　　　　　 （success） groups of seahorses have been set free into them.
　　However， there are a few 36.　　　　　　 （concern）.Seahorses raised by human beings haven’t learned how to hunt in 37.　　　　　　 wild， or how to avoid their enemies.These are things they will have to learn if they are going to survive.
38.　　　　　　 （hopeful）， this project will help to rebuild seahorse populations and their habitats.
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
基礎知識自測
維度一
1.you were talking to　2.don’t know who　3.Although hard-working　4.than necessary
維度二
1.but few good ones　2.she treats her students　3.doesn’t know how to　4.asked by the police not to　5.as he used to
維度三
1.I was　2.where one is　3.throw it anywhere I want　4.we
5.they are
素養能力提升
Ⅰ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇新聞報道。圣迭戈動物園孵化了41只印度小頭鱉，動物園園長金·格雷一直致力于保護這一物種。
1.B　細節理解題。根據第二段中Kim Gray所說的話可知，印度小頭鱉的成功繁殖標志著在海龜保護方面取得了突破。
2.C　細節理解題。根據第三段最后一句可知，海龜蛋難找的原因是海龜會在上面蓋上泥土。
3.D　段落大意題。根據第四段中的Environmental pollution， habitat destruction ...led to the species’ reduction over the years.可知，本段主要講述的是這種海龜瀕危的原因。
4.B　推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，圣迭戈動物園孵化了41只印度小頭鱉，在海龜保護方面取得了重大突破。根據最后一段可知，通過照顧這一瀕危物種，他們對其有了更好的了解。由此推斷，對本文最感興趣的人應該是動物學家。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了由聯合國環境規劃署宣布的一項新倡議——“運用自然的力量使城市降溫”，并以卡塔爾為例介紹了這種方法的實用性。
5.A　細節理解題。根據第二段第一句可知，聯合國環境規劃署宣布的新倡議的目的是用大自然的力量給城市降溫。
6.A　詞義猜測題。根據第三段第一句可知，世界各地夏天特別熱的城市正采取各種降溫措施，所以第二句，即畫線詞所在句應表明這些措施的結果：所有這些措施都起到了給城市降溫的作用，在實施這些措施的地區，地表溫度降低了2℃到3℃，mitigating與reducing意思相近，均有“減少”之意。
7.D　細節理解題。根據第四段中的Unlike conventional asphalt ...the so-called “cool pavement” reflects UV rays and absorbs solar radiation to a lesser extent， contributing to overall temperature reduction in a greener way.可知，與傳統的瀝青相比，“涼爽路面”這個項目的材料吸收較少的太陽輻射，還能反射紫外線，從而降低了整體溫度。
8.B　細節理解題。根據最后一段可知，希拉強調了各國政府、私營企業、專家和從業人員在國內和國際上的合作。
Ⅱ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了森林帶來的五個好處。
9.E　根據本部分小標題可知，森林提供給我們必要的資源。上文指出我們生活中的很多物品都由木材制成，并且木材在世界上很多地方也是建造房屋的基本材料。E項（更不用說，許多家庭使用木材來取暖）與上文形成遞進關系，符合語境。
10.G　根據本部分小標題及下文內容可知，森林提供給我們食物和營養。G項（對許多農村社區來說，森林就是他們街區的“雜貨店”）符合語境。
11.A　根據下文內容可知，森林為全世界數百萬人創造收入，因為很多工作都與森林資源相關。A項中的support jobs呼應下文中的provide income，且jobs與下文中的jobs為原詞復現。故A項適合作本段小標題。
12.F　根據本部分小標題可知，森林保護我們免受自然災害。上文指出樹木和其他植物通過穩固土壤和減少雨水對地面的影響來幫助防止滑坡。由此推斷，設空處應該與森林有助于抵抗自然災害相關。F項符合語境。下文中的they指代F項中的forests along the coastline。
13.D　根據本部分小標題可知，森林是休閑娛樂的場所。下文指出森林是游客探索和冒險的理想之地。D項（森林也是樂趣、刺激和靈感的源泉）符合語境。
Ⅲ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。小時候的Howard是一個控制不住情緒、不服管教的孩子，老師的愛讓他成長為一名優秀的學生。
14.B　根據第一段中的He easily became angry和he was unwilling to obey以及最后一段首句中的the badly-behaved student可知，Howard是個愛制造麻煩的孩子，他很容易發怒，經常破壞東西。
15.A　參見上題解析。
16.C　根據第一段最后一句和空前的but可知，Howard不服管束，Rogers和其他老師想辦法管教他，但是徹底失敗了。
17.D　根據最后一段中they always love him以及尾句可知，最終改變了Howard的不是從書上學到的東西，而是來自很多人的愛。
18.A　參見上題解析。
19.B　根據have teachers who care so much about me可知，有老師這么關心她，他感到很幸運。
20.D　根據and可知，空處應和care為相同感彩的詞，support（支持）符合語境。
21.A　根據本段中he started mentoring、Christian Scates， 5和When I get mad可知，Howard開始指導那些像童年的他一樣不好管理的小孩子。
22.C　根據文章首句和空前的at the school where his schooling可知，Howard四歲時在這所學校開始接受教育，目前他在該校指導這些小孩。
23.B　根據空后兩句可知，五歲的Christian Scates把Howard當成自己最好的朋友，當他情緒失控時，Howard教他如何冷靜下來，這也表明Howard對小孩子的指導取得了成功，他在那里的努力已經得到了回報。
24.D　參見上題解析。
25.A　根據句中in the same hallways where she used to chase him down as a child和尾句中Rogers took a photo of Howard with her可知，Rogers老師碰巧在同一個走廊里遇到了Howard，她曾在那里追趕孩提時代的Howard。
26.B　根據上段中的Christian Scates， 5， said， “Howard is my best friend.When I get mad， he teaches me how to get 　24　.”可知，今天，有很多孩子在那里（指同樣的走廊里）對他很尊敬。
27.C　根據第二段內容可知，Rogers老師和她的同事從未放棄過這個表現不好的學生（指Howard）。
28.D　根據they always love him以及Rogers所說的話可知，老師們努力讓Howard知道他們永遠是愛他的。
Ⅳ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。澳大利亞為瀕危的海馬修建水下酒店，旨在增加海馬的數量和重建它們的棲息地。
29.to survive　考查非謂語動詞。struggle to do sth努力做某事。
30.designed　考查非謂語動詞。設空處作后置定語，修飾名詞project，且design與project之間是邏輯上的動賓關系。故填designed。
31.were attracted　考查動詞的時態和語態。根據語境可知，設空處描述發生在過去的事情，應用一般過去時，又因主語Seahorses與attract之間是被動關系。故填were attracted。
32.to　考查介詞。be home to ...是……的棲息地。
33.helping　考查非謂語動詞。a helping hand幫忙。
34.that/which　考查關系代詞。設空處引導限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞cages，且在從句中作主語。故填that/which。
35.successful　考查詞形轉換。設空處作定語，修飾groups，意為“成功的”，用形容詞。故填successful。
36.concerns　考查名詞復數。concern意為“令人擔憂的事”時，是可數名詞，因設空處前有a few修飾，此處表示復數意義。故填concerns。
37.the　考查冠詞。in the wild在野生環境中。
38.Hopefully　考查詞形轉換。設空處作狀語，修飾整個句子，應用副詞，又因位于句首。故填Hopefully。
6 / 6Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
省 略
閱讀下列句子并思考加黑部分的用法。
1.Jack：Hi， Henry！ Did you watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday？
Henry：No， I didn’t （watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday）.
2.You can watch it online if you want to （watch it）.
3.You’d better not take medicine unless your doctor told you to （take medicine）.
4.I felt worried when （I was） watching the documentary.
5.Some call for the application of modern technology， and others （call for） a change of lifestyle.
6.（Have you） Got any ideas？
7.（It/That） Sounds great！
【我的發現】
（1）由句　　可以看出，在簡短對話中，答句常保留主語和助動詞，省略其后的　　　　　　以及上句中出現過的其他內容。
（2）由句　　　　可以看出，動詞不定式作賓語或賓語補足語時，在后句的動詞不定式結構中，常省略與前句重復的　　　　　　后面的內容。
（3）由句　　可以看出，若從句的主語與主句的主語相同，且從句謂語中有be動詞時，常省略從句的　　　　和　　　　　。本句是　　　　從句的省略。
（4）由句　　可以看出，在并列句結構中，常省略與前面相同的主語、　　　　或其他成分。
（5）由句　　　　可以看出，在非正式場合，如果語境清晰，常省略　　　　或“主語＋謂語的一部分”。
　　在英語中，為了使語言簡潔或避免重復，在一些句子中常常省去一個或某幾個成分，這種語法現象稱為省略。
一、詞法上的省略
（一）動詞不定式的省略
1.當動詞不定式在某些形容詞 afraid、 anxious、 eager、 glad、 happy、 ready、 willing等后作狀語時，to后的內容常省略。
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not willing to （answer the question）.
如果他不愿意回答這個問題，你不能強迫他。
2.當動詞不定式在某些使役動詞（make、 let、 have等）和感官動詞（see、 watch、 notice、 observe、 hear等）后作賓語補足語時須省略to，但若這些動詞用于被動語態，則to不能省略。
While watching television， we heard the doorbell ring just now.
＝While watching television， the doorbell was heard to ring just now.
剛才在看電視時，我們聽到門鈴響了。
3.當動詞不定式在某些動詞后作賓語時，to后的內容常可省略。常見的動詞有agree、 afford、 expect、 forget、 hope、 manage、 pretend、 refuse、 remember、 want、 wish等。
He asked me to help him lock the door， but I forgot to （lock the door）.
他讓我幫他鎖門，但是我忘了。
4.作介詞but、 except （除了）、 besides的賓語，且前面有實義動詞do的任何形式時，后面的動詞不定式常省略 to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.他所能做的就是靜觀其變。
5.當動詞不定式在be going to、 be able to、 have to、 ought to、 used to等后作復合謂語時，動詞不定式可省略，但要保留動詞不定式符號 to。
They didn’t visit their parents as much as they ought to （visit their parents）.
他們應該多看望父母，但他們沒有。
名師點津
（1）在to be或to have done結構中，省略時往往保留be或have。
（2）類似這種用法的動詞短語有ought to、 be going to、 be about to、 be supposed to、 have to、 used to及形容詞glad、 happy、 pleased、 delighted等。
He didn’t come， but he ought to have.
他沒來，但他應該來。
—Are you a farmer？
—No， but I used to be （a farmer）.
——你是個農民嗎？
——不是，但我過去是。
（二）使用so、 not等的替代性省略
1.在think、 believe、 expect、 suppose和it appears/seems之后，表示同意前面說過的話時，可以用so代替單詞（形容詞、副詞）、詞組或句子；表示對前面說過的話加以否定時，可以用not或not ...so。
—Can you finish your work today？
—I think so./I don’t think so./I think not.
——你今天能完成工作嗎？
——我覺得可以。/我覺得完不成。
2.if not可視為一個否定的條件狀語從句省略；if so的意思是“如果是那樣的話”。
Get up early tomorrow.If not （If you don’t get up early）， you will miss the first bus.
明天要早起，如果不早起，你就趕不上頭班公共汽車了。
He may not be at home.If so （If he is not at home then）， leave him a note.
他可能不在家。如果他不在家的話，給他留個便條。
【即時演練1】　完成句子
①The boy was made 　　　　　　　　　　.
這個男孩被迫早睡。
②We have nothing to do now 　　　　　　.
除了等，我們現在沒有別的事可做。
③Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter， but 　　　　　　　　.
有人建議她重新考慮這件事，但她拒絕了。
④You may have finished your homework.　　　　　　， you can go out to play football.
你可能已經完成了作業。如果是那樣的話，你可以出去踢足球了。
二、句法上的省略
（一）簡單句中的省略
1.省略主語：一般情況下，主語是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不容易引起歧義的情況下，特別是在口語中，主語常常省略，主要是祈使句中的you和疑問句中的主語。
（You） Shut up！
住嘴！（省略了主語You）
（You） Want a hand？
需要幫忙嗎？（省略了主語You）
（I） Beg your pardon.
請再說一遍。（省略了主語I）
（It） Doesn’t matter.
沒關系。（省略了主語It）
2.省略謂語（或謂語的一部分）：在某些具體的場合下，主語和謂語都很明確，此時為了簡化或顯得親切，可將謂語或謂語的一部分省略。
We went through the tests on Monday.Jenny had hers during the day， and I （had） mine after work.
我們在星期一進行了檢查。詹妮在白天，我是在下班之后。（省略了謂語had）
I like her sincerely， as I would （like） a child of my own.
我真心地喜歡她，就像喜歡我自己的孩子一樣。（省略了謂語的一部分like）
3.省略主語和謂語（或主語和謂語的一部分）：有時可將主語和謂語（或主語和謂語的一部分）同時省略。
（You come） This way， please.
請這邊走。（省略了主語和謂語You come）
（Have you） Got any ink？
你有墨水嗎？（省略了主語和謂語的一部分Have you）
4.省略賓語：當上下或前后兩個句子的賓語一致時，下句或后句常省略賓語。
—Do you know Miss Gao？
—I don’t know （her）.
——你認識高女士嗎？
——不認識。（省略了賓語her）
I borrowed from Peter but I paid （Peter） the money soon.
我向彼得借了錢，但我很快就還（彼得）錢了。（省略了賓語Peter）
She washed （the dress）， ironed （the dress）， folded （the dress）， and put the dress into a cupboard.
她洗完了衣服，把它熨好、折疊好放到一個柜子里。（省略了賓語the dress）
【即時演練2】　補全下列省略句
①What a hot day today！
→What a hot day 　　　　　　today！
②Anything else to say？
→　　　　　　 anything else to say？
③Understand？
→　　　　　　 understand？
④Some of us study Japanese； others English.
→Some of us study Japanese； others 　　　　English.
⑤I run much faster than before.
→I run much faster than 　　　　　　before.
⑥Let’s do the cases.I’ll read and you’ll type.
→Let’s do the cases.I’ll read 　　　　　　and you’ll type 　　　　　　.
（二）并列句中的省略
在由and或but連接的并列句中，常省略一些重復的詞或詞組。
1.如果主語不同，而謂語動詞中的一部分相同，則省略謂語動詞中相同的部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary （must have been） doing her homework.
約翰一定在踢足球，而瑪麗一定在做作業。
2.主語相同，謂語動詞也相同，則可以省略后面的主語和謂語。
His suggestions made John happy， but （his suggestions made） Mary angry.
他的建議使約翰高興，但使瑪麗生氣。
3.主語相同，而謂語動詞不同，則可省略主語。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while， but （he） soon returned to his old ways.
老麥克唐納只戒了一陣子煙就很快回到了原來的狀態。
4.在并列復合句中，如果that從句從屬于第二個并列句且它的謂語動詞和賓語等其他成分與第一個并列句相同時，這個that 從句通常可以省略這些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party， but I know John won’t （sing at the party）.
杰克將在晚會上唱歌，但我知道約翰不會。
【即時演練3】　完成句子
①Lin’s father was not at home， but 　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
林的爸爸不在家，但他的媽媽在家。
②John won the first race and 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
約翰贏了第一場賽跑，吉米贏了第二場。
③Mike said that he would come to school to see me， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
邁克說他會來學校看我，但他沒來。
④He has a knowledge of first aid but 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
他具備急救知識，但他朋友不具備。
（三）復合句中的省略
1.狀語從句中的省略
（1）在when、 while、 if、 as if、 though、 although、 as、 until、 once、 unless、 whenever等引導的狀語從句中，當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語相同，且從句謂語中含有be動詞的某種形式，或從句的主語為it時，則從句中的主語和be動詞常被省略。
While （you are） cycling， don’t forget the traffic lights.
騎車時，不要忘記看紅綠燈。
When （the grapes are） ripe， the grapes will be delicious.
等（葡萄）熟了，葡萄會很好吃的。
If （it is） possible， I wish to go there next summer.
如果可能的話，我希望明年夏天去那兒。
（2）在than、 as等引導的比較狀語從句中常省略某些成分。
He runs as fast as Bob （runs）.
他和鮑勃跑得一樣快。
The film is more interesting than （it was） expected.
這部電影比預想的有趣。
名師點津
并非所有的狀語從句都可以省略主語和be動詞，由after、 before、 because等詞引導的狀語從句一般要改寫成介詞短語，用動詞-ing形式代替be動詞。
Because he was ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
→Because of being ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
由于生病，他沒有出席會議。
2.定語從句中的省略
（1）在限制性定語從句中，作賓語用的關系代詞whom、 which、 that可以省略（但whom、 which緊跟在介詞后時不能省略）。
Where is the book （which/that） I bought this morning？
今天上午我買的那本書在哪里？
He’s the man （whom/who/that） you can safely depend on.
他是你能放心信賴的人。
（2）修飾way的關系詞that/in which可以省略。
The way （that/in which） he speaks to us is really annoying.
他對我們講話的方式真是讓人討厭。
3.賓語從句中的省略
（1）及物動詞后接賓語從句時，連接詞that一般可以省略；但如果及物動詞后連接兩個或兩個以上that引導的賓語從句時，那么只有第一個that可以省略。
We believe （that） if we put our heart into it， we will succeed sooner or later.
我們相信如果我們全力以赴，我們終有一天會成功。
He said （that） the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.
他說這篇課文很重要，我們應該牢記于心。
（2）在由when、 where、 how、 why等引導的賓語從句中，有時引導詞后的從句可全部或部分省略。
I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don’t know when （he will come to our city）.
我知道一個電影明星將要來我們的城市，但我不知道他什么時候來。
【即時演練4】　把下列句子改為省略句
①If it is so， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
→　　　　　　， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
②The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild as they are in Guangzhou.
→The winters in Hangzhou are not 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
③Wood gives off much smoke while it is burning.
→Wood gives off much smoke 　　　　　　.
④Though they were tired， they went on working.
→　　　　　　　　　　　　， they went on working.
⑤Here is the man whom you’ve been looking for.
→Here is the man 　　　　　　　　　　.
⑥She said that she had finished her homework.
→She said 　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
come up with 想出，想到
【教材原句】　All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems.
他們所有人都想出了關于如何解決這些問題的創造性的想法。
【用法】
come about 　　 發生；產生 come across （偶然）遇見；發現；被理解 come up 被提出；出現；發芽 come out 出來；長出；出版，發行；結果是 come to 共計；達到 when it comes to （doing） ... 當談到（做）……時
【佳句】　When you have finished， try to come up with two more cases for each category.
當你完成后，每一類盡量再想出兩個例子。
【點津】　come up的主語是物，表示“（計劃、建議、方案等）被提出”，為不及物動詞短語，不能用于被動語態；而come up with的主語是人或團體組織，表示“（某人）提出”，為及物動詞短語。
【練透】　用come的相關短語填空
①Specialists can 　　　　　　　　new ways to solve the problem of air pollution.
②As soon as the project 　　　　　　at the meeting， it attracted many people’s attention.
③I will try my best to overcome the barriers I 　　　　　　and I will never give up.
④We are told that his new works will 　　　　　　　　next week.
⑤How did it 　　　　　　？Tell me about it in detail.
【寫美】　完成句子
⑥　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， I know nothing.
當談到修電腦時，我一無所知。
call for （公開）要求；需要
【教材原句】　Some call for the application of modern technology， and others a change of lifestyle.
一些人要求運用現代科學技術，而另一些人則要求改變生活方式。
【用法】
call at 　　　 拜訪（某個地點）；（火車等）停靠 call off 取消；停止進行 call on/upon 拜訪（某人）；號召；要求（某人講話等）；正式邀請 call in 請來；收回 call up 給……打電話；使回憶起，使想起 call back 回電話；收回
【佳句】　The problem is that studying those species calls for a lot of patience.
問題是，研究那些物種需要有很大的耐心。
We intended to visit the theme park but ended up calling on Professor Zhang.
我們原打算參觀主題公園，但最后卻拜訪了張教授。
【練透】　用call的相關短語填空
①The public are 　　　　　　an end to air pollution.
②This picture 　　　　　　memories of my taking part in that half-marathon.
③The council announces that the conference is 　　　　　　so that we can go home now.
④I’m going to 　　　　　　one of my former classmates.
⑤Twenty volunteers were 　　　　　　to set up shelters for the survivors.
【寫美】　完成句子
⑥The present situation 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
目前的形勢需要立即采取行動。
application n.應用，運用；申請
【用法】
（1）apply vt.& vi. 　　　　應用；申請；涂；有關 apply （to ...） for ... （向……）申請…… apply to 適用于；與……有關 apply oneself to ... 專心于…… apply ...to ... 把……運用到……；把……涂到…… （2）applicant n. 申請人
【佳句】　The applicants must hand in their applications first if they want to apply for the job.
申請人如果想申請這份工作，就必須先上交他們的申請書。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①It was announced that they had received 500 　　　　　　（apply） for the post.
②After a short holiday， he applied 　　　　（he） to his work again.
③In this way， we can better apply theory 　　　　　　practice.
【寫美】　完成句子
④I wish 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　advertised in the Daily News on 30 June.我想應聘6月30日《每日新聞》上刊登的當地導游的職位。
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
【重難語法·要攻克】
我的發現
（1）1　主要動詞　（2）2、3　to　（3）4　主語　be動詞
狀語　（4）5　謂語　（5）6、7　主語
即時演練1
①to go to bed early　②but wait　③she refused to
④If so
即時演練2
①it is　②Is there　③Do you　④study　⑤I ran
⑥the cases； the cases
即時演練3
①his mother was （at home）　②Jimmy （won） the second （race）　③but he didn’t （come to school to see me）
④his friend doesn’t （have a knowledge of first aid）
即時演練4
①If so　②so mild as in Guangzhou　③while burning
④Though tired　⑤you’ve been looking for　⑥she had finished her homework
【核心知識·巧突破】
1.①come up with　②came up　③come across　④come out
⑤come about　⑥When it comes to repairing a computer
2.①calling for　②called up　③called off　④call on/upon　⑤called in　⑥calls for immediate action
3.①applications　②himself　③to
④to apply for the position of a local tour guide
8 / 8(共103張PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Grammar and usage
1
重難語法·要攻克
目 錄
2
核心知識·巧突破
3
課時檢測·提能力
重難語法 · 要攻克
掌握核心語法
1
省 略
閱讀下列句子并思考加藍部分的用法。
1. Jack：Hi， Henry！ Did you watch the documentary about
environmental protection on TV yesterday？
Henry：No， I didn’t （watch the documentary about
environmental protection on TV yesterday）.
2. You can watch it online if you want to （watch it）.
3. You’d better not take medicine unless your doctor told you to （take
medicine）.
4. I felt worried when （I was） watching the documentary.
5. Some call for the application of modern technology， and others （call for） a change of lifestyle.
6. （Have you） Got any ideas？
7. （It/That） Sounds great！
【我的發現】
（1）由句 可以看出，在簡短對話中，答句常保留主語和助動
詞，省略其后的 以及上句中出現過的其他內容。
（2）由句 可以看出，動詞不定式作賓語或賓語補足語時，
在后句的動詞不定式結構中，常省略與前句重復的 后面的
內容。
（3）由句 可以看出，若從句的主語與主句的主語相同，且從句
謂語中有be動詞時，常省略從句的 和 。本
句是 從句的省略。
1　
主要動詞　
2、3　
to　
4　
主語　
be動詞　
狀語　
（4）由句 可以看出，在并列句結構中，常省略與前面相同的主
語、 或其他成分。
（5）由句 可以看出，在非正式場合，如果語境清晰，常省
略 或“主語＋謂語的一部分”。
5　
謂語　
6、7　
主語　
　　在英語中，為了使語言簡潔或避免重復，在一些句子中常常省去
一個或某幾個成分，這種語法現象稱為省略。
一、詞法上的省略
（一）動詞不定式的省略
1. 當動詞不定式在某些形容詞 afraid、 anxious、 eager、 glad、
happy、 ready、 willing等后作狀語時，to后的內容常省略。
You can’t force him to answer the question if he’s not willing to
（answer the question）.
如果他不愿意回答這個問題，你不能強迫他。
2. 當動詞不定式在某些使役動詞（make、 let、 have等）和感官動詞
（see、 watch、 notice、 observe、 hear等）后作賓語補足語時須省
略to，但若這些動詞用于被動語態，則to不能省略。
While watching television， we heard the doorbell ring just now.
＝While watching television， the doorbell was heard to ring just
now.
剛才在看電視時，我們聽到門鈴響了。
3. 當動詞不定式在某些動詞后作賓語時，to后的內容常可省略。常見
的動詞有agree、 afford、 expect、 forget、 hope、 manage、
pretend、 refuse、 remember、 want、 wish等。
He asked me to help him lock the door， but I forgot to （lock the
door）.
他讓我幫他鎖門，但是我忘了。
4. 作介詞but、 except （除了）、 besides的賓語，且前面有實義動詞
do的任何形式時，后面的動詞不定式常省略 to。
All he could do was nothing but wait and see.
他所能做的就是靜觀其變。
5. 當動詞不定式在be going to、 be able to、 have to、 ought to、 used
to等后作復合謂語時，動詞不定式可省略，但要保留動詞不定式符
號 to。
They didn’t visit their parents as much as they ought to （visit their
parents）.
他們應該多看望父母，但他們沒有。
名師點津
（1）在to be或to have done結構中，省略時往往保留be或have。
（2）類似這種用法的動詞短語有ought to、 be going to、 be about to、
be supposed to、 have to、 used to及形容詞glad、 happy、
pleased、 delighted等。
He didn’t come， but he ought to have.
他沒來，但他應該來。
—Are you a farmer？
—No， but I used to be （a farmer）.
——你是個農民嗎？
——不是，但我過去是。
（二）使用so、 not等的替代性省略
1. 在think、 believe、 expect、 suppose和it appears/seems之后，表示
同意前面說過的話時，可以用so代替單詞（形容詞、副詞）、詞組
或句子；表示對前面說過的話加以否定時，可以用not或
not ...so。
—Can you finish your work today？
—I think so./I don’t think so./I think not.
——你今天能完成工作嗎？
——我覺得可以。/我覺得完不成。
2. if not可視為一個否定的條件狀語從句省略；if so的意思是“如果是
那樣的話”。
Get up early tomorrow.If not （If you don’t get up early）， you
will miss the first bus.
明天要早起，如果不早起，你就趕不上頭班公共汽車了。
He may not be at home.If so （If he is not at home then）， leave
him a note.
他可能不在家。如果他不在家的話，給他留個便條。
【即時演練1】　完成句子
①The boy was made .
這個男孩被迫早睡。
②We have nothing to do now .
除了等，我們現在沒有別的事可做。
③Some people suggested that she reconsider the matter， but
.
有人建議她重新考慮這件事，但她拒絕了。
to go to bed early　
but wait　
she
refused to　
④You may have finished your homework. ， you can go out to
play football.
你可能已經完成了作業。如果是那樣的話，你可以出去踢足球了。
If so　
二、句法上的省略
（一）簡單句中的省略
1. 省略主語：一般情況下，主語是不能省略的，但在祈使句和其他不
容易引起歧義的情況下，特別是在口語中，主語常常省略，主要是
祈使句中的you和疑問句中的主語。
（You） Shut up！
住嘴！（省略了主語You）
（You） Want a hand？
需要幫忙嗎？（省略了主語You）
（I） Beg your pardon.
請再說一遍。（省略了主語I）
（It） Doesn’t matter.
沒關系。（省略了主語It）
2. 省略謂語（或謂語的一部分）：在某些具體的場合下，主語和
謂語都很明確，此時為了簡化或顯得親切，可將謂語或謂語的
一部分省略。
We went through the tests on Monday.Jenny had hers during the day，
and I （had） mine after work.
我們在星期一進行了檢查。詹妮在白天，我是在下班之后。（省略
了謂語had）
I like her sincerely， as I would （like） a child of my own.
我真心地喜歡她，就像喜歡我自己的孩子一樣。（省略了謂語的一
部分like）
3. 省略主語和謂語（或主語和謂語的一部分）：有時可將主語和謂語
（或主語和謂語的一部分）同時省略。
（You come） This way， please.
請這邊走。（省略了主語和謂語You come）
（Have you） Got any ink？
你有墨水嗎？（省略了主語和謂語的一部分Have you）
4. 省略賓語：當上下或前后兩個句子的賓語一致時，下句或后句常省
略賓語。
—Do you know Miss Gao？
—I don’t know （her）.
——你認識高女士嗎？
——不認識。（省略了賓語her）
I borrowed from Peter but I paid （Peter） the money soon.
我向彼得借了錢，但我很快就還（彼得）錢了。（省略了賓語
Peter）
She washed （the dress）， ironed （the dress）， folded （the
dress）， and put the dress into a cupboard.
她洗完了衣服，把它熨好、折疊好放到一個柜子里。（省略了賓語
the dress）
【即時演練2】　補全下列省略句
①What a hot day today！
→What a hot day today！
②Anything else to say？
→ anything else to say？
③Understand？
→ understand？
④Some of us study Japanese； others English.
→Some of us study Japanese； others English.
it is　
Is there　
Do you　
study　
⑤I run much faster than before.
→I run much faster than before.
⑥Let’s do the cases.I’ll read and you’ll type.
→Let’s do the cases.I’ll read and you’ll type
.
I ran　
the cases　
the
cases　
（二）并列句中的省略
在由and或but連接的并列句中，常省略一些重復的詞或詞組。
1. 如果主語不同，而謂語動詞中的一部分相同，則省略謂語動詞中相
同的部分。
John must have been playing football and Mary （must have been）
doing her homework.
約翰一定在踢足球，而瑪麗一定在做作業。
2. 主語相同，謂語動詞也相同，則可以省略后面的主語和謂語。
His suggestions made John happy， but （his suggestions made）
Mary angry.
他的建議使約翰高興，但使瑪麗生氣。
3. 主語相同，而謂語動詞不同，則可省略主語。
Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while， but （he） soon
returned to his old ways.
老麥克唐納只戒了一陣子煙就很快回到了原來的狀態。
4. 在并列復合句中，如果that從句從屬于第二個并列句且它的謂語動
詞和賓語等其他成分與第一個并列句相同時，這個that 從句通常可
以省略這些相同的部分。
Jack will sing at the party， but I know John won’t （sing at the
party）.
杰克將在晚會上唱歌，但我知道約翰不會。
【即時演練3】　完成句子
①Lin’s father was not at home， but .
林的爸爸不在家，但他的媽媽在家。
②John won the first race and .
約翰贏了第一場賽跑，吉米贏了第二場。
③Mike said that he would come to school to see me，
.
邁克說他會來學校看我，但他沒來。
his mother was （at home）　
Jimmy （won） the second （race）　
but he didn’t
（come to school to see me）　
④He has a knowledge of first aid but
.
他具備急救知識，但他朋友不具備。
his friend doesn’t （have a
knowledge of first aid）　
（三）復合句中的省略
1. 狀語從句中的省略
（1）在when、 while、 if、 as if、 though、 although、 as、
until、 once、 unless、 whenever等引導的狀語從句中，
當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語相同，且從句謂語中含有
be動詞的某種形式，或從句的主語為it時，則從句中的主
語和be動詞常被省略。
While （you are） cycling， don’t forget the traffic lights.
騎車時，不要忘記看紅綠燈。
When （the grapes are） ripe， the grapes will be delicious.
等（葡萄）熟了，葡萄會很好吃的。
If （it is） possible， I wish to go there next summer.
如果可能的話，我希望明年夏天去那兒。
（2）在than、 as等引導的比較狀語從句中常省略某些成分。
He runs as fast as Bob （runs）.
他和鮑勃跑得一樣快。
The film is more interesting than （it was） expected.
這部電影比預想的有趣。
名師點津
并非所有的狀語從句都可以省略主語和be動詞，由after、 before、
because等詞引導的狀語從句一般要改寫成介詞短語，用動詞-ing形式
代替be動詞。
Because he was ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
→Because of being ill， he didn’t attend the meeting.
由于生病，他沒有出席會議。
2. 定語從句中的省略
（1）在限制性定語從句中，作賓語用的關系代詞whom、 which、
that可以省略（但whom、 which緊跟在介詞后時不能省
略）。
Where is the book （which/that） I bought this morning？
今天上午我買的那本書在哪里？
He’s the man （whom/who/that） you can safely depend on.
他是你能放心信賴的人。
（2）修飾way的關系詞that/in which可以省略。
The way （that/in which） he speaks to us is really annoying.
他對我們講話的方式真是讓人討厭。
3. 賓語從句中的省略
（1）及物動詞后接賓語從句時，連接詞that一般可以省略；但如果
及物動詞后連接兩個或兩個以上that引導的賓語從句時，那么
只有第一個that可以省略。
We believe （that） if we put our heart into it， we will succeed
sooner or later.
我們相信如果我們全力以赴，我們終有一天會成功。
He said （that） the text was very important and that we should
learn it by heart.
他說這篇課文很重要，我們應該牢記于心。
（2）在由when、 where、 how、 why等引導的賓語從句中，有時
引導詞后的從句可全部或部分省略。
I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don’t know when
（he will come to our city）.我知道一個電影明星將要來我們的城
市，但我不知道他什么時候來。
【即時演練4】　把下列句子改為省略句
①If it is so， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
→ ， I hope you will have a wonderful time.
②The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild as they are in Guangzhou.
→The winters in Hangzhou are not .
③Wood gives off much smoke while it is burning.
→Wood gives off much smoke .
④Though they were tired， they went on working.
→ ， they went on working.
If so　
so mild as in Guangzhou　
while burning　
Though tired　
⑤Here is the man whom you’ve been looking for.
→Here is the man .
⑥She said that she had finished her homework.
→She said .
you’ve been looking for　
she had finished her homework　
核心知識·巧突破
探究課堂重點
2
come up with 想出，想到
【教材原句】　All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve
these problems.
他們所有人都想出了關于如何解決這些問題的創造性的想法。
【用法】
come about 　　 發生；產生
come across （偶然）遇見；發現；被理解
come up 被提出；出現；發芽
come out 出來；長出；出版，發行；結果是
come to 共計；達到
when it comes to （doing） ... 當談到（做）……時
【佳句】　When you have finished， try to come up with two more
cases for each category.
當你完成后，每一類盡量再想出兩個例子。
【點津】　come up的主語是物，表示“（計劃、建議、方案等）被
提出”，為不及物動詞短語，不能用于被動語態；而come up with的
主語是人或團體組織，表示“（某人）提出”，為及物動詞短語。
【練透】　用come的相關短語填空
①Specialists can new ways to solve the problem of air
pollution.
②As soon as the project at the meeting， it attracted many
people’s attention.
③I will try my best to overcome the barriers I and I will
never give up.
④We are told that his new works will next week.
⑤How did it ？Tell me about it in detail.
come up with　
came up　
come across　
come out　
come about　
【寫美】　完成句子
⑥ ， I know nothing.
當談到修電腦時，我一無所知。
When it comes to repairing a computer　
call for （公開）要求；需要
【教材原句】　Some call for the application of modern technology，
and others a change of lifestyle.
一些人要求運用現代科學技術，而另一些人則要求改變生活方式。
【用法】
call at 　　拜訪（某個地點）；（火車等）停靠
call off 取消；停止進行
call on/upon 拜訪（某人）；號召；要求（某人講話等）；正式邀請
call in 請來；收回
call up 給……打電話；使回憶起，使想起
call back 回電話；收回
【佳句】　The problem is that studying those species calls for a lot of
patience.
問題是，研究那些物種需要有很大的耐心。
We intended to visit the theme park but ended up calling on Professor
Zhang.
我們原打算參觀主題公園，但最后卻拜訪了張教授。
【練透】　用call的相關短語填空
①The public are an end to air pollution.
②This picture memories of my taking part in that half-
marathon.
③The council announces that the conference is so that we
can go home now.
④I’m going to one of my former classmates.
⑤Twenty volunteers were to set up shelters for the
survivors.
calling for　
called up　
called off　
call on/upon　
called in　
【寫美】　完成句子
⑥The present situation .
目前的形勢需要立即采取行動。
calls for immediate action　
application n.應用，運用；申請
【用法】
（1）apply vt.& vi. 　　 應用；申請；涂；有關
apply （to ...） for ... （向……）申請……
apply to 適用于；與……有關
apply oneself to ... 專心于……
apply ...to ... 把……運用到……；把……涂到……
（2）applicant n. 申請人
【佳句】　The applicants must hand in their applications first if they
want to apply for the job.申請人如果想申請這份工作，就必須先上交
他們的申請書。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①It was announced that they had received 500
（apply） for the post.
②After a short holiday， he applied （he） to his work
again.
③In this way， we can better apply theory practice.
applications　
himself　
to　
【寫美】　完成句子
④I wish advertised in
the Daily News on 30 June.
我想應聘6月30日《每日新聞》上刊登的當地導游的職位。
to apply for the position of a local tour guide　
課時檢測·提能力
培育學科素養
3
維度一：基礎題型練
用省略結構改寫下列句子。
1. Who is the man whom you were talking to？
→Who is the man ？
2. Someone has used my mobile phone， but I don’t know who has used
it.
→Someone has used my mobile phone， but I .
you were talking to　
don’t know who　
3. Although he was hard-working， he couldn’t earn enough to support
himself.
→ ， he couldn’t earn enough to support
himself.
4. They don’t use more water than it is necessary.
→They don’t use more water .
Although hard-working　
than necessary　
維度二：語法與寫作
用省略結構完成下列句子。
1. He has made a lot of films， .
他拍了很多電影，但很少拍出好的。
2. I don’t like the way .
我不喜歡她對待她的學生的方式。
3. She wants to learn English well， but she .
她想學好英語，但不知道怎么學。
but few good ones　
she treats her students　
doesn’t know how to　
4. The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was
.
司機想把他的車停在路邊，但警察要求他不要這樣做。
5. He doesn’t get up early .
他不像過去那樣早早起床了。
asked by
the police not to　
as he used to　
維度三：語法與語篇
閱讀下面對話，補全對話中被省略的部分。
James：How was your day？
Alex：It was good but busy at the same time.How was yours？
James：Mine was the same.But I felt relaxed when 1. having
an ice cream.
Alex： Me， too！ It’s so hot these days.What are you looking for？
James： A dustbin.Do you know where one is？
Alex： No， I don’t know 2. .Why do you need one？
James： I need to throw the ice cream stick away.
I was　
where one is
Alex： Oh！ It’s just a stick and you can throw it anywhere you want.
James： No， I can’t 3. .It will cause
environmental pollution.
Alex： Throwing a small stick away won’t harm the environment.
James：You’re wrong.Every piece of garbage can harm the
environment.If we care for the environment and 4. work hard to
protect it， changes will come.
throw it anywhere I want
we　
Alex： Your words make sense.But it is not enough to maintain a clean
environment by our actions alone.Many people around us are indifferent to
environmental pollution and 5. unwilling to change their
lifestyles.
James：It’s true.I plan to set up an organization to call for action to be
taken.
Alex：It sounds great！ Let’s do it together.
they are　
　　
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　Last summer， staff at the San Diego Zoo welcomed 41 baby turtles
（海龜） from the Indian narrow-headed soft-shell turtle species， which
is native to South Asia.It makes the zoo the first officially recognized
organization in North America to hatch （孵化） and raise the species.
　　Three Indian narrow-headed soft-shell turtles have been at the zoo for
over 20 years.All that time， zoo staff had been hoping they would one
day reproduce.“This is a thrilling moment for us， and a big step
forward in the protection of this species，” said Kim Gray， director of
the zoo.
　　The eggs were found in two separate nests.Some of the turtles
hatched in their habitat， while most of the eggs were stored in an artificial
box to create the best conditions for survival.Turtle experts at the zoo say
eggs in the habitat are often difficult to find， as the turtles like to lay their
eggs overnight and cover them with dirt.
　　The species is listed as endangered on the International Union for
Conservation of Nature’s Red List， though it’s unclear how many
remain in the wild.Environmental pollution， habitat destruction， the
international pet trade and human food harvesting have all led to the
species’ reduction over the years.
　　“We have been caring for these turtles for a very long time， and
part of that care is to gain a greater understanding of the species’ natural
history，” Kim Gray added.“With the knowledge we gain here at the
zoo， we can better assist our partners in India to help this essential
species develop and grow in their native habitat.”
語篇解讀：本文是一篇新聞報道。圣迭戈動物園孵化了41只印度小
頭鱉，動物園園長金·格雷一直致力于保護這一物種。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇新聞報道。圣迭戈動物園孵化了41只印度小
頭鱉，動物園園長金·格雷一直致力于保護這一物種。
1. Why did Kim Gray feel excited at this reproduction？（　　）
A. The zoo got officially recognized.
B. It was a breakthrough in turtle protection.
C. A great many turtles were hatched at once.
D. An endangered turtle species was saved.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第二段中Kim Gray所說的話可知，印
度小頭鱉的成功繁殖標志著在海龜保護方面取得了突破。
2. What made the turtle eggs in the habitat hard to find？（　　）
A. Their dark colour.
B. The artificial box.
C. Their being dirt-covered.
D The low light at night.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第三段最后一句可知，海龜蛋難找的
原因是海龜會在上面蓋上泥土。
3. What does Paragraph 4 focus on about the turtles？（　　）
A. The time when listed as endangered.
B. Human activities to save them.
C. Their existing number in the wild.
D. Factors endangering them.
解析：　段落大意題。根據第四段中的Environmental pollution，
habitat destruction ...led to the species’ reduction over the years.可
知，本段主要講述的是這種海龜瀕危的原因。
4. Who might be most interested in the text according to the last
paragraph？（　　）
A. Pet lovers. B. Zoologists.
C. Environmentalists. D. Zoo visitors.
解析：　推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，圣迭戈動物園孵化了41只
印度小頭鱉，在海龜保護方面取得了重大突破。根據最后一段可
知，通過照顧這一瀕危物種，他們對其有了更好的了解。由此推
斷，對本文最感興趣的人應該是動物學家。
B
　　By 2100， cities around the world could warm by 4 ℃ on average，
exposing the growing urban population to conditions that will damage
humans’ lives.Cities are in the front line， dealing daily with the
impacts of climate change.
　　At the 27th United Nations Climate Change Conference， the UN
Environment Programme （UNEP） announced a new initiative — the
Nature for Cool Cities Challenge， which encourages cities to use the
cooling power of nature.Solutions such as forests， green belts and parks
in and around cities can deliver cooling services， without damaging
emissions （排放物）.The cooling benefits of such solutions are well-
documented， but they need to be better understood and managed to bring
about changes at a global level.
　Cities across the world that are already too hot in summer are taking a
variety of measures from insisting new buildings have gardens on their
roofs， painting existing roofs white， to colouring roads light grey and
planting trees in streets and open spaces.The good news is that all these
measures work，mitigating land surface temperatures by 2 ℃ to 3 ℃ in
the areas where they are applied.
　　Qatar， host country of 2022 World Cup， surprises the world with
an open mind about using technological innovation to deal with the
environmental challenges of living in the desert.The government has
implemented （實施） a pilot “cool pavement” project in the capital，
Doha， which involves the use of a cooling material to decrease the
temperature of the asphalt （瀝青） on roads.Unlike conventional
asphalt， which contributes to increased temperatures by absorbing up to
95 per cent of sunlight， the so-called “cool pavement” reflects UV rays
and absorbs solar radiation to a lesser extent， contributing to overall
temperature reduction in a greener way.The government， using the
World Cup event as a platform， is seeking for partnership with more
countries in addressing global environmental issues.
　　Many hands make light work.Just as Sheila Aggarwal-Khan，
Director of UNEP’s Economy Division put it， “Truly effective
solutions require partnership between governments， the private sectors，
experts， and practitioners， nationally and internationally.It is decisive
that the joint efforts from financial institutions，investors and businesses
help make this vision a reality.”
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了由聯合國環境規劃署宣
布的一項新倡議——“運用自然的力量使城市降溫”，并以卡塔爾
為例介紹了這種方法的實用性。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了由聯合國環境規劃署宣
布的一項新倡議——“運用自然的力量使城市降溫”，并以卡塔爾
為例介紹了這種方法的實用性。
5. What does UNEP’s new initiative aim to do？（　　）
A. Cool cities with nature-based methods.
B. Cut down the emissions in public places.
C. Document the benefits of living in the city.
D. Decrease urban population to improve living.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第二段第一句可知，聯合國環境規劃
署宣布的新倡議的目的是用大自然的力量給城市降溫。
6. What does the underlined word “mitigating” in Paragraph 3 probably
mean？（　　）
A. Reducing. B. Increasing.
C. Maintaining. D. Adjusting.
解析：　詞義猜測題。根據第三段第一句可知，世界各地夏天特
別熱的城市正采取各種降溫措施，所以第二句，即畫線詞所在句應
表明這些措施的結果：所有這些措施都起到了給城市降溫的作用，
在實施這些措施的地區，地表溫度降低了2℃到3℃，mitigating與
reducing意思相近，均有“減少”之意。
7. How does the new material work in Qatar’s “cool pavement”
project？（　　）
A. It takes in much of the sunlight.
B. It enlarges the exposure to solar radiation.
C. It helps improve the air quality of Doha effectively.
D. It absorbs less and reflects more than conventional materials.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第四段中的Unlike conventional
asphalt ...the so-called “cool pavement” reflects UV rays and
absorbs solar radiation to a lesser extent， contributing to overall
temperature reduction in a greener way.可知，與傳統的瀝青相比，
“涼爽路面”這個項目的材料吸收較少的太陽輻射，還能反射紫外
線，從而降低了整體溫度。
8. What did Sheila stress？（　　）
A. Finance. B. Cooperation.
C. Professionalism. D. Management.
解析：　細節理解題。根據最后一段可知，希拉強調了各國政
府、私營企業、專家和從業人員在國內和國際上的合作。
Ⅱ.閱讀七選五
　　Let’s discover some of the benefits that forests provide and consider
protecting them by reducing your carbon footprint！
　　Forests provide necessary resources
　　Just look around your house — how many things are made from wood
or other forest products？ Many common household items such as
furniture and books are also made from forest resources.Timber （木材）
is the primary material used to build homes in many parts of the world.9.
（　　）.
　　
　　Forests provide food and nutrition
10. （　　）.Forests are an excellent place to search for wild foods
such as berries， mushrooms， leaves， tubers， and nuts； and the wild
animals that live in forests are an important source of protein.
　　11. （　　）
　　Forests also provide income for millions of people worldwide.Many
types of jobs depend on forests and their resources， from woodcutters to
trekking （徒步旅行） guides to forest rangers who take care of forests.
　　Forests protect us from natural disasters
　　Trees and other plants help prevent landslides （滑坡） by holding
the soil in place and lessening the force of rain on the ground.12.
（　　）.As such， they act as a natural buffer （緩沖物）， protecting
coastal communities from the damaging effects of storms.
　　Forests are playgrounds for recreation （娛樂）
　　13. （　　）.Each year， about 8 billion visitors explore the
world’s national parks and other protected areas， many of which are
forested.From trekking to mountain biking， forests are an ideal place for
adventures.
A. Forests support jobs
B. Forests help people stay healthy
C. Forests are a natural carbon solution
D. Forests are also a source of fun， excitement， and inspiration
E. Not to mention， many families use wood to heat their homes
F. Similarly， forests along the coastline can help reduce the power of
waves
G. For many communities in the countryside， forests are their
neighborhood “grocery stores”
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了森林帶來的五個好處。
9. E　根據本部分小標題可知，森林提供給我們必要的資源。上文指
出我們生活中的很多物品都由木材制成，并且木材在世界上很多地方
也是建造房屋的基本材料。E項（更不用說，許多家庭使用木材來取
暖）與上文形成遞進關系，符合語境。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了森林帶來的五個好處。
10. G　根據本部分小標題及下文內容可知，森林提供給我們食物和
營養。G項（對許多農村社區來說，森林就是他們街區的“雜貨
店”）符合語境。
11. A　根據下文內容可知，森林為全世界數百萬人創造收入，因為
很多工作都與森林資源相關。A項中的support jobs呼應下文中的
provide income，且jobs與下文中的jobs為原詞復現。故A項適合作本
段小標題。
12. F　根據本部分小標題可知，森林保護我們免受自然災害。上文指
出樹木和其他植物通過穩固土壤和減少雨水對地面的影響來幫助防止
滑坡。由此推斷，設空處應該與森林有助于抵抗自然災害相關。F項
符合語境。下文中的they指代F項中的forests along the coastline。
13. D　根據本部分小標題可知，森林是休閑娛樂的場所。下文指出
森林是游客探索和冒險的理想之地。D項（森林也是樂趣、刺激和靈
感的源泉）符合語境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　When Laney Rogers met Howard Kitchen， Howard was just 4 years
old.He was cute.But soon Rogers found he was a 　14　 kid.He easily
became angry and often 　15　 things.And he was unwilling to obey.
　　Rogers， who was Howard’s special education teacher， and other
teachers studied behavior management and tried many methods， but
they 　16　 totally.What finally 　17　 him wasn’t anything learned in
a book.It was 　18　.
　　“I feel so 　19　 to have teachers who care so much about me
and 　20　 me，” said Howard Kitchen， now a 17-year-old high
schooler.Last month， he started mentoring （指導） “ 　21　
Howards” at the school where his schooling 　22　.His efforts there are
already 　23　.Christian Scates， 5， said， “Howard is my best
friend.When I get mad， he teaches me how to get 　24　.”
　　Rogers， now an administrator （管理人員） for the school
district， happened to 　25　 Howard， now a man， in the same
hallways where she used to chase him down as a child.Today， many
kids 　26　 him there.In great excitement， Rogers took a photo of
Howard with her.
　　Rogers and her colleagues never 　27　 the badly-behaved
student.They tried to let him 　28　 they always love him.“What really
worked was just good old basic love and kindness from a whole lot of
amazing people，” Rogers said.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。小時候的Howard是一個控制不住情
緒、不服管教的孩子，老師的愛讓他成長為一名優秀的學生。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。小時候的Howard是一個控制不住情
緒、不服管教的孩子，老師的愛讓他成長為一名優秀的學生。
14. A. lonely B. troubled
C. shy D. proud
解析：　根據第一段中的He easily became angry和he was
unwilling to obey以及最后一段首句中的the badly-behaved student
可知，Howard是個愛制造麻煩的孩子，他很容易發怒，經常破壞
東西。
15. A. damaged B. lost C. wasted D. hid
解析：　參見上題解析。
16. A. agreed B. forgot
C. failed D. missed
解析：　根據第一段最后一句和空前的but可知，Howard不服管
束，Rogers和其他老師想辦法管教他，但是徹底失敗了。
17. A. challenged B. pleased
C. protected D. changed
解析：　根據最后一段中they always love him以及尾句可
知，最終改變了Howard的不是從書上學到的東西，而是來自
很多人的愛。
18. A. love B. knowledge
C. hope D. confidence
解析：　參見上題解析。
19. A. worried B. lucky
C. eager D. ashamed
解析：　根據have teachers who care so much about me可知，有老
師這么關心她，他感到很幸運。
20. A. recognize B. test
C. need D. support
解析：　根據and可知，空處應和care為相同感彩的詞，
support（支持）符合語境。
21. A. little B. poor C. curious D. great
解析：　根據本段中he started mentoring、Christian Scates， 5和
When I get mad可知，Howard開始指導那些像童年的他一樣不好
管理的小孩子。
22. A. struggled B. continued
C. began D. ended
解析：　根據文章首句和空前的at the school where his schooling
可知，Howard四歲時在這所學校開始接受教育，目前他在該校指
導這些小孩。
23. A. getting ready B. paying off
C. coming back D. making sense
解析：　根據空后兩句可知，五歲的Christian Scates把Howard當
成自己最好的朋友，當他情緒失控時，Howard教他如何冷靜下
來，這也表明Howard對小孩子的指導取得了成功，他在那里的努
力已經得到了回報。
24. A. slow B. cheerful
C. polite D. calm
解析：　參見上題解析。
25. A. meet B. save
C. prevent D. mention
解析：　根據句中in the same hallways where she used to chase
him down as a child和尾句中Rogers took a photo of Howard with her
可知，Rogers老師碰巧在同一個走廊里遇到了Howard，她曾在那
里追趕孩提時代的Howard。
26. A. understand B. respect
C. surprise D. impress
解析：　根據上段中的Christian Scates， 5， said， “Howard is
my best friend.When I get mad， he teaches me how to
get 　24　.”可知，今天，有很多孩子在那里（指同樣的走廊
里）對他很尊敬。
27. A. kept track of B. took advantage of
C. gave up on D. caught up with
解析：　根據第二段內容可知，Rogers老師和她的同事從未放棄
過這個表現不好的學生（指Howard）。
28. A. confirm B. expect
C. accept D. know
解析：　根據they always love him以及Rogers所說的話可知，老
師們努力讓Howard知道他們永遠是愛他的。
Ⅳ.語法填空
　　Did you know that seahorses are going extinct？ These little fish
struggle 29. 　　　　　　 （survive） against traps （捕捉器），
habitat loss， and more.
　　To fix this problem， many Australian government departments are
working at Project Seahorse， a project 30. 　　　　　　 （design） to
repopulate seahorse communities and rebuild their habitat.The project was
inspired by the observation of throwaway fishing traps left in the
sea.Seahorses 31. 　　　　　　 （attract） to these throwaway traps，
which had begun to grow sea vegetation and coral （珊瑚）， which is
home 32. 　　　　　　 the animals that seahorses feed on.
SEA LIFE Sydney Aquarium is building seahorse hotels to give both
the seahorses and their habitat a 33. 　　　　　　 （help） hand.The
hotels are metal cages 34. 　　　　　　 come in different
shapes.Underwater， the hotels will begin to grow sea vegetation and
coral.These hotels are being used in Australia’s Sydney harbor， and at
least three 35. 　　　　　　 （success） groups of seahorses have been
set free into them.
　　However， there are a few 36. 　　　　　　 （concern）.
Seahorses raised by human beings haven’t learned how to hunt in 37. 　　　　　　 wild， or how to avoid their enemies.These are
things they will have to learn if they are going to survive.
　　38. 　　　　　　 （hopeful）， this project will help to rebuild
seahorse populations and their habitats.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。澳大利亞為瀕危的海馬修建水下酒
店，旨在增加海馬的數量和重建它們的棲息地。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。澳大利亞為瀕危的海馬修建水下酒
店，旨在增加海馬的數量和重建它們的棲息地。
29. to survive　考查非謂語動詞。struggle to do sth努力做某事。
30. designed　考查非謂語動詞。設空處作后置定語，修飾名詞
project，且design與project之間是邏輯上的動賓關系。故填designed。
31. were attracted　考查動詞的時態和語態。根據語境可知，設空處
描述發生在過去的事情，應用一般過去時，又因主語Seahorses與
attract之間是被動關系。故填were attracted。
32. to　考查介詞。be home to ...是……的棲息地。
33. helping　考查非謂語動詞。a helping hand幫忙。
34. that/which　考查關系代詞。設空處引導限制性定語從句，修飾先
行詞cages，且在從句中作主語。故填that/which。
35. successful　考查詞形轉換。設空處作定語，修飾groups，意為
“成功的”，用形容詞。故填successful。
36. concerns　考查名詞復數。concern意為“令人擔憂的事”時，是
可數名詞，因設空處前有a few修飾，此處表示復數意義。故填
concerns。
37. the　考查冠詞。in the wild在野生環境中。
38. Hopefully　考查詞形轉換。設空處作狀語，修飾整個句子，應用
副詞，又因位于句首。故填Hopefully。
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