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語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)--定語(yǔ)從句
The Attributive Clause
觀察：
a rainy day
a beautiful girl
three students
a girl called Alice
some places to live
一.定語(yǔ)從句：
1.定義：在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾某一名詞或代詞且作定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。
2.位置：定語(yǔ)從句位于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。
The foods that Australians like most are hams and grapes.
澳大利亞人最喜歡的食物是火腿和葡萄。
定語(yǔ)
二、兩個(gè)重要概念：
1.先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞，位于定語(yǔ)從句之前。
We all like music that is quiet and light.
The foods that Australians like most are hams and grapes.
2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞，也叫引導(dǎo)詞。
先行詞
先行詞
that
I have some photos that I took in Australia last year.
先行詞
關(guān)系詞
I like music that I can dance to.
先行詞：
關(guān)系詞：
定語(yǔ)：
定語(yǔ)
4.關(guān)系代詞that：
作用：① 既可指有生命的動(dòng)物或人，也可指代物。
②在定語(yǔ)從句中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ) and 賓語(yǔ)。
It is a beautiful girl that is wearing a blouse and skirt.
如何判斷先行詞that做主語(yǔ)還是賓語(yǔ)？
看定語(yǔ)部分，
that后是動(dòng)詞 →就做主語(yǔ)，
that后是人或物→做賓語(yǔ)
做主語(yǔ)
I have some photos that I took in Australia last year.
The foods that Australians like most are hams and grapes.
做賓語(yǔ)
This is the book that I want to buy.這就是我想要買的那本書。
(關(guān)系代詞 that 指代物，在定語(yǔ)從句 that I want to buy 中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)。)
He is the gentleman that wants to help us.
他就是那位想幫我們的先生。
(關(guān)系詞 that 指代人，在定語(yǔ)從句 that wants to help us 中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。)
-What are they talking about
-They're talking about the greatest invention ____________have made a big difference to our daily life.
A.which B.who C.that
The girl _________ is dancing over there is my cousin .
A.it B.she C. this D.that
- Have you seen the photos_______ I took on my trip
-Yes ，I have. They are fantastic.
A. that B.who C.what D.whom
I still remember the school and the teachers _________I visited in Shanghai years ago.
A.which B.that C.who D.whom
This is the book _________in the bookshop last Sunday.
A. I bought it B. I bought that
C. that I bought D. that I bought it
注意:
關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
(that：做主保留，做賓略)
Have you got everything ( that ) you need
你需要的東西都有了嗎
-- What are you looking for
-The book_____I borrowed from the library the day before yesterday.
A. who B.不填 D. whom C whose
I have some photos (that) I took in Australia last year.
做主保留，做賓略
Friendship is a very difficult thing. It is hard to handle. It creates many different problems. In fact I would say that friendship is as hard to handle as love is, or even marriage. Of course I am not talking about easy come easy go friendship. I'm talking about friends who care deeply about each other, who support each other, who make life worth living. I'm talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.
找出先行詞和關(guān)系詞
友誼是很難處理的，有時(shí)還會(huì)帶來許多各種各樣的麻煩。事實(shí)上，我想說的是，友誼與愛情甚至婚姻一樣難以應(yīng)付。當(dāng)然了，我這里所說的友誼不是那種“來得快去得也快”的泛泛之交，而是那種彼此之間能真正互相關(guān)心的朋友，能夠互相支持的朋友，能夠讓你的人生更有意義的朋友，是那種你和他們幾乎可以分享一切的朋友。
There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: the person who thinks himself the happiest man really is so; but the person who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. 幸福與智慧區(qū)別于此：認(rèn)為自己是最幸福的，他真的就最幸福；而認(rèn)為自己是最有智慧的，他卻往往是最大的傻瓜。
He is the best grammar teacher who I have ever seen.
他是我見過的最好的語(yǔ)法老師。
It's hard to have a friend who you can trust completely.
很難有一個(gè)你能完全信任的朋友。
請(qǐng)判斷下列句子是否正確，錯(cuò)誤的請(qǐng)改正。
1. He is the man who he is teaching us English.
2. I'd really like to find a friend that I can trust him completely.
3. I'd really like to find a friend I can share almost everything with him.
請(qǐng)將下列每一組中的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并為一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，用第二個(gè)句子作定語(yǔ)。
1. The girl is happy. She won the race.
2.The student is from America. He sits next to me.
3. The boy was not badly hurt. The boy fell from a tree.
4. The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to the airport.
5. I can't remember the name of the person. I gave the money to him.
6. The employees had to retire. They had reached the age of sixty five.
7. The teacher spoke to the boys. Their work was below standard.
8. The people were friendly. I rented their houses.
9. He is the professor. I am taking his grammar course.
10. That is the man. His son died in that air crash.
11. The man called the police. His car was stolen.
12. The man is famous. His picture is in the newspaper.
13. I have a neighbor. His dog barks all day long.
14. The girl is a good friend of mine. I borrowed her camera.
15. The church was built in 1400. We were married in the church.
16. She told me her address. I wrote it down on a piece of paper.
17. We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clauses.
18. The exhibition was not very interesting. My friend took me to see it.
19. John isn't home yet. That worried me.
20. Jack was fired from his job. That surprised all of his co workers.
21. My roommate always plays music at the dorm. That really gets on my nerves.
請(qǐng)判斷下列句子是否正確，錯(cuò)誤的請(qǐng)改正。
22. I enjoy the music that we are listening to it.
23. The people which live next to me are friendly.
24. He is the man who he taught me English.
25. I gave the book to him that he needed it.
26. The airline has a booklet who will tell you most of the important things about a trip to Europe.
27. The man which told me the news refused to give me his name.
28. The book which I bought it at the bookstore was very useful.
29. The woman was nice that I met yesterday.
30. I met a woman who her husband is a famous lawyer.
31. Let ABC be a triangle which sides are of unequal length.
32. Do you know the people who lives in that house
33. The people who I met them at the party last night were interesting.
34. He dropped in on an old friend that day where he visited his club.
35. The day, when began brightly, ended with a violent storm.
8 1） I'll never forget the time which I spent on campus.
2） I'll never forget the day when we first met in the park.
3) The day may soon come when we don't bother to go to office but just work at home.
when
where
一、where的先行詞指地點(diǎn)
where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，其先行詞一般是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place和house等。請(qǐng)看例句：
1 A: Since you work in the theater, can't you get me a free ticket now and then
B: Certainly if you bring me a few notes now and then from the bankwhere you work!
二、關(guān)系副詞where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
與when類似，并非凡是先行詞表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，都得由where來引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，這得看關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞帧Ｈ舳ㄕZ(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，則要用which或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)比較：
1） This is the town where I spent my childhood.
2） This is the town which I told you about before.
1） The library where students often study was on fire last night.
2） The library, which was built in the 1930's, needs to be renovated.
在例句1）中，定語(yǔ)從句不缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而是缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故關(guān)系詞用where。這里where作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，修飾study。在例句2）中，由于定語(yǔ)從句缺少主語(yǔ)，因此填入的關(guān)系詞要充當(dāng)這一賓語(yǔ)，故要用which。
譯文　1）學(xué)生們常常上自習(xí)的那個(gè)圖書館昨晚著火了。
2）這個(gè)圖書館建于20世紀(jì)30年代，現(xiàn)在需要翻修了。
I've never been to Beijing, but it's the place ______.
A. where I'd like to visit
B. in which I'd like to visit
C. I most want to visit
D. that I want to visit it most
why的用法
why用來表示原因，只引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是reason等表示原因的名詞。
This is the reason why I didn't come here.
妙語(yǔ)點(diǎn)睛　此處的why=for which
譯文　這就是我沒來的原因。
C
請(qǐng)將下列每一組中的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句合并為一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，用第二個(gè)句子作定語(yǔ)。
1. Monday is the day. We will come on that day.
2. He arrived in Shanghai that day. On the same day I left.
3. July is the month. The weather is usually the hottest in that month.
4. April Fool's Day is that special day of the year. On the day you should play a joke on someone!
5. March 10, 1876 was the day. On the day the first complete sentence was sent over a telephone.
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
二、類指名詞
一、專有名詞
如果定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)專有名詞，一般要用逗號(hào)分隔先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句，也就是說要使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。這是因?yàn)閷Ｓ忻~本身的意思已經(jīng)很完整，不需要限制，用定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)它進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。請(qǐng)看例句：
1 My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now.
普通名詞若是用來表示類指，即表示的是一類事物，而非具體的某一個(gè)事物，此時(shí)，其后也宜用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)比較下列例句：
例句1）用了非限制性定語(yǔ)從句which is the earth's largest land mammal，而例句2）卻用了限制性定語(yǔ)從句which we saw at the zoo，原因就是因?yàn)閮删渲械膃lephant的意義是不一樣的。例句1）中的an elephant是類指或泛指，即表示“大象”這類動(dòng)物，而不是指稱具體的某一頭大象。例句2）中的elephants則不是類指概念，而是具體指代某一頭大象，即“我們?cè)趧?dòng)物園看到的那頭大象”。
1） An elephant, which is the earth's largest land mammal, has few natural enemies other than human beings.
大象作為陸地上體型最大的哺乳類動(dòng)物，很少有天敵，除了人類之外。
2） One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.我們?cè)趧?dòng)物園看到一頭大象只有一顆象牙。
1,
在英文中，還有一類句子，用限制性或非限制性定語(yǔ)從句都可以，但強(qiáng)調(diào)的意義不一樣，即句義不同。請(qǐng)比較：
1 1） He has a daughter who works in a hospital.
2） He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.
妙語(yǔ)點(diǎn)睛　例句1）表示他有多個(gè)女兒，其中有一個(gè)在醫(yī)院工作。例句2）強(qiáng)調(diào)他有一個(gè)女兒，不是兒子，“在醫(yī)院工作”純粹是補(bǔ)充信息。
譯文　1）他有一個(gè)在醫(yī)院工作的女兒。
2）他有個(gè)女兒，是在醫(yī)院工作的。
1） The food which wasn't in the fridge all went off.
2） The food, which wasn't in the fridge, all went off.
妙語(yǔ)點(diǎn)睛　例句1）表示部分食物壞了，即沒有放在冰箱里的那部分食物壞了。例句2）表示食物都?jí)牧耍驗(yàn)闆]有放在冰箱里。此時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句補(bǔ)充說明了食物變質(zhì)的原因，是因?yàn)闆]有放在冰箱里。
譯文　1）沒有放在冰箱里的那些食物壞了。
2）食物都?jí)牧耍驗(yàn)闆]有放在冰箱里。
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯
最后，我們討論一下上述兩種定語(yǔ)從句在翻譯上的差別。限制性定語(yǔ)從句一般翻譯成定語(yǔ)的形式“……的”，而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句往往會(huì)譯成各種狀語(yǔ)形式。例如：
1 The food, which wasn't in the fridge, all went off.
精品譯文　食物都?jí)牧耍驗(yàn)闆]有放在冰箱里（譯成原因狀語(yǔ)從句）。
2 The Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists, with whom he especially wished to talk.
精品譯文　大使宴請(qǐng)了那些科學(xué)家，因?yàn)樗貏e想與他們交談一下（譯成原因狀語(yǔ)從句）。
3 The people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family.
精品譯文　人們急于找到工作，什么工作都行，只要能養(yǎng)家糊口（譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句）。
4 The millionaire had another house built, which he didn't need at all.
精品譯文　那位百萬富翁又建了一幢房子，盡管他并不需要（譯成讓步狀語(yǔ)從句）。
定語(yǔ)從句是英文造句規(guī)則中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，也是重點(diǎn)。它有兩個(gè)重要概念：先行詞和關(guān)系詞，定語(yǔ)從句的核心內(nèi)容都是圍繞著這兩者之間的關(guān)系展開的。本章重點(diǎn)討論了先行詞和關(guān)系詞之間的搭配關(guān)系，比如若先行詞指“人”，關(guān)系詞就要用who或that；若先行詞指“物”，關(guān)系詞就要用which或that；指時(shí)間一般用關(guān)系詞when（只作狀語(yǔ)）等等。讀者只需要抓住關(guān)系詞與先行詞的各個(gè)用法特點(diǎn)，就可以把握定語(yǔ)從句的核心內(nèi)容。
本章重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn)
1. 關(guān)系代詞的用法；
2. 關(guān)系副詞的用法，特別需要提醒讀者注意的是關(guān)系副詞只能作狀語(yǔ)；
3. 靈活運(yùn)用限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。比如在寫文章時(shí)，一定要真正會(huì)判斷何時(shí)該用限制性定語(yǔ)從句，何時(shí)該用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。這兩種形式上不同的定語(yǔ)從句其實(shí)是它們?cè)谒季S上的差異的反映。
4. 區(qū)分that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
對(duì)于某些讀者來說，靈活判斷和使用限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句或許比較難，其次是熟練判斷that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，這兩點(diǎn)既是重點(diǎn)也是難點(diǎn)。
11. The professor and her achievement ______ you told me about are admired by us all.
A. who B. which C. that D. whom
12. I don't suppose anything happens ______ he doesn't foresee.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
13. They shouted with the loudest voice ______ they could.
A. when B. that C. which D. what
14. This is the best book ______ on the subject.
A. which there is B. that there is C. which is D. what is
15. He's written a book ______ name I've completely forgotten.
A. whose B. which C. of which D. that
16. The meeting was postponed, ______ was exactly what I wanted.
A. that B. which it C. and that D. this
A. which cover B. of which cover
C. the cover which D. from the cover of which
20. This kind of solar cooker can be used only in the daytime ______ the sun is shining.
A. when B. as C. while D. since
21. Solomon was diligent, responsible and hardworking, ______ he was promoted from a clerk to a manager.
A. for which B. which C. for D. that
17. Mr. Jones, ______ John was working, was very generous about overtime payment.
A. for whom B. for who C. whom D. for that
18. There is not much ______ can be done now.
A. that B. which C. who D. what
19. He showed me a book, ______ I could tell that it was pretty old.
22. What is ______ ordered the English book
A. the lady's address in Beijing who
B. the lady's address in Beijing which
C. the address of the lady in Beijing who
D. the address of the lady in Beijing which
23. There comes a time in every man's life ______.
A. then he has to think
B. which he needs
C. when he has to think
D. therefore he has to work hard
24. No sample ______ we have received is satisfactory.
A. which B. what C. that D. who
25. Obviously there was little certainty ______ the chairman would agree to this proposal.
A. which B. why C. what D. that
26. There can't be any life on Venus, ______ the temperature is as high as 900F.
A. which B. when C. where D. there
27. The reason ______ he died was lack of medical care.
A. which B. for that C. as D. why
28. This is the shop ______ I often buy foodstuff.
A. where B. which C. of which D. to which
29. The reason ______ he gave for his being late was unacceptable.
A. why B. that C. who D. for which
30. The shop ______ I told you about before has closed down.
A. where B. in which C. at which D. which

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