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Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
維度一：品句填詞
單句語法填空。
1.We often talk about the people and things 　　　　we remember.
2.She is the only one of the children 　　　　　　is good at music here.
3.The first place 　　　　　　she visited in China was the History Museum.
4.This is the hotel 　　　　　　I stayed at when I was travelling here.
5.The boys 　　　　　　are playing football are from Class One.
6.The man 　　　　　　is talking with my father is a policeman.
7.The new car 　　　　　　colour is black belongs to John.
8.She said she would do anything 　　　　　　could help her mother recover from the disease.
9.He is a famous scientist 　　　　　　theories would change the world.
10.The writer and his work 　　　　　　you told me are really famous.
維度二：語法與寫作
用限制性定語從句完成下列句子。
1.The boy 　　　　　　　　　last night was Li Ming.
我們昨天晚上見的那個男孩是李明。
2.This is the best book 　　　　　　　　　all this year.
這是這一年來我找到的最好的一本書。
3.In the end， she decided to sell the house 　　　　　　　　were almost all broken.
最終，她決定賣掉那個門幾乎都破掉的房子。
4.The girl handed everything 　　　　　　　　　in the street to the police.
這個女孩把她在街上撿到的一切都交給了警察。
5.The man 　　　　　　　　　　yesterday lives in the room next to me.
昨天做演講的那個人住在我旁邊的房間。
6.I’ll treasure those unforgettable days 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我將永遠珍惜我們在一起度過的那些難忘的日子。
7.She is one of the girls 　　　　　　　　　　.
她是通過考試的女孩之一。
維度三：語法與語篇
用適當?shù)年P系代詞完成下面的短文。
　　Hello， everyone！ It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share my English learning experience with the people 1.　　　　　　 are fond of English.
　　As the saying goes，“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most important thing 2.　　　　 I do is to get myself interested in English.As a senior high school student， I get to know how to study and try my best to build up my vocabulary 3.　　　　 is of great importance in understanding all 4.　　　　 I read or listen to.That is the reason why every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition， I often watch movies 5.　　　　　 stories are moving or interesting.
　　In a word， if you want to improve your English in senior high school， you should do lots of practice.
　　Thanks for your listening.
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　It is often said that you can’t have too many friends.But it seems that there is a natural limit to the number of people we stay in touch with.A study found that when we make new friends， by starting a new job or going to university， we downgrade or even drop old ones.And while the friends may change， the number stays almost the same.
Oxford University researcher Felix Reed-Tsochas asked 24 students in the final months of school to list all their friends and relatives and say how close to them these friends and relatives were in a questionnaire （問卷）.The pupils filled in the questionnaire twice more after starting work or going to university.They were also given free mobile phones and agreed that researchers could use their call history to work out who they called， when and for how long.
Putting the two pieces of information together showed， unsurprisingly， that most people have a small circle of close friends， who they spend most of their time talking to.This inner circle is surrounded by group after group of ever more distant friends.As the volunteers’ lives changed， this overall pattern， including the number of best friends， remained almost the same， meaning that some close friends from childhood were dropped or downgraded as new friendships were built.
Dr Reed-Tsochas said， “Maybe my best friend is no longer the same person but the amount of time I allocate （分配） to my best friend is still the same.” He added that this finding suggests that even with the coming of modern technology we are only capable of forming a limited number of true friendships.
Chester University researcher Dr Sam Roberts said， “Our results are likely to reflect limitations on the ability of humans to keep emotionally close relationships， which are both because of limited time and the limited emotional capital （情緒資本） that individuals can allocate between family members and friends.”
1.What is a popular belief about making friends according to the text？
A.A friend in need is a friend indeed.
B.We should treat friends as our family.
C.The more friends we make， the better.
D.A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
2.Which is a method Dr Reed-Tsochas used in his study？
A.Checking the volunteers’ call records.
B.Learning about the volunteers’ hobbies.
C.Tracking the volunteers’ job performance.
D.Interviewing the volunteers’ schoolmates.
3.What did the researchers find from the study？
A.One’s attitude to friendship remains the same.
B.People attach great importance to friendships.
C.People rarely drop their old friends to make new ones.
D.The number of one’s best friends doesn’t change much.
4.What is the function of the last paragraph？
A.To add background information.
B.To give a possible explanation.
C.To offer some suggestions.
D.To introduce a new topic.
B
　　“I’ll be there in a few minutes.I’m playing a game with a friend， a guy named Snoopy，” my 15-year-old son shouted from his room.“Oh， what is Snoopy’s real name？” I asked.“I have no idea，” he said.“Where is he from？” I continued.He responded， “I think somewhere in Canada.Oh， wait， it doesn’t even matter because Snoopy just left the game and he has been replaced with a bot.”
“Your friend is replaced by a bot？”“It doesn’t matter， Dad.It happens all the time！ The game continues.”My son doesn’t mind playing with a person or a bot， which is typical of gamers these days.I wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our children.Aristotle， the great Greek thinker and educator， pointed out that shallow friendship is easily formed but also easily quit because such bonds are weak and uncertain.Deep friendship， by contrast， is when you care for your friend for his sake， not for any benefit you can get.This is selfless friendship.You can have only a couple of these friends because they require lots of time and effort.You must make sacrifices （犧牲） for each other.
Presence in friendship requires “being with” and “doing for”.Perhaps the most typical feature of deep friendship is “doing for”， as my friend has my back in trouble or brings me soup when I’m sick.Only strong bonds have the power to motivate real sacrifices.But it is unclear why online “friends” would bother to do the hard work of friendship.When I asked my students whether they had people in their lives who would bring them soup when they were sick， they laughed at my Stone Age question and said they’d just order soup online.
There are three possibilities regarding friendship and digital life.First， there’s nothing to worry about online friendships.But I sincerely doubt that.Second， digital life fills and absorbs waking time so digital life contributes to certain kinds of social isolation （孤立）.Last， digital life produces false friendships.
5.How does the author lead in the topic of the text？
A.By presenting a conversation.
B.By discussing a robot friend.
C.By quoting a famous thinker.
D.By introducing an online game.
6.What can we know about the author？
A.He could not get along well with his son.
B.He tried to stop his son from playing with a bot.
C.He was troubled by his son’s addiction to online games.
D.He was concerned about his son’s attitude towards friends.
7.What can be inferred from the text？
A.The new generation values friendship a lot more.
B Strong bonds can be easily formed in digital life.
C.Companionship and devotion promote real friendship.
D.Collective activities contribute little to keeping friendship.
8.What is the author’s attitude towards friendship in digital life？
A.Doubtful. B.Critical.
C.Favourable. D.Objective.
C
　　I remember that it was a fall morning when the orchestra （管弦樂隊） teachers came into Miss Newell’s third-grade classroom.“You have hands for the viola （中提琴），” Miss Ciano told me.I was excited because my hands were finally good for something.I told my parents I wanted to play， and naturally， they agreed.
Since I first touched the viola， I haven’t been able to put it down.Ignoring the difficulty， I am pulled closer to it each day.
Classical music is truly my best friend.It is the trusted friend of every man， woman and child.Various feelings are expressed in classical music.I discovered that when I was eleven and played a cello concerto （大提琴協(xié)奏曲） of Bach in a competition， the first movement was joyful， but the second movement was mysterious and full of pain.From the piece， I learned that music expresses not only feelings， but also sudden mood changes.By listening to classical music， I know that someone else shares these feelings.Since I am lucky enough to be able to play classical music， I am comforted by it when I am upset.It gives me a way to escape from my problems for a short period.Classical music can express my joy， sadness and anger.
Now look back at that fall day in the third grade and think how gullible I was for believing that anyone， even music teachers， could tell whether hands were perfect for a certain instrument.I’m certain they told me I had “viola hands” not because they were fortune-tellers （算命師）， but because there was a lack of violists in our district.Classical music is one of the best things that ever happened to mankind.If you get introduced to it in the right way， it will become your friend for life.
9.What’s the author’s purpose in writing the first and second paragraphs？
A.To introduce an interesting musical class.
B.To offer the evidence of her gift for music.
C.To show the importance of proper guide.
D.To tell the power of support from parents.
10.According to the passage， in what way does classical music help the author？
A.By developing social skills.
B.By improving mental health.
C.By broadening life experience.
D.By building close relationship.
11.What does the underlined word “gullible” in the last paragraph mean？
A.Easily tricked. B.Firmly loved.
C.Greatly challenged. D.Secretly hidden.
12.Which could be the best title for the passage？
A.Special Event， Sweet Memory
B.Classical Music， Endless Friendship
C.Lifetime Dream， Great Effort
D.Happy Childhood， Unforgotten Experience
Ⅱ.閱讀七選五
　　Travelling with friends can be an absolutely amazing experience where you could make lifelong memories or it could end up ruining your friendship.　13　 Here are some rules you should follow to make sure your next trip with friends goes as smoothly as possible.
　14　 Sure， you and your friends probably have some similar interests， but that’s not always the case.In an effort to keep everyone happy， go over travel plans and expectations ahead of time.Have each person categorize activities or sights into “must-see” “want to see” and “would go if we have time”.Plan accordingly and make sure everyone can see some of their top attractions.
Communicate with and respect each other.Everyone has personal preferences when travelling — from getting the bed closest to the bathroom or sitting in the airplane’s window seat.But sometimes things don’t go as you like.In this case， share your requirements directly with your travel companions.　15　 Have a conversation when problems arise， for communication is the key.
Don’t disappear.When travelling with a group — or even just one other person — you may want some alone time.That’s completely fine， but make sure your friends know where you are and have a way of contacting you.　16　
Get off your phone.Of course， your friends will understand if you need to take a call from a family member，or in the event of a work emergency， but other than that， try to stay off your phone.　17　 After all，the appeal of this type of trip is to spend time with friends.Just enjoy it！
A.Give each other some space.
B.Include at least one activity for everyone.
C.And remember that consideration and respect go a long way.
D.At the same time，listen to their concerns and be respectful to them.
E.Don’t respond to non-urgent work contact or send messages frequently.
F.It’s especially true of travelling in foreign countries or unfamiliar places.
G.So it’s important to make sure you and your friend（s） are on the same page.
13.　　　　　　14.　　　　　　15.　　　　
16.　　　 17.　　　
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　Steven Gonzales’ job title is “pest control technician （害蟲防治技術員）”，but he is always willing to go above and beyond his job description.
That’s exactly what he 　18　 during a recent pest control service in Arizona.As Steven and his 　19　 were making their way through the customer’s backyard， they 　20　 that a hawk （鷹） was splashing around （撲騰） in the pool.
With not much time to 　21　， he dropped what he was doing to 　22　 the large bird.Rather than being afraid or angry that a 　23　 was coming so close to it， the hawk actually 　24　 Steven’s help with open wings.
“It lets me hold it by the legs，” he explained.“I end up lifting it on my shoulder， and it just 　25　 there.”
At that time， his workmate 　26　 near them and caught this wonderful rescue on camera.
Soon after Steven 　27　 the hawk， it remained 　28　 as it sat on the ground， allowing its wings to dry.But first， it simply wanted some 　29　 after going through such a terrible event.
“It just stayed right next to me，” Steven said.
Steven then called Cave Creek.This local organization rescues birds and was more than happy to 　30　 it until it was ready to be released.
After working more closely with Cave Creek， Steven’s now signed up as a 　31　 to help with future rescues.
He said， “I like to volunteer and 　32　 not only people and pest control， but animals as well.”
18.A.wanted　　　　　　B.said
C.got D.did
19.A.friend B.workmate
C.guide D.neighbour
20.A.doubted B.hoped
C.imagined D.noticed
21.A.think B.walk
C.check D.talk
22.A.watch B.catch
C.save D.find
23.A.bird B.human
C.surprise D.change
24.A.refused B.welcomed
C.needed D.asked
25.A.rests B.hangs
C.lies D.lives
26.A.slept B.passed
C.stood D.landed
27.A.studied B.fed
C.stopped D.freed
28.A.crazy B.clean
C.calm D.curious
29.A.company B.attention
C.control D.advice
30.A.cheer for B.come across
C.stick with D.look after
31.A.student B.volunteer
C.player D.user
32.A.choose B.trust
C.help D.meet
Ⅳ.語法填空
　　One day， out on the beach， there were a number of crabs （螃蟹） 　33　 （live） in a bucket （桶）.They were happy in the bucket： they had fun while they climbed over each other.But one crab who had a big dream was an exception.He was 　34　 （strong） attracted by the yellow sun he saw， the salty sea he smelt， and the waves he heard.No matter how much he tried to ignore that feeling， the desire 　35　 （go） out there just grew inside of him.
But the other crabs in the bucket didn’t like 　36　 way that he was thinking.They saw how it was making him change — he was not like them anymore.“If you climb out， the seagulls （海鷗） will eat you！” they 　37　 （tell） him.
Even if it was scary， deep inside， he still wanted to leave this bucket to go out.To his joy， he made 　38　.He managed to climb out of the bucket， and experienced the sea and all it had to offer.It was 　39　 （amaze） and more than he had ever expected.He made new and like-minded 　40　 （friend） and his life was so much 　41　 （rich） than it had ever been in the bucket.He was glad that he took a chance 　42　 climbed out of the bucket.And he knew he would never return.
33.　　　　　　34.　　　　　　35.　　　　
36.　　　 37.　　　 38.　　　
39.　　　 40.　　　 41.　　　
42.　　　
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
基礎知識自測
維度一
1.（that）　2.who　3.（that）　4.which/that　5.that/who
6.who/that　7.whose　8.that　9.whose　10.that
維度二
1.（that/who/whom） we saw
2.that I have found
3.whose doors/of which the doors/the doors of which
4.that she had picked up
5.who/that made a speech
6.（that/which） we spent together forever
7.who/that have passed the exam
維度三
1.who/that　2.that　3.which/that　4.that　5.whose
素養(yǎng)能力提升
Ⅰ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當我們結交新朋友時，我們會跟一些老朋友失去聯(lián)系。盡管朋友會變，但是我們結識的朋友數(shù)目幾乎保持不變。
1.C　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句可知，人們常常認為朋友越多越好。
2.A　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，他在研究中所使用的一個方法是核查志愿者的通話記錄。
3.D　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段和第四段最后一句可知，即使隨著現(xiàn)代科技的到來，一個人結識的好朋友的數(shù)目仍然是有限的，即一個人的最好的朋友的數(shù)量變化不大。
4.B　推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，前文介紹了研究過程及研究結論，最后一段說明了人類保持情感親密關系的能力有限，這是因為每個人的時間以及能夠在家庭成員和朋友之間分配的情緒資本是有限的。由此可推知，最后一段的作用是為研究結果作出了一種可能的解釋。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了現(xiàn)在的友誼變得數(shù)字化，失去了原來的面對面友誼的意義。
5.A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段對話及第二段中的“Your friend is replaced by a bot？”“It doesn’t matter， Dad.It happens all the time！The game continues.”可知，作者通過呈現(xiàn)他和兒子的對話來引出文章的話題。
6.D　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的I wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our children.可知，作者擔心兒子對待朋友的態(tài)度。
7.C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后四句可知，陪伴和奉獻能促進真正的友誼。
8.A　觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知，作者對數(shù)字化生活中的友誼提出了三種可能性，所以作者對此持懷疑態(tài)度。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一個偶然的機會作者開始拉中提琴，感受到古典音樂對人的情感帶來的好處，并把它看作一生最誠摯的朋友的故事。
9.C　目的意圖題。根據(jù)第一段中老師說的話和最后一句以及第二段最后一句可知，作者寫第一、二段的目的是說明老師和父母的正確引導對作者后來喜歡上古典音樂的重要性。
10.B　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后三句可知，古典音樂可以幫助作者改善精神狀況。
11.A　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文可知，作者認識到當時相信了老師說自己“有一雙拉中提琴的手”，而這其實并不是真話。由此可以猜測，作者覺得自己輕信了老師的話，gullible意為“輕信的，易受騙的”。
12.B　標題歸納題。根據(jù)第三段第一句和文章最后一句可知，本文主要講述了一個偶然的機會作者開始拉中提琴，從此古典音樂成了作者最好的朋友。因此B項為本文最佳標題。
Ⅱ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了和朋友出游時避免毀掉友誼的幾條建議。
13.G　根據(jù)空前一句可知，和朋友一起旅游可以讓這段經(jīng)歷留下一生的回憶，也可能會毀掉你和朋友的友情，G項承上啟下，符合語境，表明一定要和朋友達成共識。
14.B　根據(jù)下文中的In an effort to keep everyone happy， go over travel plans and expectations ahead of time.和Plan accordingly and make sure everyone can see some of their top attractions.可知，這一段講到為了讓大家開心，提前研究一下旅行計劃和期望，確保讓每個人都能看到他們中意的景點。B項總結下文，符合語境，建議一定要至少包括一個大家都喜歡的活動。
15.D　本段建議要和出游同伴彼此溝通、互相尊重。根據(jù)空前一句可知，分享你的需求，同時也要傾聽并尊重對方的心聲。D項承上啟下，符合語境。
16.F　根據(jù)空前的內(nèi)容可知，偶爾自己獨自出門轉轉是可以的，但是為了安全，一定要確保朋友知道你在哪里以及能夠聯(lián)系到你。F項（尤其是在國外或不熟悉的地方）符合語境。
17.E　根據(jù)空前的try to stay off your phone可知，下面是具體做法，E項（不要回復不緊急的工作和頻繁發(fā)送信息）符合語境。
Ⅲ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一名害蟲防治技術員解救了一只落水的鷹的故事。
18.D　上文指出Steven的工作頭銜是“害蟲防治技術員”，但他總是愿意做超出自己工作職責的事，下文中他援救落水鷹的事就是其中一例，故did符合語境，表明他最近在亞利桑那州的一次害蟲防治服務中做了這樣的事。
19.B　根據(jù)下文中的his workmate可知，本空選擇workmate，屬于原詞復現(xiàn)。上文中的pest control service和下文中的through the customer’s backyard也是提示。
20.D　根據(jù)下文中Steven對這只落水鷹實施救援可知，Steven和他的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)一只鷹在水池里撲騰。
21.A　根據(jù)上文中的a hawk （鷹） was splashing around in the pool和空后的he dropped what he was doing可知，沒有太多的時間去思考，Steven放下手頭的工作去援救那只大鳥。
22.C　參見上題解析。
23.B　根據(jù)語境可知，下文中的it指代the hawk；根據(jù)上文內(nèi)容可知，Steven上前去救援，因此靠近這只鷹的是一個人。
24.B　根據(jù)上文中的Rather than being afraid or angry，以及下文中的with open wings和Steven所說的It lets me hold it by the legs可知，這只鷹對Steven的幫助表示歡迎。
25.A　根據(jù)上文中的I end up lifting it on my shoulder可知，最后Steven把它（那只鷹）扛在肩上，它就停在了那里。
26.C　根據(jù)空后的caught this wonderful rescue on camera可知，Steven的同事當時正站在他們旁邊。
27.D　根據(jù)空后的as it sat on the ground， allowing its wings to dry可知，在Steven把那只鷹放開后，它仍然很平靜。
28.C　參見上題解析。
29.A　根據(jù)下文中Steven所說的It just stayed right next to me可知，在經(jīng)歷了如此可怕的事后，那只鷹只是想要有人陪伴。
30.D　根據(jù)上文中的This local organization rescues birds可知，Cave Creek非常樂意照顧它（這只鷹），直到它可以回歸自然。
31.B　根據(jù)下文中的volunteer可知，本空選擇volunteer，屬于原詞復現(xiàn)?？蘸蟮膖o help with future rescues也是提示。
32.C　根據(jù)空前的volunteer可知，Steven表示他不僅愿意幫助人們控制害蟲，也愿意幫助動物。
Ⅳ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。沙灘上有一群螃蟹一直開心地生活在桶里，然而其中一只螃蟹卻向往大海，他不顧朋友們的反對，堅持要爬出去看看外面的世界。
33.living　考查非謂語動詞。設空處作后置定語，修飾crabs，且crabs與live之間是邏輯上的主謂關系，故填living。
34.strongly　考查詞形轉換。設空處作狀語，修飾attracted，應用副詞，表示“深深地”，故填strongly。
35.to go　考查非謂語動詞。設空處作后置定語，修飾desire，故填to go。desire to do sth做某事的愿望。
36.the　考查冠詞。設空處特指他（那只想爬出桶的螃蟹）的思維方式，故填定冠詞the。
37.told　考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知，設空處應該與全文時態(tài)一致，描述發(fā)生在過去的事情，應用一般過去時，故填told。
38.it　考查固定搭配。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指他成功地爬出了桶。make it獲得成功。
39.amazing　考查詞形轉換。設空處作表語，表示“令人大為驚奇的”，應用形容詞，故填amazing。
40.friends　考查名詞復數(shù)。friend意為“朋友”，是可數(shù)名詞，與make連用，表示“交朋友”，應用其復數(shù)形式，故填friends。like-minded志同道合的。
41.richer　考查形容詞的比較級。根據(jù)空后的than可知，設空處表示比較意義，故填rich的比較級richer。
42.and　考查連詞。根據(jù)語境可知，took a chance和climbed out of the bucket之間是并列關系，表示相繼發(fā)生的兩件事情，故填連詞and。
7 / 7Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
由關系代詞引導的限制性定語從句
閱讀下列句子并分析加黑部分的用法。
1.Yet these days， the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.
2.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.
3.“Liking”our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.
4.A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
5.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.
6.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
【我的發(fā)現(xiàn)】
（1）上面例句中加黑部分都為關系　　　　，都引導一個限制性定語從句。
（2）句1中that引導定語從句，修飾先行詞　　　　　　　　　，并在從句中作主語。
（3）句2中的which引導定語從句，并在從句中作　　　??；句3中的which引導定語從句，并在從句中作　　　　。
（4）句4中who引導一個定語從句，并在從句中作　　　　， 修飾先行詞someone。
（5）句5中whom引導一個定語從句，并在從句中作　　　　， 修飾先行詞the friends。
（6）句6中whose引導一個定語從句，并在從句中作　　　　， 修飾先行詞someone。
一、定語從句的概述
在主從復合句中，修飾名詞、代詞或名詞短語的從句叫作定語從句。定語從句有兩種，即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句對先行詞進行限定或修飾，由關系代詞或關系副詞引導，主句和從句不用逗號隔開，被修飾的名詞、代詞或名詞短語稱為先行項或先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。
1.先行詞
先行詞是定語從句修飾和限定的成分。從構成上而言，它可以是名詞、代詞、名詞性短語和整個主句；從句子成分上而言，它可以是主句的主語、賓語、表語、補足語和整個主句。下面，我們從兩個實例來看一下定語從句及其相關成分的分布：
2.關系詞
關系詞分為關系代詞（that、 which、 who、 whom、 whose等）和關系副詞（when、 where、 why）兩類。其中關系代詞可以在從句中作主語、賓語、定語或表語。關系詞通常有下列三個作用： ①引導定語從句；②代替先行詞；③在定語從句中充當一個成分。
The woman who/that is standing by the classroom is our English teacher.
站在教室旁邊的那位女士是我們的英語老師。
【即時演練1】　寫出下列句中的定語從句的先行詞和關系代詞
①Is this the book which your father bought for you？ 　　　　　　　
②Who is the man that is speaking to your mother？ 　　　　　　　
③I frequently visit the scientist whose name is known all over the country.　　　　　　　　
④The party which was organized by Tom was held outdoors at dusk.　　　　　　　
⑤The student who is answering the question is John.　　　　　　　
二、定語從句中關系代詞的基本用法
關系代詞 所指代（即先行詞） 在定語從句中所作的句子成分
that 人/物 主語、賓語、表語
which 物 主語、賓語
who 人 主語、賓語
whom 人 賓語
whose 人/物 定語
1.that的用法
that既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，而且作賓語時可以省略。
The number of people that come to visit the city reaches one million every year.
每年來參觀這個城市的人數(shù)達一百萬。（that指代people，在定語從句中作主語）
Is there anything （that） I can do for you？
有什么我能幫助你們的嗎？（that指代anything，在定語從句中作賓語，此處可省略）
【即時演練2】　用定語從句合并句子，并指出that在從句中作什么成分
①The boy is Tom.The boy is studying in the classroom.
→The boy 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　is Tom.（that在定語從句中作　　　　）
②This is the house.Lu Xun once lived in the house.
→This is the house 　　　　　　　　　.（that在定語從句中作　　　?。?br/>③Jack is no longer a lazy boy.He used to be a lazy boy.
→Jack is no longer a lazy boy 　　　　　　　　　　.（that在定語從句中作　　　?。?br/>2.which的用法
which指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，作賓語時可省略。
The plane is a machine which can fly.
飛機是一臺能飛的機器。（which指代machine，在定語從句中作主語）
The gold medal （which） she won has been given to her old school.
她贏得的那塊金牌已經(jīng)被送給她的母校了。（which指代The gold medal，在定語從句中作賓語，此處可省略）
【即時演練3】　完成句子
①Mary is fond of music 　　　　　　　.
瑪麗喜歡安靜輕柔的音樂。
②A taxi is a car 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
出租車是你可以租用的小汽車。
3.who的用法
who指人，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，作賓語時，常常省略。
Any man who has a sense of duty will be concerned about this item.
任何有責任感的人都會關注這個項目。（who指代Any man，在定語從句中作主語）
He is the man （who） I respect very much.
他就是我非常尊重的那個人。（who指代the man，在定語從句中作賓語， 此處可省略）
【即時演練4】　寫出who在下列句子的從句中所作的成分
①The man who I nodded to is Mr Li. 　　　　　　　
②Those who break the law shall be punished. 　　　　　　　
③Dickson is an able worker who we all value highly. 　　　　　　　
④Mr Smith is no longer the man who he used to be. 　　　　　　　
4.whom的用法
whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可省略。
Rose is the person （whom） you should care about.
羅絲是你應該關心的人。（whom指代the person，在定語從句中作賓語）
The boy （whom） the teacher often praises is their monitor.
老師經(jīng)常表揚的那個男孩是他們的班長。（whom指代The boy，在定語從句中作賓語）
【即時演練5】　完成句子
①The man 　　　　　　　　　　is kind.
大家都喜歡的這位男士很善良。
②The boy 　　　　　　　is my brother.
剛才和我說話的那個男孩是我弟弟。
5.whose的用法
（1）關系代詞whose引導的定語從句的先行詞既可以是人，也可以是物。whose在定語從句中作定語。指人時，相當于of whom；指物時，相當于of which。
I have read the book.I like its characters very much.
→I have read the book whose characters （＝of which the characters） I like very much.
我已經(jīng)讀了這本書，我很喜歡它里面的人物。（whose指代先行詞the book，在定語從句中作定語）
（2）whose作前置定語，介詞短語of which/whom作前置定語、后置定語均可；“whose＋名詞”可以轉化為“the＋名詞＋of which/whom”。
I want to help the children whose parents died in the earthquake.
＝I want to help the children the parents of whom died in the earthquake.
＝I want to help the children of whom the parents died in the earthquake.
我想幫助那些父母在地震中喪生的孩子。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.
＝He lives in a room the window of which faces north.
＝He lives in a room of which the window faces north.
他住在一個窗戶朝北的房間里。
【即時演練6】　用定語從句合并句子
①I’d like to take care of the child.Her mother died recently.
→I’d like to take care of the child 　　　　　　　　　　recently.
②She has a brother.I don’t know his name.
→She has a brother the name 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
③I’d like a room.Its windows look out over the sea.
→I’d like a room 　　　　　　　　　　　look out over the sea.
三、關系代詞只能用that而不用which的情況
1.當先行詞為all、 little、 few、 some、 none、 something、 everything、 nothing、 anything、 much等不定代詞或由它們修飾時。
All （that） I want is your advice.
我需要的是你的建議。
Have you taken down everything （that） Mr Li said？
李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？
2.當先行詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。
The first thing （that） we need to do is to work out a plan.
我們需要做的第一件事是制訂一個計劃。
That was the best film （that） I have ever seen.
那是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的一部電影。
3.當先行詞前有the only、 the very、 the last等修飾時。
The only thing （that） we can do is to give in to our parents’ ideas.
我們唯一能做的事情就是聽從我們父母的意見。
4.當先行詞既指人，又指物時。
We often talk about the persons and things （that） we remember.
我們常常談起我們記得的那些人和事。
5.當主句是以who、 which、 what開頭的特殊疑問句時，引導定語從句的關系詞一般用that。
Who is the man that came to rescue you in this disaster？
在這次災難中救你的人是誰？
6.當先行詞在定語從句中作表語時。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是過去的那座城市了。
名師點津
“one of＋復數(shù)名詞”作先行詞，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；“the only one of＋復數(shù)名詞”作先行詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
這是查爾斯·狄更斯所寫的書中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我們班里唯一一個學過法語的男孩。
【即時演練7】　完成句子
①All/Everything 　　　　　　　　　has been eaten up.
能吃的都吃光了。
②The first place 　　　　　　　　　　　was the Big Ben.
在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。
③The only thing 　　　　　　　　was to go to the police for help.
她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。
④She took photographs of the people and things 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
她把她感興趣的人和物都拍攝了下來。
⑤She is the only one of the employees in the company 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
她是公司里唯一一個受教育不多的員工。
count on依賴，依靠，指望
【教材原句】　A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.真正的朋友是我們可以依靠的人。
【用法】
count v.　　　　　　（按順序）數(shù)數(shù)；把……算入；重要；看作，認為
　　　n. （按順序的）數(shù)量；量的計數(shù)；總數(shù)
count on/upon （＝depend/rely on/upon） 依賴，依靠，指望
count on sb for sth 指望某人某事
count on sb to do sth 指望某人做某事
count on sb doing sth 指望某人做某事
count on it that ... 指望……（其中it為形式賓語，that從句為真正的賓語）
【佳句】　You can always count on him for good advice.
你總是可以從他那兒得到好的建議。
【練透】　語境辨義/單句語法填空
①She was counting her money with joy. 　　　　　　　
②Hurry up！Every minute now counts. 　　　　　　　
③On the whole， she counted herself as a fortunate wife. 　　　　　　　
④You may count on 　　　　　　that the work will be finished ahead of time.
【寫美】　一句多譯
⑤你可以依靠我的幫助實現(xiàn)你的目標。
→You can 　　　　　　　　　　　achieve your goals.
→You can 　　　　　　　　　　　to achieve your goals.
put down放下；寫下；鎮(zhèn)壓
【教材原句】　To make friends a real part of our lives， we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
為了使朋友成為我們生活中真正的一部分，我們應該放下手機，親自與他們見面。
【用法】
put aside　　　　忽視；儲存……備用
put away 收起；儲蓄
put out 撲滅；出版
put off　　　　　推遲；延期
put up 張貼；舉起
put up with 忍受
put on 假裝；穿上；表演（節(jié)目）
put forward 提出（建議等）；將……提前
【佳句】　He spoke so fast that I couldn’t put down what he said.
他說得那么快，我根本記不下來他說的話。
【練透】　用put的相關短語填空
①After two rings I 　　　　　　　　the phone immediately.
②It took the villagers about two hours to 　　　　　　　　the big fire.
③In view of the bad weather， our journey to Lijiang had to be 　　　　　　　　.
【寫美】　完成句子
④I can’t 　　　　　　　　　another day — she never stops complaining.
她整天抱怨，我一天也不能忍受了。
in person 親自，親身
【用法】
（1）in surprise　　　　吃驚地
in advance 提前
in secret 秘密地
in trouble 處于困難中
in danger 處于危險中
（2）the first/second/third person 第一/第二/第三人稱
（3）personal adj. 個人的；私人的
a personal view/opinion 個人的觀點
【佳句】　You have to collect your tickets in person.你必須親自去取票。
【練透】　用in的相關短語填空
①To save money， you’d better book the ticket 　　　　　　　　.
②Her eyes widened 　　　　　　　　as she heard the good news.
③I’m writing to express my sincere thanks for your generous help when I am 　　　　　　.
【寫美】　完成句子
④The novel is written from 　　　　　　　.
這部小說是根據(jù)個人親身經(jīng)歷寫成的。
Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage
【重難語法·要攻克】
我的發(fā)現(xiàn)
?。?）代詞　（2）the modern tools　（3）主語　賓語?。?）主語
（5）賓語　（6）定語
即時演練1
①the book；which?、趖he man；that?、踭he scientist；whose?、躎he party；which?、軹he student；who
即時演練2
①that is studying in the classroom　主語　②（that） Lu Xun once lived in　賓語?、踭hat he used to be　表語
即時演練3
①that/which is quiet and gentle?、趖hat/which you can hire
即時演練4
①賓語　②主語?、圪e語?、鼙碚Z
即時演練5
①whom everyone likes　②（whom/that/who） I talked to just now
即時演練6
①whose mother died　②of whom I don’t know
③whose windows/of which the windows/the windows of which
即時演練7
①that can be eaten?、冢╰hat） they visited in London
③（that） she could do?、埽╰hat） she was interested in
⑤that has received little education
【核心知識·巧突破】
1.①v.數(shù)數(shù)　②v.重要?、踲.認為　④it　⑤count on me to help you； count on me for help
2.①put down?、趐ut out?、踦ut off?、躳ut up with her
3.①in advance?、趇n surprise?、踚n trouble
④personal experience
7 / 7(共101張PPT)
Section Ⅱ　
Grammar and usage
1
重難語法·要攻克
目 錄
3
課時檢測·提能力
2
核心知識·巧突破
1
重難語法·要攻克
掌握核心語法
由關系代詞引導的限制性定語從句
閱讀下列句子并分析加黑部分的用法。
1. Yet these days， the modern tools that keep us connected are eating
away at the meaning of friendship.
2. “Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express
the values which matter most to us.
3. “Liking”our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection
which we share.
4. A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks
out.
5. Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we
love.
6. A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
【我的發(fā)現(xiàn)】
（1）上面例句中加黑部分都為關系 ，都引導一個限制性定
語從句。
（2）句1中that引導定語從句，修飾先行詞 ，并在
從句中作主語。
（3）句2中的which引導定語從句，并在從句中作 ；句3中的
which引導定語從句，并在從句中作 。
（4）句4中who引導一個定語從句，并在從句中作 ， 修飾先
行詞someone。
代詞　
the modern tools　
主語　
賓語　
主語　
（5）句5中whom引導一個定語從句，并在從句中作 ， 修飾
先行詞the friends。
（6）句6中whose引導一個定語從句，并在從句中作 ， 修飾
先行詞someone。
賓語　
定語　
一、定語從句的概述
在主從復合句中，修飾名詞、代詞或名詞短語的從句叫作定語從句。
定語從句有兩種，即限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定
語從句對先行詞進行限定或修飾，由關系代詞或關系副詞引導，主句
和從句不用逗號隔開，被修飾的名詞、代詞或名詞短語稱為先行項或
先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。
1. 先行詞
先行詞是定語從句修飾和限定的成分。從構成上而言，它可以是名
詞、代詞、名詞性短語和整個主句；從句子成分上而言，它可以是
主句的主語、賓語、表語、補足語和整個主句。下面，我們從兩個
實例來看一下定語從句及其相關成分的分布：
2. 關系詞
關系詞分為關系代詞（that、 which、 who、 whom、 whose等）和
關系副詞（when、 where、 why）兩類。其中關系代詞可以在從句
中作主語、賓語、定語或表語。關系詞通常有下列三個作用： ①
引導定語從句；②代替先行詞；③在定語從句中充當一個成分。
The woman who/that is standing by the classroom is our English
teacher.
站在教室旁邊的那位女士是我們的英語老師。
【即時演練1】　寫出下列句中的定語從句的先行詞和關系代詞
①Is this the book which your father bought for you？

②Who is the man that is speaking to your mother？
③I frequently visit the scientist whose name is known all over the country.　
④The party which was organized by Tom was held outdoors at dusk.　
⑤The student who is answering the question is John.　
the book；which　
the man；that　
the scientist；whose　
The party；which　
The student；who　
二、定語從句中關系代詞的基本用法
關系代詞 所指代（即先行詞） 在定語從句中所作的句
子成分
that 人/物 主語、賓語、表語
which 物 主語、賓語
who 人 主語、賓語
whom 人 賓語
whose 人/物 定語
1. that的用法
that既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，而
且作賓語時可以省略。
The number of people that come to visit the city reaches one million
every year.
每年來參觀這個城市的人數(shù)達一百萬。（that指代people，在定語
從句中作主語）
Is there anything （that） I can do for you？
有什么我能幫助你們的嗎？（that指代anything，在定語從句中作賓
語，此處可省略）
【即時演練2】　用定語從句合并句子，并指出that在從句中作什
么成分
①The boy is Tom.The boy is studying in the classroom.
→The boy is Tom.（that在定語從
句中作 ）
②This is the house.Lu Xun once lived in the house.
→This is the house .（that在定語從句
中作 ）
that is studying in the classroom　
主語　
（that） Lu Xun once lived in　
賓語　
③Jack is no longer a lazy boy.He used to be a lazy boy.
→Jack is no longer a lazy boy .（that在定語從句
中作 ）
that he used to be　
表語　
2. which的用法
which指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，作賓語時可省略。
The plane is a machine which can fly.
飛機是一臺能飛的機器。（which指代machine，在定語從句中
作主語）
The gold medal （which） she won has been given to her old school.
她贏得的那塊金牌已經(jīng)被送給她的母校了。（which指代The gold
medal，在定語從句中作賓語，此處可省略）
【即時演練3】　完成句子
①Mary is fond of music .
瑪麗喜歡安靜輕柔的音樂。
②A taxi is a car .
出租車是你可以租用的小汽車。
that/which is quiet and gentle　
that/which you can hire　
3. who的用法
who指人，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，作賓語時，常常省略。
Any man who has a sense of duty will be concerned about this item.
任何有責任感的人都會關注這個項目。（who指代Any man，在定
語從句中作主語）
He is the man （who） I respect very much.
他就是我非常尊重的那個人。（who指代the man，在定語從句中作
賓語， 此處可省略）
【即時演練4】寫出who在下列句子的從句中所作的成分
①The man who I nodded to is Mr Li.
②Those who break the law shall be punished.
③Dickson is an able worker who we all value highly.
④Mr Smith is no longer the man who he used to be.
賓語　
主語　
賓語　
表語　
4. whom的用法
whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可省略。
Rose is the person （whom） you should care about.
羅絲是你應該關心的人。（whom指代the person，在定語從句中作
賓語）
The boy （whom） the teacher often praises is their monitor.
老師經(jīng)常表揚的那個男孩是他們的班長。（whom指代The boy，在
定語從句中作賓語）
【即時演練5】　完成句子
①The man is kind.
大家都喜歡的這位男士很善良。
②The boy is my brother.
剛才和我說話的那個男孩是我弟弟。
whom everyone likes　
（whom/that/who） I talked to just now　
5. whose的用法
（1）關系代詞whose引導的定語從句的先行詞既可以是人，也可以
是物。whose在定語從句中作定語。指人時，相當于of
whom；指物時，相當于of which。
I have read the book.I like its characters very much.
→I have read the book whose characters （＝of which the
characters） I like very much.
我已經(jīng)讀了這本書，我很喜歡它里面的人物。（whose指代先
行詞the book，在定語從句中作定語）
（2）whose作前置定語，介詞短語of which/whom作前置定語、后
置定語均可；“whose＋名詞”可以轉化為“the＋名詞＋of
which/whom”。
I want to help the children whose parents died in the earthquake.
＝I want to help the children the parents of whom died in the
earthquake.
＝I want to help the children of whom the parents died in the
earthquake.
我想幫助那些父母在地震中喪生的孩子。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.
＝He lives in a room the window of which faces north.
＝He lives in a room of which the window faces north.
他住在一個窗戶朝北的房間里。
【即時演練6】　用定語從句合并句子
①I’d like to take care of the child.Her mother died recently.
→I’d like to take care of the child recently.
②She has a brother.I don’t know his name.
→She has a brother the name .
③I’d like a room.Its windows look out over the sea.
→I’d like a room
look out over the sea.
whose mother died　
of whom I don’t know　
whose windows/of which the windows/the windows
of which　
三、關系代詞只能用that而不用which的情況
1. 當先行詞為all、 little、 few、 some、 none、 something、
everything、 nothing、 anything、 much等不定代詞或由它們
修飾時。
All （that） I want is your advice.
我需要的是你的建議。
Have you taken down everything （that） Mr Li said？
李老師講的你都記下來了嗎？
2. 當先行詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最
高級修飾時。
The first thing （that） we need to do is to work out a plan.
我們需要做的第一件事是制訂一個計劃。
That was the best film （that） I have ever seen.
那是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的一部電影。
3. 當先行詞前有the only、 the very、 the last等修飾時。
The only thing （that） we can do is to give in to our parents’ ideas.
我們唯一能做的事情就是聽從我們父母的意見。
4. 當先行詞既指人，又指物時。
We often talk about the persons and things （that） we remember.
我們常常談起我們記得的那些人和事。
5. 當主句是以who、 which、 what開頭的特殊疑問句時，引導定語從
句的關系詞一般用that。
Who is the man that came to rescue you in this disaster？
在這次災難中救你的人是誰？
6. 當先行詞在定語從句中作表語時。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.
上海不再是過去的那座城市了。
名師點津
“one of＋復數(shù)名詞”作先行詞，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；“the only
one of＋復數(shù)名詞”作先行詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
這是查爾斯·狄更斯所寫的書中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我們班里唯一一個學過法語的男孩。
【即時演練7】　完成句子
①All/Everything has been eaten up.
能吃的都吃光了。
②The first place was the Big Ben.
在倫敦他們參觀的第一個地方是大本鐘。
③The only thing was to go to the police for
help.
她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。
that can be eaten　
（that） they visited in London　
（that） she could do　
④She took photographs of the people and things
.
她把她感興趣的人和物都拍攝了下來。
⑤She is the only one of the employees in the company
.
她是公司里唯一一個受教育不多的員工。
（that） she was
interested in　
that has received
little education　
核心知識·巧突破
探究課堂重點
2
count on依賴，依靠，指望
【教材原句】　A real friend is someone whose support we can count
on.真正的朋友是我們可以依靠的人。
【用法】
count v.　?。ò错樞颍?shù)數(shù)；把……算入；重要；看作，認為
　　　n.　　（按順序的）數(shù)量；量的計數(shù)；總數(shù)
count on/upon （＝depend/rely on/upon）　　依賴，依靠，指望
count on sb for sth　　指望某人某事
count on sb to do sth　　指望某人做某事
count on sb doing sth　　指望某人做某事
count on it that ...　　指望……（其中it為形式賓語，that從句為真
正的賓語）
【佳句】　You can always count on him for good advice.
你總是可以從他那兒得到好的建議。
【練透】 語境辨義/單句語法填空
①She was counting her money with joy.
②Hurry up！Every minute now counts.
③On the whole， she counted herself as a fortunate wife.
④You may count on that the work will be finished ahead of time.
v.數(shù)數(shù)　
v.重要　
v.認為　
it　
【寫美】　一句多譯
⑤你可以依靠我的幫助實現(xiàn)你的目標。
→You can achieve your goals.
→You can to achieve your goals.
count on me to help you　
count on me for help　
put down放下；寫下；鎮(zhèn)壓
【教材原句】　To make friends a real part of our lives， we should put
down our smartphones and meet them in person.為了使朋友成為我們生
活中真正的一部分，我們應該放下手機，親自與他們見面。
put aside　　忽視；儲存……備用
put away　　收起；儲蓄
put out　　撲滅；出版
put off　　推遲；延期
put up　　張貼；舉起
put up with　　忍受
put on　　假裝；穿上；表演（節(jié)目）
put forward　　提出（建議等）；將……提前
【用法】
【佳句】　He spoke so fast that I couldn’t put down what he said.
他說得那么快，我根本記不下來他說的話。
【練透】　用put的相關短語填空
①After two rings I the phone immediately.
②It took the villagers about two hours to the big fire.
③In view of the bad weather， our journey to Lijiang had to be
.
put down　
put out　
put
off　
【寫美】　完成句子
④I can’t another day — she never stops
complaining.
她整天抱怨，我一天也不能忍受了。
put up with her　
in person 親自，親身
【用法】
（1）in surprise　吃驚地
in advance　　提前
in secret　　秘密地
in trouble　　處于困難中
in danger　　處于危險中
（2）the first/second/third person　　第一/第二/第三人稱
（3）personal adj.　　個人的；私人的
a personal view/opinion　　個人的觀點
【佳句】　You have to collect your tickets in person.
你必須親自去取票。
【練透】　用in的相關短語填空
①To save money， you’d better book the ticket .
②Her eyes widened as she heard the good news.
③I’m writing to express my sincere thanks for your generous help when
I am .
【寫美】　完成句子
④The novel is written from .
這部小說是根據(jù)個人親身經(jīng)歷寫成的。
in advance　
in surprise　
in trouble　
personal experience　
課時檢測·提能力
培育學科素養(yǎng)
3
維度一：品句填詞
單句語法填空。
1. We often talk about the people and things we remember.
2. She is the only one of the children is good at music here.
3. The first place she visited in China was the History
Museum.
4. This is the hotel I stayed at when I was travelling here.
（that）　
who　
（that）　
which/that　
5. The boys are playing football are from Class One.
6. The man is talking with my father is a policeman.
7. The new car colour is black belongs to John.
8. She said she would do anything could help her mother recover
from the disease.
9. He is a famous scientist theories would change the world.
10. The writer and his work you told me are really famous.
that/who　
who/that　
whose　
that　
whose　
that　
維度二：語法與寫作
用限制性定語從句完成下列句子。
1. The boy last night was Li Ming.
我們昨天晚上見的那個男孩是李明。
2. This is the best book all this year.
這是這一年來我找到的最好的一本書。
3. In the end， she decided to sell the house
were almost all broken.
最終，她決定賣掉那個門幾乎都破掉的房子。
（that/who/whom） we saw　
that I have found　
whose doors/of which the
doors/the doors of which　
4. The girl handed everything in the street to
the police.
這個女孩把她在街上撿到的一切都交給了警察。
5. The man yesterday lives in the room next
to me.
昨天做演講的那個人住在我旁邊的房間。
6. I’ll treasure those unforgettable days
.
我將永遠珍惜我們在一起度過的那些難忘的日子。
7. She is one of the girls .
她是通過考試的女孩之一。
that she had picked up　
who/that made a speech　
（that/which） we spent
together forever　
who/that have passed the exam　
維度三：語法與語篇
用適當?shù)年P系代詞完成下面的短文。
　　Hello， everyone！ It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share
my English learning experience with the people 1. are fond
of English.
who/that　
　　As the saying goes，“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most
important thing 2. I do is to get myself interested in English.As a
senior high school student， I get to know how to study and try my best to
build up my vocabulary 3. is of great importance in
understanding all 4. I read or listen to.That is the reason why
every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition， I often
watch movies 5. stories are moving or interesting.
　　In a word， if you want to improve your English in senior high
school， you should do lots of practice.
　　Thanks for your listening.
that　
which/that　
that　
whose　
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　It is often said that you can’t have too many friends.But it seems
that there is a natural limit to the number of people we stay in touch
with.A study found that when we make new friends， by starting a new
job or going to university， we downgrade or even drop old ones.And
while the friends may change， the number stays almost the same.
Oxford University researcher Felix Reed-Tsochas asked 24 students in
the final months of school to list all their friends and relatives and say how
close to them these friends and relatives were in a questionnaire （問
卷）.The pupils filled in the questionnaire twice more after starting work
or going to university.They were also given free mobile phones and agreed
that researchers could use their call history to work out who they called，
when and for how long.
Putting the two pieces of information together showed，
unsurprisingly， that most people have a small circle of close friends，
who they spend most of their time talking to.This inner circle is
surrounded by group after group of ever more distant friends.As the
volunteers’ lives changed， this overall pattern， including the number
of best friends， remained almost the same， meaning that some close
friends from childhood were dropped or downgraded as new friendships
were built.
Dr Reed-Tsochas said， “Maybe my best friend is no longer the
same person but the amount of time I allocate （分配） to my best friend
is still the same.” He added that this finding suggests that even with the
coming of modern technology we are only capable of forming a limited
number of true friendships.
Chester University researcher Dr Sam Roberts said， “Our results
are likely to reflect limitations on the ability of humans to keep
emotionally close relationships， which are both because of limited time
and the limited emotional capital （情緒資本） that individuals can
allocate between family members and friends.”
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當我們結交新朋友時，我
們會跟一些老朋友失去聯(lián)系。盡管朋友會變，但是我們結識的朋友
數(shù)目幾乎保持不變。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當我們結交新朋友時，我
們會跟一些老朋友失去聯(lián)系。盡管朋友會變，但是我們結識的朋友
數(shù)目幾乎保持不變。
1. What is a popular belief about making friends according to the text？
A. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
B. We should treat friends as our family.
C. The more friends we make， the better.
D. A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
解析： 　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句可知，人們常常認為朋
友越多越好。
2. Which is a method Dr Reed-Tsochas used in his study？
A. Checking the volunteers’ call records.
B. Learning about the volunteers’ hobbies.
C. Tracking the volunteers’ job performance.
D. Interviewing the volunteers’ schoolmates.
解析： 　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，他在研究中所
使用的一個方法是核查志愿者的通話記錄。
3. What did the researchers find from the study？
A. One’s attitude to friendship remains the same.
B. People attach great importance to friendships.
C. People rarely drop their old friends to make new ones.
D. The number of one’s best friends doesn’t change much.
解析： 　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段和第四段最后一句可知，即使
隨著現(xiàn)代科技的到來，一個人結識的好朋友的數(shù)目仍然是有限的，
即一個人的最好的朋友的數(shù)量變化不大。
4. What is the function of the last paragraph？
A. To add background information.
B. To give a possible explanation.
C. To offer some suggestions.
D. To introduce a new topic.
解析： 　推理判斷題。通讀全文可知，前文介紹了研究過程及研
究結論，最后一段說明了人類保持情感親密關系的能力有限，這是
因為每個人的時間以及能夠在家庭成員和朋友之間分配的情緒資本
是有限的。由此可推知，最后一段的作用是為研究結果作出了一種
可能的解釋。
B
　　“I’ll be there in a few minutes.I’m playing a game with a
friend， a guy named Snoopy，” my 15-year-old son shouted from his
room.“Oh， what is Snoopy’s real name？” I asked.“I have no
idea，” he said.“Where is he from？” I continued.He responded，
“I think somewhere in Canada.Oh， wait， it doesn’t even matter
because Snoopy just left the game and he has been replaced with a bot.”
“Your friend is replaced by a bot？”“It doesn’t matter， Dad.It
happens all the time！ The game continues.”My son doesn’t mind
playing with a person or a bot， which is typical of gamers these days.I
wonder whether the face-to-face experience of friendship that I grew up
with will be lost by our children.Aristotle， the great Greek thinker and
educator， pointed out that shallow friendship is easily formed but also
easily quit because such bonds are weak and uncertain.Deep friendship，
by contrast， is when you care for your friend for his sake， not for any
benefit you can get.This is selfless friendship.
You can have only a couple of these friends because they require lots of
time and effort.You must make sacrifices （犧牲） for each other.
Presence in friendship requires “being with” and “doing
for”.Perhaps the most typical feature of deep friendship is “doing
for”， as my friend has my back in trouble or brings me soup when I’m
sick.Only strong bonds have the power to motivate real sacrifices.But it is
unclear why online “friends” would bother to do the hard work of
friendship.When I asked my students whether they had people in their
lives who would bring them soup when they were sick， they laughed at
my Stone Age question and said they’d just order soup online.
There are three possibilities regarding friendship and digital
life.First， there’s nothing to worry about online friendships.But I
sincerely doubt that.Second， digital life fills and absorbs waking time so
digital life contributes to certain kinds of social isolation （孤立）.Last，
digital life produces false friendships.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了現(xiàn)在的友誼變得數(shù)
字化，失去了原來的面對面友誼的意義。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了現(xiàn)在的友誼變得數(shù)
字化，失去了原來的面對面友誼的意義。
5. How does the author lead in the topic of the text？
A. By presenting a conversation.
B. By discussing a robot friend.
C. By quoting a famous thinker.
D. By introducing an online game.
解析： 　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段對話及第二段中的“Your
friend is replaced by a bot？”“It doesn’t matter， Dad.It happens
all the time！The game continues.”可知，作者通過呈現(xiàn)他和兒子
的對話來引出文章的話題。
6. What can we know about the author？
A. He could not get along well with his son.
B. He tried to stop his son from playing with a bot.
C. He was troubled by his son’s addiction to online games.
D. He was concerned about his son’s attitude towards friends.
解析： 　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的I wonder whether the face-
to-face experience of friendship that I grew up with will be lost by our
children.可知，作者擔心兒子對待朋友的態(tài)度。
7. What can be inferred from the text？
A. The new generation values friendship a lot more.
B Strong bonds can be easily formed in digital life.
C. Companionship and devotion promote real friendship.
D. Collective activities contribute little to keeping friendship.
解析： 　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后四句可知，陪伴和奉獻能
促進真正的友誼。
8. What is the author’s attitude towards friendship in digital life？
A. Doubtful. B. Critical.
C. Favourable. D. Objective.
解析： 　觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知，作者對數(shù)字化生
活中的友誼提出了三種可能性，所以作者對此持懷疑態(tài)度。
C
　　I remember that it was a fall morning when the orchestra （管弦樂
隊） teachers came into Miss Newell’s third-grade classroom.“You
have hands for the viola （中提琴），” Miss Ciano told me.I was
excited because my hands were finally good for something.I told my
parents I wanted to play， and naturally， they agreed.
Since I first touched the viola， I haven’t been able to put it
down.Ignoring the difficulty， I am pulled closer to it each day.
Classical music is truly my best friend.It is the trusted friend of every
man， woman and child.Various feelings are expressed in classical
music.I discovered that when I was eleven and played a cello concerto
（大提琴協(xié)奏曲） of Bach in a competition， the first movement was
joyful， but the second movement was mysterious and full of pain.From
the piece， I learned that music expresses not only feelings， but also
sudden mood changes.By listening to classical music， I know that
someone else shares these feelings.Since I am lucky enough to be able to
play classical music， I am comforted by it when I am upset.It gives me a
way to escape from my problems for a short period.Classical music can
express my joy， sadness and anger.
Now look back at that fall day in the third grade and think how
gullible I was for believing that anyone， even music teachers， could tell
whether hands were perfect for a certain instrument.I’m certain they told
me I had “viola hands” not because they were fortune-tellers （算命
師）， but because there was a lack of violists in our district.Classical
music is one of the best things that ever happened to mankind.If you get
introduced to it in the right way， it will become your friend for life.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一個偶然的機會作者開
始拉中提琴，感受到古典音樂對人的情感帶來的好處，并把它看作
一生最誠摯的朋友的故事。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一個偶然的機會作者開
始拉中提琴，感受到古典音樂對人的情感帶來的好處，并把它看作
一生最誠摯的朋友的故事。
9. What’s the author’s purpose in writing the first and second
paragraphs？
A. To introduce an interesting musical class.
B. To offer the evidence of her gift for music.
C. To show the importance of proper guide.
D. To tell the power of support from parents.
解析： 　目的意圖題。根據(jù)第一段中老師說的話和最后一句以及
第二段最后一句可知，作者寫第一、二段的目的是說明老師和父母
的正確引導對作者后來喜歡上古典音樂的重要性。
10. According to the passage， in what way does classical music help the
author？
A. By developing social skills.
B. By improving mental health.
C. By broadening life experience.
D. By building close relationship.
解析： 　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后三句可知，古典音樂可
以幫助作者改善精神狀況。
11. What does the underlined word “gullible” in the last paragraph
mean？
A. Easily tricked. B. Firmly loved.
C. Greatly challenged. D. Secretly hidden.
解析： 　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞下文可知，作者認識到當時
相信了老師說自己“有一雙拉中提琴的手”，而這其實并不是真
話。由此可以猜測，作者覺得自己輕信了老師的話，gullible意為
“輕信的，易受騙的”。
12. Which could be the best title for the passage？
A. Special Event， Sweet Memory
B. Classical Music， Endless Friendship
C. Lifetime Dream， Great Effort
D. Happy Childhood， Unforgotten Experience
解析： 　標題歸納題。根據(jù)第三段第一句和文章最后一句可
知，本文主要講述了一個偶然的機會作者開始拉中提琴，從此古
典音樂成了作者最好的朋友。因此B項為本文最佳標題。
Ⅱ.閱讀七選五
　　Travelling with friends can be an absolutely amazing experience
where you could make lifelong memories or it could end up ruining your
friendship. 　13　 Here are some rules you should follow to make sure
your next trip with friends goes as smoothly as possible.
　14　 Sure， you and your friends probably have some similar
interests， but that’s not always the case.In an effort to keep everyone
happy， go over travel plans and expectations ahead of time.Have each
person categorize activities or sights into “must-see” “want to see”
and “would go if we have time”.Plan accordingly and make sure
everyone can see some of their top attractions.
Communicate with and respect each other.Everyone has personal
preferences when travelling — from getting the bed closest to the
bathroom or sitting in the airplane’s window seat.But sometimes things
don’t go as you like.In this case， share your requirements directly with
your travel companions. 　15　 Have a conversation when problems
arise， for communication is the key.
Don’t disappear.When travelling with a group — or even just one
other person — you may want some alone time.That’s completely fine，
but make sure your friends know where you are and have a way of
contacting you. 　16　
Get off your phone.Of course， your friends will understand if you
need to take a call from a family member，or in the event of a work
emergency， but other than that， try to stay off your phone. 　17　 After
all，the appeal of this type of trip is to spend time with friends.Just enjoy
it！
A. Give each other some space.
B. Include at least one activity for everyone.
C. And remember that consideration and respect go a long way.
D. At the same time，listen to their concerns and be respectful to them.
E. Don’t respond to non-urgent work contact or send messages
frequently.
F. It’s especially true of travelling in foreign countries or unfamiliar
places.
G. So it’s important to make sure you and your friend（s） are on the
same page.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了和朋友出游時避免毀掉
友誼的幾條建議。
13. G　根據(jù)空前一句可知，和朋友一起旅游可以讓這段經(jīng)歷留下一
生的回憶，也可能會毀掉你和朋友的友情，G項承上啟下，符合語
境，表明一定要和朋友達成共識。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述了和朋友出游時避免毀掉
友誼的幾條建議。
14. B　根據(jù)下文中的In an effort to keep everyone happy， go over
travel plans and expectations ahead of time.和Plan accordingly and make
sure everyone can see some of their top attractions.可知，這一段講到為
了讓大家開心，提前研究一下旅行計劃和期望，確保讓每個人都能看
到他們中意的景點。B項總結下文，符合語境，建議一定要至少包括
一個大家都喜歡的活動。
15. D　本段建議要和出游同伴彼此溝通、互相尊重。根據(jù)空前一句
可知，分享你的需求，同時也要傾聽并尊重對方的心聲。D項承上啟
下，符合語境。
16. F　根據(jù)空前的內(nèi)容可知，偶爾自己獨自出門轉轉是可以的，但是
為了安全，一定要確保朋友知道你在哪里以及能夠聯(lián)系到你。F項
（尤其是在國外或不熟悉的地方）符合語境。
17. E　根據(jù)空前的try to stay off your phone可知，下面是具體做法，E
項（不要回復不緊急的工作和頻繁發(fā)送信息）符合語境。
Ⅲ.完形填空
　　Steven Gonzales’ job title is “pest control technician （害蟲防治
技術員）”，but he is always willing to go above and beyond his job
description.
That’s exactly what he 　18　 during a recent pest control service
in Arizona.As Steven and his 　19　 were making their way through the
customer’s backyard， they 　20　 that a hawk （鷹） was splashing
around （撲騰） in the pool.
With not much time to 　21　， he dropped what he was doing
to 　22　 the large bird.Rather than being afraid or angry that a 　23　
was coming so close to it， the hawk actually 　24　 Steven’s help with
open wings.
“It lets me hold it by the legs，” he explained.“I end up lifting it
on my shoulder， and it just 　25　 there.”
At that time， his workmate 　26　 near them and caught this
wonderful rescue on camera.
Soon after Steven 　27　 the hawk， it remained 　28　 as it sat on
the ground， allowing its wings to dry.But first， it simply wanted
some 　29　 after going through such a terrible event.
“It just stayed right next to me，” Steven said.
Steven then called Cave Creek.This local organization rescues birds
and was more than happy to 　30　 it until it was ready to be released.
After working more closely with Cave Creek， Steven’s now signed
up as a 　31　 to help with future rescues.
He said， “I like to volunteer and 　32　 not only people and pest
control， but animals as well.”
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一名害蟲防治技術員解
救了一只落水的鷹的故事。
18. A. wanted B. said C. got D. did
解析： 　上文指出Steven的工作頭銜是“害蟲防治技術員”，但
他總是愿意做超出自己工作職責的事，下文中他援救落水鷹的事
就是其中一例，故did符合語境，表明他最近在亞利桑那州的一次
害蟲防治服務中做了這樣的事。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講述了一名害蟲防治技術員解
救了一只落水的鷹的故事。
19. A. friend B. workmate
C. guide D. neighbour
解析： 　根據(jù)下文中的his workmate可知，本空選擇workmate，
屬于原詞復現(xiàn)。上文中的pest control service和下文中的through the
customer’s backyard也是提示。
20. A. doubted B. hoped
C. imagined D. noticed
解析： 　根據(jù)下文中Steven對這只落水鷹實施救援可知，Steven
和他的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)一只鷹在水池里撲騰。
21. A. think B. walk C. check D. talk
解析： 　根據(jù)上文中的a hawk （鷹） was splashing around in the
pool和空后的he dropped what he was doing可知，沒有太多的時間
去思考，Steven放下手頭的工作去援救那只大鳥。
22. A. watch B. catch C. save D. find
解析： 參見上題解析。
23. A. bird B. human
C. surprise D. change
解析： 　根據(jù)語境可知，下文中的it指代the hawk；根據(jù)上文內(nèi)
容可知，Steven上前去救援，因此靠近這只鷹的是一個人。
24. A. refused B. welcomed
C. needed D. asked
解析： 　根據(jù)上文中的Rather than being afraid or angry，以及下
文中的with open wings和Steven所說的It lets me hold it by the legs可
知，這只鷹對Steven的幫助表示歡迎。
25. A. rests B. hangs C. lies D. lives
解析： 　根據(jù)上文中的I end up lifting it on my shoulder可知，最
后Steven把它（那只鷹）扛在肩上，它就停在了那里。
26. A. slept B. passed
C. stood D. landed
解析： 　根據(jù)空后的caught this wonderful rescue on camera可
知，Steven的同事當時正站在他們旁邊。
27. A. studied B. fed
C. stopped D. freed
解析： 　根據(jù)空后的as it sat on the ground， allowing its wings to
dry可知，在Steven把那只鷹放開后，它仍然很平靜。
28. A. crazy B. clean
C. calm D. curious
解析： 　參見上題解析。
29. A. company B. attention
C. control D. advice
解析： 　根據(jù)下文中Steven所說的It just stayed right next to me可
知，在經(jīng)歷了如此可怕的事后，那只鷹只是想要有人陪伴。
30. A. cheer for B. come across
C. stick with D. look after
解析： 　根據(jù)上文中的This local organization rescues birds可知，
Cave Creek非常樂意照顧它（這只鷹），直到它可以回歸自然。
31. A. student B. volunteer
C. player D. user
解析： 　根據(jù)下文中的volunteer可知，本空選擇volunteer，屬于
原詞復現(xiàn)?？蘸蟮膖o help with future rescues也是提示。
32. A. choose B. trust C. help D. meet
解析： 　根據(jù)空前的volunteer可知，Steven表示他不僅愿意幫助
人們控制害蟲，也愿意幫助動物。
Ⅳ.語法填空
　　One day， out on the beach， there were a number of crabs （螃
蟹） 　33　 （live） in a bucket （桶）.They were happy in the
bucket： they had fun while they climbed over each other.But one crab
who had a big dream was an exception.He was 　34　 （strong）
attracted by the yellow sun he saw， the salty sea he smelt， and the
waves he heard.No matter how much he tried to ignore that feeling， the
desire 　35　 （go） out there just grew inside of him.
But the other crabs in the bucket didn’t like 　36　 way that he was
thinking.They saw how it was making him change — he was not like them
anymore.“If you climb out， the seagulls （海鷗） will eat you！”
they 　37　 （tell） him.
Even if it was scary， deep inside， he still wanted to leave this
bucket to go out.To his joy， he made 　38　.He managed to climb out
of the bucket， and experienced the sea and all it had to offer.It
was 　39　 （amaze） and more than he had ever expected.He made new
and like-minded 　40　 （friend） and his life was so much 　41　
（rich） than it had ever been in the bucket.He was glad that he took a
chance 　42　 climbed out of the bucket.And he knew he would never
return.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。沙灘上有一群螃蟹一直開心地生活
在桶里，然而其中一只螃蟹卻向往大海，他不顧朋友們的反對，堅
持要爬出去看看外面的世界。
33. living　考查非謂語動詞。設空處作后置定語，修飾crabs，且
crabs與live之間是邏輯上的主謂關系，故填living。
34. strongly　考查詞形轉換。設空處作狀語，修飾attracted，應用副
詞，表示“深深地”，故填strongly。
35. to go　考查非謂語動詞。設空處作后置定語，修飾desire，故填to
go。desire to do sth做某事的愿望。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。沙灘上有一群螃蟹一直開心地生活
在桶里，然而其中一只螃蟹卻向往大海，他不顧朋友們的反對，堅
持要爬出去看看外面的世界。
36. the　考查冠詞。設空處特指他（那只想爬出桶的螃蟹）的思維方
式，故填定冠詞the。
37. told　考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知，設空處應該與全文時態(tài)
一致，描述發(fā)生在過去的事情，應用一般過去時，故填told。
38. it　考查固定搭配。根據(jù)語境可知，此處指他成功地爬出了桶。
make it獲得成功。
39. amazing　考查詞形轉換。設空處作表語，表示“令人大為驚奇
的”，應用形容詞，故填amazing。
40. friends　考查名詞復數(shù)。friend意為“朋友”，是可數(shù)名詞，與
make連用，表示“交朋友”，應用其復數(shù)形式，故填friends。like-
minded志同道合的。
41. richer　考查形容詞的比較級。根據(jù)空后的than可知，設空處表示
比較意義，故填rich的比較級richer。
42. and　考查連詞。根據(jù)語境可知，took a chance和climbed out of the
bucket之間是并列關系，表示相繼發(fā)生的兩件事情，故填連詞and。
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