資源簡介

Section Ⅲ 　Grammar and usage
Grammar——過去完成時
一、過去完成時的構成形式
基本結構 had+過去分詞
肯定句 主語+had+過去分詞+其他。
否定句 主語+had+not+過去分詞+其他。
一般疑問句 Had+主語+過去分詞+其他
特殊疑問句 特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
The fire had come about before the couple came back.
這對夫婦回來之前火災就已經發生了。
When walking down the street,I came across David,whom I hadn’t seen for years.
沿街散步時,我偶然遇見了戴維,我們已經有好幾年沒見了。
When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit,it was undoubtedly difficult.
當我被一份看起來非常合適的工作拒絕時,無疑是很困難的。
Had you heard of the news before it was broadcast
消息傳播前你聽說了嗎
How many stamps had you collected by the end of last year
到去年年底你已經收集多少張郵票了
二、過去完成時的常見用法
[先感知]
①Before Mr Jenkins taught me,science had simply been a subject full of strange words to me.(北師選一U1)
②When my family and I had just arrived in China,we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.(人教選二U3)
③The boy was told that his politics paper had not been handed in.
④The journalist reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake of this area.
[會發現]　句①②中,表示“過去的過去”,句中的時間狀語由before、when引出;句③④中,過去完成時用在told、reported等動詞后的賓語從句中表示從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前。
[明規則]
1.表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經發生或者完成的動作或存在的狀態,即“過去的過去”。也可以表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續到過去的另一時間的動作或狀態。句中的時間狀語可以用by、before、until、when等引出或者用一個表示過去的動作來表示,還可以通過上下文來表示。
By the end of last year he had run out of all the money inherited from his father.
到去年年底,他已花光了從他父親那里繼承的所有錢。
The girl had disappeared in a flash before he could utter a single word.
他還沒來得及說一句話,那女孩就不見了。
[名師點津]　before、after引導的時間狀語從句中,由于before和after本身已表達了動作的先后關系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句多用一般過去時。
After he arrived in England,he worked hard to improve his English.
他到達英格蘭之后,努力提高他的英語水平。
2.表示“愿望、打算”的動詞(如hope、want、expect、think、mean、suppose、plan、intend等)用于過去完成時表示過去本打算實現而未實現的希望或計劃。
I had meant to tell Mike the good news,but I found that he wasn’t at home.
我本打算把這個好消息告訴邁克,但發現他不在家。
I had intended/wanted/planned to give you just a surprise quiz but on second thought I chose to let you reflect on your exercises.
我本想給你們一個驚喜測驗,但轉念一想,我選擇讓你們回顧自己的練習。
3.過去完成時常常用在told、said、knew、heard、thought等動詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中表示從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前。
I thought I had sent the letter out a week before,but actually it was still lying on the desk in my study.
我原本以為我一星期前就把信寄出去了,但實際上它還一直在我書房的桌子上。
4.過去完成時在虛擬語氣中的運用
過去完成時的這一用法常見于構成虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句和I wish...(我希望……),I’d rather...(我寧愿……)后的that從句以及if only等引導的感嘆句中。
If I had left earlier,I’d have been there on time.(與過去事實相反,事實是“我”走得太晚了)
我要是早點走,就準時到那里了。
If only we had listened to their advice!(與過去事實相反,事實是沒聽建議)
我們要是聽了他們的建議就好了!
I’d rather you hadn’t been present.(與過去事實相反,事實是當時在場)
我寧愿你當時不在場。
小題集訓　完成句子
①The bus had already left by the time I got there.
我到那兒時,公共汽車已經開走了。
②We realized we had not brought the book with us.
我們意識到我們沒有帶那本書。
③How many hours had they worked by six o’clock yesterday
到昨天6點鐘他們已經工作多少個小時了
④Had you been to other places of China before you came to Beijing
在來北京之前你到過中國的其他地方嗎
⑤His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected.
當他終于收到他盼望已久的雜志時,他興奮得兩眼放光。
三、過去完成時在固定句式中的運用
[先感知]
①They had finished their dinner by the time Sam joined them.(人教選二U3)
②By the time of his death in 1884,he had made important discoveries about genetics.(外研選一U5)
③By the end of 1999,about 1,000 newspapers in China had set up their own online news platforms.(譯林選二U1)
④When O’Neill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957,it was the fourth time he had won it.(譯林選二U1)
[會發現]　句①②中,主句(過去完成時)+by the time...(一般過去時);句③中,句子(過去完成時)+by the end of...(表示過去的時間);句④中,在“It was+the+序數詞+time+that...”句式中,that后的從句用過去完成時,表示“某人第幾次做某事”。
[明規則]
1.過去完成時可以用于hardly/scarcely...when...和no sooner...than...句型中,表示“一……就……”。
Hardly had he known what happened when the audience broke in and interrupted him.
他剛知道發生了什么事,觀眾就闖進來打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he began to investigate the false news.
他剛到就開始調查這條假新聞。
2.在“It/This/That was+the+序數詞+time+that...”句式中,that后的從句用過去完成時,表示“某人第幾次做某事”。
It was the second time that he had travelled along the ancient Silk Road.
這是他第二次沿著古絲綢之路旅行。
3.在“It was+一段時間+since...”句式中,從句用過去完成時。
It was almost ten years since he had made a documentary to retell the history of the Palace Museum in detail.
從他制作一部紀錄片來詳細講述故宮博物院的歷史以來,已經快十年了。
4.主句(過去完成時)+by the time...(一般過去時)
We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.
在他們到達之前,我們已經做好一切準備了。
5.句子(過去完成時)+by the end of...(表示過去的時間)
By the end of last term,we had learned English at least for four years.
到上個學期末,我們至少已經學了四年英語。
小題集訓　完成句子
①Hardly had the teacher begun to sum up the lesson when the bell rang announcing the end of the class.
老師剛開始總結本課內容,下課鈴就響了。
②No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.
他剛到就又走了。
③It was the first time that she had visited the Great Wall.
這是她第一次參觀長城。
四、過去完成時與其他時態的區別
[先感知]
①I called his name and we talked a lot.I thanked him for what he had done for me.(北師選一U1)
②The media reported that these companies had treated pollution as a hot potato.(人教選二U3)
③I remember when you were his age,you said that you wanted to be a professional football player.(外研必一U3)
④He’s always had a square jaw,but now he’s grown a beard.(外研必一U3)
[會發現]　句①②中,過去完成時表示的動作或狀態發生在“過去的過去”;句③中,一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或存在的狀態;句④中,現在完成時表示動作發生在過去,但與現在有關系。
[明規則]
1.過去完成時與一般過去時的區別
過去完成時表示的動作或狀態發生在“過去的過去”,也可以表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續到過去的另一時間的動作或狀態。
一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或存在的狀態,常與具體的表示過去的時間狀語連用(如ago、yesterday、last week等)。
Alex finished his studies in 2024.
亞歷克斯在2024年結束了他的學業。
By the time Alex finished his studies in 2024,he had been in London for over eight years.
亞歷克斯在2024年結束他的學業時,他已經在倫敦待了8年多了。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
昨天他們十點到了車站。
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
昨天十點他們就到達了車站。
2.過去完成時與現在完成時的區別
過去完成時主要體現過去發生的兩個動作的先后有別,表達的是“過去的過去”。
現在完成時指動作發生在過去,但與現在有關系,常與since或者“for+一段時間”連用。
The company has a growing market because it has extended its operations into Europe recently.
該公司擁有不斷增長的市場,因為它最近將其業務擴展到了歐洲。
With the bird in my cupped hand,I looked around to see how she had gotten in.The broken window glass was the likely answer.
我托著那只鳥,環顧四周,想看看她是怎么進來的。打碎的窗玻璃可能是答案。
小題集訓　完成句子
①We were all excited when we took part in the sports meeting.
當我們參加運動會時,我們都很興奮。
②Two students hosted our school sports meeting last month.
上個月兩名學生主持了我們學校的運動會。
③John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
約翰和簡在結婚前就彼此認識很長一段時間了。
④Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.
來中國之前,格林先生在紐約住了十年。
1.accuse vt.譴責,控訴　·accused n.被告　·accusation n.起訴;譴責;控告
教材原文　His paper published articles about politics and social issues,accusing government officials of dishonesty and wealthy people of not paying their taxes.
他的報紙刊登關于政治和社會問題的文章,譴責政府官員滿口謊言和富人逃稅。
感知　語言先輸入
①He felt ashamed for being accused of telling a lie.(心理描寫)
②Ashamed of having acted so rashly,she apologized to him for having accused him.
記牢　知識再梳理
(1)accuse sb of...=charge sb with... 指責某人……;控告某人……
accuse sb for 因……而責怪某人
(2)the accused 被告
[名師點津]　其他“v.+sb of sth”結構的短語還有:
·inform sb of sth　 通知某人某事
·rob sb of sth 搶劫某人某物
·remind sb of sth 提醒某人某事
·warn sb of sth 警告某人某事
·cure sb of sth 治愈某人某病
運用　單句語法填空/同義句轉換
①On the other hand,they could be in trouble if someone accused them of ignoring their right.
②We definitely cannot accept such criticism and accusation (accuse).
③The candidate was accused(accuse) of breaking his promise even before he was in office.
④Her son was accused of cheating in the exam,which made it difficult for her to go to sleep.
→Her son was charged with cheating in the exam,which made it difficult for her to go to sleep.
2.句型公式:the first to do sth
教材原文　Pulitzer was the first to advocate the training of journalists at university level.
普利策是第一個提倡在大學階段培訓新聞工作者的人。
感知　語言先輸入
①The next morning,one of the first to arrive was my little frostbitten boy.(2022·北京卷)
②Always be looking for a new way to gain back an hour here or there.(2022·浙江1月卷)
記牢　知識再梳理
不定式作后置定語的常見情況:
(1)當被修飾詞前面有序數詞、形容詞最高級或the only、the very、the next、the last等,或本身就是序數詞、形容詞最高級時,常用不定式作后置定語。
(2)當被修飾詞為something、nothing、anything等不定代詞時,常用不定式作后置定語。
(3)當被修飾詞是抽象名詞time、way、reason、chance、ability、courage、opportunity、wish等時,常用不定式作后置定語。
(4)There be句型中,作主語的名詞后可接不定式作定語,不定式為主動式或被動式均可。
運用　單句語法填空/完成句子
①He is always the first to arrive (arrive) at the office and the last to leave (leave).
②I’m thirsty and would like something to drink (drink).
③Most importantly,the elderly are the first to taste the delicious food because they are well respected in China.(傳統文化)
最重要的是,老人是第一個品嘗美食的人,因為在中國老人很受尊重。
④There are many interesting places to visit/to be visited in this area.
在這個地方,有很多有趣的地方可以參觀。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
[基礎語境練]
維度一　單項選擇(每小題1分,共5分)
1.The pen I 　　　　I 　　　　is on my desk,right under my nose.
A.think;lost B.thought;had lost
C.think;had lost D.thought;have lost
2.He kept looking at her,wondering whether he 　　　　her somewhere.
A.saw B.has seen
C.sees D.had seen
3.When I was younger,I 　　　　to read fairy tales before bedtime.
A.loved B.love
C.had loved D.has loved
4.Up to now,scientists 　　　　significant progress in understanding the human genome.
A.made B.have made
C.make D.had made
5.Hardly 　　　　the room 　　　　she left.
A.had I entered;than B.I had entered;when
C.had I entered;when D.did I enter;when
答案　1.B　2.D　3.A　4.B　5.C
維度二　單句語法填空(每小題1分,共10分)
1.Silk had become (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
2.Over the past decade,China has become(become) one of the world’s top consumers.
3.By the end of last month,they had treated(treat) over 10,000 patients.
4.He is now a professor of Shandong University.He stayed(stay) in America for 4 years.
5.The moment I got home,I found I had left(leave) my jacket on the playground.
6.He had no sooner left the room than they began(begin) to talk about him.
7.It was the second time someone had interrupted(interrupt) me that evening.
8.The three of us travel(l)ed(travel) around Europe for about a month last summer.
9.John’s classmates accused him of spreading rumors,but he explained that he never said anything about it.
10.We must believe in ourselves,which is the first step to foster self-confidence.
維度三　語法與寫作(每小題2分,共10分)
1.Before the competition began,our PE teacher had trained us in and out of class.
比賽開始之前我們的體育老師已經在課內外訓練我們。
2.By nine o’clock last night,we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9點鐘,我們已經收到200張太空飛船發來的圖片。
3.I had intended to meet you at the airport,but someone came to visit me just when I was about to leave.
我本來要去機場見你的,可正好在我要出門時有人來拜訪我。
4.It was the first time that he had saw the advertisement posted on the Internet.
那是他第一次看到在網上發布的廣告。
5.Hardly/Scarcely had I told her the news when she began to cry out.
我一告訴她這一消息她就開始大哭了起來。
維度四　語法與語篇(每小題2分,共10分)
使用本單元所學語法補全下面語段。
When I was seven years old,I 1.performed in a musical (在音樂劇中演出) for the first time,for which I 2.had practiced for weeks(已經練習了幾個星期了).I waited anxiously and eventually came my turn.However,hardly 3.had I stepped on the stage (我走上了舞臺) when I noticed that there was something wrong with the microphone.Fortunately,one staff member also realized the problem and quickly 4.settled the problem(解決問題),assuring the musical went smoothly.It is almost ten years 5.since it happened(自從它發生以來),but I still remember it clearly.
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
A 15-year-old scientist and inventor has been named as Time’s first ever Kid of the Year.
Rao is a high school student from Colorado.She was chosen from 5,000 U.S.-based nominees (被提名的人). Time said in a statement that Rao stood out for her ability to apply scientific ideas to real-world problems and her efforts to motivate other kids to take up their own causes.Rao told the Associated Press that “the prize is nothing that I could have ever imagined.And I’m so grateful and just so excited that we’re really taking a look at the upcoming generation and our generation,since the future is in our hands.” She insists that starting out small doesn’t matter,as long as you’re enthusiastic about it.
It’s just the latest recognition for the teenager,who was named last year to the Forbes 30 Under 30 list.Rao won praise in 2017 after she developed a portable device (設備) to detect lead (鉛) in water.She went on to cooperate with scientists in the water industry to try to get the device on the market.
The young scientist has also developed an app called Kindly that uses artificial intelligence to help prevent cyberbullying (網絡欺凌). It allows teens to type in a word or phrase to find out if the words they’re using are hurtful and amount to (等于) bullying,and thus should be avoided.
In an interview with Time,Rao said that her pursuits (追求) in science started early as a way to improve conditions in society.In a world where science is increasingly questioned or challenged,Rao insists that its pursuit is an important act of kindness.It is the best way that a younger generation can better the world.Science and technology are being employed as never before to handle various issues,such as global warming,the outbreak of disease and so on,she noted.
“We have science in everything we’re involved in,and I think that’s the biggest thing to put out there,that science is cool,invention is cool,and anybody can be an inventor,”Rao said.“Anybody can do science.”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要講述的是來自科羅拉多州的年僅15歲的高中生Rao,以科學家和發明家的身份被美國《時代周刊》評為第一個“年度兒童”。
1.What is one of the reasons for Rao being honored by Time
A.The up-to-date ideas she had come up with.
B.The large amounts of time she had devoted.
C.The influence she has on young generations.
D.The optimistic attitude she holds to the future.
答案　C　[細節理解題。由第二段第三句“Time said in a statement that Rao stood out for her ability...take up their own causes.”可知,Rao被《時代周刊》授予榮譽是因為她對年輕一代的鼓勵和影響。故選C。]
2.Rao’s inventions mentioned in the passage can be described as 　　　　.
A.functional B.environmentally-friendly
C.efficient D.money-saving
答案　A　[推理判斷題。由第三段第二句“Rao won praise...lead in water.”和第四段“The young scientist has also developed...help prevent cyberbullying.”可知,Rao所研究的發明都是具有功能性的發明。故選A。]
3.What contributes to Rao’s enthusiasm for science
A.Her tolerance for problems.
B.Her amazing brain power.
C.Her exposure to challenges.
D.Her concern about society.
答案　D　[細節理解題。由第五段第一句“In an interview with...conditions in society.”可知,Rao追求科學的熱情來源于她對社會的關心。故選D。]
4.What can be a suitable title for the passage
A.High School Student Struggling for Big Dream
B.Young Scientist Named TIME’s Kid of the Year
C.Scientific Achievements Applied to Our Real Life
D.Advanced Inventions Used in Bettering the World
答案　B　[標題歸納題。由第一段“A 15-year-old scientist and inventor has been named as Time’s first ever Kid of the Year.”可知,這篇文章的題目應該是“年輕科學家被《時代周刊》評為‘年度兒童’”。故選B。]
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
Cave No.12 of the Yungang Grottoes (石窟), the 1,500-year-old masterpiece of Chinese Buddhist art,has been recently “moved” to the Zhejiang University Museum of Art and Archaeology by 3D printing technology,1.　　　　　　 (bring)the grottoes to the wider world.
Cave No.12,14 meters deep,11 meters wide and 9 meters high,also known 2.
the Music Cave,was carved with rich images of heavenly figures and 3.　　　　　　 (music)instruments from home and abroad.These figures represented the 4.　　　　　　 (early) royal symphony orchestra (樂團) in ancient China.
The researchers 5.　　　　　　 (overcome) many difficulties since August 2016. First,the project team spent three months laser-scanning (激光掃描) the cave and took 55,680 6.　　　　　　 (photo) of it.7.　　　　　　 (ensure) successful printing,a special 3D printer was tailored for the project.Then,8.　　　　　　 came after 3D printing was the coloring process,during which the images in the cave 9.　　　　　　 (expect) to be covered with proper materials and colors.After eight months of coloring,the staff finally completed the replica cave.Experts believe that the completion of the project marked technical breakthroughs and 10.　　　　　　 very important step forward in digital protection and inheritance of cultural heritages.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要介紹了如何運用3D打印技術將“云岡石窟”復制到浙江大學藝術與考古博物館。
1.bringing　[考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知,bring在句子中充當非謂語,此處用現在分詞作結果狀語,表示一種自然而然的結果,因此填bringing。]
2.as　[考查介詞。be known as意為“被稱為”,為固定搭配。故填as。]
3.musical　[考查詞性轉換。分析句子得知,空格處應為形容詞來修飾其后的名詞。故填musical。]
4.earliest　[考查形容詞最高級。由句意和空格前的the可知,此處應該用early的最高級形式。故填earliest。]
5.have overcome　[考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。根據句子中的時間狀語“since August 2016”可知,時態為現在完成時,主語researchers為復數。故填have overcome。]
6.photos　[考查名詞的單復數。由前面的數字可知,此處應該填photo的復數形式。故填photos。]
7.To ensure　[考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知,此處為非謂語,在句子中作目的狀語,且位于句首,首字母大寫。故填To ensure。]
8.what　[考查名詞性從句。分析句子結構得知,此處是主語從句,“　　　　 came after 3D printing”作句子的主語,從句中缺少主語且主語指的是物,應由what來引導。故填what。]
9.were expected　[考查動詞的時態、語態和主謂一致。the images與expect之間為被動關系,be expected to do表示“被期望做、預計做”,事情發生在過去,用一般過去時,主語是images,謂語動詞用復數形式,故填were expected。]
10.a　[考查冠詞。step是可數名詞,此處泛指“一步”,very 的發音以輔音音素開頭,故填a。]
文本資源——說一千道一萬,記住單詞是關鍵
主題單詞 閱讀理解:upcoming adj.即將來臨的　portable adj.便攜式的,輕便的　語法填空:masterpiece n.代表作,杰作　grotto n.(pl. grottoes)(人工)洞穴,巖穴　inheritance n.繼承物,遺產
主題詞塊 閱讀理解:stand out for因……而顯著/突出　be enthusiastic about對……充滿熱情　語法填空:Chinese Buddhist art中國佛教藝術　royal symphony orchestra皇家交響樂團
熟詞生義 閱讀理解:develop熟義:v.成長,發展,壯大　生義:v.開發;研制 The young scientist has also developed an app called Kindly... 這位年輕的科學家還開發了一款名為“善意”的應用程序…… Local entrepreneurs developed fashionable restaurants,bars and discotheques in the area. 當地的企業家在這個地區開辦了時尚的餐館、酒吧和迪斯科舞廳。
難句剖析 閱讀理解:We have science in everything we’re involved in,and I think that’s the biggest thing to put out there,that science is cool,invention is cool,and anybody can be an inventor. [譯文]　我們所涉及的一切都蘊含科學,而且我認為最重要的是告訴大家:科學很酷,發明很酷,任何人都可以成為發明家。 [分析]　本句是并列復合句,第一個and前邊的分句,其主句是We have science,we’re involved in是省略關系詞that的定語從句,先行詞everything在從句中作賓語;and后邊的分句中that引導同位語從句,對“the biggest thing”進行了具體解釋。(共71張PPT)
Section Ⅲ 　Grammar and usage
語法知識過關
內
容
索
引
課時測評作業
語言知識精析
語 法 知 識 過 關
Grammar——過去完成時
一、過去完成時的構成形式
基本結構 had＋過去分詞
肯定句 主語＋had＋過去分詞＋其他。
否定句 主語＋had＋not＋過去分詞＋其他。
一般疑問句 Had＋主語＋過去分詞＋其他
特殊疑問句 特殊疑問詞＋一般疑問句
The fire had come about before the couple came back.
這對夫婦回來之前火災就已經發生了。
When walking down the street,I came across David,whom I hadn’t seen for years.
沿街散步時,我偶然遇見了戴維,我們已經有好幾年沒見了。
When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit,it was undoubtedly difficult.
當我被一份看起來非常合適的工作拒絕時,無疑是很困難的。
Had you heard of the news before it was broadcast
消息傳播前你聽說了嗎
How many stamps had you collected by the end of last year
到去年年底你已經收集多少張郵票了
二、過去完成時的常見用法
[先感知]
①Before Mr Jenkins taught me,science had simply been a subject full of strange words to me.(北師選一U1)
②When my family and I had just arrived in China,we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.(人教選二U3)
③The boy was told that his politics paper had not been handed in.
④The journalist reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake of this area.
[會發現]　句①②中,表示“過去的過去”,句中的時間狀語由　　　　　　　、　　　　　　　引出;句③④中,過去完成時用在　　　　　　　　、　　　　　　　　等動詞后的賓語從句中表示從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前。
before
when
told
reported
[明規則]
1.表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經發生或者完成的動作或存在的狀態,即“過去的過去”。也可以表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續到過去的另一時間的動作或狀態。句中的時間狀語可以用by、before、until、when等引出或者用一個表示過去的動作來表示,還可以通過上下文來表示。
By the end of last year he had run out of all the money inherited from his father.到去年年底,他已花光了從他父親那里繼承的所有錢。
The girl had disappeared in a flash before he could utter a single word.
他還沒來得及說一句話,那女孩就不見了。
[名師點津]　before、after引導的時間狀語從句中,由于before和after本身已表達了動作的先后關系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句多用一般過去時。
After he arrived in England,he worked hard to improve his English.
他到達英格蘭之后,努力提高他的英語水平。
2.表示“愿望、打算”的動詞(如hope、want、expect、think、mean、suppose、plan、intend等)用于過去完成時表示過去本打算實現而未實現的希望或計劃。
I had meant to tell Mike the good news,but I found that he wasn’t at home. 我本打算把這個好消息告訴邁克,但發現他不在家。
I had intended/wanted/planned to give you just a surprise quiz but on second thought I chose to let you reflect on your exercises.
我本想給你們一個驚喜測驗,但轉念一想,我選擇讓你們回顧自己的練習。
3.過去完成時常常用在told、said、knew、heard、thought等動詞后的賓語從句(或間接引語)中表示從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前。
I thought I had sent the letter out a week before,but actually it was still lying on the desk in my study.
我原本以為我一星期前就把信寄出去了,但實際上它還一直在我書房的桌子上。
4.過去完成時在虛擬語氣中的運用
過去完成時的這一用法常見于構成虛擬語氣的條件狀語從句和I wish...(我希望……),I’d rather...(我寧愿……)后的that從句以及if only等引導的感嘆句中。
If I had left earlier,I’d have been there on time.(與過去事實相反,事實是“我”走得太晚了)
我要是早點走,就準時到那里了。
If only we had listened to their advice!(與過去事實相反,事實是沒聽建議)
我們要是聽了他們的建議就好了!
I’d rather you hadn’t been present.(與過去事實相反,事實是當時在場)
我寧愿你當時不在場。
小題集訓　完成句子
①The bus 　　　　　　　　　　　 by the time I got there.
我到那兒時,公共汽車已經開走了。
②We realized we 　　　　　　　　　　　 the book with us.
我們意識到我們沒有帶那本書。
③　　　　 　　　　　　　 by six o’clock yesterday
到昨天6點鐘他們已經工作多少個小時了
had already left
had not brought
How many hours had they worked
④　　　　　 　　　　　　 of China before you came to Beijing
在來北京之前你到過中國的其他地方嗎
⑤His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he 　　　　　　　　　　　　.
當他終于收到他盼望已久的雜志時,他興奮得兩眼放光。
Had you been to other places
had long expected
三、過去完成時在固定句式中的運用
[先感知]
①They had finished their dinner by the time Sam joined them.(人教選二U3)
②By the time of his death in 1884,he had made important discoveries about genetics.(外研選一U5)
③By the end of 1999,about 1,000 newspapers in China had set up their own online news platforms.(譯林選二U1)
④When O’Neill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957,it was the fourth time he had won it.(譯林選二U1)
[會發現]　句①②中,主句(過去完成時)＋　　　　　　　　(一般過去時);句③中,句子(過去完成時)＋　　　　　　　　(表示過去的時間);句④中,在“It was＋the＋序數詞＋time＋that...”句式中,that后的從句用　　　　　　,表示“某人第幾次做某事”。
by the time...
by the end of...
過去完成時
[明規則]
1.過去完成時可以用于hardly/scarcely...when...和no sooner...than...句型中,表示“一……就……”。
Hardly had he known what happened when the audience broke in and interrupted him.
他剛知道發生了什么事,觀眾就闖進來打斷了他。
No sooner had he arrived than he began to investigate the false news.
他剛到就開始調查這條假新聞。
2.在“It/This/That was＋the＋序數詞＋time＋that...”句式中,that后的從句用過去完成時,表示“某人第幾次做某事”。
It was the second time that he had travelled along the ancient Silk Road.
這是他第二次沿著古絲綢之路旅行。
3.在“It was＋一段時間＋since...”句式中,從句用過去完成時。
It was almost ten years since he had made a documentary to retell the history of the Palace Museum in detail.
從他制作一部紀錄片來詳細講述故宮博物院的歷史以來,已經快十年了。
4.主句(過去完成時)＋by the time...(一般過去時)
We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.
在他們到達之前,我們已經做好一切準備了。
5.句子(過去完成時)＋by the end of...(表示過去的時間)
By the end of last term,we had learned English at least for four years.
到上個學期末,我們至少已經學了四年英語。
小題集訓　完成句子
①Hardly 　　　　　　　　　　　 to sum up the lesson when the bell rang announcing the end of the class.
老師剛開始總結本課內容,下課鈴就響了。
②No sooner 　　　　　　　　　　　 than he went away again.
他剛到就又走了。
③It was the first time that she 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
這是她第一次參觀長城。
had the teacher begun
had he arrived
had visited the Great Wall
四、過去完成時與其他時態的區別
[先感知]
①I called his name and we talked a lot.I thanked him for what he had done for me.(北師選一U1)
②The media reported that these companies had treated pollution as a hot potato.(人教選二U3)
③I remember when you were his age,you said that you wanted to be a professional football player.(外研必一U3)
④He’s always had a square jaw,but now he’s grown a beard.
(外研必一U3)
[會發現]　句①②中,　　　　　　表示的動作或狀態發生在“過去的過去”;句③中,　　　　　　表示過去某時發生的動作或存在的狀態;句④中,　　　　　表示動作發生在過去,但與現在有關系。
過去完成時
一般過去時
現在完成時
[明規則]
1.過去完成時與一般過去時的區別
過去完成時表示的動作或狀態發生在“過去的過去”,也可以表示從過去某一時間開始,一直延續到過去的另一時間的動作或狀態。
一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或存在的狀態,常與具體的表示過去的時間狀語連用(如ago、yesterday、last week等)。
Alex finished his studies in 2024.
亞歷克斯在2024年結束了他的學業。
By the time Alex finished his studies in 2024,he had been in London for over eight years.
亞歷克斯在2024年結束他的學業時,他已經在倫敦待了8年多了。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
昨天他們十點到了車站。
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
昨天十點他們就到達了車站。
2.過去完成時與現在完成時的區別
過去完成時主要體現過去發生的兩個動作的先后有別,表達的是“過去的過去”。
現在完成時指動作發生在過去,但與現在有關系,常與since或者“for＋一段時間”連用。
The company has a growing market because it has extended its operations into Europe recently.
該公司擁有不斷增長的市場,因為它最近將其業務擴展到了歐洲。
With the bird in my cupped hand,I looked around to see how she had gotten in.The broken window glass was the likely answer.
我托著那只鳥,環顧四周,想看看她是怎么進來的。打碎的窗玻璃可能是答案。
小題集訓　完成句子
①We 　　　　　　　　　　　 when we took part in the sports meeting.
當我們參加運動會時,我們都很興奮。
②Two students 　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　last month.
上個月兩名學生主持了我們學校的運動會。
were all excited
hosted our school sports meeting
③John and Jane 　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　before their marriage.
約翰和簡在結婚前就彼此認識很長一段時間了。
④Mr Green 　　　　　　　　　　　 for ten years before he came to China.
來中國之前,格林先生在紐約住了十年。
had known each other for a long time
had lived in New York
語 言 知 識 精 析
1.accuse vt.譴責,控訴　·accused n.被告　
·accusation n.起訴;譴責;控告
教材原文　His paper published articles about politics and social issues,accusing government officials of dishonesty and wealthy people of not paying their taxes.
他的報紙刊登關于政治和社會問題的文章,譴責政府官員滿口謊言和富人逃稅。
感知　語言先輸入
①He felt ashamed for being accused of telling a lie.(心理描寫)
②Ashamed of having acted so rashly,she apologized to him for having accused him.
記牢　知識再梳理
(1)accuse sb of...＝charge sb with...　 指責某人……;控告某人……
accuse sb for 因……而責怪某人
(2)the accused 被告
[名師點津]　其他“v.＋sb of sth”結構的短語還有:
·inform sb of sth　通知某人某事
·rob sb of sth 搶劫某人某物
·remind sb of sth 提醒某人某事
·warn sb of sth 警告某人某事
·cure sb of sth 治愈某人某病
運用　單句語法填空/同義句轉換
①On the other hand,they could be in trouble if someone accused them 　　　　　　　　　　　 ignoring their right.
②We definitely cannot accept such criticism and _________ (accuse).
③The candidate 　　　　　　　　　(accuse) of breaking his promise even before he was in office.
of
accusation
was accused
④Her son was accused of cheating in the exam,which made it difficult for her to go to sleep.
→Her son was 　　　　　　　　　　　 in the exam,which made it difficult for her to go to sleep.
charged with cheating
2.句型公式:the first to do sth
教材原文　Pulitzer was the first to advocate the training of journalists at university level.
普利策是第一個提倡在大學階段培訓新聞工作者的人。
感知　語言先輸入
①The next morning,one of the first to arrive was my little frostbitten boy.(2022·北京卷)
②Always be looking for a new way to gain back an hour here or there.(2022·浙江1月卷)
記牢　知識再梳理
不定式作后置定語的常見情況:
(1)當被修飾詞前面有序數詞、形容詞最高級或the only、the very、the next、the last等,或本身就是序數詞、形容詞最高級時,常用不定式作后置定語。
(2)當被修飾詞為something、nothing、anything等不定代詞時,常用不定式作后置定語。
(3)當被修飾詞是抽象名詞time、way、reason、chance、ability、courage、opportunity、wish等時,常用不定式作后置定語。
(4)There be句型中,作主語的名詞后可接不定式作定語,不定式為主動式或被動式均可。
運用　單句語法填空/完成句子
①He is always the first 　　　　　　　　　　　 (arrive) at the office and the last 　　　　　　　　　　　 (leave).
②I’m thirsty and would like something 　　　　　　　(drink).
③Most importantly,the elderly are_____________________________ because they are well respected in China.(傳統文化)
最重要的是,老人是第一個品嘗美食的人,因為在中國老人很受尊重。
to arrive
to leave
to drink
the first to taste the delicious food
④There are many interesting places 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
在這個地方,有很多有趣的地方可以參觀。
to visit/to be visited in this area
課 時 測 評 作 業
基礎語境練
素能提升練
[基礎語境練]
維度一　單項選擇(每小題1分,共5分)
1.The pen I 　　　　I 　　　　is on my desk,right under my nose.
A.think;lost B.thought;had lost
C.think;had lost D.thought;have lost
2.He kept looking at her,wondering whether he 　　　　her somewhere.
A.saw B.has seen C.sees D.had seen
√
√
3.When I was younger,I 　　　　to read fairy tales before bedtime.
A.loved B.love
C.had loved D.has loved
4.Up to now,scientists 　　　　significant progress in understanding the human genome.
A.made B.have made
C.make D.had made
√
√
5.Hardly 　　　　the room 　　　　she left.
A.had I entered;than
B.I had entered;when
C.had I entered;when
D.did I enter;when
√
維度二　單句語法填空(每小題1分,共10分)
1.Silk 　　　　　　　　(become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
2.Over the past decade,China 　　　　　　　　(become) one of the world’s top consumers.
3.By the end of last month,they 　　　　　　　　(treat) over 10,000 patients.
had become
has become
had treated
4.He is now a professor of Shandong University.He 　　　　　　(stay) in America for 4 years.
5.The moment I got home,I found I 　　　　　　　　　　　 (leave) my jacket on the playground.
6.He had no sooner left the room than they _________________(begin) to talk about him.
7.It was the second time someone 　　　　　　　　　　　 (interrupt) me that evening.
stayed
had left
began
had interrupted
8.The three of us 　　　　　　　　　　　(travel) around Europe for about a month last summer.
9.John’s classmates accused him 　　　　　　spreading rumors,but he explained that he never said anything about it.
10.We must believe in ourselves,which is the first step _____________ foster self-confidence.
travel(l)ed
of
to
維度三　語法與寫作(每小題2分,共10分)
1.Before the competition began,our PE teacher
　　　　　　　　　　　　of class.
比賽開始之前我們的體育老師已經在課內外訓練我們。
2.By nine o’clock last night,we 　　　　　　　　　　　 from the spaceship.
到昨晚9點鐘,我們已經收到200張太空飛船發來的圖片。
had trained us in and out
had got 200 pictures
3.I 　　　　　　　　　　　 at the airport,but someone came to visit me just when I was about to leave.
我本來要去機場見你的,可正好在我要出門時有人來拜訪我。
4.It was the first time that he 　　　　　　　　　　　 posted on the Internet.
那是他第一次看到在網上發布的廣告。
5.　　　　 　　　　　　　 when she began to cry out.
我一告訴她這一消息她就開始大哭了起來。
had intended to meet you
had saw the advertisement
Hardly/Scarcely had I told her the news
維度四　語法與語篇(每小題2分,共10分)
使用本單元所學語法補全下面語段。
When I was seven years old,I 1.　　　　　　　　　　　 (在音樂劇中演出) for the first time,for which I 2.　　　　　　　　　　　
(已經練習了幾個星期了). I waited anxiously and eventually came my turn.However,hardly 3.　　　　　　　　　　　　 (我走上了舞臺) when I noticed that there was something wrong with the microphone.
performed in a musical
had practiced for weeks
had I stepped on the stage
Fortunately,one staff member also realized the problem and quickly 4._________________________(解決問題),assuring the musical went smoothly.It is almost ten years 5.　　　　　　　　　　　　 (自從它發生以來),but I still remember it clearly.
settled the problem
since it happened
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
A 15-year-old scientist and inventor has been named as Time’s first ever Kid of the Year.
Rao is a high school student from Colorado.She was chosen from 5,000 U.S.-based nominees (被提名的人). Time said in a statement that Rao stood out for her ability to apply scientific ideas to real-world problems and her efforts to motivate other kids to take up their own
causes.Rao told the Associated Press that “the prize is nothing that I could have ever imagined.And I’m so grateful and just so excited that we’re really taking a look at the upcoming generation and our generation,since the future is in our hands.” She insists that starting out small doesn’t matter,as long as you’re enthusiastic about it.
It’s just the latest recognition for the teenager,who was named last year to the Forbes 30 Under 30 list.Rao won praise in 2017 after she developed a portable device (設備) to detect lead (鉛) in water.She went on to cooperate with scientists in the water industry to try to get the device on the market.
The young scientist has also developed an app called Kindly that uses artificial intelligence to help prevent cyberbullying (網絡欺凌). It allows teens to type in a word or phrase to find out if the words they’re using are hurtful and amount to (等于) bullying,and thus should be avoided.
In an interview with Time,Rao said that her pursuits (追求) in science started early as a way to improve conditions in society.In a world where science is increasingly questioned or challenged,Rao insists that its pursuit is an important act of kindness.It is the best way that a younger generation can better the world.Science and technology are being employed as never before to handle various issues,such as global warming,the outbreak of disease and so on,she noted.
“We have science in everything we’re involved in,and I think that’s the biggest thing to put out there,that science is cool,invention is cool,and anybody can be an inventor,”Rao said.“Anybody can do science.”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要講述的是來自科羅拉多州的年僅15歲的高中生Rao,以科學家和發明家的身份被美國《時代周刊》評為第一個“年度兒童”。
1.What is one of the reasons for Rao being honored by Time
A.The up-to-date ideas she had come up with.
B.The large amounts of time she had devoted.
C.The influence she has on young generations.
D.The optimistic attitude she holds to the future.
解析　細節理解題。由第二段第三句“Time said in a statement that Rao stood out for her ability...take up their own causes.”可知,Rao被《時代周刊》授予榮譽是因為她對年輕一代的鼓勵和影響。故選C。
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2.Rao’s inventions mentioned in the passage can be described as 　　　　.
A.functional B.environmentally-friendly
C.efficient D.money-saving
解析　推理判斷題。由第三段第二句“Rao won praise...lead in water.”和第四段“The young scientist has also developed...help prevent cyberbullying.”可知,Rao所研究的發明都是具有功能性的發明。故選A。
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3.What contributes to Rao’s enthusiasm for science
A.Her tolerance for problems.
B.Her amazing brain power.
C.Her exposure to challenges.
D.Her concern about society.
解析　細節理解題。由第五段第一句“In an interview with...conditions in society.”可知,Rao追求科學的熱情來源于她對社會的關心。故選D。
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4.What can be a suitable title for the passage
A.High School Student Struggling for Big Dream
B.Young Scientist Named TIME’s Kid of the Year
C.Scientific Achievements Applied to Our Real Life
D.Advanced Inventions Used in Bettering the World
解析　標題歸納題。由第一段“A 15-year-old scientist and inventor has been named as Time’s first ever Kid of the Year.”可知,這篇文章的題目應該是“年輕科學家被《時代周刊》評為‘年度兒童’”。故選B。
√
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
Cave No.12 of the Yungang Grottoes (石窟), the 1,500-year-old masterpiece of Chinese Buddhist art,has been recently “moved” to the Zhejiang University Museum of Art and Archaeology by 3D printing technology,1.　　　　　　 (bring)the grottoes to the wider world.
Cave No.12,14 meters deep,11 meters wide and 9 meters high,also known 2.___________ the Music Cave,was carved with rich images of heavenly figures and 3.　　　　　　 (music)instruments from home and abroad.These figures represented the 4.　　　　　　 (early) royal symphony orchestra (樂團) in ancient China.
The researchers 5.　　　　　　 (overcome) many difficulties since August 2016. First,the project team spent three months laser-scanning (激光掃描) the cave and took 55,680 6.　　　　　　 (photo) of it.7.　　　　　　 (ensure) successful printing,a special 3D printer was tailored for the project.Then,8.　　　　　　 came after 3D printing was the coloring process,during which the images in the cave 9.　　　　　　 (expect) to be covered with proper materials and colors.After eight months of coloring,the staff finally completed the replica cave.Experts believe that the completion of the project marked technical breakthroughs and 10.　　　　　　 very important step forward in digital protection and inheritance of cultural heritages.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要介紹了如何運用3D打印技術將“云岡石窟”復制到浙江大學藝術與考古博物館。
1.bringing　[考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知,bring在句子中充當非謂語,此處用現在分詞作結果狀語,表示一種自然而然的結果,因此填bringing。]
2.as　[考查介詞。be known as意為“被稱為”,為固定搭配。故填as。]
3.musical　[考查詞性轉換。分析句子得知,空格處應為形容詞來修飾其后的名詞。故填musical。]
4.earliest　[考查形容詞最高級。由句意和空格前的the可知,此處應該用early的最高級形式。故填earliest。]
5.have overcome　[考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。根據句子中的時間狀語“since August 2016”可知,時態為現在完成時,主語researchers為復數。故填have overcome。]
6.photos　[考查名詞的單復數。由前面的數字可知,此處應該填photo的復數形式。故填photos。]
7.To ensure　[考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知,此處為非謂語,在句子中作目的狀語,且位于句首,首字母大寫。故填To ensure。]
8.what　[考查名詞性從句。分析句子結構得知,此處是主語從句,“　　　　 came after 3D printing”作句子的主語,從句中缺少主語且主語指的是物,應由what來引導。故填what。]
9.were expected　[考查動詞的時態、語態和主謂一致。the images與expect之間為被動關系,be expected to do表示“被期望做、預計做”,事情發生在過去,用一般過去時,主語是images,謂語動詞用復數形式,故填were expected。]
10.a　[考查冠詞。step是可數名詞,此處泛指“一步”,very 的發音以輔音音素開頭,故填a。]
文本資源——說一千道一萬,記住單詞是關鍵
主題單詞 閱讀理解:upcoming adj.即將來臨的　portable adj.便攜式的,輕便的　語法填空:masterpiece n.代表作,杰作　grotto n.(pl. grottoes)(人工)洞穴,巖穴　inheritance n.繼承物,遺產
主題詞塊 閱讀理解:stand out for因……而顯著/突出　be enthusiastic about對……充滿熱情　語法填空:Chinese Buddhist art中國佛教藝術　royal symphony orchestra皇家交響樂團
熟詞 生義 閱讀理解:develop熟義:v.成長,發展,壯大　生義:v.開發;研制
The young scientist has also developed an app called Kindly...
這位年輕的科學家還開發了一款名為“善意”的應用程序……
Local entrepreneurs developed fashionable restaurants,bars and discotheques in the area.
當地的企業家在這個地區開辦了時尚的餐館、酒吧和迪斯科舞廳。
難句剖析 閱讀理解:We have science in everything we’re involved in,and I think that’s the biggest thing to put out there,that science is cool,invention is cool,and anybody can be an inventor.
[譯文]　我們所涉及的一切都蘊含科學,而且我認為最重要的是告訴大家:科學很酷,發明很酷,任何人都可以成為發明家。
[分析]　本句是并列復合句,第一個and前邊的分句,其主句是We have science,we’re involved in是省略關系詞that的定語從句,先行詞everything在從句中作賓語;and后邊的分句中that引導同位語從句,對“the biggest thing”進行了具體解釋。

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