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Section Ⅳ　Discovering Useful Structures——現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)
一、定義
現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)表示動作已經(jīng)完成,強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,而且主語和謂語動詞之間是被動的關系。
二、結(jié)構
肯定式 主語+have/has been done...
否定式 主語+have/has not been done...
一般疑問式 Have/Has+主語+been done...
特殊疑問式 特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語+been done...
三、用法
[先感知]
①Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web.(人教必二U3)
②I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before.(外研必三U3)
③How long has this film been shown
④You shouldn’t leave school before your homework has been finished.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]　
①②③④句都使用了現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。①②④句為現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)的肯定式;③句為特殊疑問式。
[明規(guī)則]　
1.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)同它的主動語態(tài)一樣,強調(diào)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,通常與already、yet、just、never、recently等副詞連用。
2.表示一個被動的動作或狀態(tài)開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并可能持續(xù)下去,常與for或since引導的時間狀語連用,或用于“How long... ”句型中。
3.用在時間或條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時已完成的動作,即用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)代替將來完成時的被動語態(tài)。
[聯(lián)想發(fā)散]
常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語:
already　　　　　已經(jīng)
yet 已經(jīng)
recently/lately 最近
since then 從那時起
ever since 自那以來
ever 曾經(jīng)
so far 迄今為止
for a long time 很長一段時間
by now 到現(xiàn)在為止
in recent years 在最近幾年里
in/during/over the past/last years
在過去的幾年里
[再運用]　
(1)用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)改寫句子
①Jack’s boss has always praised him for his devotion to work.
→Jack has always been praised by his boss for his devotion to work.
②They have found a good place to build a temple in the village.
→A good place has been found by them to build a temple in the village.
③We haven’t yet decided how to solve that difficult technological problem.
→How to solve that difficult technological problem hasn’t been decided by us yet.
(2)補全句子
④I will go home when my homework has been finished.
當我的家庭作業(yè)完成時,我就回家。
⑤This tool has been used for over one thousand years.
這個工具已經(jīng)被使用了1 000多年了。
四、注意事項
1.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)
英語中的被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。有些短語動詞在意義上相當于及物動詞,因此也可構成被動語態(tài)。短語動詞被看成一個整體,是固定詞組,所以構成被動語態(tài)時不可分開。其被動語態(tài)構成方法與普通的及物動詞的被動語態(tài)的構成方法相同。
[先感知]
①He has been operated on by the best surgeon.
②These problems have been seriously thought over.
③Women have been looked down upon in the past few years.
④The children have been taken good care of.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]　
①②③④句中的被動語態(tài)都是由短語動詞構成的。
[明規(guī)則]　
對于短語動詞的被動語態(tài),要注意:短語動詞是一個整體,不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。
[再運用]　將下列句子改成被動句
①Grandma has taken care of my sister for 3 years.
→My sister has been taken care of by Grandma for 3 years.
②Tom has sold out all the books.
→All the books have been sold out by Tom.
2.帶有雙賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構
[先感知]
The company has given him a chance to work abroad recently.
→He has been given a chance to work abroad recently (by the company).
→A chance to work abroad has been given to him recently (by the company).
[明規(guī)則]　
帶有雙賓語的動詞,如give、send、bring、take、teach、show、tell、make、sing、write、read、sell、buy、pay、lend、pass、promise等,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,一般將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語;若將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語時,間接賓語前面要用相應的介詞。
[再運用]　將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)
He has sent me an e-mail.
→I have been sent an e-mail (by him).
→An e-mail has been sent to me (by him).
3.帶有復合賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構
[先感知]
①They have chosen Tom captain.
→Tom has been chosen captain.
②I have found him lying on the floor.
→He has been found lying on the floor.
③People have seen him enter the building.
→He has been seen to enter the building.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]　
①句變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后,名詞captain作主語補足語。
②句中l(wèi)ying on the floor作主語補足語。
③主動句中enter前省略了to,變被動句后要加to。
[明規(guī)則]　
1.如果一個動詞后帶的是復合賓語(賓語+賓語補足語),變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r,其方法是:把主動句中的賓語改為主語,而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面成為主語補足語。
2.在主動語態(tài)中,用于動詞(短語)feel、listen to、hear、let、make、have、notice、watch、see等后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶to,但變成被動語態(tài)后要加上to。
[再運用]　將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)
①I have noticed Mary crying outside the house.
→Mary has been noticed crying outside the house.
②I have seen her come in.
→She has been seen to come in.
[基礎語境練]
Ⅰ.用所給詞的正確形式填空(每小題1分,共10分)
1.—Will Peterson come to our graduation ceremony(畢業(yè)典禮)
—It’s a pity.He has been sent(send) to India as a volunteer teacher.
2.It’s said that a piece of new software has been developed(develop).It will soon be on sale.
3.Since 1958,they have been recognised(recognise) as the national theatre of Israel.
4.Our classroom has been cleaned(clean).You needn’t clean it now.
5.How many cars have been stuck(stick) since the accident happened
6.Three new schools have been opened(open) in our city in the past five years.
7.The child has been taken(take) care of by his grandma all these years.
8.Up to now,no conclusion (結(jié)論)has been reached(reach) about who should be awarded first prize.
9.Fire extinguishers (滅火器) are located on each floor.You can use them only if you have been trained(train) to do so.
10.Great changes have taken(take) place in my hometown and you can see that a lot of factories have been set(set) up.
Ⅱ.語法與寫作(每小題2分,共10分)
1.We are glad to hear that he has been admitted to/into Peking University.
我們很高興聽說他已被北京大學錄取了。
2.When and where to go on holiday has not been decided yet.
何時何地去度假還沒定下來。
3.Paper money has existed in the world for over one thousand years.
紙幣已經(jīng)在世界上存在了1 000多年了。
4.People’s health has been greatly affected by air pollution.
人們的健康已經(jīng)受到了空氣污染的極大影響。
5.老師已經(jīng)給了這個學生一本書。
→The student has been give a book by the teacher.
→A book has been given to the student by the teacher.
Ⅲ.語法與語篇(每小題2分,共8分)
根據(jù)漢語提示,用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)完成語段
As time went by,computers were made smaller.Since the 1970s,they 1.have been used (已被用) in offices and homes,and at the same time many new applications 2.have been developed (已被開發(fā)).Besides,being important in communication,finance and trade,they 3.have also been put into (也被放入) robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations.They 4.have even been put into (甚至已被放入) space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars.
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
(2025·長沙市高一期中)
If you think shopping online is more eco-friendly than driving to a store,think again.
It may sound strange,but the more eco-friendly way to shop is going to a physical store rather than by making purchases online from companies that don’t have physical stores,according to a new report in Environmental Science & Technology,a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society.
In the study,researchers estimated that shopping at physical stores for frequently bought items such as toilet paper,shampoo and toothpaste,often results in less greenhouse gas emissions (排放) than ordering the products from a company that only sells through the Internet.
The main reason is the way people shop online:Many buy items online frequently—but they only buy a few items per purchase.“When they shop in a store,they aggregate these items in a single large purchase,” noted Sadegh Shahmohammadi,one of six researchers who worked on the year-and-a-half long study.
“Frequent online purchases produce more packaging waste,and online items tend to come from different distribution (配送) centers.Both factors result in higher greenhouse gas emissions per item,” said Shahmohammadi.
The team modeled their research on the movement of goods from the factory all the way through to the end consumer.They then specifically focused on the part of the retail supply chain (零售供應鏈) called “the last mile” delivery:the distance between a store and a customer,or in the case of online shopping,the distance between the distribution center for the goods and the customer.
The analysis showed that total greenhouse gas footprints per item purchased were higher from physical stores than those from bricks & clicks (when people order online and a physical store delivers the items to them) purchases in 63% of the shopping events but lower than those of pure players (strictly online sellers) in 81% of shopping events.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了實體店購物比純線上購物更環(huán)保的原因和研究結(jié)果,提出了線下購物在減少溫室氣體排放和包裝浪費方面的優(yōu)勢。
1.What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning the new report
A.To recommend a strange shopping habit.
B.To introduce a respected scientific journal.
C.To analyze online shopping.
D.To prove the advantage of offline shopping.
答案　D　[寫作目的題。根據(jù)第一段和第二段可推知,作者提到該報告是為了證明線下購物的好處,故選D項。]
2.What does the underlined word “aggregate” in paragraph 4 mean
A.Combine. B.Produce.
C.Divide. D.Check.
答案　A　[詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段的“The main reason...a few items per purchase.”以及畫線單詞后面的“in a single large purchase”可知,“aggregate these items in a single large purchase”表示在實體店將這些商品合并為一筆大額購買,意思與前文提到的線上購物相反,故選A項。]
3.What can we learn about “the last mile” delivery
A.It is designed by the research team.
B.It is managed by the factories.
C.It causes high greenhouse gas emissions.
D.It influences the total greenhouse gas footprints.
答案　D　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段以及倒數(shù)第二段的“They then specifically...the goods and the customer.”可推知,“the last mile” delivery(最后一英里配送)指從商店到顧客或從配送中心到顧客的距離,這一部分影響了總的溫室氣體足跡,故選D項。]
4.According to the analysis,which is probably the most eco-friendly way to shop
A.Buying at physical stores.
B.Buying from bricks & clicks.
C.Buying from pure players.
D.Buying a few items per time.
答案　B　[推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知,線上加線下(bricks & clicks)購物方式的溫室氣體排放量在大多數(shù)購物事件中低于純在線購物方式(pure players)。由此可推知,bricks & clicks這種方式可能是最環(huán)保的購物方式,故選B項。]
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
(2025·周口市高一檢測)
The Internet is good for many millions of things.In today’s 1.　　　　　　 (connect) world,it’s hard to imagine once again living in a world without the Internet.Of course,there are still libraries 2.　　　　　　 you can get information or photo-printing stores in which you can order pictures,but the Internet has made the way we live our lives much faster than it 3.　　　　　　 (be) in the past.
Along with the good comes the bad,though.If you’ve never thought of the Internet as a possibly dangerous place,you need to be aware that,just like in the real world,there are some people who intend 4.　　　　　　 (use) the Internet to harm you.Therefore,it’s important to learn how to stay safe when you’re online.
First,you should never give out the following types of information online:your full name,your address,your phone number,your birth date or your password.Of course,you will have to provide these things when you order things online,but be sure you’re dealing 5.　　　　　　 an honest online shopkeeper.
Second,choose email addresses,screen names,and passwords 6.　　　　　　 (careful).Make sure they don’t uncover personal information about you.For example,don’t use your real name as your screen name!Passwords should also be nearly 7.　　　　　　 (possible) to guess.
Third,if you feel like you’re being cyberbullied (網(wǎng)絡欺凌),whether via email,a social media website,or in a chat room online,be sure to report 8.　　　　　　 (they) to an adult.
Finally,remember that the Internet is a large place,but it has a way of 9.　　　　 (spread) things around very quickly.If you wouldn’t want a friend or parent to see something,it’s probably something you shouldn’t post from 10.　　　　　　 beginning!
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)給我們的生活帶來很多便利的同時也伴隨著一些不好的事情,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)不是一個安全的地方,我們應該學會如何在網(wǎng)上保持安全。
1.connected　[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:在當今互聯(lián)互通的世界,很難想象生活在一個沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的世界。此空為形容詞作定語修飾名詞world,所以此處使用形容詞形式,故填connected。]
2.where　[考查定語從句。句意:當然,現(xiàn)在仍然有圖書館,你可以在那里獲取信息,也有照片打印店,你可以在那里訂購照片,但是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使我們的生活方式比過去快得多。此空位于名詞libraries之后,空前有謂語動詞are,且空后有謂語動詞can get,所以此處應為關系詞引導的定語從句,從句中缺少狀語,先行詞libraries指的是地點,所以此處使用關系副詞,故填where。]
3.was　[考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意同上。此空為從句的謂語動詞,根據(jù)時間狀語in the past可知,此處應為一般過去時,主語it為第三人稱單數(shù)形式,故填was。]
4.to use　[考查非謂語動詞。句意:如果你從未想過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一個可能危險的地方,你需要意識到,就像在現(xiàn)實世界中一樣,有一些人打算利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來傷害你。此處為非謂語動詞作賓語,根據(jù)intend to do sth意為“打算做某事”可知,此處使用動詞不定式形式作賓語,故填to use。]
5.with　[考查介詞。句意:當然,當你在網(wǎng)上訂購東西時,你必須提供這些東西,但要確保你是在和一個誠實的網(wǎng)上店主打交道。此空位于名詞單數(shù)之前,應使用介詞構成介賓短語,結(jié)合句意可知,此處表示“與……打交道”應為deal with sb,故填with。]
6.carefully　[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:其次,仔細選擇電子郵件地址、網(wǎng)名和密碼。此空為副詞作狀語修飾謂語動詞choose,故填carefully。]
7.impossible　[考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:密碼也應幾乎不可能被猜到。此空為形容詞作表語,結(jié)合句意可知,此處表示“不可能的”應為possible的反義詞,故填impossible。]
8.them　[考查代詞。句意:第三,如果你覺得自己受到了網(wǎng)絡欺凌,無論是通過電子郵件、社交媒體網(wǎng)站,還是在網(wǎng)上聊天室,一定要向成年人報告。此空為代詞作report的賓語,故填them。]
9.spreading　[考查非謂語動詞。句意:最后,請記住,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一個很大的地方,但它有一種迅速傳播事物的方式。此空為非謂語動詞形式作賓語,此空位于介詞of之后,所以使用動詞-ing形式作of的賓語,故填spreading。]
10.the　[考查冠詞。句意:如果你不想讓朋友或父母看到一些東西,那么從一開始你就不應該發(fā)布這些東西!此空位于介詞和名詞之間,應使用冠詞,固定短語from the beginning意為“從一開始”,符合句意,故填the。](共45張PPT)
Section Ⅳ　Discovering Useful Structures——現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)
語法知識過關
內(nèi)
容
索
引
課時精練
語 法 知 識 過 關
一、定義
現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)表示動作已經(jīng)完成,強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,而且主語和謂語動詞之間是被動的關系。
二、結(jié)構
肯定式 主語+have/has been done...
否定式 主語+have/has not been done...
一般疑問式 Have/Has+主語+been done...
特殊疑問式 特殊疑問詞+have/has+主語+been done...
三、用法
[先感知]
①Much has been written about the wonders of the World Wide Web.(人教必二U3)
②I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before.(外研必三U3)
③How long has this film been shown
④You shouldn’t leave school before your homework has been finished.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]　
①②③④句都使用了____________________________________。①②④句為現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)的____________式;③句為____________式。
現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)
肯定
特殊疑問
[明規(guī)則]　
1.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)同它的主動語態(tài)一樣,強調(diào)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,通常與already、yet、just、never、recently等副詞連用。
2.表示一個被動的動作或狀態(tài)開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并可能持續(xù)下去,常與for或since引導的時間狀語連用,或用于“How long... ”句型中。
3.用在時間或條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時已完成的動作,即用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)代替將來完成時的被動語態(tài)。
[聯(lián)想發(fā)散]
常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的時間狀語:
already　 已經(jīng) yet 已經(jīng)
recently/lately 最近 since then 從那時起
ever since 自那以來 ever 曾經(jīng)
so far 迄今為止 for a long time 很長一段時間
by now 到現(xiàn)在為止 in recent years 在最近幾年里
in/during/over the past/last years 在過去的幾年里
[再運用]　
(1)用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)改寫句子
①Jack’s boss has always praised him for his devotion to work.
→Jack ______________________________by his boss for his devotion to work.
②They have found a good place to build a temple in the village.
→A good place _______________________________by them to build a temple in the village.
has always been praised
has been found
③We haven’t yet decided how to solve that difficult technological problem.
→How to solve that difficult technological problem _______________________________ by us yet.
hasn’t been decided
(2)補全句子
④I will go home when my homework ___________________________.
當我的家庭作業(yè)完成時,我就回家。
⑤This tool ______________________________________________.
這個工具已經(jīng)被使用了1 000多年了。
has been finished
has been used for over one thousand years
四、注意事項
1.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)
英語中的被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。有些短語動詞在意義上相當于及物動詞,因此也可構成被動語態(tài)。短語動詞被看成一個整體,是固定詞組,所以構成被動語態(tài)時不可分開。其被動語態(tài)構成方法與普通的及物動詞的被動語態(tài)的構成方法相同。
[先感知]
①He has been operated on by the best surgeon.
②These problems have been seriously thought over.
③Women have been looked down upon in the past few years.
④The children have been taken good care of.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]　
①②③④句中的被動語態(tài)都是由______________構成的。
短語動詞
[明規(guī)則]　
對于短語動詞的被動語態(tài),要注意:短語動詞是一個整體,不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。
[再運用]　將下列句子改成被動句
①Grandma has taken care of my sister for 3 years.
→__________________________________________________________
②Tom has sold out all the books.
→__________________________________________________________
My sister has been taken care of by Grandma for 3 years.
All the books have been sold out by Tom.
2.帶有雙賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構
[先感知]
The company has given him a chance to work abroad recently.
→He has been given a chance to work abroad recently (by the company).
→A chance to work abroad has been given to him recently (by the company).
[明規(guī)則]　
帶有雙賓語的動詞,如give、send、bring、take、teach、show、tell、make、sing、write、read、sell、buy、pay、lend、pass、promise等,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,一般將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語;若將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語時,間接賓語前面要用相應的介詞。
[再運用]　將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)
He has sent me an e-mail.
→________________________________________________________
→________________________________________________________
I have been sent an e-mail (by him).
An e-mail has been sent to me (by him).
3.帶有復合賓語的句子變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構
[先感知]
①They have chosen Tom captain.
→Tom has been chosen captain.
②I have found him lying on the floor.
→He has been found lying on the floor.
③People have seen him enter the building.
→He has been seen to enter the building.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]　
①句變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后,名詞captain作________________。
②句中l(wèi)ying on the floor作________________。
③主動句中enter前省略了to,變被動句后要________________。
主語補足語
主語補足語
加to
[明規(guī)則]　
1.如果一個動詞后帶的是復合賓語(賓語+賓語補足語),變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r,其方法是:把主動句中的賓語改為主語,而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面成為主語補足語。
2.在主動語態(tài)中,用于動詞(短語)feel、listen to、hear、let、make、have、notice、watch、see等后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶to,但變成被動語態(tài)后要加上to。
[再運用]　將下面句子變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)
①I have noticed Mary crying outside the house.
→__________________________________________________________
②I have seen her come in.
→__________________________________________________________
Mary has been noticed crying outside the house.
She has been seen to come in.
課 時 精 練
基礎語境練
素能提升練
[基礎語境練]
Ⅰ.用所給詞的正確形式填空(每小題1分,共10分)
1.—Will Peterson come to our graduation ceremony(畢業(yè)典禮)
—It’s a pity.He ______________________ (send) to India as a volunteer teacher.
2.It’s said that a piece of new software _________________________ (develop). It will soon be on sale.
has been sent
has been developed
3.Since 1958,they ____________________________(recognise) as the national theatre of Israel.
4.Our classroom ____________________________(clean).You needn’t clean it now.
5.How many cars ___________________________ (stick) since the accident happened
6.Three new schools ____________________________ (open) in our city in the past five years.
have been recognised
has been cleaned
have been stuck
have been opened
7.The child ________________________________(take) care of by his grandma all these years.
8.Up to now,no conclusion (結(jié)論) _________________________(reach) about who should be awarded first prize.
9.Fire extinguishers (滅火器) are located on each floor.You can use them only if you ____________________________(train) to do so.
10.Great changes _________________ (take) place in my hometown and you can see that a lot of factories _______________ (set) up.
has been taken
has been reached
have been trained
have taken
have been set
Ⅱ.語法與寫作(每小題2分,共10分)
1.We are glad to hear that _____________________________________.
我們很高興聽說他已被北京大學錄取了。
2.When and where to go on holiday ____________________________.
何時何地去度假還沒定下來。
3.Paper money ______________________________________________ over one thousand years.
紙幣已經(jīng)在世界上存在了1 000多年了。
he has been admitted to/into Peking University
has not been decided yet
has existed in the world for
4.__________________________________________air pollution.
人們的健康已經(jīng)受到了空氣污染的極大影響。
5.老師已經(jīng)給了這個學生一本書。
→The student _____________________________________________.
→A book ________________________________________________.
People’s health has been greatly affected by
has been give a book by the teacher
has been given to the student by the teacher
Ⅲ.語法與語篇(每小題2分,共8分)
根據(jù)漢語提示,用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)完成語段
As time went by,computers were made smaller.Since the 1970s, they 1.____________________ (已被用) in offices and homes,and at the same time many new applications 2._________________________ (已被開發(fā)).Besides,being important in communication,finance and trade,they 3.________________________________ (也被放入) robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations.They 4.____________________________________ (甚至已被放入) space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars.
have been used
have been developed
have also been put into
have even been put into
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
(2025·長沙市高一期中)
If you think shopping online is more eco-friendly than driving to a store,think again.
It may sound strange,but the more eco-friendly way to shop is going to a physical store rather than by making purchases online from companies that don’t have physical stores,according to a new report in Environmental Science & Technology,a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society.
In the study,researchers estimated that shopping at physical stores for frequently bought items such as toilet paper,shampoo and toothpaste,often results in less greenhouse gas emissions (排放) than ordering the products from a company that only sells through the Internet.
The main reason is the way people shop online:Many buy items online frequently—but they only buy a few items per purchase.“When they shop in a store,they aggregate these items in a single large purchase,” noted Sadegh Shahmohammadi,one of six researchers who worked on the year-and-a-half long study.
“Frequent online purchases produce more packaging waste,and online items tend to come from different distribution (配送) centers.Both factors result in higher greenhouse gas emissions per item,” said Shahmohammadi.
The team modeled their research on the movement of goods from the factory all the way through to the end consumer.They then specifically focused on the part of the retail supply chain (零售供應鏈) called “the last mile” delivery:the distance between a store and a customer,or in the case of online shopping,the distance between the distribution center for the goods and the customer.
The analysis showed that total greenhouse gas footprints per item purchased were higher from physical stores than those from bricks & clicks (when people order online and a physical store delivers the items to them) purchases in 63% of the shopping events but lower than those of pure players (strictly online sellers) in 81% of shopping events.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了實體店購物比純線上購物更環(huán)保的原因和研究結(jié)果,提出了線下購物在減少溫室氣體排放和包裝浪費方面的優(yōu)勢。
1.What’s the author’s purpose in mentioning the new report
A.To recommend a strange shopping habit.
B.To introduce a respected scientific journal.
C.To analyze online shopping.
D.To prove the advantage of offline shopping.
解析　寫作目的題。根據(jù)第一段和第二段可推知,作者提到該報告是為了證明線下購物的好處,故選D項。
√
2.What does the underlined word “aggregate” in paragraph 4 mean
A.Combine. B.Produce. C.Divide. D.Check.
解析　詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第四段的“The main reason...a few items per purchase.”以及畫線單詞后面的“in a single large purchase”可知,“aggregate these items in a single large purchase”表示在實體店將這些商品合并為一筆大額購買,意思與前文提到的線上購物相反,故選A項。
√
3.What can we learn about “the last mile” delivery
A.It is designed by the research team.
B.It is managed by the factories.
C.It causes high greenhouse gas emissions.
D.It influences the total greenhouse gas footprints.
解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段以及倒數(shù)第二段的“They then specifically...the goods and the customer.”可推知,“the last mile” delivery(最后一英里配送)指從商店到顧客或從配送中心到顧客的距離,這一部分影響了總的溫室氣體足跡,故選D項。
√
4.According to the analysis,which is probably the most eco-friendly way to shop
A.Buying at physical stores. B.Buying from bricks & clicks.
C.Buying from pure players. D.Buying a few items per time.
解析　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知,線上加線下(bricks & clicks)購物方式的溫室氣體排放量在大多數(shù)購物事件中低于純在線購物方式(pure players)。由此可推知,bricks & clicks這種方式可能是最環(huán)保的購物方式,故選B項。
√
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
(2025·周口市高一檢測)
The Internet is good for many millions of things.In today’s 1.____________ (connect) world,it’s hard to imagine once again living in a world without the Internet.Of course,there are still libraries 2.____________ you can get information or photo-printing stores in which you can order pictures,but the Internet has made the way we live our lives much faster than it 3.____________ (be) in the past.
Along with the good comes the bad,though.If you’ve never thought of the Internet as a possibly dangerous place,you need to be aware that,just like in the real world,there are some people who intend 4.____________ (use) the Internet to harm you.Therefore,it’s important to learn how to stay safe when you’re online.
First,you should never give out the following types of information online:your full name,your address,your phone number,your birth date or your password.Of course,you will have to provide these things when you order things online,but be sure you’re dealing 5.____________ an honest online shopkeeper.
Second,choose email addresses,screen names,and passwords 6.____________ (careful).Make sure they don’t uncover personal information about you.For example,don’t use your real name as your screen name!Passwords should also be nearly 7.____________ (possible) to guess.
Third,if you feel like you’re being cyberbullied (網(wǎng)絡欺凌),whether via email,a social media website,or in a chat room online,be sure to report 8.____________ (they) to an adult.
Finally,remember that the Internet is a large place,but it has a way of 9.________ (spread) things around very quickly.If you wouldn’t want a friend or parent to see something,it’s probably something you shouldn’t post from 10.____________ beginning!
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)給我們的生活帶來很多便利的同時也伴隨著一些不好的事情,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)不是一個安全的地方,我們應該學會如何在網(wǎng)上保持安全。
1.connected　 [考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:在當今互聯(lián)互通的世界,很難想象生活在一個沒有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的世界。此空為形容詞作定語修飾名詞world,所以此處使用形容詞形式,故填connected。]
2.where　 [考查定語從句。句意:當然,現(xiàn)在仍然有圖書館,你可以在那里獲取信息,也有照片打印店,你可以在那里訂購照片,但是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使我們的生活方式比過去快得多。此空位于名詞libraries之后,空前有謂語動詞are,且空后有謂語動詞can get,所以此處應為關系詞引導的定語從句,從句中缺少狀語,先行詞libraries指的是地點,所以此處使用關系副詞,故填where。]
3.was　 [考查動詞的時態(tài)和主謂一致。句意同上。此空為從句的謂語動詞,根據(jù)時間狀語in the past可知,此處應為一般過去時,主語it為第三人稱單數(shù)形式,故填was。]
4.to use　 [考查非謂語動詞。句意:如果你從未想過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一個可能危險的地方,你需要意識到,就像在現(xiàn)實世界中一樣,有一些人打算利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來傷害你。此處為非謂語動詞作賓語,根據(jù)intend to do sth意為“打算做某事”可知,此處使用動詞不定式形式作賓語,故填to use。]
5.with　 [考查介詞。句意:當然,當你在網(wǎng)上訂購東西時,你必須提供這些東西,但要確保你是在和一個誠實的網(wǎng)上店主打交道。此空位于名詞單數(shù)之前,應使用介詞構成介賓短語,結(jié)合句意可知,此處表示“與……打交道”應為deal with sb,故填with。]
6.carefully　 [考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:其次,仔細選擇電子郵件地址、網(wǎng)名和密碼。此空為副詞作狀語修飾謂語動詞choose,故填carefully。]
7.impossible　 [考查詞形轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:密碼也應幾乎不可能被猜到。此空為形容詞作表語,結(jié)合句意可知,此處表示“不可能的”應為possible的反義詞,故填impossible。]
8.them　 [考查代詞。句意:第三,如果你覺得自己受到了網(wǎng)絡欺凌,無論是通過電子郵件、社交媒體網(wǎng)站,還是在網(wǎng)上聊天室,一定要向成年人報告。此空為代詞作report的賓語,故填them。]
9.spreading　 [考查非謂語動詞。句意:最后,請記住,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是一個很大的地方,但它有一種迅速傳播事物的方式。此空為非謂語動詞形式作賓語,此空位于介詞of之后,所以使用動詞-ing形式作of的賓語,故填spreading。]
10.the　 [考查冠詞。句意:如果你不想讓朋友或父母看到一些東西,那么從一開始你就不應該發(fā)布這些東西!此空位于介詞和名詞之間,應使用冠詞,固定短語from the beginning意為“從一開始”,符合句意,故填the。]

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