資源簡介

Section Ⅲ 　Learning About Language
Grammar——非限制性定語從句
一、非限制性定語從句的特點
[先感知]
①This soon caught the attention of local youths,who started learning kung fu from their Chinese neighbours.(北師必一U2)
這很快引起了當地年輕人的注意,他們開始向中國鄰居學習功夫。
②I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.(外研選一U1)
我穿過一道道門進入候診區,這里充斥著常見的厭煩和緊張情緒。
③He became famous in the 1910s,when films were silent and in black and white.(外研選一U1)
他在20世紀10年代成名,當時的電影還是無聲的黑白電影。
④He was still usually on the bench,being just a replacement,which was really tough on him.(北師必一U2)
他仍舊通常“坐板凳”作為替補隊員,這對他來說是真夠難熬的。
[會發現]　(1)句①②③④為非限制性定語從句,從句與主句之間用逗號隔開。
(2)句①②③先行詞是單個的名詞。
(3)句④先行詞指代整個主句的內容。
[明規則]
1.非限制性定語從句與主句之間通常用逗號隔開,是對先行詞的附加說明,即使去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。
2.非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可為單個的名詞或代詞,也可為整個句子或其中的一部分,且常譯成與主句并列的句子。
小題集訓　用適當的關系詞填空
①Last summer, I learned the new skill of traditional Chinese painting, which turned out to be a fulfilling journey.
②I recommend my friend Wang Ming,who is one of the most suitable friends to take my place next week.
③A movie is being shown these days,whose theme is to save the Earth and protect our common home.
④Many young people, most of whom were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
⑤We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,when the weather may be better.
二、引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞
[先感知]
①These industries,in turn,give jobs to the local population,whose welfare depends on tourism.(譯林選三 U1)
這些產業反過來又為當地居民提供了就業機會,而當地居民的福利依賴于旅游業。
②These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people,to whom Guangxi is home.(外研必一U6)
龍脊梯田是由廣西當地的壯族和瑤族居民開墾的。
③More nature-centred tourist attractions,where man and nature live in harmony,can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.(譯林選三U1)
更多的以自然為中心、人與自然和諧共處的旅游景點可能會受到大量游客的沖擊甚至破壞。
④He became famous in the 1910s,when films were silent and in black and white.(外研選一U1)
他在20世紀10年代成名,當時的電影還是無聲的黑白電影。
[會發現]　(1)由句①可知,whose作定語,先行詞是人時,“whose+名詞”相當于“the+名詞+of whom”;先行詞是物時,“whose+名詞”相當于“the+名詞+of which”;
(2)由句②可知,whom作賓語;介詞后用whom,不用who;
(3)由句③④可知,關系副詞when、where可用“介詞+which”代替。
[明規則]
1.引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞有who、whom、whose、which、when、where等。
2.that、why不能引導非限制性定語從句,why可用for which代替引導非限制性定語從句。
3.關系副詞when、where可用“介詞+which”代替。
4.介詞后用whom,不用who。
5.非限制性定語從句可將整個主句作為先行詞,對其進行修飾,這時常用關系代詞which。
小題集訓　補全句子
①On the 1,100-kilometer journey,the man Cao Shengkang,who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全國甲卷)
在1 100公里的旅程中,8歲時因一次車禍失明的男子曹晟康穿過了三個省的40個城市和縣。
②Last weekend,I took part in an event held by the Students’ Union,which is aimed at educating us more about daily biology.(2023·浙江1月卷)
上周末,我參加了學生會舉辦的一個活動,旨在教育我們更多關于日常生物學的知識。
③It is a beautiful place,whose economy has been developing rapidly during the past ten years.
這是一個美麗的地方,其經濟在過去的十年中發展迅速。
④200 participants participated in the running race with high spirits,most of whom were students and teachers.
200名參賽者興致勃勃地參加了跑步比賽,其中大部分是學生和老師。
⑤We will put off the outing until next Sunday,when/on which we won’t be so busy.
我們將會把郊游推遲到下個星期天,那時我們就不會那么忙了。
三、as與which引導非限制性定語從句時的區別
[先感知]
①As we all know, the earth moves around the sun.
眾所周知,地球圍繞太陽轉。
②The singer,as was expected, achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的,這位歌手取得了巨大的成功。
③I want to buy the house,which has a garden.
我想買這座房子,它帶有一個花園。
④He was late for the meeting,which made the chairman very angry.
他開會遲到了,主席為此非常生氣。
[會發現]　(1)由句①②可知,as引導非限制性定語從句時,指代整個主句的內容。
(2)句③中which指代the house,句④中的which指代整個主句的內容。
[明規則]
as與which引導非限制性定語從句時的區別
as which
指代 引導從句只能指代整個主句的內容 引導從句既可指代整個主句的內容,也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引導從句只能位于主句之后
意義 正如,正像 這一點,這件事
功能 連接上下文,表述說話人的觀點、看法,并指出主句內容的根據或出處等 引導的從句在意義上相當于一個并列句
[溫馨提示]　as引導非限制性定語從句時常用于以下結構:
as we all know/as is known to all眾所周知;as is often the case 情況常常如此;as is hoped正如所希望的那樣;as was expected/as we had expected正如所預料的那樣;as has been stated above如上所述;as is mentioned正如所提及的。
小題集訓　選詞填空(as/which)
①As is mentioned in your report, traditional Chinese medicine has shown great power in the epidemic prevention.
②There is no simple answer,as is often the case in science.
③Dorothy was always showing off her clothes,which,of course,made us a little annoyed.
④As is known to all, Hangzhou is one of the best tourist cities in China.
⑤To introduce Chinese traditional culture,our school will hold a theme class meeting,which will be exhibited on the English website.
四、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別
[先感知]
①I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.(外研選一U1)
我穿過一道道門進入候診區,這里充斥著常見的厭煩和緊張情緒。
②Local festivals and customs,which may have deep meaning in a particular culture,can simply become entertainment for tourists.(譯林選三U1)
當地的節日和習俗,在一個特定的文化中可能具有深刻的意義,可能只是游客的娛樂活動。
③Even though many people are trying to recycle,there is unfortunately still so much plastic waste that ends up being thrown away.(北師必一U3)
盡管許多人都在努力回收利用,但遺憾的是,仍有許多塑料垃圾最終被扔掉。
④If this works,there may come a time when the number of monarch butterflies increases once again.(外研必一U5)
如果這起作用,那么可能某個時候黑脈金斑蝶的數量會再次增加。
[會發現]　句①②是非限制性定語從句;句③④是限制性定語從句。
[明規則]
1.外在表現形式不同
限制性定語從句不用逗號將其與主句隔開;而非限制性定語從句常用逗號將其與主句隔開。
2.在句中作用不同
(1)限制性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體、更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。
(2)非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關系不十分密切,只是對其做一些附加說明, 不起限定制約作用。如果將非限制性定語從句省去,主句的意義仍然完整。在翻譯該從句時,通常譯為并列的分句。
3.關系詞不同
關系詞that和why可用于限制性定語從句中, 通常不用于非限制性定語從句中;在限制性定語從句中, 關系詞作賓語時可以省略,而在非限制性定語從句中關系詞不能省略。
4.關系代詞指代不同
限制性定語從句的關系代詞一般指代一個名詞或代詞; 非限制性定語從句的關系代詞既可指代一個名詞或代詞,也可以指代整個主句。
小題集訓　單句語法填空
①I am writing to share with you an art class that/which I had in a park last Friday.(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷)
②There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.(2023·全國甲卷)
③This evening,I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst,whose new book The New Age of Invention has just been published.(外研必三U3)
④Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago,where thousands were attending a water conference.(2023·北京卷)
⑤These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish,some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.(外研必一U6)
[基礎語境練]
維度一　用非限制性定語從句升級下列句子(每小題2分,共10分)
1.We should pay attention to small details.This can guarantee to succeed in the end.
→We should pay attention to small details,which can guarantee to succeed in the end.
2.Following the girl,we went into a hall.On its walls hung pictures of some famous scientists.
→Following the girl,we went into a hall,on whose walls hung pictures of some famous scientists.
3.A huge amount of oil was spilled.The effects of it are still being felt.
→A huge amount of oil was spilled,the effects of which are still being felt.
4.After that,you can go to Shanghai and you can stay there for a week.
→After that,you can go to Shanghai,where you can stay for a week.
5.The foreign guests were warmly welcomed at the airport.Most of them were successful businessmen.
→The foreign guests,most of whom were successful businessmen,were warmly welcomed at the airport.
維度二　單句語法填空(每小題1分,共10分)
1.The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
2.Tom was late for school again and again,which made his teacher very angry.
3.The young man had a new girl friend,whom he wanted to make impressions on.
4.Last Sunday they reached Nanjing,where a conference was to be held.
5.Mr Zhang,who came to see me yesterday,is an old friend of mine.
6.The People’s Republic of China,which was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.
7.She has been absent again,as is expected.
8.The famous footballer,in whose honour a party will be held,is to arrive this afternoon.
9.The owner paid the worker for cleaning the whole building,most of which hadn’t been cleaned for at least one month.
10.The old lady has two daughters,one of whom is working abroad.
維度三　語法與寫作(每小題2分,共10分)
1.The match is due to be held this Saturday afternoon in the city’s stadium,whose aim is to help us communicate with your school and improve our friendship.(whose)
比賽定于本周六下午在市體育場舉辦,比賽旨在幫助我們與你的學校交流和增進友誼。
2.Let’s fix the date for our appointment,when we will discuss the matter.(when)
讓我們為我們的約會定個日期,屆時我們將談論這件事。
3.He turned out to be very successful,which was beyond our expectation.(which)
結果他很成功,這超出了我們的期望。
4.He entered a café one day 10 years ago,in which he first met his wife.(in which)
十年前的一天他走進了一家咖啡館,在那里他第一次遇到他的妻子。
5.The tourist was standing on the top of the building,where he could enjoy the beautiful view.(where)
游客站在樓頂上,在那里他能夠欣賞到美麗的風景。
維度四　語法與語篇(每小題1.5分,共10.5分)
用適當的關系詞完成語段
When Li Hua was young,he worked on an old farm,1.where there were few young people.He felt very lonely.He often walked near the village in his free time,hoping to talk to some villagers.One day,he came across an old man,2.who used to be a brave soldier when he was young.Li Hua found the old man so interesting that he made friends with him.Once,the old man told him his experiences in the battles,most of 3.which were very interesting.Li Hua was moved by the old man’s story and he decided to write a novel.As a result,the novel attracted so many people,among 4.whom was a young woman.The woman,5.whose husband was a famous director,was touched by that novel and recommended it to her husband.6.As we all know,a clever director won’t give up an interesting story.One year later,the film,7.which was adapted from that novel,became a big hit.
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
In 1949,a long-lost-letter from Albert Einstein to engineer Glyn Davys revealed the famed physicist’s thinking about the possibility of animals having super senses.Over 70 years later,his assumptions proved astonishingly accurate.
While Davys’s original inquiry has been lost,Einstein’s response suggested the engineer’s curiosity about animal perception (感知) and its implications for understanding the physical world.Einstein wrote,“It is thinkable that the investigation of the behavior of migratory birds and carrier pigeons (信鴿) may some day lead to the understanding of some physical process which is not yet known.”
Today,we know that birds can sense Earth’s magnet c field (磁場) using special light-sensitive cells in their eyes,allowing them to navigate vast distances without getting lost.Other animals,such as turtles,dogs and bees,also exhibit remarkable abilities to detect our planet’s magnetic field.
At the time of the correspondence,biological and physical sciences were beginning to intersect in new ways.Bat echolocation (回聲定位) had been discovered,and radar technology was emerging.Davys,as a researcher in these fields,was attracted by unusual animal senses,such as those exhibited by bees.Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.In his letter,Einstein acknowledged his familiarity with Karl von Frisch,who had discovered that bees navigate using the polarization patterns of light.He had even attended one of Karl von Frisch’s lectures at Princeton University and met the researcher personally.
While Davys seemed primarily interested in how new biological insights could inform future technology,Einstein advocated more biological study.He believed that such research could just affect the foundation of physics if it revealed a new type of sensory perception or stimuli through animal behavior.
Since then,our understanding of bee behavior and animal perception has advanced significantly,and this knowledge has already helped improve technology,for example,smartphone cameras.However,mysteries remain regarding the precise mechanisms by which animals perceive light or sense Earth’s magnetic field,as it may vary across species.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了愛因斯坦寫的一封信,信中探討了動物超感知能力,并討論了科學家在這一領域探索的進展及其對物理學和技術的影響。
1.What does Einstein’s letter indicate
A.Animal perception is irrelevant to physics.
B.Carrier pigeons are lacking in super senses.
C.Engineers should overlook animal behavior.
D.Birds may help discover the new physical process.
答案　D　[推理判斷題。根據第二段可知,愛因斯坦的信表明了鳥類可能有助于發現新的物理過程,故選D項。]
2.What can we learn from paragraph 4
A.Davys found bees’ navigation mode.
B.Einstein valued the research across subjects.
C.Echolocation was discovered later than radar technology.
D.Karl von Frisch’s work was challenged at Princeton University.
答案　B　[推理判斷題。根據第四段“Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.”可知,愛因斯坦對跨學科研究的重視,故選B項。]
3.What was Einstein more focused on according to paragraph 5
A.The reason for animals’ super senses.
B.The difference between biology and physics.
C.The impact of biological research on physics.
D.The application of biology in future technology.
答案　C　[細節理解題。根據第五段可知,愛因斯坦更關注生物學研究對物理學的影響,故選C項。]
4.What does the last paragraph convey
A.Bee behavior remains a mystery.
B.More research is needed on animal perception.
C.Our knowledge about animals is comprehensive.
D.The magnetic field helps animals to locate precisely.
答案　B　[段落大意題。根據最后一段可知,最后一段表達了需要對動物的感知進行更多的研究,故選B項。]
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
It’s almost a common 1.　　　　　　 (believe) that the best food you can find in a place is not in the fancy restaurants,2.　　　　　　 in the backstreets.These spots are usually away from popular tourist attractions,3.　　　　　　 means that to find them you’ll need the spirit of an explorer.
That’s how I came across roujiamo when I was exploring Beijing.I found 4.　　　　　　 restaurant that sold dishes from Xi’an when I explored the area around my office one day.I decided to try it out.
My roujiamo 5.　　　　　　 (make) fresh,so the bread was still warm.It was soft when I bit into it,and the meat inside was delicious.In fact,I enjoyed it so much 6.　　　　　　 I ordered more to take home with me.Though it’s just a snack,it’s still quite filling and can 7.　　　　　　 (easy) satisfy your appetite.
There are 8.　　　　　　(vary) of things you can put inside the mo,as the bread is called.For example,in certain areas in Xi’an,the meat 9.　　　　　　(use) is usually beef,but in Gansu Province,lamb is more common.However it’s made,it’s still a tasty snack.And for an American like me who grew up 10.　　　　　　(eat) hamburgers,it’s a perfect combination of East and West.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在北京探索時找到肉夾饃這一美食的經歷。
1.belief　[考查詞性轉換。不定冠詞a修飾單數名詞作表語,空處需填名詞,故填belief。]
2.but　[考查連詞。not...but...為固定句型,意為“不是……而是……”。故填but。]
3.which　[考查定語從句。空處引導非限制性定語從句,先行詞是前面的一個句子,在定語從句中作主語,需用關系代詞引導。故填which。]
4.a　[考查冠詞。restaurant為可數名詞,此處表示泛指,且restaurant發音以輔音音素開頭,需用不定冠詞修飾。故填a。]
5.was made　[考查動詞的時態、語態和主謂一致。根據was可知,此處使用一般過去時,My roujiamo和make為被動關系,需用一般過去時的被動語態。主語為My roujiamo,謂語動詞應用單數形式。故填was made。]
6.that　[考查狀語從句。so...that...為固定句型,表示“如此……以至于……”引導結果狀語從句。故填that。]
7.easily　[考查詞性轉換。空處修飾動詞satisfy,需用副詞作狀語修飾。故填easily。]
8.varieties　[考查詞性轉換。varieties of為固定短語,意為“各種各樣的”。故填varieties。]
9.used　[考查非謂語動詞。空處需用非謂語動詞作后置定語,修飾名詞the meat,二者為邏輯上的動賓關系,需用過去分詞形式。故填used。]
10.eating　[考查非謂語動詞。空處需填非謂語動詞作伴隨狀語,eat和who (指先行詞me)為邏輯主謂關系,需用動詞-ing形式。故填eating。](共59張PPT)
Section Ⅲ 　Learning About Language
語法知識過關
內
容
索
引
課時測評作業
語 法 知 識 過 關
Grammar——非限制性定語從句
一、非限制性定語從句的特點
[先感知]
①This soon caught the attention of local youths,who started learning kung fu from their Chinese neighbours.(北師必一U2)
這很快引起了當地年輕人的注意,他們開始向中國鄰居學習功夫。
②I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.(外研選一U1)
我穿過一道道門進入候診區,這里充斥著常見的厭煩和緊張情緒。
③He became famous in the 1910s,when films were silent and in black and white.(外研選一U1)
他在20世紀10年代成名,當時的電影還是無聲的黑白電影。
④He was still usually on the bench,being just a replacement,which was really tough on him.(北師必一U2)
他仍舊通常“坐板凳”作為替補隊員,這對他來說是真夠難熬的。
[會發現]　(1)句①②③④為　　　　　　　定語從句,從句與主句之間用　　　　　隔開。
(2)句①②③先行詞是單個的　　　　　。
(3)句④先行詞指代　　　　　　　的內容。
非限制性
逗號
名詞
整個主句
[明規則]
1.非限制性定語從句與主句之間通常用逗號隔開,是對先行詞的附加說明,即使去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。
2.非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可為單個的名詞或代詞,也可為整個句子或其中的一部分,且常譯成與主句并列的句子。
小題集訓　用適當的關系詞填空
①Last summer, I learned the new skill of traditional Chinese painting, _________________ turned out to be a fulfilling journey.
②I recommend my friend Wang Ming,　　　　　 　 is one of the most suitable friends to take my place next week.
③A movie is being shown these days,　　　　 　　 theme is to save the Earth and protect our common home.
which
who
whose
④Many young people, most of 　　　　 　 were well－educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
⑤We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,_____________ the weather may be better.
whom
when
二、引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞
[先感知]
①These industries,in turn,give jobs to the local population,whose welfare depends on tourism.(譯林選三 U1)
這些產業反過來又為當地居民提供了就業機會,而當地居民的福利依賴于旅游業。
②These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people,to whom Guangxi is home.(外研必一U6)
龍脊梯田是由廣西當地的壯族和瑤族居民開墾的。
③More nature－centred tourist attractions,where man and nature live in harmony,can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.(譯林選三U1)
更多的以自然為中心、人與自然和諧共處的旅游景點可能會受到大量游客的沖擊甚至破壞。
④He became famous in the 1910s,when films were silent and in black and white.(外研選一U1)
他在20世紀10年代成名,當時的電影還是無聲的黑白電影。
[會發現]　(1)由句①可知,whose作定語,先行詞是人時,“whose＋名詞”相當于“　　　　　　　　　　　　”;先行詞是物時,“whose＋名詞”相當于“the＋名詞＋of which”;
(2)由句②可知,whom作賓語;介詞后用　　 　　　　,不用who;
(3)由句③④可知,關系副詞when、where可用“　　　　　 　　　　”代替。
the＋名詞＋of whom
whom
介詞＋which
[明規則]
1.引導非限制性定語從句的關系詞有who、whom、whose、which、when、where等。
2.that、why不能引導非限制性定語從句,why可用for which代替引導非限制性定語從句。
3.關系副詞when、where可用“介詞＋which”代替。
4.介詞后用whom,不用who。
5.非限制性定語從句可將整個主句作為先行詞,對其進行修飾,這時常用關系代詞which。
小題集訓　補全句子
①On the 1,100－kilometer journey,the man Cao Shengkang,
　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　,crossed 40 cities and counties in three provinces.(2022·全國甲卷)
在1 100公里的旅程中,8歲時因一次車禍失明的男子曹晟康穿過了三個省的40個城市和縣。
who lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident
②Last weekend,I took part in an event held by the Students’ Union,
　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
(2023·浙江1月卷)
上周末,我參加了學生會舉辦的一個活動,旨在教育我們更多關于日常生物學的知識。
which is aimed at educating us more about daily biology
③It is a beautiful place,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
during the past ten years.
這是一個美麗的地方,其經濟在過去的十年中發展迅速。
④200 participants participated in the running race with high spirits,
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
200名參賽者興致勃勃地參加了跑步比賽,其中大部分是學生和老師。
whose economy has been developing rapidly
most of whom were students and teachers
⑤We will put off the outing until next Sunday,____________________
　　　　　　　　　　.
我們將會把郊游推遲到下個星期天,那時我們就不會那么忙了。
when/on which we
won’t be so busy
三、as與which引導非限制性定語從句時的區別
[先感知]
①As we all know, the earth moves around the sun.
眾所周知,地球圍繞太陽轉。
②The singer,as was expected, achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的,這位歌手取得了巨大的成功。
③I want to buy the house,which has a garden.
我想買這座房子,它帶有一個花園。
④He was late for the meeting,which made the chairman very angry.
他開會遲到了,主席為此非常生氣。
[會發現]　(1)由句①②可知,as引導非限制性定語從句時,指代________ 的內容。
(2)句③中which指代　　　　　　,句④中的which指代整個主句的內容。
整個主句
the house
[明規則]
as與which引導非限制性定語從句時的區別
as which
指代 引導從句只能指代整個主句的內容 引導從句既可指代整個主句的內容,也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 引導從句只能位于主句之后
意義 正如,正像 這一點,這件事
功能 連接上下文,表述說話人的觀點、看法,并指出主句內容的根據或出處等 引導的從句在意義上相當于一個并列句
[溫馨提示]　as引導非限制性定語從句時常用于以下結構:
as we all know/as is known to all眾所周知;as is often the case 情況常常如此;as is hoped正如所希望的那樣;as was expected/as we had expected正如所預料的那樣;as has been stated above如上所述;as is mentioned正如所提及的。
小題集訓　選詞填空(as/which)
①　　　　　　 is mentioned in your report, traditional Chinese medicine has shown great power in the epidemic prevention.
②There is no simple answer,　　　　　　 is often the case in science.
③Dorothy was always showing off her clothes,　　 　　　　,of course,made us a little annoyed.
As
as
which
④　　　　　　 is known to all, Hangzhou is one of the best tourist cities in China.
⑤To introduce Chinese traditional culture,our school will hold a theme class meeting,　　　　　　 will be exhibited on the English website.
As
which
四、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別
[先感知]
①I walk through the doors into the waiting area,where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.(外研選一U1)
我穿過一道道門進入候診區,這里充斥著常見的厭煩和緊張情緒。
②Local festivals and customs,which may have deep meaning in a particular culture,can simply become entertainment for tourists.(譯林選三U1)
當地的節日和習俗,在一個特定的文化中可能具有深刻的意義,可能只是游客的娛樂活動。
③Even though many people are trying to recycle,there is unfortunately still so much plastic waste that ends up being thrown away.(北師必一U3)
盡管許多人都在努力回收利用,但遺憾的是,仍有許多塑料垃圾最終被扔掉。
④If this works,there may come a time when the number of monarch butterflies increases once again.(外研必一U5)
如果這起作用,那么可能某個時候黑脈金斑蝶的數量會再次增加。
[會發現]　句　　　　 是非限制性定語從句;句　　　　 是限制性定語從句。
①②
③④
[明規則]
1.外在表現形式不同
限制性定語從句不用逗號將其與主句隔開;而非限制性定語從句常用逗號將其與主句隔開。
2.在句中作用不同
(1)限制性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體、更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。
(2)非限制性定語從句與先行詞的關系不十分密切,只是對其做一些附加說明, 不起限定制約作用。如果將非限制性定語從句省去,主句的意義仍然完整。在翻譯該從句時,通常譯為并列的分句。
3.關系詞不同
關系詞that和why可用于限制性定語從句中, 通常不用于非限制性定語從句中;在限制性定語從句中, 關系詞作賓語時可以省略,而在非限制性定語從句中關系詞不能省略。
4.關系代詞指代不同
限制性定語從句的關系代詞一般指代一個名詞或代詞; 非限制性定語從句的關系代詞既可指代一個名詞或代詞,也可以指代整個主句。
小題集訓　單句語法填空
①I am writing to share with you an art class 　　　　　　I had in a park last Friday.(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷)
②There was once a town in the heart of America 　　　　　　all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co－existence with its surroundings.
(2023·全國甲卷)
③This evening,I’ll be talking to Dr Richard Fairhurst,_____________ new book The New Age of Invention has just been published.
(外研必三U3)
that/which
where
whose
④Nina recently finished her year－long series of runs in Chicago, ______________ thousands were attending a water conference.
(2023·北京卷)
⑤These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish,some of 　　　　　　feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.(外研必一U6)
where
which
課 時 測 評 作 業
基礎語境練
素能提升練
[基礎語境練]
維度一 用非限制性定語從句升級下列句子(每小題2分,共10分)
1.We should pay attention to small details.This can guarantee to succeed in the end.
→_______________________________________________________________________________
2.Following the girl,we went into a hall.On its walls hung pictures of some famous scientists.
→________________________________________________________________________________________
We should pay attention to small details,which can guarantee to succeed in the end.
Following the girl,we went into a hall,on whose walls hung pictures of some famous scientists.
3.A huge amount of oil was spilled.The effects of it are still being felt.
→__________________________________________________________________
4.After that,you can go to Shanghai and you can stay there for a week.
→________________________________________________________
5.The foreign guests were warmly welcomed at the airport.Most of them were successful businessmen.
→___________________________________________________________________________________________
A huge amount of oil was spilled,the effects of which are still being felt.
After that,you can go to Shanghai,where you can stay for a week.
The foreign guests,most of whom were successful businessmen, were warmly welcomed at the airport.
維度二 單句語法填空(每小題1分,共10分)
1.The film brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
2.Tom was late for school again and again,___________ made his teacher very angry.
3.The young man had a new girl friend,__________________ he wanted to make impressions on.
when
which
whom
4.Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, a conference was to be held.
5.Mr Zhang, came to see me yesterday,is an old friend of mine.
6.The People’s Republic of China, was founded in 1949,is becoming more and more powerful.
7.She has been absent again, is expected.
where
who
which
as
8.The famous footballer,in honour a party will be held,is to arrive this afternoon.
9.The owner paid the worker for cleaning the whole building,most of _________________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least one month.
10.The old lady has two daughters,one of ________________ is working abroad.
whose
which
whom
維度三 語法與寫作(每小題2分,共10分)
1.The match is due to be held this Saturday afternoon in the city’s stadium,
.(whose)
比賽定于本周六下午在市體育場舉辦,比賽旨在幫助我們與你的學校交流和增進友誼。
2.Let’s fix the date for our appointment, .
(when) 讓我們為我們的約會定個日期,屆時我們將談論這件事。
whose aim is to help us communicate with your school
and improve our friendship
when we will discuss the matter
3.He turned out to be very successful, .
(which) 結果他很成功,這超出了我們的期望。
4.He entered a café one day 10 years ago, .
(in which)
十年前的一天他走進了一家咖啡館,在那里他第一次遇到他的妻子。
5.The tourist was standing on the top of the building,______________
_______________________.(where)
游客站在樓頂上,在那里他能夠欣賞到美麗的風景。
which was beyond our expectation
in which he first met his wife
where he could
enjoy the beautiful view
維度四 語法與語篇(每小題1.5分,共10.5分)
用適當的關系詞完成語段
When Li Hua was young,he worked on an old farm,1.__________ there were few young people.He felt very lonely.He often walked near the village in his free time,hoping to talk to some villagers.One day,he came across an old man,2. used to be a brave soldier when he was young.Li Hua found the old man so interesting that he made friends with him.Once,the old man told him his experiences in
where
who
the battles,most of 3. were very interesting.Li Hua was moved by the old man’s story and he decided to write a novel.As a result,the novel attracted so many people,among 4. as a young woman. The woman,5. husband was a famous director,was touched by that novel and recommended it to her husband. 6. we all know,a clever director won’t give up an interesting story.One year later,the film,7. was adapted from that novel,became a big hit.
which
whom
whose
As
which
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
In 1949,a long-lost-letter from Albert Einstein to engineer Glyn Davys revealed the famed physicist’s thinking about the possibility of animals having super senses.Over 70 years later,his assumptions proved astonishingly accurate.
While Davys’s original inquiry has been lost,Einstein’s response suggested the engineer’s curiosity about animal perception (感知) and its implications for understanding the physical world.Einstein wrote,“It is thinkable that the investigation of the behavior of migratory birds and carrier pigeons (信鴿) may some day lead to the understanding of some physical process which is not yet known.”
Today,we know that birds can sense Earth’s magnet c field (磁場) using special light-sensitive cells in their eyes,allowing them to navigate vast distances without getting lost.Other animals,such as turtles,dogs and bees,also exhibit remarkable abilities to detect our planet’s magnetic field.
At the time of the correspondence,biological and physical sciences were beginning to intersect in new ways.Bat echolocation (回聲定位) had been discovered,and radar technology was emerging. Davys,as a researcher in these fields,was attracted by unusual animal senses,such as those exhibited by bees.Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.In his letter,Einstein acknowledged his familiarity with Karl von Frisch, who had discovered that bees navigate using the polarization patterns of light.He had even attended one of Karl von Frisch’s lectures at Princeton University and met the researcher personally.
While Davys seemed primarily interested in how new biological insights could inform future technology,Einstein advocated more biological study.He believed that such research could just affect the foundation of physics if it revealed a new type of sensory perception or stimuli through animal behavior.
Since then,our understanding of bee behavior and animal perception has advanced significantly,and this knowledge has already helped improve technology,for example,smartphone cameras. However, mysteries remain regarding the precise mechanisms by which animals perceive light or sense Earth’s magnetic field,as it may vary across species.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了愛因斯坦寫的一封信,信中探討了動物超感知能力,并討論了科學家在這一領域探索的進展及其對物理學和技術的影響。
1.What does Einstein’s letter indicate
A.Animal perception is irrelevant to physics.
B.Carrier pigeons are lacking in super senses.
C.Engineers should overlook animal behavior.
D.Birds may help discover the new physical process.
√
解析　推理判斷題。根據第二段可知,愛因斯坦的信表明了鳥類可能有助于發現新的物理過程,故選D項。
2.What can we learn from paragraph 4
A.Davys found bees’ navigation mode.
B.Einstein valued the research across subjects.
C.Echolocation was discovered later than radar technology.
D.Karl von Frisch’s work was challenged at Princeton University.
√
解析　推理判斷題。根據第四段“Einstein was also fascinated by the potential of biological science to reveal hidden physical forces.”可知,愛因斯坦對跨學科研究的重視,故選B項。
3.What was Einstein more focused on according to paragraph 5
A.The reason for animals’ super senses.
B.The difference between biology and physics.
C.The impact of biological research on physics.
D.The application of biology in future technology.
√
解析　細節理解題。根據第五段可知,愛因斯坦更關注生物學研究對物理學的影響,故選C項。
4.What does the last paragraph convey
A.Bee behavior remains a mystery.
B.More research is needed on animal perception.
C.Our knowledge about animals is comprehensive.
D.The magnetic field helps animals to locate precisely.
√
解析　段落大意題。根據最后一段可知,最后一段表達了需要對動物的感知進行更多的研究,故選B項。
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
It’s almost a common 1.　　　　　　 (believe) that the best food you can find in a place is not in the fancy restaurants,2.____________ in the backstreets.These spots are usually away from popular tourist attractions,3.　　　　　　 means that to find them you’ll need the spirit of an explorer.
That’s how I came across roujiamo when I was exploring Beijing.I found 4.　　　　　　 restaurant that sold dishes from Xi’an when I explored the area around my office one day.I decided to try it out.
My roujiamo 5.　　　　　　 (make) fresh,so the bread was still warm.It was soft when I bit into it,and the meat inside was delicious. In fact,I enjoyed it so much 6.　　　　　　 I ordered more to take home with me.Though it’s just a snack,it’s still quite filling and can 7.________________ (easy) satisfy your appetite.
There are 8.　　　　　　(vary) of things you can put inside the mo,as the bread is called.For example,in certain areas in Xi’an,the meat 9.　　　　　　(use) is usually beef,but in Gansu Province,lamb is more common.However it’s made,it’s still a tasty snack.And for an American like me who grew up 10.　　　　　　(eat) hamburgers,it’s a perfect combination of East and West.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者在北京探索時找到肉夾饃這一美食的經歷。
1.belief　[考查詞性轉換。不定冠詞a修飾單數名詞作表語,空處需填名詞,故填belief。]
2.but　[考查連詞。not...but...為固定句型,意為“不是……而是……”。故填but。]
3.which　[考查定語從句。空處引導非限制性定語從句,先行詞是前面的一個句子,在定語從句中作主語,需用關系代詞引導。故填which。]
4.a　[考查冠詞。restaurant為可數名詞,此處表示泛指,且restaurant發音以輔音音素開頭,需用不定冠詞修飾。故填a。]
5.was made　[考查動詞的時態、語態和主謂一致。根據was可知,此處使用一般過去時,My roujiamo和make為被動關系,需用一般過去時的被動語態。主語為My roujiamo,謂語動詞應用單數形式。故填was made。]
6.that　[考查狀語從句。so...that...為固定句型,表示“如此……以至于……”引導結果狀語從句。故填that。]
7.easily　[考查詞性轉換。空處修飾動詞satisfy,需用副詞作狀語修飾。故填easily。]
8.varieties　[考查詞性轉換。varieties of為固定短語,意為“各種各樣的”。故填varieties。]
9.used　[考查非謂語動詞。空處需用非謂語動詞作后置定語,修飾名詞the meat,二者為邏輯上的動賓關系,需用過去分詞形式。故填used。]
10.eating　[考查非謂語動詞。空處需填非謂語動詞作伴隨狀語,eat和who (指先行詞me)為邏輯主謂關系,需用動詞-ing形式。故填eating。]
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