資源簡介

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
Grammar——由關系代詞引導的限制性定語從句
在復合句中,修飾某一名詞、代詞或名詞短語的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞、代詞或名詞短語叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
一、關系代詞的基本用法
1.that的用法
[先感知]
①There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. (人教版必修一U4)
②Nowadays, we can move around the world and still stay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends with. (外研版必修一U4)
③There is a film (that) I'd like to see.
[會發現]
句①that代指cracks,在從句中作主語。句②that代指 people,在從句中作賓語,可以省略。句③that代指film,在從句中作賓語,可以省略。
[明規則]
that既可指人也可指物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略。
2.which的用法
[先感知]
①When we weren't playing on the court which was next to our building, we were watching a game on TV. (北師大版必修一U2)
②We stayed at a hotel (which/that) Tom recommended to us. (北師大版必修一U2)
[會發現]
句①which代指court,在從句中作主語。句②which代指hotel,在從句中作賓語,可以與that互換,而且可以省略。
[明規則]
which指物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略。大部分情況下與that可以互換。
3.who的用法
[先感知]
①Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. (人教版必修一U4)
②The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000. (人教版必修一U4)
③The professor (who/whom) you wish to see has gone abroad.
[會發現]
句①who代指people,在從句中作主語。句②who代指people,在從句中作主語。句③who代指professor,在從句中作賓語,可以與whom互換,而且可以省略。
[明規則]
who指人,在定語從句中可作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略,而且作賓語時可以用whom替換。
4.whom的用法
[先感知]
①The old man to whom a medal is awarded is very inspiring.
②Jack is the person (who/whom) you should care about.
③The woman (whom/who) you saw just now is our English teacher.
[會發現]
句①whom代指man,在從句中作賓語,不可省略。句②whom代指person,在從句中作賓語,可以省略。句③whom代指woman,在從句中作賓語,可以省略。
[明規則]
whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語,有時也可用who代替,常可省略。
5.whose的用法
[先感知]
①Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. (人教版必修一U4)
②This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
→This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country.
③He lives in a house whose door is broken.
→He lives in a house the door of which is broken.
[會發現]
句①whose修飾survivors,在從句中作定語。句②whose修飾scientist,在從句中作定語。句③whose修飾house,在從句中作定語。
[明規則]
(1)whose既可指人也可指物,在定語從句中修飾名詞作定語,相當于所修飾成分的前置所有格。
(2)“whose+名詞”引導的定語從句可以轉化為“the+名詞+of which/whom”, 因為在此結構中whose作前置定語,可以轉化為介詞短語of which/whom作后置定語。
小題集訓
(1)用適當的關系代詞填空
①The boy who/that broke the window is called Tom.
②This is the building whose windows were all painted green.
③The author whom/who/that/不填 you criticized in your review has written a reply.
④Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
(2)用定語從句合并句子
⑤I'd like to take care of the child.Her mother died recently.
→I'd like to take care of the child whose mother died recently.
⑥The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→The woman (that/who/whom) you are looking after is my mother.
⑦Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her.
→Last week Mary wore the dress (that/which) I gave to her.
二、關系代詞指物時只用that不用which的情況
在限制性定語從句中,關系代詞指物時只能用that而不用which的情況:
1.當先行詞是all,little,few, anything, everything,nothing等不定代詞時。
The old man tried to write down all that he had gone through in his life.
這位老人盡力把他平生經歷的事情都寫下來。
Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside
能不能給我某些里面沒有糖的東西
2.當先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。
This is the first two-storey bus that runs in our city.
這是第一輛運行于我市的雙層公交車。
Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
桂林是我游覽過的最美麗的城市。
3.當先行詞被the only,the very,the right,the same,all等修飾時。
This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for.
這正是媽媽一直在找的那條圍巾。
4.當先行詞既有人又有物時。
Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in Britain
你能告訴我你在英國見到的人和事嗎
[溫馨提示]　(1)“one of+復數名詞”作先行詞,定語從句的謂語動詞用復數形式;在肯定句中,“the only one of+復數名詞”作先行詞,定語從句的謂語動詞用單數形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
這是查爾斯·狄更斯所寫的書中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我們班里唯一學過法語的男孩。
(2)為避免關系詞的重復,被關系代詞代替的成分不可在從句中重復出現。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
這就是我們上周日參觀的那家工廠。
(3)關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,定語從句的謂語動詞要和先行詞的數保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won't be permitted to enter the hall.
不允許超過45歲的人進入這間大廳。
小題集訓　用適當的關系代詞或所給單詞的適當形式填空
①That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.
②The most interesting book that I want to read is Howl's Moving Castle.
③People who/that smoke more than ten cigarettes a day have a greater chance of developing lung cancer than those who don't.
④Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which/不填 we visited three months ago
⑤She is one of the girls who have passed (pass)the exam so far.
⑥We are going to learn some Chinese poems that were written (write)in the Tang Dynasty.
.count on依賴,依靠,指望
教材原文　A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
真正的朋友是我們可以依靠他支持的人。
感知　語言先輸入
①You can always count on your best friends to help you in difficult times.
②We count on it that the team will win the game with their hard work.
記牢　知識再梳理
count on/upon (=depend/rely on/upon)　　　　　　依賴,依靠;指望
count on sb to do sth 指望某人做某事
count on it that... 指望……(其中it為形式賓語,that從句為真正的賓語)
運用　單句語法填空/一句多譯
①You can count on it that she will arrive on time for the meeting.
②They count on their teacher to explain (explain)the difficult questions before the final exam.
③我可以指望我的哥哥在我不在時照顧我們的狗。
→I can count on my brother to take care of our dog when I'm away. (count on sb to do sth)
→I can count on it that my brother will take care of our dog when I'm away. (count on it that...)
　　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　
[基礎語境練]
維度一　基礎題——用適當的關系代詞填空(每小題1分,共8分)
1.She has a brother whose name I can't remember.
2.She found the letter on which her name was written in golden ink.
3.This is the best film that we have ever made about friendship.
4.The book which/that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
5.The persons who/that were injured in the car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
6.The exact year which/that Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
7.Among all the candidates, she chose few that were truly qualified.
8.The company provided help to the people and the animals that suffered from the disaster.
維度二　語法與寫作——用定語從句完成句子(每小題2分,共10分)
1.China is a country which/that has a history of more than 5,000 years.
中國是一個擁有5 000多年歷史的國家。
2.Those who are confident and optimistic are more likely to achieve their goals.
那些自信和樂觀的人更有可能實現他們的目標。
3.We are going to learn some Chinese poems that/which were written in the Tang Dynasty.
我們將學習一些寫于唐朝的中國詩歌。
4.Look out! Don't get too close to the house whose roof is being repaired.
當心!不要太靠近那間正在維修屋頂的房子。
5.Harry Potter is the most interesting story (that) I have ever read.
《哈利·波特》是我曾經讀過的最有趣的故事。
維度三　語法與語篇——用適當的關系代詞填空(每小題2分,共10分)
Hello,everyone! It's a great pleasure for me to be here to share my English learning experience with the people 1.who/that are fond of English.
As the saying goes,“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most important thing 2.that I do is to get myself interested in English.As a senior high school student,I get to know how to study and try my best to build up my vocabulary 3.which/that is of great importance in understanding all 4.that I read or listen to.That is the reason why every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition,I often watch some movies 5.whose stories are moving or interesting.
In a word,if you want to improve your English in senior high school,you should do lots of practice.
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
(2025·長沙高一專題練習)
One person's happiness causes a chain reaction that benefits not only their friends, but their friends' friends, and their friends' friends' friends.The effect lasts for up to one year.The opposite, interestingly, is not the case:Sadness does not spread through social networks as strongly as happiness.Happiness appears to love company more so than misery.
Focusing on 4,739 individuals, Christakis and Fowler, who co-authored this study, observed more than 50,000 social and family ties and analyzed the spread of happiness throughout this group.The researchers found that when an individual becomes happy, a friend living within a mile experiences a 25 percent increased chance of becoming happy.A co-resident spouse (配偶) experiences an 8 percent increased chance, siblings (兄弟姐妹) living within one mile have a 14 percent increased chance, and for next-door neighbors, 34 percent.But the real surprise came with indirect relationships.Again, while an individual becoming happy increases his friend's chances, a friend of that friend experiences a nearly 10 percent chance of increased happiness, and a friend of that friend has a 5.6 percent increased chance.
The researchers also found that, contrary to what your parents taught you, popularity does lead to happiness.People in the center of their network groups are the most likely people to become happy, and then there are chances that increase to the extent that the people surrounding them also have lots of friends.However, becoming happy does not help migrate a person from the network fringe (外圍) to the center.Happiness spreads through the network without changing its structure.
“Imagine a bird's eye view of a backyard party,” Fowler explains.“You'll see people in groups at the center, and others on the fringe.The happiest people tend to be the ones in the center.But someone on the fringe who suddenly becomes happy, say through a particular exchange, doesn't suddenly move into the center of the group.He simply stays where he is—only now he has a far more satisfying sense of well-being.”
Next time, if you're happy and you know it, thank your friends—and their friends.And while you're at it, their friends' friends.But if you're sad, hold the blame.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一個觀點:一個人的幸福通過社會關系網傳播,因此一個人的幸福和朋友以及朋友的朋友有關。
1.Who will be more likely to become happy as a man is happy according to the research
A.His wife.
B.His next-door neighbors.
C.His brothers and sisters.
D.A friend of his friend.
答案　B　[細節理解題。根據第二段二三句“The researchers found that...for next-door neighbors, 34 percent.”可知,一個人開心的時候,最有可能因此變得開心的是他的鄰居。故選B項。]
2.Why does Fowler mention a backyard party in Paragraph 4
A.To explain a rule.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To describe a fact.
D.To make a prediction.
答案　B　[推理判斷題。根據第四段第一句“‘Imagine a bird's...the ones in the center.”可知,福勒提出這個聚會的目的是解釋某個和一個關系網中最開心的人的位置相關的概念;第三段最后兩句“However, becoming happy...changing its structure.”提出了需要解釋的概念:因為幸福通過關系網傳播,不改變關系網的結構,因此一個人變得快樂并不會使他從關系網的邊緣遷移到中心。故選B項。]
3.What does the research aim to tell us
A.Happiness changes social structures.
B.A social network is a double-edged sword.
C.Happiness goes hand in hand with sadness.
D.Happiness spreads through social networks.
答案　D　[推理判斷題。根據第三段后兩句“However, becoming happy...without changing its structure.”可知,本研究旨在告訴讀者幸福通過社會關系網傳播。故選D項。]
4.What do we know from the last two paragraphs
A.Friends' friends may bring you happiness.
B.Your friends are to blame for your sadness.
C.Your friends decide whether you are happy.
D.The happiest friends at party are on the fringe.
答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段第一句“Next time, if you're happy and you know it, thank your friends—and their friends.”可知,作者建議讀者如果開心,那就感謝朋友和朋友的朋友,可推測這是因為一個人的快樂可能是朋友或者朋友的朋友帶來的。故選A項。]
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
(2025·江蘇南京高一月考)
When asked to pick out one or two things that 1.　　　　　　 (be) most important to them, many put friends ahead of homes, jobs, clothing and cars.
A true friendship carries a long history of experience 2.　　　　　　 determines who we are and keeps us connected.It is something we should treasure.Unfortunately, the 3.　　　　　　 (good) friends you are, the more probably you'll have disagreements.And the result can be what you don't want—an end to the relationship.
The good news is that most troubled friendships can 4.　　　　　　 (mend).First, don't let your pride get in your way.Most of us can forgive each other when 5.　　　　　　 (difference) are brought out in the open.Second, apologize when you're wrong.Over the course of a friendship, even the best people make mistakes.So don't be ashamed 6.　　　　　　 (apologize).Third, see things from your friend's opinion.And 7.　　　　　　 (final), accept that friendships change as our needs and lifestyles change.
8.　　　　　　 (make) friends can sometimes seem easy.The hard part is to keep the connections strong during the natural ups and downs that have an effect 9.　　　　　　 all relationships.My suggestion:Consider friendship 10.　　　　　　 honor and a gift, and remember it is well worth building and treasuring a good friendship.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了維持友誼關系的方法。
1.are　[考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。句意:當被要求挑選一兩件對他們來說最重要的東西時,許多人把朋友放在了房子、工作、衣服和汽車之前。結合語意以及下文時態可知,句子使用一般現在時;that引導定語從句,指代先行詞one or two things,并在從句中作主語,one or two things是復數,be動詞應用are。故填are。]
2.that/which　[考查定語從句。句意:真正的友誼有著悠久的歷史,它決定了我們是誰,并使我們保持聯系。分析句子結構可知,空處引導限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞a long history of experience,先行詞指物,關系詞在定語從句中作主語,應用關系代詞that/which引導從句。故填that/which。]
3.better　[考查形容詞比較級。句意:不幸的是,你們越是好朋友,就越有可能產生分歧。句子使用固定結構“the+比較級,the+比較級”,表示“越……,越……”,所以空處應用形容詞的比較級形式better,表示“更好的”。故填better。]
4.be mended　[考查動詞的語態。句意:好消息是,大多數陷入困境的友誼都可以被修復。mend與主語most troubled friendships之間是被動關系,應用被動語態,且情態動詞can后接動詞原形形式。故填be mended。]
5.differences　[考查名詞的單復數。句意:當分歧公開時,我們大多數人都可以互相原諒。根據句中are可知,when引導的從句主語應用名詞的復數形式,difference是可數名詞,復數形式為differences。故填differences。]
6.to apologize　[考查非謂語動詞。句意:所以不要不好意思道歉。be ashamed to do sth表示“不好意思做某事”,所以空處應用動詞不定式形式。故填to apologize。]
7.finally　[考查詞性轉換。句意:最后,接受友誼隨著我們的需求和生活方式的改變而改變的事實。空處修飾整個句子,應用副詞形式作狀語,finally是副詞,表示“最后”,符合題意。故填finally。]
8.Making　[考查非謂語動詞。句意:交朋友有時看起來很容易。分析句子結構可知,空處作非謂語動詞,應用動名詞形式作主語,表示概括性或一般性的行為,making置于句首,首字母大寫。故填Making。]
9.on　[考查介詞。句意:困難的部分是在影響所有關系的自然起伏中保持牢固的聯系。have an effect on sth為固定搭配,意為“對某事有影響”,所以空處應用介詞on。故填on。]
10.an　[考查冠詞。句意:我的建議是:把友誼視為一種榮譽和禮物,記住建立和珍惜一段美好的友誼是非常值得的。結合語意,此處表示“一種榮譽和禮物”,空處應用不定冠詞表示泛指,honor是元音音素開頭的單詞,前邊應用不定冠詞an。故填an。](共57張PPT)
Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
內
容
索
引
語法知識過關
語言知識精析
課時精練
語 法 知 識 過 關
Grammar——由關系代詞引導的限制性定語從句
在復合句中,修飾某一名詞、代詞或名詞短語的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞、代詞或名詞短語叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
一、關系代詞的基本用法
1.that的用法
[先感知]
①There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
(人教版必修一U4)
②Nowadays, we can move around the world and still stay in touch with the people that we want to remain friends with.
(外研版必修一U4)
③There is a film (that) I’d like to see.
[會發現]
句①that代指　　　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　。句②that代指 　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　　　　,可以省略。句③that代指 　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　　　　,可以省略。
[明規則]
that既可指人也可指物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可
省略。
cracks
主語
people
賓語
film
賓語
2.which的用法
[先感知]
①When we weren’t playing on the court which was next to our building, we were watching a game on TV.(北師大版必修一U2)
②We stayed at a hotel (which/that) Tom recommended to us.
(北師大版必修一U2)
[會發現]
句①which代指　　　　　　,在從句中作 　　　　　　。句②which代指　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　,可以與that互換,而且可以　　　　。
[明規則]
which指物,在定語從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略。大部分情況下與that可以互換。
court
主語
hotel
賓語
省略
3.who的用法
[先感知]
①Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.
(人教版必修一U4)
②The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.(人教版必修一U4)
③The professor (who/whom) you wish to see has gone abroad.
[會發現]
句①who代指　　　　　　　　　,在從句中作 　 　　　。句②who代指　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　。句③who代指　　　　　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　,可以與whom互換,而且可以　　　　。
[明規則]
who指人,在定語從句中可作主語或賓語,作賓語時常可省略,而且作賓語時可以用whom替換。
people
主語
people
主語
professor
賓語
省略
4.whom的用法
[先感知]
①The old man to whom a medal is awarded is very inspiring.
②Jack is the person (who/whom) you should care about.
③The woman (whom/who) you saw just now is our English teacher.
[會發現]
句①whom代指　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　　　,不可省略。句②whom代指　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　,可以省略。句③whom代指　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　,可以省略。
[明規則]
whom指人,在定語從句中作賓語,有時也可用who代替,常可省略。
man
賓語
person
賓語
woman
賓語
5.whose的用法
[先感知]
①Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.(人教版必修一U4)
②This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
→This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country.
③He lives in a house whose door is broken.
→He lives in a house the door of which is broken.
[會發現]
句①whose修飾　　　　　　,在從句中作定語。句②whose修飾　　　　　　,在從句中作定語。句③whose修飾　　　　　　,在從句中作定語。
survivors
scientist
house
[明規則]
(1)whose既可指人也可指物,在定語從句中修飾名詞作定語,相當于所修飾成分的前置所有格。
(2)“whose+名詞”引導的定語從句可以轉化為“the+名詞+of which/whom”, 因為在此結構中whose作前置定語,可以轉化為介詞短語of which/whom作后置定語。
小題集訓
(1)用適當的關系代詞填空
①The boy 　　　　　　broke the window is called Tom.
②This is the building 　　　　　　windows were all painted green.
③The author 　 　　　　　you criticized in your review has written a reply.
④Please pass me the book the cover of 　　　　　　is green.
who/that
whose
whom/who/that/不填
which
(2)用定語從句合并句子
⑤I’d like to take care of the child.Her mother died recently.
→I’d like to take care of the child 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
⑥The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→__________________________________________________________________⑦Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her.
→Last week Mary wore the dress 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
whose mother died recently
The woman (that/who/whom) you are looking after is my mother.
(that/which) I gave to her
二、關系代詞指物時只用that不用which的情況
在限制性定語從句中,關系代詞指物時只能用that而不用which的情況:
1.當先行詞是all,little,few, anything, everything,nothing等不定代詞時。
　The old man tried to write down all that he had gone through in
　his life.
　這位老人盡力把他平生經歷的事情都寫下來。
　Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside
　能不能給我某些里面沒有糖的東西
2.當先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被序數詞或形容詞最高級修
　飾時。
This is the first two-storey bus that runs in our city.
這是第一輛運行于我市的雙層公交車。
Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
桂林是我游覽過的最美麗的城市。
3.當先行詞被the only,the very,the right,the same,all等修飾時。
　This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for.
　這正是媽媽一直在找的那條圍巾。
4.當先行詞既有人又有物時。
　Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in Britain
　你能告訴我你在英國見到的人和事嗎
　[溫馨提示]　(1)“one of+復數名詞”作先行詞,定語從句的謂語動詞
　用復數形式;在肯定句中,“the only one of+復數名詞”作先行詞,定
　語從句的謂語動詞用單數形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
這是查爾斯·狄更斯所寫的書中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我們班里唯一學過法語的男孩。
(2)為避免關系詞的重復,被關系代詞代替的成分不可在從句中重復出現。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
這就是我們上周日參觀的那家工廠。
(3)關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,定語從句的謂語動詞要和先行詞的數保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won’t be permitted to enter the hall.
不允許超過45歲的人進入這間大廳。
小題集訓　用適當的關系代詞或所給單詞的適當形式填空
①That is one of the most interesting books 　　　　　　are sold in the bookshop.
②The most interesting book 　　　　　　I want to read is Howl’s Moving Castle.
③People 　　　　　　smoke more than ten cigarettes a day have a greater chance of developing lung cancer than those
　　　　　　don’t.
that
that
who/that
who
④Do you still remember the chicken farm 　　　　　　 we visited three months ago
⑤She is one of the girls who 　　　　　　(pass)the exam so far.
⑥We are going to learn some Chinese poems that
　　　　　　　　(write)in the Tang Dynasty.
that/which/不填
have passed
were written
語 言 知 識 精 析
count on依賴,依靠,指望
教材原文　A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
真正的朋友是我們可以依靠他支持的人。
感知　語言先輸入
①You can always count on your best friends to help you in difficult times.
②We count on it that the team will win the game with their hard work.
記牢　知識再梳理
count on/upon (=depend/rely on/upon)
　 依賴,依靠;指望
count on sb to do sth 指望某人做某事
count on it that... 指望……(其中it為形式賓語,that從句為真正的賓語)
運用　單句語法填空/一句多譯
①You can count on 　　　　　　that she will arrive on time for the meeting.
it
②They count on their teacher 　　　　　　　　　　　 (explain)the difficult questions before the final exam.
③我可以指望我的哥哥在我不在時照顧我們的狗。
→I can 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　our dog when I’m away. (count on sb to do sth)
→I can 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　our dog
when I’m away.(count on it that...)
to explain
count on my brother to take care of
count on it that my brother will take care of
課 時 精 練
基礎語境練
素能提升練
[基礎語境練]
維度一　基礎題——用適當的關系代詞填空(每小題1分,共8分)
1.She has a brother 　　　　　　　　name I can’t remember.
2.She found the letter on 　　　　　　　　her name was written in golden ink.
3.This is the best film 　　　　　　　　we have ever made about friendship.
whose
which
that
4.The book 　　　　　　　　I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
5.The persons 　　　　　　　　were injured in the car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
6.The exact year 　　　　　　　　Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
which/that
who/that
which/that
7.Among all the candidates, she chose few 　　　　　　　　 were truly qualified.
8.The company provided help to the people and the animals
　　　　　　　　suffered from the disaster.
that
that
維度二　語法與寫作——用定語從句完成句子(每小題2分,共10分)
1.China is a country 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
　中國是一個擁有5 000多年歷史的國家。
2.Those 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 are more likely to achieve their goals.
　那些自信和樂觀的人更有可能實現他們的目標。
3.We are going to learn some Chinese poems 　　　　　　　　 　 in the Tang Dynasty.
　我們將學習一些寫于唐朝的中國詩歌。
which/that has a history of more than 5,000 years
who are confident and optimistic
that/which were written
4.Look out! Don’t get too close to the house__________________________
____________________________.
　當心!不要太靠近那間正在維修屋頂的房子。
5.Harry Potter is the most interesting story _____________________.
　《哈利·波特》是我曾經讀過的最有趣的故事。
whose roof is being
repaired
(that) I have ever read
維度三　語法與語篇——用適當的關系代詞填空(每小題2分,共10分)
Hello,everyone! It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share my English learning experience with the people 1.　　　　　　 are fond of English.
As the saying goes,“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most important thing 2.　　　　　　　 I do is to get myself interested in English.As a senior high school student,I get to know how to study and try my best to build up my vocabulary 3.　　　　　　　　 is of
who/that
that
which/that
great importance in understanding all 4.　　　　　　　　 I read or listen to.That is the reason why every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition,I often watch some movies
5.　　　　　　　　 stories are moving or interesting.
In a word,if you want to improve your English in senior high school,you should do lots of practice.
that
whose
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
(2025·長沙高一專題練習)
One person’s happiness causes a chain reaction that benefits not only their friends, but their friends’ friends, and their friends’ friends’ friends.The effect lasts for up to one year.The opposite, interestingly, is not the case:Sadness does not spread through social networks as strongly as happiness.Happiness appears to love company more so than misery.
Focusing on 4,739 individuals, Christakis and Fowler, who co-authored this study, observed more than 50,000 social and family ties and analyzed the spread of happiness throughout this group.The researchers found that when an individual becomes happy, a friend living within a mile experiences a 25 percent increased chance of becoming happy.A co-resident spouse (配偶) experiences an 8 percent increased chance, siblings (兄弟姐妹) living within one mile have a 14 percent increased chance, and for next-door neighbors, 34 percent.
But the real surprise came with indirect relationships.Again, while an individual becoming happy increases his friend's chances, a friend of that friend experiences a nearly 10 percent chance of increased happiness, and a friend of that friend has a 5.6 percent increased chance.
The researchers also found that, contrary to what your parents taught you, popularity does lead to happiness.People in the center of their network groups are the most likely people to become happy, and then there are chances that increase to the extent that the people surrounding them also have lots of friends.However, becoming happy does not help migrate a person from the network fringe (外圍) to the center.Happiness spreads through the network without changing its structure.
“Imagine a bird’s eye view of a backyard party,” Fowler explains.“You’ll see people in groups at the center, and others on the fringe.The happiest people tend to be the ones in the center.But someone on the fringe who suddenly becomes happy, say through a particular exchange, doesn’t suddenly move into the center of the group.He simply stays where he is—only now he has a far more satisfying sense of well-being.”
Next time, if you're happy and you know it, thank your friends—and their friends.And while you're at it, their friends' friends.But if you're sad, hold the blame.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一個觀點:一個人的幸福通過社會關系網傳播,因此一個人的幸福和朋友以及朋友的朋友有關。
1.Who will be more likely to become happy as a man is happy
according to the research
A.His wife.
B.His next-door neighbors.
C.His brothers and sisters.
D.A friend of his friend.
解析　細節理解題。根據第二段二三句“The researchers found that...for next-door neighbors, 34 percent.”可知,一個人開心的時候,最有可能因此變得開心的是他的鄰居。故選B項。
√
2.Why does Fowler mention a backyard party in Paragraph 4
A.To explain a rule. B.To clarify a concept.
C.To describe a fact. D.To make a prediction.
解析　推理判斷題。根據第四段第一句“‘Imagine a bird’s...the ones in the center.”可知,福勒提出這個聚會的目的是解釋某個和一個關系網中最開心的人的位置相關的概念;第三段最后兩句“However, becoming happy...changing its structure.”提出了需要解釋的概念:因為幸福通過關系網傳播,不改變關系網的結構,因此一個人變得快樂并不會使他從關系網的邊緣遷移到中心。故選B項。
√
3.What does the research aim to tell us
A.Happiness changes social structures.
B.A social network is a double-edged sword.
C.Happiness goes hand in hand with sadness.
D.Happiness spreads through social networks.
解析　推理判斷題。根據第三段后兩句“However, becoming happy...without changing its structure.”可知,本研究旨在告訴讀者幸福通過社會關系網傳播。故選D項。
√
4.What do we know from the last two paragraphs
A.Friends' friends may bring you happiness.
B.Your friends are to blame for your sadness.
C.Your friends decide whether you are happy.
D.The happiest friends at party are on the fringe.
解析　推理判斷題。根據最后一段第一句“Next time, if you’re happy and you know it, thank your friends—and their friends.”可知,作者建議讀者如果開心,那就感謝朋友和朋友的朋友,可推測這是因為一個人的快樂可能是朋友或者朋友的朋友帶來的。故選A項。
√
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
(2025·江蘇南京高一月考)
When asked to pick out one or two things that 1.　　　　　　 (be) most important to them, many put friends ahead of homes, jobs, clothing and cars.
A true friendship carries a long history of experience
2.　　　　　　 determines who we are and keeps us connected.It is something we should treasure.Unfortunately, the 3.　　　 (good) friends you are, the more probably you'll have disagreements.And the result can be what you don't want—an end to the relationship.
The good news is that most troubled friendships can
4.　　　　　　 (mend).First, don’t let your pride get in your way.Most of us can forgive each other when 5.　　　 (difference) are brought out in the open.Second, apologize when you’re wrong.Over the course of a friendship, even the best people make mistakes.So don’t be ashamed 6.　　　　　　 (apologize).Third, see things from your friend’s opinion.And 7.　　　　　　 (final), accept that friendships change as our needs and lifestyles change.
8.　　　　　　 (make) friends can sometimes seem easy.The hard part is to keep the connections strong during the natural ups and downs that have an effect 9.　　　　　　 all relationships.My suggestion:Consider friendship 10.　　　　　　 honor and a gift, and remember it is well worth building and treasuring a good friendship.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了維持友誼關系的方法。
1.are　[考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。句意:當被要求挑選一兩件對他們來說最重要的東西時,許多人把朋友放在了房子、工作、衣服和汽車之前。結合語意以及下文時態可知,句子使用一般現在時;that引導定語從句,指代先行詞one or two things,并在從句中作主語,one or two things是復數,be動詞應用are。故填are。]
2.that/which　[考查定語從句。句意:真正的友誼有著悠久的歷史,它決定了我們是誰,并使我們保持聯系。分析句子結構可知,空處引導限制性定語從句,修飾先行詞a long history of experience,先行詞指物,關系詞在定語從句中作主語,應用關系代詞that/which引導從句。故填that/which。]
3.better　[考查形容詞比較級。句意:不幸的是,你們越是好朋友,就越有可能產生分歧。句子使用固定結構“the+比較級,the+比較級”,表示“越……,越……”,所以空處應用形容詞的比較級形式better,表示“更好的”。故填better。]
4.be mended　[考查動詞的語態。句意:好消息是,大多數陷入困境的友誼都可以被修復。mend與主語most troubled friendships之間是被動關系,應用被動語態,且情態動詞can后接動詞原形形式。故填be mended。]
5.differences　[考查名詞的單復數。句意:當分歧公開時,我們大多數人都可以互相原諒。根據句中are可知,when引導的從句主語應用名詞的復數形式,difference是可數名詞,復數形式為differences。故填differences。]
6.to apologize　[考查非謂語動詞。句意:所以不要不好意思道歉。be ashamed to do sth表示“不好意思做某事”,所以空處應用動詞不定式形式。故填to apologize。]
7.finally　[考查詞性轉換。句意:最后,接受友誼隨著我們的需求和生活方式的改變而改變的事實。空處修飾整個句子,應用副詞形式作狀語,finally是副詞,表示“最后”,符合題意。故填finally。]
8.Making　[考查非謂語動詞。句意:交朋友有時看起來很容易。分析句子結構可知,空處作非謂語動詞,應用動名詞形式作主語,表示概括性或一般性的行為,making置于句首,首字母大寫。故填Making。]
9.on　[考查介詞。句意:困難的部分是在影響所有關系的自然起伏中保持牢固的聯系。have an effect on sth為固定搭配,意為“對某事有影響”,所以空處應用介詞on。故填on。]
10.an　[考查冠詞。句意:我的建議是:把友誼視為一種榮譽和禮物,記住建立和珍惜一段美好的友誼是非常值得的。結合語意,此處表示“一種榮譽和禮物”,空處應用不定冠詞表示泛指,honor是元音音素開頭的單詞,前邊應用不定冠詞an。故填an。]
Thanks！
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