資源簡介

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
Grammar——簡單句、并列句和主從復(fù)合句
　　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　
一、簡單句(simple sentences)
[先感知]
①I looked at them in panic. (外研版必修一U1)
②I heard a voice behind me. (外研版必修一U1)
③My aunt and uncle are travelling around Europe for two weeks.
④We're going hiking in the mountain every day, and admiring the beautiful views. (人教版必修一U2)
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
句①I作主語,looked at作謂語,只有一個主語和一個謂語。句②I作主語,heard作謂語,只有一個主語和一個謂語。句③My aunt and uncle作并列主語,are travelling作謂語。句④We作主語,'re going hiking and admiring作并列謂語。
[明規(guī)則]
1.概念:只含有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的獨立句子。
2.分類
(1)一個主語+一個謂語
She│enjoyed collecting stamps.
她喜歡收集郵票。
(2)并列主語+一個謂語
Lucy and Lily│like working there.
露西和莉莉都喜歡在那兒工作。
(3)一個主語+并列謂語
She│opened the door and entered the room.
她打開門,進入房間。
(4)并列主語+并列謂語
Li Hua and Wang Lin│like drawing and often draw pictures for the wall newspapers.
李華和王林喜歡畫畫,經(jīng)常為墻報畫畫。
小題集訓(xùn)　 翻譯句子并寫出其句子類型
①那個可憐的人跌倒死了。
The poor man fell down and died.一個主語+并列謂語
②我的父母今天都很努力工作。
Both of my parents work hard today.一個主語+一個謂語
③約翰和男孩們正在踢足球。
John and the boys are playing soccer.并列主語+一個謂語
④你們的貢獻將會使得這次活動獲得巨大成功。
Your contributions will certainly make the event a huge success.一個主語+一個謂語
二、并列句(compound sentences)
[先感知]
①Biology is my favourite subject, and my target is to prepare myself for my degree in biology at university. (北師大版必修一U1)
②I think some of the others are eating at the park,but the food there is really expensive. (人教版必修一U2)
③We're bringing sweaters and coats with us, so I hope we'll be OK. (人教版必修一U2)
④Hurry up, or you'll miss the bus.
⑤Finish your homework, and you can go out to play.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
由句①-⑤可知:常見并列連詞有and,but,so,or等。
[明規(guī)則]
1.概念:由并列連詞連接的兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或者復(fù)合句構(gòu)成。常見連詞有and、but、so、or、for、while(然而)、not only...but (also)...、neither...nor...等。
2.特殊的并列句
除了常見的并列句之外,還有“and”和“or”構(gòu)成的兩種特殊的并列句。
(1)祈使句+and+一般將來時的句子:表示“如果……就……”。
(2)祈使句+or+一般將來時的句子:表示“如果不……就……”。
小題集訓(xùn)　完成句子
①We're arriving at 9:30 a.m.and will start sightseeing right away, so I hope we sleep well on the train!
我們會在上午9:30到達并將立即開始觀光,所以我希望我們能在火車上睡個好覺!
(人教版必修一U2)
②Don't run in the classroom,or you may hurt yourself.
不要在教室亂跑,否則你會傷到自己。
③Surfing the Internet is fun,but it's also a time waster.
上網(wǎng)很有趣,但也很浪費時間。
④A snake bit him,so he went to see a doctor at once.
一條蛇咬了他,所以他馬上去看醫(yī)生了。
三、主從復(fù)合句 (complex sentences)
(一)定語從句
[先感知]
①I've got an English penfriend, who I finally got to meet in London this summer. (外研版必修一U2)
②There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls. (人教版必修一U4)
③Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. (人教版必修一U4)
④I told my mum that I wanted to give up, and that I would never live in a country where German was spoken. (人教版必修一U5)
⑤And I remember that day when I suddenly felt like German was no longer a foreign language. (人教版必修一U5)
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
句①who代指penfriend,在從句中作賓語。句②that代指 cracks,在從句中作主語。句③whose引導(dǎo)的從句修飾 survivors,且whose在從句中作定語,修飾homes。句④where在從句中作地點狀語。句⑤when在從句中作時間狀語。
[明規(guī)則]
定語從句
(1)定語從句又稱為形容詞性從句,在句子中充當(dāng)形容詞的作用,用來修飾名詞或代詞。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞既起連接作用,又在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分。
(2)關(guān)系詞可分為關(guān)系代詞:that、which、who、whom、whose等和關(guān)系副詞:when、where、why。
小題集訓(xùn)　選詞填空:that、who、whom、whose、where、when、why
①The thing that you must do is to have a meal.
②Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured. (人教版必修一U4)
③This is the artist whose paintings are known all over the world.
④Didn't you see the man whom I talked with just now
⑤The company where his uncle works is the largest one in this city.
⑥There are many reasons why people learn a foreign language. (人教版必修一U5)
(二)狀語從句
[先感知]
①When I was looking for the exit, I saw that shoes were actually sold downstairs on the ground floor, not the first floor. (外研版必修一U2)
②I also plan to do more long-distance running because I find it very relaxing. (北師大版必修一U1)
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
句①when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。
句②because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。
[明規(guī)則]
狀語從句又稱為副詞性從句,在句子中充當(dāng)副詞的作用,用來修飾謂語動詞或整個句子。通常由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。狀語從句根據(jù)其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較、方式等狀語從句。
(1)時間狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:when、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、till、until、every time、the moment等。
When I got home,my family were already having dinner.
我到家的時候,全家正在吃晚飯。
I didn't leave until she came back.
直到她回來,我才離開。
(2)地點狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:where、wherever等。
Wuhan lies where the Yangtze River and the Han River meet.
武漢位于長江和漢江交匯處。
You'd better make a mark wherever you have any questions.
你最好在有疑問的地方都做個標(biāo)記。
(3)原因狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:because、for、since、as、now that等。
Because he did not obey the rules,he was punished.
由于他不遵守規(guī)章制度,他受到了處罰。
(4)目的狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:so that、in order that等。
Let's take the front seats so that we may see more clearly.
我們坐前排吧,這樣我們可以看得更清楚些。
(5)結(jié)果狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:so that、so...that...、such...that...等。
I didn't plan the work well,so that I didn't finish it in time.
我沒把工作計劃好,結(jié)果沒按時完成。
He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.
他發(fā)表了如此鼓舞人的演講以至于大家都很激動。
(6)條件狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:if、unless、as/so long as等。
As/So long as we don't lose heart,we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我們不灰心,我們就能找到克服困難的方法。
(7)讓步狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:though/although/while、even if/though、no matter what/how/where...、whatever/however/wherever...等。
Although/Though/While he is young,he is very clever.
盡管他很年輕,但很聰明。
We won't lose heart even if/though we fail ten times.
我們即使失敗十次也不泄氣。
(8)比較狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:as(同級比較),than(不同程度的比較)等。
The result was not as good as I had expected.
結(jié)果不如我預(yù)料的那么好。
This task is more challenging than I thought.
這項任務(wù)比我想象的更具挑戰(zhàn)性。
(9)方式狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:as,as if/though等。
Please do as you are told.
請按照人家告訴你的去做。
The boy plays the piano as though he has a natural ear for music.
這孩子彈起鋼琴來好像天生很懂音樂似的。
小題集訓(xùn)　完成句子/一句多譯
①I get tired when I have a lot of homework.
當(dāng)我有很多作業(yè)時,我感到很累。 (北師大版必修一U1)
②In order that everyone present might hear her clearly,she raised her voice again.
為了使在場的每個人都能聽清楚,她再次提高了聲音。
③她是個非常善良的女孩,我們都非常喜歡她。
→She is such a kind girl that we like her very much.(such)
→She is so kind a girl that we like her very much.(so)
④除非你向我出示通行證,否則我不會讓你進去的。
→I won't let you in unless you show me your pass.(unless)
→I won't let you in if you don't show me your pass.(if)
(三)名詞性從句
[先感知]
①He had told me that his grandfather was “really wicked”. (外研版必修一U2)
②What is strange is that above the house and the tree, we see a daytime sky full of brightness and soft white clouds. (北師大版必修三U7)
③It is said that the two artists admired each other. (北師大版必修三U7)
④Art is not what you see, but what you make others see. (北師大版必修三U7)
⑤I have no idea whether he could pass the exam.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
句①that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。句②What引導(dǎo)主語從句,that引導(dǎo)表語從句。句③It為形式主語,真正的主語是that the two artists admired each other。句④what引導(dǎo)表語從句。句⑤whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
[明規(guī)則]
名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞,可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此,名詞性從句分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句,且都不能用逗號與主句分開。名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞主要有三類:
引導(dǎo)詞 作用
從屬連詞:that,if/whether,as if,because等 that無詞義,也不在從句中作任何成分,有時可省略
whether,if,as if,because等有詞義,但在從句中不作成分
連接代詞:who,whose,whom,what,which等 都有詞義且在從句中作主語、表語、賓語、定語等成分
連接副詞:when,where,why,how等 都有詞義且在從句中作狀語
小題集訓(xùn)　判斷下列各句中的黑體詞引導(dǎo)的是哪類名詞性從句
①It is believed that graffiti in its modern form first became popular in the United States in the 1960s.(北師大版必修三U7) 主語從句
②His view was that art should shock the viewers and challenge their sense of reality.
(北師大版必修三U7) 表語從句
③The best artists know what they should leave out. 賓語從句
④The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep's clothing. 同位語從句
1.design vt.設(shè)計;制訂;旨在 n.設(shè)計;設(shè)計藝術(shù);意圖,目的　·designer n.設(shè)計者
教材原文　So,we have designed TeenHealthWeb to help you along the journey to adulthood.
因此,我們設(shè)計了TeenHealthWeb,以幫助你在邁向成年的旅程中前行。
感知　語言先輸入
①The park is designed for families to enjoy a relaxing day together.
②She left the door open by design to let the cat come in.
記牢　知識再梳理
(1)be designed for.../to do...　　 專為……設(shè)計;目的是……
(2)by design 有意地,故意地
運用　單句語法填空/完成句子
①This entrance has been specially designed for people in wheelchairs.
②The meeting was scheduled late by design to accommodate everyone's timetable.
③This new app is designed to help students manage their homework efficiently.
這個新應(yīng)用專為幫助學(xué)生高效管理作業(yè)而設(shè)計。
2.likely adj.可能的,預(yù)料的,有希望的　·unlikely adj.不太可能的
教材原文　It is likely that the matter has already been discussed on our forum.
這個問題可能已經(jīng)在我們的論壇上討論過了。
感知　語言先輸入
The weather is likely to be sunny tomorrow, so we can go hiking.
=It is likely that the weather will be sunny tomorrow, so we can go hiking.
記牢　知識再梳理
be likely to do sth　　　 有可能做某事
It is likely that... 有可能……
運用　同義句轉(zhuǎn)換
①My parents are very likely not to allow me to go.
→It is very likely that my parents will not allow me to go.
②It is likely that he will win the race because he has trained very hard.
→He is likely to win the race because he has trained very hard.
3.look through瀏覽,閱讀;看透,識破
教材原文　You can look through these articles to find advice on your problem.
你可以瀏覽這些文章,找到針對你問題的建議。
感知　語言先輸入
①I need to look through my notes before the big test tomorrow.
②The police will look into the case to find out what happened.
記牢　知識再梳理
look after 照顧
look into 調(diào)查
look up 向上看;查閱
look forward to 期待
look down on/upon 輕視;看不起
運用　選用左欄短語填空/完成句子
① You should look through your paper before handing it in.
② John's mother told him to look after his younger brother.
③You can look up the word in the dictionary if you don't know its meaning.
④We need to look into the problem to find a suitable solution.
我們需要調(diào)查這個問題以找到合適的解決方案。
⑤He tends to look down upon/on those who don't share his opinions.
他傾向于輕視那些與他意見不同的人。
4.give out公布;泄露;放出,發(fā)出(光、熱、聲音等);分發(fā);用完,耗盡
教材原文　Posts should not give out personal information.
帖子不應(yīng)該泄露個人信息。
感知　語言先輸入
①The teacher will give out the test papers at the beginning of the class.
②He accidentally gave away the surprise by mentioning the party.
記牢　知識再梳理
give away　　　 免費贈送;泄露(秘密)
give up 放棄;戒除;讓出
give in 屈服;投降
運用　用give短語填空/完成句子
① In the bus,the young should give up their seats to the old.
② He gave away all his books before death.
③After a long argument, he finally decided to give in to her request.
④She didn't give up her dreams even when things got tough.
即使事情變得艱難,她也沒有放棄她的夢想。
　　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　
[基礎(chǔ)語境練]
維度一　基礎(chǔ)題——判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是主從復(fù)合句(每小題1分,共10分)
1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 簡單句
2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 主從復(fù)合句
3.There is a chair in this room. 簡單句
4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 簡單句
5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two. 并列句
6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 主從復(fù)合句
7.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 并列句
8.What he said at the meeting is very important,isn't it 主從復(fù)合句
9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 簡單句
10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 簡單句
維度二　語法與寫作——用給出的句子類型翻譯句子(每小題2分,共10分)
1.青少年在許多事情上不能和父母看法一致。 (簡單句)
Teenagers can not see eye to eye with their parents on many things.
2.明天早點起床,否則你會錯過第一班公共汽車。(并列句)
Get up earlier tomorrow,or you will miss the first bus.
3.麻煩的是,我把我的鑰匙丟了。(表語從句)
The trouble is that I lost my keys.
4.我們都知道,月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。(賓語從句)
We all know that the moon travels round the earth.
5.不要橫穿馬路,因為非常危險。(狀語從句)
Don't cross the street,because it is very dangerous.
維度三　語法與語篇——選出畫線句子的句子類型(A.簡單句B.并列句C.主從復(fù)合句)
(每小題2分,共8分)
①First, I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. ②The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones:maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese.③I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent when I graduate. ④My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it. (選自人教版必修一Unit1)
①C　②A　③B　④C
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
(2025·濱州高一月考) When a child is told he is “uncool”, it can be very painful.He may say he doesn't care,and even act in ways that are opposite of cool on purpose.But these are simple ways to handle sadness by pretending it's not there.
Helping a child feel better in school has to be careful.If you say,“Why are you worried about what other children think about you It doesn't matter!” Children know that it does matter.Instead,an active way may be the best.You could say,“I'm going to do a couple of things for you to help you feel better in school.”
If a boy is having trouble making friends,the teacher can help him.The teacher can arrange things so that he has chances to use his abilities to contribute to class projects.This is how the other children learn how to value his good qualities and to like him.A teacher can also raise a child's popularity in the group by showing that he values that child.It even helps to put him in a seat next to a very popular child,or let him be a partner with that child in activities,etc.
There are things that parents can do at home,too.Be friendly when your child brings others home to play.Encourage him to invite friends to meals and then serve the dishes they consider “super”.When you plan trips,picnics,movies,and other shows,invite another child with whom your child wants to be friends.
What you can do is to give him a chance to join a group that may be shutting him out.Then,if he has good qualities,he can start to build real friendship of his own.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章教會“我們”如何讓孩子擁有更好的品質(zhì),建立自己真正的友誼。
1.A child who has been informed of being “uncool” may 　　　　.
A.care nothing about it
B.pretend to get hurt very much
C.develop a sense of anger
D.do something uncool on purpose
答案　D　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知,當(dāng)一個孩子被告知他“不酷”時,可能會非常痛苦。他可能會說他不在乎,甚至故意做出一些不酷的行為。故選D項。]
2.A teacher can help an unpopular child by 　　　　.
A.seeing the child as the teacher's favourite
B.offering the child chances to show his good qualities
C.forcing other children to make friends with him
D.asking the child to do something for partners
答案　B　[細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段可知,老師可以把事情安排好,這樣他就有機會運用自己的能力為課堂項目做出貢獻。這是其他孩子學(xué)習(xí)如何珍惜他的優(yōu)點和喜歡他的方式。這就是說給不受歡迎的孩子提供展示自己優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)的機會來幫助他們。故選B項。]
3.Which of the following is TRUE
A.Inviting children's friends to family activities is good for them to make friends.
B.It's only teachers' work to make children popular.
C.Parents should take their children out for picnics and shows more often.
D.Children don't care others' comments on them.
答案　A　[正誤判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“When you plan trips,picnics,movies,and other shows,invite another child with whom your child wants to be friends.”可知,父母也可以通過多種途徑幫助孩子。其中之一就是邀請其他孩子參與家庭活動,和自己的孩子交朋友。所以邀請孩子想結(jié)交的朋友參加家庭活動對他們有好處。故選A項。]
4.Which is the best title of the text
A.Who Care About Unpopular Children
B.Why Some Children Are Unpopular
C.What Good Qualities Unpopular Children Have
D.How an Unpopular Child Can Be Helped
答案　D　[標(biāo)題歸納題。通過對文章的歸納總結(jié)可知,文章從老師、家長等角度出發(fā),提出多種解決方案,幫助孩子由一個不受歡迎的人變成擁有良好品質(zhì)且會建立自己真正友誼的人。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“一個不受歡迎的孩子怎樣得到幫助”。故選D項。]
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
(2025·石家莊高一期中)
Many students may feel stressed because of their parents.Most parents have good intentions,
1.　　　　　　 some of them are not very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in
2.　　　　　　 (adjust) to college, and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their children's 3.　　　　　　 (difficulty).
For one thing, parents are often not aware of (意識到) the kinds of problems their
4.　　　　　　 (child) face.They don't realize that the 5.　　　　　　 (compete) is stronger, that the required standards of work are 6.　　　　　　 (high), and that their children may not be prepared for
7.　　　　　　 change.They may be upset by their children's poor grades.At their kindest, they may
8.　　　　　　 (gentle) ask why John or Mary isn't doing better, whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should, and so on.At their worst, they may threaten 9.　　　　　　 (take) children out of college or cut off living expenses.
Sometimes parents think it right and natural that they determine 10.　　　　　　 their children do with their lives.They forget that everyone is different and that each person must develop in his or her own way.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章分析了父母親和孩子之間存在溝通困難的原因,建議父母多站在孩子的立場思考問題,多了解他們。
1.but/yet　[考查并列連詞。句意:大多數(shù)父母都有良好的意愿,但他們中的一些人對兒子和女兒在適應(yīng)大學(xué)時遇到的問題沒有太大幫助,其中一些人似乎想盡辦法增加孩子的困難。上文“Most parents have good intentions(大多數(shù)父母都有良好的意愿), 與下文“some of them are not very helpful(其中有些幫助不大)”之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以使用but/yet表示上下文的轉(zhuǎn)折。故填but/yet。]
2.adjusting　[考查非謂語動詞。句意同上。在介詞后面通常要使用名詞或動名詞做賓語,have problems in doing sth意為“做某事有困難”,所以本句in后使用動名詞adjusting作為介詞in的賓語。故填adjusting。]
3.difficulties　[考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。句意同第1題。根據(jù)“their children's”判斷其后為名詞,difficulty表示“困難的事情”時是可數(shù)名詞,結(jié)合句意,此句中difficulty應(yīng)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式difficulties。故填difficulties。]
4.children　[考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。句意:首先,父母往往沒有意識到孩子面臨的各種問題。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,their 　　　　(child) face為定語從句,修飾先行詞problems,face為從句謂語動詞,故本空填child的復(fù)數(shù)children,their children為從句主語。故填children。]
5.competition　[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:他們沒有意識到競爭更加激烈,所要求的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更高,他們的孩子可能沒有做好改變的準(zhǔn)備。本句橫線前有定冠詞the,后面有系動詞is,故橫線應(yīng)該是句子的主語competition(競爭)。故填competition。]
6.higher　[考查形容詞比較級。句意同上。本句中作者把現(xiàn)在的情況與過去的情況進行對比,故本空應(yīng)填比較級higher,前面的stronger與本句中的higher形成呼應(yīng)。故填higher。]
7.the　[考查冠詞。句意同第5題。在英語中定冠詞the通常表示特指,本句中the change特指前面兩句中提及的競爭更強烈,工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更高的變化。故填the。]
8.gently　[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:在他們最友善的時候,他們可能會溫和地問為什么約翰或瑪麗沒有做得更好,他或她是否盡了最大努力,等等。副詞通常作狀語修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞。本句中副詞gently作狀語修飾動詞ask。故填gently。]
9.to take　[考查非謂語動詞。句意:在最糟糕的情況下,他們可能會威脅要讓孩子們離開大學(xué)或切斷生活開支。動詞短語threaten to do sth“威脅做某事”;其中的不定式作為動詞threaten的賓語,故本空填to take。]
10.what　[考查名詞性從句。句意:有時,父母認(rèn)為他們決定孩子的生活是正確和自然而然的。determine后為其賓語從句,且從句do后缺少賓語,意義為“……的事物”,故用連接代詞what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。故答案為what。](共78張PPT)
Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage
內(nèi)
容
索
引
語法知識過關(guān)
語言知識精析
課時精練
語 法 知 識 過 關(guān)
Grammar——簡單句、并列句和主從復(fù)合句
一、簡單句(simple sentences)
[先感知]
①I looked at them in panic.(外研版必修一U1)
②I heard a voice behind me.(外研版必修一U1)
③My aunt and uncle are travelling around Europe for two weeks.
④We’re going hiking in the mountain every day, and admiring the beautiful views.(人教版必修一U2)
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
句①　　　　　　作主語,　　　　　　　　作謂語,只有一個主語和一個謂語。句②　　　　　　作主語,　　　　　　作謂語,只有一個
主語和一個謂語。句③　　　　　　　　　　　　作并列主語,
　　　　　　　　作謂語。句④　　　　　　作主語,
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　作并列謂語。
I
looked at
I
heard
My aunt and uncle
are travelling
We
're going hiking and admiring
[明規(guī)則]
1.概念:只含有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的獨立句子。
2.分類
(1)一個主語+一個謂語
She│enjoyed collecting stamps.
她喜歡收集郵票。
(2)并列主語+一個謂語
Lucy and Lily│like working there.
露西和莉莉都喜歡在那兒工作。
(3)一個主語+并列謂語
She│opened the door and entered the room.
她打開門,進入房間。
(4)并列主語+并列謂語
Li Hua and Wang Lin│like drawing and often draw pictures for the wall newspapers.
李華和王林喜歡畫畫,經(jīng)常為墻報畫畫。
小題集訓(xùn)　 翻譯句子并寫出其句子類型
①那個可憐的人跌倒死了。
____________________________________________________________________
②我的父母今天都很努力工作。
________________________________________________________
③約翰和男孩們正在踢足球。
________________________________________________________
The poor man fell down and died.一個主語+并列謂語
Both of my parents work hard today.一個主語+一個謂語
John and the boys are playing soccer.并列主語+一個謂語
④你們的貢獻將會使得這次活動獲得巨大成功。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Your contributions will certainly make the event a huge success.一個主語+一個謂語
二、并列句(compound sentences)
[先感知]
①Biology is my favourite subject, and my target is to prepare myself for my degree in biology at university.(北師大版必修一U1)
②I think some of the others are eating at the park,but the food there is really expensive.(人教版必修一U2)
③We’re bringing sweaters and coats with us, so I hope we’ll be OK.(人教版必修一U2)
④Hurry up, or you’ll miss the bus.
⑤Finish your homework, and you can go out to play.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
由句①-⑤可知:常見并列連詞有　　　　　　　　　　　　　等。
and,but,so,or
[明規(guī)則]
1.概念:由并列連詞連接的兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或者復(fù)合句構(gòu)成。常見連詞有and、but、so、or、for、while(然而)、not only...but (also)...、neither...nor...等。
2.特殊的并列句
　除了常見的并列句之外,還有“and”和“or”構(gòu)成的兩種特殊的并列句。
　(1)祈使句+and+一般將來時的句子:表示“如果……就……”。
　(2)祈使句+or+一般將來時的句子:表示“如果不……就……”。
小題集訓(xùn)　完成句子
①We’re arriving at 9:30 a.m.and will start sightseeing right away, 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　!
我們會在上午9:30到達并將立即開始觀光,所以我希望我們能在火車上睡個好覺! (人教版必修一U2)
②Don’t run in the classroom,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
不要在教室亂跑,否則你會傷到自己。
so I hope we sleep well on the train
or you may hurt yourself
③Surfing the Internet is fun,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
上網(wǎng)很有趣,但也很浪費時間。
④A snake bit him,　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
一條蛇咬了他,所以他馬上去看醫(yī)生了。
but it’s also a time waster
so he went to see a doctor at once
三、主從復(fù)合句 (complex sentences)
(一)定語從句
[先感知]
①I’ve got an English penfriend, who I finally got to meet in London this summer.(外研版必修一U2)
②There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
(人教版必修一U4)
③Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.(人教版必修一U4)
④I told my mum that I wanted to give up, and that I would never live in a country where German was spoken.(人教版必修一U5)
⑤And I remember that day when I suddenly felt like German was no longer a foreign language.(人教版必修一U5)
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
句①who代指　　　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　。句②that代指 　　　　　　,在從句中作　　　　。句③whose引導(dǎo)的從句修飾 　　　　　　,且whose在從句中作　　　　,修飾　　　　　　。句④where在從句中作　　　　　　　　。句⑤when在從句中作　　　　　　　　。
penfriend
賓語
cracks
主語
survivors
定語
homes
地點狀語
時間狀語
[明規(guī)則]
定語從句
(1)定語從句又稱為形容詞性從句,在句子中充當(dāng)形容詞的作用,用來修飾名詞或代詞。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞既起連接作用,又在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分。
(2)關(guān)系詞可分為關(guān)系代詞:that、which、who、whom、whose等和關(guān)系副詞:when、where、why。
小題集訓(xùn)　選詞填空:that、who、whom、whose、where、when、why
①The thing 　　　　　　you must do is to have a meal.
②Two thirds of the people 　　　　　　lived there were dead or injured.(人教版必修一U4)
③This is the artist 　　　　　　paintings are known all over the world.
that
who
whose
④Didn’t you see the man 　　　　　　I talked with just now
⑤The company 　　　　　　his uncle works is the largest one in this city.
⑥There are many reasons 　　　　　　people learn a foreign language.(人教版必修一U5)
whom
where
why
(二)狀語從句
[先感知]
①When I was looking for the exit, I saw that shoes were actually sold downstairs on the ground floor, not the first floor.(外研版必修一U2)
②I also plan to do more long-distance running because I find it very relaxing.(北師大版必修一U1)
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
句①when引導(dǎo)　　　　　　　　　　從句。
句②because引導(dǎo)　　　　　　　　從句。
時間狀語
原因狀語
[明規(guī)則]
狀語從句又稱為副詞性從句,在句子中充當(dāng)副詞的作用,用來修飾謂語動詞或整個句子。通常由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。狀語從句根據(jù)其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較、方式等狀語從句。
(1)時間狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:when、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、till、until、every time、the moment等。
When I got home,my family were already having dinner.
我到家的時候,全家正在吃晚飯。
I didn’t leave until she came back.
直到她回來,我才離開。
(2)地點狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:where、wherever等。
Wuhan lies where the Yangtze River and the Han River meet.
武漢位于長江和漢江交匯處。
You’d better make a mark wherever you have any questions.
你最好在有疑問的地方都做個標(biāo)記。
(3)原因狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:because、for、since、as、now that等。
Because he did not obey the rules,he was punished.
由于他不遵守規(guī)章制度,他受到了處罰。
(4)目的狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:so that、in order that等。
Let’s take the front seats so that we may see more clearly.
我們坐前排吧,這樣我們可以看得更清楚些。
(5)結(jié)果狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:so that、so...that...、such...that...等。
I didn’t plan the work well,so that I didn’t finish it in time.
我沒把工作計劃好,結(jié)果沒按時完成。
He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.
他發(fā)表了如此鼓舞人的演講以至于大家都很激動。
(6)條件狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:if、unless、as/so long as等。
As/So long as we don’t lose heart,we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我們不灰心,我們就能找到克服困難的方法。
(7)讓步狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:though/although/while、even if/though、no matter what/how/where...、whatever/however/wherever...等。
Although/Though/While he is young,he is very clever.
盡管他很年輕,但很聰明。
We won’t lose heart even if/though we fail ten times.
我們即使失敗十次也不泄氣。
(8)比較狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:as(同級比較),than(不同程度的比較)等。
The result was not as good as I had expected.
結(jié)果不如我預(yù)料的那么好。
This task is more challenging than I thought.
這項任務(wù)比我想象的更具挑戰(zhàn)性。
(9)方式狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞:as,as if/though等。
Please do as you are told.
請按照人家告訴你的去做。
The boy plays the piano as though he has a natural ear for music.
這孩子彈起鋼琴來好像天生很懂音樂似的。
小題集訓(xùn)　完成句子/一句多譯
①I get tired 　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
當(dāng)我有很多作業(yè)時,我感到很累。(北師大版必修一U1)
②　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　,
she raised her voice again.
為了使在場的每個人都能聽清楚,她再次提高了聲音。
when I have a lot of homework
In order that everyone present might hear her clearly
③她是個非常善良的女孩,我們都非常喜歡她。
→　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　we like her very much.(such)
→　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 we like her very much.(so)
④除非你向我出示通行證,否則我不會讓你進去的。
→I won’t let you in 　　　　　　　　　　　　 　.(unless)
→I won’t let you in 　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　.(if)
She is such a kind girl that
She is so kind a girl that
unless you show me your pass
if you don’t show me your pass
(三)名詞性從句
[先感知]
①He had told me that his grandfather was “really wicked”.
(外研版必修一U2)
②What is strange is that above the house and the tree, we see a daytime sky full of brightness and soft white clouds.
(北師大版必修三U7)
③It is said that the two artists admired each other.
(北師大版必修三U7)
④Art is not what you see, but what you make others see.
(北師大版必修三U7)
⑤I have no idea whether he could pass the exam.
[會發(fā)現(xiàn)]
句①that引導(dǎo)　　　　　　從句。 句②What引導(dǎo)　　　　　　從句,that引導(dǎo) 　　　　　　從句。句③It為　　　　　　主語,真正的主語是　　　　　　　　　 。
句④what引導(dǎo)　　　　　從句。句⑤whether引導(dǎo)　　　　　　從句。
賓語
主語
表語
形式
that the two artists admired each other
表語
同位語
[明規(guī)則]
名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞,可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此,名詞性從句分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句,且都不能用逗號與主句分開。名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞主要有三類:
引導(dǎo)詞 作用
從屬連詞:that,if/ whether,as if,because等 that無詞義,也不在從句中作任何成分,有時可省略
whether,if,as if,because等有詞義,但在從句中不作成分
連接代詞:who,whose, whom, what,which等 都有詞義且在從句中作主語、表語、賓語、定語等成分
連接副詞:when,where, why,how等 都有詞義且在從句中作狀語
小題集訓(xùn)　判斷下列各句中的黑體詞引導(dǎo)的是哪類名詞性從句
①It is believed that graffiti in its modern form first became popular in the United States in the 1960s.(北師大版必修三U7)　　　　　
②His view was that art should shock the viewers and challenge their sense of reality. (北師大版必修三U7)　　　　　
③The best artists know what they should leave out.　　　　　
④The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing.　　　　　
主語從句
表語從句
賓語從句
同位語從句
語 言 知 識 精 析
1.design vt.設(shè)計;制訂;旨在 n.設(shè)計;設(shè)計藝術(shù);意圖,目的
·designer n.設(shè)計者
教材原文　So,we have designed TeenHealthWeb to help you along the journey to adulthood.
因此,我們設(shè)計了TeenHealthWeb,以幫助你在邁向成年的旅程中前行。
感知　語言先輸入
①The park is designed for families to enjoy a relaxing day together.
②She left the door open by design to let the cat come in.
記牢　知識再梳理
(1)be designed for.../to do...　 專為……設(shè)計;目的是……
(2)by design 有意地,故意地
運用　單句語法填空/完成句子
①This entrance has been specially designed 　　　　　　people in wheelchairs.
②The meeting was scheduled late 　　　　　design to accommodate everyone’s timetable.
for
by
③This new app 　 　　　　　　　　　　manage their homework efficiently.
這個新應(yīng)用專為幫助學(xué)生高效管理作業(yè)而設(shè)計。
is designed to help students
2.likely adj.可能的,預(yù)料的,有希望的　·unlikely adj.不太可能的
教材原文　It is likely that the matter has already been discussed on our forum.
這個問題可能已經(jīng)在我們的論壇上討論過了。
感知　語言先輸入
The weather is likely to be sunny tomorrow, so we can go hiking.
=It is likely that the weather will be sunny tomorrow, so we can go hiking.
記牢　知識再梳理
be likely to do sth　　　 有可能做某事
It is likely that... 有可能……
運用　同義句轉(zhuǎn)換
①My parents are very likely not to allow me to go.
→__________________________________________________________________
②It is likely that he will win the race because he has trained very hard.
→__________________________________________________________________
It is very likely that my parents will not allow me to go.
He is likely to win the race because he has trained very hard.
3.look through瀏覽,閱讀;看透,識破
教材原文　You can look through these articles to find advice on your problem.
你可以瀏覽這些文章,找到針對你問題的建議。
感知　語言先輸入
①I need to look through my notes before the big test tomorrow.
②The police will look into the case to find out what happened.
記牢　知識再梳理
look after　　　照顧
look into 調(diào)查
look up 向上看;查閱
look forward to 期待
look down on/upon輕視;看不起
運用　選用左欄短語填空/完成句子
① You should 　　　　　　　　　　　your paper before handing it in.
② John’s mother told him to 　　　　　　　　　　　his younger brother.
③You can 　 　　　　　the word in the dictionary if you don’t know its meaning.
look through
look after
look up
④We 　　　　　　　 　　　　to find a suitable solution.
我們需要調(diào)查這個問題以找到合適的解決方案。
⑤He 　 　　　　　　　　　　who don’t share his opinions.
他傾向于輕視那些與他意見不同的人。
need to look into the problem
tends to look down upon/on those
4.give out公布;泄露;放出,發(fā)出(光、熱、聲音等);分發(fā);用完,耗盡
教材原文　Posts should not give out personal information.
帖子不應(yīng)該泄露個人信息。
感知　語言先輸入
①The teacher will give out the test papers at the beginning of the class.
②He accidentally gave away the surprise by mentioning the party.
記牢　知識再梳理
give away　　　 免費贈送;泄露(秘密)
give up 放棄;戒除;讓出
give in 屈服;投降
運用　用give短語填空/完成句子
① In the bus,the young should 　　　　　　　　their seats to the old.
② He 　　　　　　all his books before death.
③After a long argument, he finally decided to 　　　　　　to her request.
④She 　　 　　　　　　　　　even when things got tough.
即使事情變得艱難,她也沒有放棄她的夢想。
give up
gave away
give in
didn’t give up her dreams
課 時 精 練
基礎(chǔ)語境練
素能提升練
[基礎(chǔ)語境練]
維度一　基礎(chǔ)題——判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是主從復(fù)合句(每小題1分,共10分)
1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.　　　　　　
2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.　　　　　　　
3.There is a chair in this room.　　　　　　　
4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and
come back home at seven in the evening.　　　　　　　
簡單句
主從復(fù)合句
簡單句
簡單句
5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.　　　　　　　
6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.　　　　　　　
7.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.　　　　　　　
8.What he said at the meeting is very important,isn’t it 　　　　　
9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.　　　　　　　
10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.　　　　　　　
并列句
主從復(fù)合句
并列句
主從復(fù)合句
簡單句
簡單句
維度二　語法與寫作——用給出的句子類型翻譯句子(每小題2分,共10分)
1.青少年在許多事情上不能和父母看法一致。(簡單句)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　
2.明天早點起床,否則你會錯過第一班公共汽車。(并列句)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
3.麻煩的是,我把我的鑰匙丟了。(表語從句)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Teenagers can not see eye to eye with their parents on many things.
Get up earlier tomorrow,or you will miss the first bus.
The trouble is that I lost my keys.
4.我們都知道,月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn)。(賓語從句)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
5.不要橫穿馬路,因為非常危險。(狀語從句)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
We all know that the moon travels round the earth.
Don’t cross the street,because it is very dangerous.
維度三　語法與語篇——選出畫線句子的句子類型(A.簡單句B.并列句C.主從復(fù)合句)(每小題2分,共8分)
①First, I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. ②The school adviser helped me choose the suitable ones:maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese.
③I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent when I graduate. ④My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it.(選自人教版必修一Unit1)
①　　　　　　　　　②　　　　　　　　
③　　　　　　　　　④　　　　　　　　
C
A
B
C
[素能提升練]
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共10分)
(2025·濱州高一月考) When a child is told he is “uncool”, it can be very painful.He may say he doesn't care,and even act in ways that are opposite of cool on purpose.But these are simple ways to handle sadness by pretending it's not there.
Helping a child feel better in school has to be careful.If you say,“Why are you worried about what other children think about you It doesn’t matter!” Children know that it does matter.Instead,an active way may be the best.You could say,“I’m going to do a couple of things for you to help you feel better in school.”
If a boy is having trouble making friends,the teacher can help him.The teacher can arrange things so that he has chances to use his abilities to contribute to class projects.This is how the other children learn how to value his good qualities and to like him.A teacher can also raise a child’s popularity in the group by showing that he values that child.It even helps to put him in a seat next to a very popular child,or let him be a partner with that child in activities,etc.
There are things that parents can do at home,too.Be friendly when your child brings others home to play.Encourage him to invite friends to meals and then serve the dishes they consider “super”.When you plan trips,picnics,movies,and other shows,invite another child with whom your child wants to be friends.
What you can do is to give him a chance to join a group that may be shutting him out.Then,if he has good qualities,he can start to build real friendship of his own.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章教會“我們”如何讓孩子擁有更好的品質(zhì),建立自己真正的友誼。
1.A child who has been informed of being “uncool” may 　　　　.
A.care nothing about it
B.pretend to get hurt very much
C.develop a sense of anger
D.do something uncool on purpose
解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知,當(dāng)一個孩子被告知他“不酷”時,可能會非常痛苦。他可能會說他不在乎,甚至故意做出一些不酷的行為。故選D項。
√
2.A teacher can help an unpopular child by 　　　　.
A.seeing the child as the teacher’s favourite
B.offering the child chances to show his good qualities
C.forcing other children to make friends with him
D.asking the child to do something for partners
解析　細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段可知,老師可以把事情安排好,這樣他就有機會運用自己的能力為課堂項目做出貢獻。這是其他孩子學(xué)習(xí)如何珍惜他的優(yōu)點和喜歡他的方式。這就是說給不受歡迎的孩子提供展示自己優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)的機會來幫助他們。故選B項。
√
3.Which of the following is TRUE
A.Inviting children’s friends to family activities is good for them to make friends.
B.It’s only teachers’ work to make children popular.
C.Parents should take their children out for picnics and shows more often.
D.Children don’t care others’ comments on them.
√
解析　正誤判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的“When you plan trips,picnics,movies,and other shows,invite another child with whom your child wants to be friends.”可知,父母也可以通過多種途徑幫助孩子。其中之一就是邀請其他孩子參與家庭活動,和自己的孩子交朋友。所以邀請孩子想結(jié)交的朋友參加家庭活動對他們有好處。故選A項。
4.Which is the best title of the text
A.Who Care About Unpopular Children
B.Why Some Children Are Unpopular
C.What Good Qualities Unpopular Children Have
D.How an Unpopular Child Can Be Helped
解析　標(biāo)題歸納題。通過對文章的歸納總結(jié)可知,文章從老師、家長等角度出發(fā),提出多種解決方案,幫助孩子由一個不受歡迎的人變成擁有良好品質(zhì)且會建立自己真正友誼的人。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“一個不受歡迎的孩子怎樣得到幫助”。故選D項。
√
Ⅱ.語法填空(每小題1.5分,共15分)
(2025·石家莊高一期中)
Many students may feel stressed because of their parents.Most parents have good intentions,1.　　　　　　 some of them are not very helpful with the problems their sons and daughters have in
2.　　　　　　 (adjust) to college, and a few of them seem to go out of their way to add to their children’s 3.　　　　　　 (difficulty).
For one thing, parents are often not aware of (意識到) the kinds of problems their 4.　　　　　　 (child) face.They don’t realize that the 5.　　　　　　 (compete) is stronger, that the required standards of work are 6.　　　　　　 (high), and that their children may not be prepared for 7.　　　　　　 change.They may be upset by their children’s poor grades.At their kindest, they may 8.　　　 　 (gentle) ask why John or Mary isn’t doing better, whether he or she is trying as hard as he or she should, and so on.At their worst, they may threaten 9.　　　　　　 (take) children out of college or cut off living expenses.
Sometimes parents think it right and natural that they determine 10.　　　　　　 their children do with their lives.They forget that everyone is different and that each person must develop in his or her own way.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章分析了父母親和孩子之間存在溝通困難的原因,建議父母多站在孩子的立場思考問題,多了解
他們。
1.but/yet　[考查并列連詞。句意:大多數(shù)父母都有良好的意愿,但他們中的一些人對兒子和女兒在適應(yīng)大學(xué)時遇到的問題沒有太大幫助,其中一些人似乎想盡辦法增加孩子的困難。上文“Most parents have good intentions(大多數(shù)父母都有良好的意愿), 與下文“some of them are not very helpful(其中有些幫助不大)”之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以使用but/yet表示上下文的轉(zhuǎn)折。故填but/yet。]
2.adjusting　[考查非謂語動詞。句意同上。在介詞后面通常要使用名詞或動名詞做賓語,have problems in doing sth意為“做某事有困難”,所以本句in后使用動名詞adjusting作為介詞in的賓語。故填adjusting。]
3.difficulties　[考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。句意同第1題。根據(jù)“their children's”判斷其后為名詞,difficulty表示“困難的事情”時是可數(shù)名詞,結(jié)合句意,此句中difficulty應(yīng)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式difficulties。故填difficulties。]
4.children　[考查名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。句意:首先,父母往往沒有意識到孩子面臨的各種問題。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,their 　　　　(child) face為定語從句,修飾先行詞problems,face為從句謂語動詞,故本空填child的復(fù)數(shù)children,their children為從句主語。故填children。 ]
5.competition　[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:他們沒有意識到競爭更加激烈,所要求的工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更高,他們的孩子可能沒有做好改變的準(zhǔn)備。本句橫線前有定冠詞the,后面有系動詞is,故橫線應(yīng)該是句子的主語competition(競爭)。故填competition。]
6.higher　[考查形容詞比較級。句意同上。本句中作者把現(xiàn)在的情況與過去的情況進行對比,故本空應(yīng)填比較級higher,前面的stronger與本句中的higher形成呼應(yīng)。故填higher。]
7.the　[考查冠詞。句意同第5題。在英語中定冠詞the通常表示特指,本句中the change特指前面兩句中提及的競爭更強烈,工作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更高的變化。故填the。]
8.gently　[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。句意:在他們最友善的時候,他們可能會溫和地問為什么約翰或瑪麗沒有做得更好,他或她是否盡了最大努力,等等。副詞通常作狀語修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞。本句中副詞gently作狀語修飾動詞ask。故填gently。]
9.to take　[考查非謂語動詞。句意:在最糟糕的情況下,他們可能會威脅要讓孩子們離開大學(xué)或切斷生活開支。動詞短語threaten to do sth“威脅做某事”;其中的不定式作為動詞threaten的賓語,故本空填to take。]
10.what　[考查名詞性從句。句意:有時,父母認(rèn)為他們決定孩子的生活是正確和自然而然的。determine后為其賓語從句,且從句do后缺少賓語,意義為“……的事物”,故用連接代詞what引導(dǎo)賓語從句。故答案為what。]
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