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UNIT 2 The universal language——共同的語言
主題語境:人與社會——音樂
大觀念之單元話題:本單元在“人與社會”的主題語境下,探討了世界各國的音樂文化。涉及的語篇類型多樣,有海報、電子郵件、雜志文章以及簡介等。本單元的學習,旨在幫助學生深刻認識音樂是一種無國界的語言,是文化的重要組成部分;欣賞音樂可以了解不同文化,增強文化意識。
①percussion /p k n/　n.打擊樂器
②religious /r l d s/　adj.宗教的
③representation / repr zen te n/　n.代表,陳述
④extrapolate / k str p le t/　v.外推,推斷
⑤clarinet / kl r net/　n.單簧管
⑥trumpet / tr mp t/n.喇叭,小號
⑦valveless /v lvl s/　adj.無閥的
⑧vibrate /va bre t/ v.(使)振動
類文悅讀·情境導學
　　最早的音樂形式沒有符號或文字,它們的發展緩慢而穩定,到公元前700年,才有了包括人聲和樂器的歌曲記錄。這為音樂增加了一個全新的維度:伴奏。
Musical forms
The earliest forms of music were probably drum-based,percussion① instruments being the most readily available at the time. These simplest of simple instruments are thought to have been used in religious② ceremonies as representations③ of animals. There was no notation or writing of this kind of “music” and its sounds can only be extrapolated④ from the music of American Indians and African natives who still adhere to some of the ancient religious practices.
As for the more advanced instruments,their evolution was slow and steady. It is known that by 4000 BCE the Egyptians had created harps and flutes,and by 3500 BCE lyres and double-reeded clarinets⑤ had been developed.
In Denmark,by 2500 BCE an early form of the trumpet⑥ had been developed. This trumpet is what is now known as a “natural trumpet”. It is valveless⑦,and depends completely on manipulation of the lips to change pitch.
One of the most popular instruments today was created in 1500 BCE by the Hittites. I am talking about the guitar. This was a great step; the use of frets to change the pitch of a vibrating⑧ string would lead to later instruments such as the violin and harpsichord.
In 800 BCE the first recovered piece of recorded music was found. It was written in cuneiform and was a religious hymn. It should be noted that cuneiform is not a type of musical notation.
By 700 BCE there are records of songs that include vocals with instrumentals. This added a whole new dimension to music: accompaniment.
Section Ⅰ　Welcome to the unit & Reading
Step One:Pre-reading
According to the title and the picture,can you guess what the passage mainly talks about
答案　Music is the universal language;we can understand culture through it.
Step Two:While-reading
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
A.Some information related to Butterfly Lovers.
B.Some information related to country music.
C.Some information related to the history of folk music.
D.Some information related to a violin concerto and country music.
答案　D
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
①Match the main idea with each paragraph in Alice’s email.
Para.1　A.The story and music of Butterfly Lovers work well together.
Para.2 B.Butterfly Lovers illustrates that music is a universal language.
Para.3 C.I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers last night.
答案　Para.1 C　Para.2 A　Para.3 B
②Match the main idea with each paragraph in Harry’s email.
Para.1　A.Country music has a long history and it often features certain specific instruments and lyrics that leave you deep in thought.
Para.2 B.Country music suggests a peaceful and simple life in rural America.
Para.3 C.My host family introduce me to country music.
Para.4 D.You should listen to some country music.
答案　Para.1 C　Para.2 A　Para.3 B Para.4 D
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
Read the passage again and fill in the blanks.
Alice’s email Para.1 I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers last night.
Para.2 The music took me through the 1.twists and turns of the classic story about Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai.
Para.3 Butterfly Lovers is a 2.combination of Chinese and Western musical elements.
Harry’s email Para.1 My host family often introduce country music to me.
Para.2 Country music became popular in 3.the south of America and are mostly about emotions of the musicians.
Para.3 Country music can take you to enjoy the beautiful 4.countryside.
Para.4 You should listen to some country music.
Ⅲ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What does the fast and cheerful section in Butterfly Lovers represent
A.Their first meeting.
B.Their three happy years of school.
C.Their separation by Zhu’s father.
D.Their transformation into butterflies.
2.How do the composers express different changes of the characters’ emotions in Butterfly Lovers
A.By changing the tunes of the music.
B.By using different musical instruments.
C.By changing the ways music is played.
D.By different people playing different parts.
3.Why does Butterfly Lovers make Alice realize that music is indeed a universal language
A.It combines Chinese and Western musical elements.
B.It is played on Western instruments.
C.It has its roots in Chinese Yue Opera.
D.It is a beautiful violin concerto.
4.Why are the instruments of country music,the blues and folk music similar
A.Country music became popular only in the south of America.
B.All the songs of country music are about hardship and heartbreak.
C.The tunes of country music are easy to sing.
D.Country music develops from the blues and folk music.
5.What does country music show
A.A plenty of humour.
B.The sad life of people in rural America.
C.The green fields and simple life of the countryside.
D.The emotional connection between the audience and musicians.
答案　1.B　2.A　3.A　4.D　5.C
Step Three:Post-reading
Ⅰ.難句解構
1.Last night,I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers,a beautiful violin concerto composed by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang.(P16,Para.1)
[學會斷句]　此句為簡單句。主句為I watched a performance,句中a beautiful violin concerto作Butterfly Lovers的同位語,composed by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang為過去分詞短語作后置定語,修飾a beautiful violin concerto。
嘗試翻譯:昨晚,我看了《梁祝》的演出,這是一首優美的小提琴協奏曲,由何占豪和陳鋼創作。
2.Obviously I don’t know what it’s truly like to grow up in rural America,but the masters of country music,like John Denver,can make you feel like you’re there.(P17,Para.3)
[學會斷句]　此句為并列復合句。句中but連接兩個并列的分句,第一個分句中what引導賓語從句。第二個分句中主句為the masters of country music can make you feel like you’re there,其中like John Denver是插入語,make you feel like you’re there是“make+賓語+賓補”結構。
嘗試翻譯:我顯然不知道在美國鄉村長大究竟是什么樣子,但是鄉村音樂的大師們,比如約翰·丹佛,能讓你覺得身臨其境。
Ⅱ.翻轉課堂(課文語法填空)
Two exchange students are discovering new music in their host countries.Alice introduces a beautiful violin concerto 1.composed(compose) by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang.Its title is Butterfly Lovers,2.which can be called a Chinese version of Romeo and Juliet.It combines Chinese and Western musical elements:it 3.is played(play) on Western instruments,but much of the music has its 4.roots(root) in Chinese Yue Opera.The unique 5.combination(combine) makes Alice realize that music is a universal language.
From the host family,Harry Yu learns a lot about country music.It 6.became(become) popular in the 7.southern (south) part of America in the 1940s and then quickly spread 8.across the nation.Most of the songs are about hardship and heartbreak.People can feel an emotional connection between themselves 9.and the musicians,and the simple tunes of the music are often very 10.suggestive(suggest) of countryside surroundings.
[原文呈現]　Understanding culture through music
From:Alice Duncan
To:Lucy Becker
Subject:Butterfly Lovers
Hi Lucy,
So glad to get your email.I hope everything is fine with you.Last night,I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers,a beautiful violin concerto composed① by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang.It’s a piece that really deserve ②to be heard[1].
[1]此處that引導定語從句,deserves to be done=deserve doing 值得做。
The music took me through the twists and turns③ of a classic story about a young couple torn apart④ by their families.When the two lovers,Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai,first meet,the music is light and pleasant⑤,as if whispering⑥ to the audience.It is followed by a fast and cheerful section which represents⑦ their three happy years of school[2].Then the music gets dramatic with heavier notes⑧ and that is when the lovers are separated because Zhu’s father forces her to marry another man.Angry and sad[3],Liang falls sick⑨ and dies.Zhu weeps⑩ bitterly over the loss of her love.Overcome with sorrow ,she jumps into his grave .Finally,during the most exciting part,the music takes a softer turn and ends on a bittersweet note ,telling us how the couple transform into butterflies and fly away to be together forever.It is an amazing journey!
[2]此處which 引導定語從句。
[3]此處為形容詞作狀語。
Butterfly Lovers combines Chinese and Western musical elements: it is played on Western instruments such as the violin,but more significantly ,much of the music has its roots in Chinese Yue Opera.This unique combination has made me realize that music is indeed a universal language[4].You should definitely listen to Butterfly Lovers—I bet you’ll like it!
All the best,
Alice
[4]此處為make復合結構,其中that 引導賓語從句。
To: Stephen Lin
From: Harry Yu
Subject: Country music
Dear Stephen,
Life here in Nashville is as interesting as I thought it would be.My host family are big fans of country music,so I can always rely on them to introduce me to some great songs.I love learning about country music and I keep asking them questions about it all the time!
It turns out that country music became popular right here in the south of America in the 1940s and then spread across the nation[5].It grew out of such music types as the blues and folk music,so the musicians use many similar instruments,such as the guitar.The tunesare easy to sing,and the lyricsoften leave you deep in thought [6].Most of the songs are about hardship and heartbreak,but also about hope—with plenty of humour thrown in for good measure.You can feel an emotional connection between you and the musicians.
[5]此處為it turns out that...句型,it 為形式主語,that 引導主語從句。
[6]此處為“leave +賓語+賓補”結構,其中形容詞短語作賓補。
Country music shows the peaceful green fields and simple life of the countryside.Obviously I don’t know what it’s truly like to grow up in rural America,but the masters of country music,like John Denver,can make you feel like you’re there.The simple tunes and beautiful natural images are often very suggestive of countryside surroundings:
Almost heaven,West Virginia
Blue Ridge Mountains,Shenandoah River
Life is old there,older than the trees
Younger than the mountains,growing like a breeze
(From “Take Me Home,Country Roads” by John Denver)
Why don’t you try to listen to some great country music[7] I guarantee you’ll enjoy it!
Best wishes,
Harry
[7]Why don’t you... 為提建議的句型。
[名師圈點]
①compose /k m p z/ vt.&vi.作曲;組成;撰寫;使鎮靜
②deserve /d z v/ vt.值得,應得
③twists and turns(故事或情況的)轉折,轉變,突然變化
ups and downs 浮沉,興衰,榮辱
④tear apart 使(關系密切的人)分離,分開
⑤light /la t/ adj.[熟詞生義](意義,風格或方式)不嚴肅的,供消遣的,輕松的
pleasant / pleznt/ adj.令人愉快的,可喜的;友好的,和善的
⑥whisper / w sp (r)/ vi. & vt.耳語,低語;私下說;沙沙作響 n.低語;輕柔的聲音;傳言
⑦represent / repr zent/ vt.代表,象征;描繪
represent...as...把……描繪成……
⑧heavy note 沉重的音調
note /n t/ n.[熟詞生義] [C]單音,音調,音符
⑨fall sick 病倒
fall在此意為“進入(某狀態);開始變成(某事物)”,后常跟形容詞。
⑩weep /wi p/ vi.& vt.(wept,wept)哭泣,流淚
weep at/over...因……而哭泣
weep for joy 喜極而泣
overcome with sorrow悲痛欲絕
overcome / v k m/ vt.(overcame,overcome)受到……的極大影響;克服,解決;戰勝
sorrow / s r / n.悲傷,悲痛;傷心事
sorrowful / s r fl/ adj.悲傷的,悲痛的,悲哀的
grave /ɡre v/ n.墳墓;死亡,去世 adj.嚴重的;嚴肅的
end on a bittersweet note以苦樂參半的調子結束
end on a(n)...note以……的調子結束
bittersweet adj.苦樂參半的;又苦又甜的
transform /tr ns f m/ vi.&vt.(使)變形,(使)改觀,(使)轉化
transform into...變為……
combine /k m ba n/ vt. & vi.(使)融合;(使)結合,(使)混合;兼做;合并
on /on/ prep.[熟詞生義] 通過,使用,借助于
significantly /s ɡ n f k ntli/ adv.有重大意義地,顯著地,明顯地;有某種意義
have its roots in...起源于……
be rooted in 起源于
I bet...我敢說;我保證
big /b ɡ/ adj.[熟詞生義] 熱衷于……的;狂熱的
rely on 依賴,依靠;信任
introduce / ntr dju s/ v.[熟詞生義] 使初次了解;使嘗試
turn out 證明是,結果是
right /ra t/ adv.[熟詞生義]正好;恰好
grow out of 產生于,源于(某事物)
blues /blu z/ n.(the blues)布魯斯音樂,藍調;憂郁,悲傷
tune /tju n/ n.曲調,曲子vt.調音;調頻道;調整
lyric / l r k/ n.歌詞;抒情詩 adj.抒情的;吟唱的
deep in thought 陷入深思
heartbreak n.強烈的悲痛感,心碎
throw in奉送,額外贈送
for good measure 作為額外增添
obviously / bvi sli/ adv.顯然
obvious / bvi s/ adj.顯然的
rural / r r l/ adj.鄉村的,農村的
rural areas/scenes 農村地區/鄉村風光
simple / s mpl/ adj.[熟詞生義] 樸素的;簡樸的;不加裝飾的
suggestive /s d est v/ adj.使人想起……的
heaven / hevn/ n.極樂之地
breeze /bri z/ n.微風,和風
guarantee / ɡ r n ti / vt.保證,擔保;確保;為(產品)提供保修 n.保證,擔保;保修單
[參考譯文]　 通過音樂了解文化
你好,露茜,
很高興收到你的郵件。我希望你一切都好。昨晚,我看了《梁祝》的演出,這是一首優美的小提琴協奏曲,由何占豪和陳鋼創作。它是一首真的值得一聽的曲子。
這首樂曲帶著我體驗了一個跌宕起伏的經典故事,故事講的是一對被雙方家庭拆散的年輕情侶。當梁山伯和祝英臺這對戀人初次見面時,音樂輕快悅耳,仿佛在向觀眾耳語。接下來是一個快速且愉快的部分,代表他們三年的快樂學校生活。然后音樂變得戲劇化,音調變重,這時這對戀人被分開了,因為祝英臺的父親強迫她嫁給另一個男人。既憤怒又悲傷,梁山伯生病死了。祝英臺因失去愛人而痛哭。她悲痛欲絕,于是跳進了梁山伯的墳墓。最后,在最激動人心的部分,音樂轉向柔和,以苦樂參半的調子結束,告訴我們這對情侶如何變成蝴蝶飛走,永遠在一起。這是一個奇妙的旅程!
《梁祝》融合了中西方音樂元素: 它是用小提琴等西方樂器演奏的,但更重要的是,它的大部分音樂都起源于中國越劇。這種獨特的融合讓我意識到音樂確實是一種世界性的語言。你一定要聽聽《梁祝》——我敢說你會喜歡的!
祝你一切順利,
愛麗絲
親愛的斯蒂芬,
在納什維爾的生活和我想的一樣有趣。我的房東一家是鄉村音樂的超級粉絲,所以我總是可以依靠他們介紹一些好歌曲給我聽。我喜歡了解鄉村音樂,而且我一直在問他們關于鄉村音樂的問題!
原來鄉村音樂在20世紀40年代就在美國南部流行起來,然后傳遍全國。它起源于像藍調和民間音樂這樣的音樂類型,因此音樂家使用許多類似的樂器,如吉他。曲調很容易唱,歌詞經常讓你陷入沉思。大多數歌曲都是關于困苦和悲傷的,但也有關于希望的——還加入了大量的幽默元素。你可以感受到你與音樂家之間的情感聯系。
鄉村音樂展示了寧靜的綠色田野和簡單的鄉村生活。顯然,我不知道在美國鄉村長大是什么感覺,但鄉村音樂大師,比如約翰·丹佛,會讓你有身居其中的感覺。簡單的曲調和美麗的自然意象常常讓人聯想到鄉村的環境:
西弗吉尼亞州,簡直就是天堂
藍嶺山脈,雪蘭多河
那里生活久遠,比樹木要悠久
比群山年輕,像輕風般成長
(選自約翰·丹佛的《鄉村路帶我回家》)
你為什么不試著聽一些很好聽的鄉村音樂呢 我保證你會喜歡的!
給你最美好的祝福,
哈利
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共27.5分)
A
The greater Rochester area is filled with opportunities to study and perform music in the summer!
Roberts Community School
Roberts Community Music School has exciting summer musical opportunities for families on the west side of Rochester. It offers two 7-week Early Childhood Classes,Piano Discoveries,and a Ukulele Choir. Lessons are available for piano,voice,stringed instruments,and woodwind & brass (銅管樂器).
School of Rock—Rochester
With camp choices for all ages and skill levels,School of Rock is the perfect summer activity for your child. Our summer music camps are performance-based,meaning students learn to play by performing together in a fun environment. From beginner camps to songwriting and themed camps,we offer a wide variety of options to ensure your child has an amazing musical experience. Our goal is to prepare teens for live performances on stage.
Eastman Community Music School
The Eastman Community Music School offers different day programs and overnight music camps this summer for middle and high school students,including Adventure Music Camp for Middle Schoolers,Summer Jazz Studies for High School Students,Baroque workshops,and New Horizons Orchestra Camp. Private lessons are also available of all ages,levels,instruments or voice.
Bach to Rock Music School
Bach to Rock’s Music School runs each week all summer long for all ages and levels! Our camps are designed for students to work with our highly experienced teachers to learn how to play their instrument of choice,develop a band,learn to play songs they love,and have the opportunity to write and create their music. Each weekly camp ends with an opportunity to record in our studio! Full or half-day camps are available. No experience is necessary.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇應用文。文章是關于四個音樂夏令營的介紹。
1.Which school’s programs are designed to get students on stage performing
A.Roberts Community School.
B.School of Rock—Rochester.
C.Eastman Community Music School.
D.Bach to Rock Music School.
答案　B　[細節理解題。根據School of Rock—Rochester部分中“Our goal is to prepare teens for live performances on stage.”可知,這個學校的夏令營專注于學生的舞臺表演。故選B項。]
2.What is special about Bach to Rock Music School
A.They offer overnight camps.
B.They require related experience.
C.They offer chances to perform in a TV station.
D.They can train different kinds of musical skills.
答案　D　[細節理解題。根據Bach to Rock Music School部分中“Our camps are designed...create their music.”可知,Bach to Rock Music School專注于培訓學生不同的音樂技能。故選D項。]
3.Who can take part in the music camps introduced in the text
A.Rochester artists.
B.Local families.
C.School students.
D.Experienced teachers.
答案　C　[細節理解題。由Roberts Community School中“It offers two 7-week Early Childhood Classes,Piano Discoveries,and a Ukulele Choir.”;School of Rock—Rochester中“With camp choices for all ages and skill levels,School of Rock is the perfect summer activity for your child.”;Eastman Community Music School中“The Eastman Community Music...Horizons Orchestra Camp.”以及Bach to Rock Music School中“Our camps are designed for students to...and create their music.”可知,學校學生可以參加文中介紹的音樂營。故選C項。]
B
Kendall Griffith is a student at Bard College majoring in both the pipa,a four-stringed Chinese lute,and Asian studies. Born and raised in Boston,Griffith started her journey into Chinese culture nine years ago,when she began learning Chinese for its writing system and tones.
While learning Chinese,she was captivated by traditional Chinese music in a drama she was watching. Griffith did some research and discovered that the instrument she was drawn to was the pipa.
“I like the sound of the pipa,especially the techniques that are incorporated with it,” Griffith says,adding that her parents and friends have been very supportive of her learning Chinese traditional music.
Griffith’s father helped her discover the instrument and she found her first pipa teacher,who was part of the Boston Chinese Ensemble. Sometimes,after performances,people would tell her,“I’ve never seen a non-Chinese person play this before. That’s very cool.”
Last semester,Griffith studied at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. Learning the pipa in the city,where “Chinese music is happening”,Griffith felt pushed beyond her comfort zone and learned more about her passion.
“There was an interesting lecture that talked about how most Chinese music emulates things in calligraphy. There’s a lot of empty space,and I can now incorporate that feeling into a lot of the music I play,” she says.
“Chinese music also emulates nature in a way. The sound it makes can resemble a horse; you can visualize it. There are many techniques not seen in Western instruments,such as bending the strings or using your five fingers to create a tremolo. I enjoy telling my friends about it,” she says. Griffith’s friends,who were amazed by her impressions,started attending more Chinese music concerts,wanting to learn more.
Diving into another culture through music makes Griffith value the culture more. She said,“When you learn about a different type of music,it makes you appreciate the culture more. It makes you realize how important it is to be open-minded. I feel more open-minded about why things are the way they are.”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇記敘文,主要講述了Kendall Griffith,一位Bard College的學生,如何通過學習和演奏中國傳統樂器琵琶,深入了解和體驗中國文化的故事。
4.How did Griffith begin to learn the pipa
A.Inspired by her Asian studies.
B.Influenced by her friends.
C.Attracted by its unique sound.
D.Encouraged by her father.
答案　C　[推理判斷題。根據第三段“I like the sound of the pipa,especially the techniques that are incorporated with it”可知,Griffith被琵琶獨特的聲音吸引,所以才開始學習琵琶。故選C。]
5.What do some people think of Griffith’s pipa playing
A.Amazing. B.Odd.
C.Shocking. D.Curious.
答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據第四段“I’ve never seen a non-Chinese person play this before. That’s very cool.”可知,有些人對Griffith的琵琶演奏的看法是覺得很了不起,故選A。]
6.Why does Griffith mention the calligraphy in Paragraph 6
A.To explain the Chinese writing system.
B.To display its link with Chinese music.
C.To show different forms of Chinese arts.
D.To explore the origin of Chinese music.
答案　B　[推理判斷題。根據第六段“There was an interesting...of the music I play”可知,Griffith在第六段提到書法是為了顯示其與中國音樂的聯系。故選B。]
7.What benefit does Griffith get from learning Chinese music
A.It has promoted her Chinese learning.
B.It makes her abandon western music.
C.It has developed her critical thinking.
D.It makes her love Chinese culture more.
答案　D　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Diving into another culture through music makes Griffith value the culture more.”可知,Griffith從學習中國音樂中得到的好處是這讓她更加熱愛中國文化。故選D。]
C
Some songs might speak to your soul even if you don’t know the words. The almost magical way that music reflects and influences our emotions led American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to declare it the “universal language of mankind”. But how universal is it really
A team of more than a dozen researchers and countless undergraduates set out to collect and interpret descriptions and recordings of musical performances around the world. Their first finding: Music is indeed universal. Or at least statistical modeling strongly suggests that more than 99% of societies have music. Then,they analyzed the song descriptions for sixty very different societies and looked at different qualities related to song performance.
As they classified the songs,they found that three dimensions(方面) accounted for more than a quarter of the variability between songs. The first was how formal or informal a song was. Songs high in formality had large audiences and lots of instruments,often involved ceremonial events,and frequently had adult-only audiences. Informal events had smaller audiences,including children,or no audience at all. The second was how arousing a song was to its listeners. Lively events involving lots of dancing were high on this dimension,while a low value reflected a calmer event,like someone singing to themselves or a baby. The last was how religious song was. Songs used in ceremonies were high in religiosity,while those without a spiritual context scored low.
The researchers applied their findings to four widespread categories of music:lullabies (搖籃曲),dance songs,love songs and healing songs,and found clear trend. Most dance was highly arousing and formal,but low in religiosity. Lullabies were mostly low in formality and low in arousal. And healing songs scored high in all dimensions while love songs were low in all dimensions. Even more interestingly,the distribution of these behaviors was similar in all societies studied.
Scholars say that their database could fuel future research into even more inspiring questions about music universals. And their method might be used to pick out patterns in other hard-to-analyze fields,like storytelling or visual art.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究人員對音樂普遍性進行了分析和研究。音樂普遍性具有啟發性,也有助于探索其他領域。
8.How was the research conducted
A.By making comparison and contrast.
B.By finding similarities.
C.By collecting and analyzing data.
D.By illustrating examples.
答案　C　[推理判斷題。根據第二段“A team of more than...performances around the world.”以及第三段“As they classified the songs,they found that three dimensions (方面) accounted for more than a quarter of the variability between songs.”可推知,研究是通過收集和分析數據進行的。故選C。]
9.Which kind of music may involve the most audiences and instruments
A.Lullabies. B.Dance songs.
C.Love songs. D.Healing songs.
答案　B　[推理判斷題。根據第三段“Songs high in formality...had adult-only audiences.”以及第四段“Most dance was highly arousing and formal,but low in religiosity.”可推知,舞曲可能涉及最多的觀眾和樂器。故選B。]
10.How is the future of their research findings according to the scholars
A.Promising. B.Unpredictable.
C.Impractical. D.Limited.
答案　A　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Scholars say that their...fields,like storytelling or visual art.”可推知,學者們認為,他們的研究結果是很有前景的。故選A。]
11.What can be concluded from the passage
A.Songs can speak to your soul only if you know their words.
B.Differences in formality lead to the variability between songs.
C.Music is classified by the number of audience and instruments.
D.Research on the universals of music can help explore other fields.
答案　D　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Scholars say that their...like storytelling or visual art.”可推知,對音樂普遍性的研究有助于探索其他領域。故選D。]
Ⅱ.七選五(每小題2.5分,共12.5分)
How similar are language and music
Language is part of our daily lives,no matter where we live in the world.　1　 Both language and music play a huge role in our culture and here are some of their similarities.
Both language and music have a writing system.
In English we record language using the alphabet,which is a collection of letters. Similarly,we use notes (音符) to keep a record of music. Musicians read notes and create meaning in the form of music.　2　 By writing pieces of text or music,we are able to share experiences through time. We can read the ideas or hear the composition (作品) of someone who lived hundreds of years ago.
　3　
You can make a good guess at where someone is from by listening to the language he uses. In the same way,we know that styles of music are different around the world,giving us the opportunity to explore many different cultures through their music and providing us with music for every situation.
Both share emotion.
　4　 Of course you may be able to see it in my face,but you will know for sure through my words. Similarly,music can sound angry,sad or happy. Music can show you exactly how the composer was or is feeling,and allows us to share that emotion. When you feel happy,you might want to sing and dance to a happy song to celebrate your happiness.　5　 I think we have all used music to express or process our emotions,often combining it with language in the form of song lyrics (歌詞).
A.Both are expressive.
B.Both vary with culture.
C.How do you know that I am angry
D.We use language to express our thoughts.
E.Similarly,music is part of many people’s lives.
F.So just as you read English,you can read music.
G.In contrast,you probably also listen to sad music when you are feeling down.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。語言和音樂在我們的文化中都扮演著重要的角色,兩者有著多個相似之處:有書寫系統,依附于各自的文化,能分享情感。
1.E　[根據上文“Language is part of our daily lives,no matter where we live in the world.”和下文“Both language and music play a huge role in our culture and here are some of their similarities.”可知,上文指出語言是我們日常生活的一部分,后文說語言和音樂在文化中都扮演著重要的作用。由此可知,音樂和語言一樣——是日常生活的一部分。E項“Similarly,music is part of many people’s lives.”符合題意,承接上下文。故選E項。]
2.F　[根據上文“In English we record language using the alphabet,which is a collection of letters...Musicians read notes and create meaning in the form of music.”可知,英語是一種以字母記錄的語言,音樂是音符組成的篇章,也有可讀性。F項“So just as you read English,you can read music.”,音樂也可以像英語一樣進行閱讀,上下文銜接連貫。故選F項。]
3.B　[空處為本段小標題。根據下文“You can make a good...for every situation.”可知,音樂和語言一樣都承載了很多不同的文化。B項“Both vary with culture.(兩者都因文化而異)”,both指代下文的language和music,可以作為小標題。故選B項。]
4.C　[根據小標題“Both share emotion.”可知,本段和情緒有關。C項“How do you know that I am angry ”符合題意,且下文“Of course you may be able to see it in my face,but you will know for sure through my words.”承接C項,是對選項問題的回答。故選C項。]
5.G　[根據上文“When you feel happy,you might want to sing and dance to a happy song to celebrate your happiness.”可知,快樂的時候,想聽令人快樂的歌曲。由此推知,下文陳述,當不快樂的時候,可能想聽悲傷的音樂。G項“In contrast,you probably also listen to sad music when you are feeling down.”與上文形成對比。故選G項。]
文本資源——說一千道一萬,記住單詞是關鍵
主題單詞 A篇:ensure v.確保,保證;保護,使安全　B篇:supportive adj.支持的,擁護的,給予幫助的　emulate v.仿效,模仿;仿真;努力趕上　visualize v.想象,使形象化;使可見,使顯現 C篇:interpret v.解釋,說明;口譯;把……理解為;演繹
主題詞塊 A篇:live performance現場表演　develop a band組建樂隊　B篇:a four-stringed Chinese lute中國的四弦琵琶　incorporate with與……合并　七選五:keep a record of記錄,記載
熟詞生義 A篇:run v.熟義:跑　生義:n.(有關某事的)競選v.運轉;管理;用車送;滲色 Teach me how to run the business.　教我怎樣做買賣吧。 The ink had run on the wet paper.　墨跡在那張濕紙上滲開了。
難句剖析 B篇:Born and raised in Boston,Griffith started her journey into Chinese culture nine years ago,when she began learning Chinese for its writing system and tones. [譯文]　格里菲斯在波士頓出生和長大,九年前開始學習中文的書寫系統和聲調,開始了她的中國文化之旅。 [分析]　主句是Griffith started her journey into Chinese culture,Born and raised in Boston為過去分詞短語作狀語,when引導定語從句。(共87張PPT)
主題語境:人與社會——音樂
UNIT 2　The universal language
大觀念之單元話題:本單元在“人與社會”的主題語境下,探討了世界各國的音樂文化。涉及的語篇類型多樣,有海報、電子郵件、雜志文章以及簡介等。本單元的學習,旨在幫助學生深刻認識音樂是一種無國界的語言,是文化的重要組成部分;欣賞音樂可以了解不同文化,增強文化意識。
①percussion /p k n/　n.打擊樂器
②religious /r l d s/　adj.宗教的
③representation / repr zen te n/　n.代表,陳述
④extrapolate / k str p le t/　v.外推,推斷
⑤clarinet / kl r net/　n.單簧管
⑥trumpet / tr mp t/n.喇叭,小號
⑦valveless /v lvl s/　adj.無閥的
⑧vibrate /va bre t/ v.(使)振動
類文悅讀·情境導學
　　最早的音樂形式沒有符號或文字,它們的發展緩慢而穩定,到公元前700年,才有了包括人聲和樂器的歌曲記錄。這為音樂增加了一個全新的維度:伴奏。
Musical forms
The earliest forms of music were probably drum－based,percussion① instruments being the most readily available at the time. These simplest of simple instruments are thought to have been used in religious② ceremonies as representations③ of animals. There was no notation or writing of this kind of “music” and its sounds can only be extrapolated④ from the music of American Indians and African natives who still adhere to some of the ancient religious practices.
As for the more advanced instruments,their evolution was slow and steady. It is known that by 4000 BCE the Egyptians had created harps and flutes,and by 3500 BCE lyres and double－reeded clarinets⑤ had been developed.
In Denmark,by 2500 BCE an early form of the trumpet⑥ had been developed. This trumpet is what is now known as a “natural trumpet”. It is valveless⑦,and depends completely on manipulation of the lips to change pitch.
One of the most popular instruments today was created in 1500 BCE by the Hittites. I am talking about the guitar. This was a great step; the use of frets to change the pitch of a vibrating⑧ string would lead to later instruments such as the violin and harpsichord.
In 800 BCE the first recovered piece of recorded music was found. It was written in cuneiform and was a religious hymn. It should be noted that cuneiform is not a type of musical notation.
By 700 BCE there are records of songs that include vocals with instrumentals. This added a whole new dimension to music: accompaniment.
文本整體理解
內
容
索
引
語篇助解釋疑
課時測評作業
Section Ⅰ　Welcome to the unit & Reading
文 本 整 體 理 解
Step One:Pre-reading
According to the title and the picture,can you guess what the passage mainly talks about
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
Music is the universal language;we can understand culture through it.
Step Two:While－reading
Ⅰ.Read for the main idea
1.What’s the main idea of the passage
A.Some information related to Butterfly Lovers.
B.Some information related to country music.
C.Some information related to the history of folk music.
D.Some information related to a violin concerto and country music.
√
2.Read the passage quickly and match the main idea with each paragraph.
①Match the main idea with each paragraph in Alice’s email.
Para.1　A.The story and music of Butterfly Lovers work well together.
Para.2 B.Butterfly Lovers illustrates that music is a universal language.
Para.3 C.I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers last night.
答案 Para.1 C　Para.2 A　Para.3 B
②Match the main idea with each paragraph in Harry’s email.
Para.1　A.Country music has a long history and it often features certain specific instruments and lyrics that leave you deep in thought.
Para.2 B.Country music suggests a peaceful and simple life in rural America.
Para.3 C.My host family introduce me to country music.
Para.4 D.You should listen to some country music.
答案 Para.1 C　Para.2 A　Para.3 B　Para.4 D
Ⅱ.Read for the structure
Read the passage again and fill in the blanks.
Alice’s email Para.1 I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers last night.
Para.2 The music took me through the 1.　　　　　　　　 of the classic story about Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai.
Para.3 Butterfly Lovers is a 2.　　　　　　 of Chinese and Western musical elements.
twists and turns
combination
Harry’s email Para.1 My host family often introduce country music to me.
Para.2 Country music became popular in 3.______________ ____________and are mostly about emotions of the musicians.
Para.3 Country music can take you to enjoy the beautiful
4.　　　　　　　　.
Para.4 You should listen to some country music.
the south of
America
countryside
Ⅲ.Read for details
Read the passage carefully and choose the best answers.
1.What does the fast and cheerful section in Butterfly Lovers represent
A.Their first meeting.
B.Their three happy years of school.
C.Their separation by Zhu’s father.
D.Their transformation into butterflies.
√
2.How do the composers express different changes of the characters’ emotions in Butterfly Lovers
A.By changing the tunes of the music.
B.By using different musical instruments.
C.By changing the ways music is played.
D.By different people playing different parts.
√
3.Why does Butterfly Lovers make Alice realize that music is indeed a universal language
A.It combines Chinese and Western musical elements.
B.It is played on Western instruments.
C.It has its roots in Chinese Yue Opera.
D.It is a beautiful violin concerto.
√
4.Why are the instruments of country music,the blues and folk music similar
A.Country music became popular only in the south of America.
B.All the songs of country music are about hardship and heartbreak.
C.The tunes of country music are easy to sing.
D.Country music develops from the blues and folk music.
√
5.What does country music show
A.A plenty of humour.
B.The sad life of people in rural America.
C.The green fields and simple life of the countryside.
D.The emotional connection between the audience and musicians.
√
Step Three:Post-reading
Ⅰ.難句解構
1.Last night,I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers,a beautiful violin concerto composed by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang.(P16,Para.1)
[學會斷句]　此句為簡單句。主句為　　　　　 　 　　, 句中a beautiful violin concerto作Butterfly Lovers的__________語, composed by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang為過去分詞短語作　　 　　,修飾a beautiful violin concerto。
I watched a performance
同位
后置定語
嘗試翻譯:___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
昨晚,我看了《梁祝》的演出,這是一首優美的小提琴協奏曲,由何占豪和陳鋼創作。
2.Obviously I don’t know what it’s truly like to grow up in rural America,but the masters of country music,like John Denver,can make you feel like you’re there.(P17,Para.3)
[學會斷句]　此句為并列復合句。句中but連接兩個并列的分句,第一個分句中what引導　　 　　從句。第二個分句中主句為
　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, 其中like John Denver是插入語,make you feel like you’re there是“make＋賓語＋賓補”結構。
賓語
the masters of country music can make you feel like you’re there
嘗試翻譯:___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
我顯然不知道在美國鄉村長大究竟是什么樣子,但是鄉村音樂的大師們,比如約翰·丹佛,能讓你覺得身臨其境。
Ⅱ.翻轉課堂(課文語法填空)
Two exchange students are discovering new music in their host countries.Alice introduces a beautiful violin concerto 1.____________ (compose) by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang.Its title is Butterfly Lovers, 2.　　　　　　 can be called a Chinese version of Romeo and Juliet.It combines Chinese and Western musical elements:it 3.______________ (play) on Western instruments,but much of the music has its 4._______ (root) in Chinese Yue Opera.The unique 5.　　　　　　(combine) makes Alice realize that music is a universal language.
composed
which
is played
roots
combination
From the host family,Harry Yu learns a lot about country music.It 6.　　　　　　(become) popular in the 7.__________ (south) part of America in the 1940s and then quickly spread 8.____________ the nation.Most of the songs are about hardship and heartbreak. People can feel an emotional connection between themselves 9._______ the musicians,and the simple tunes of the music are often very 10._____________ (suggest) of countryside surroundings.
became
southern
across
and
suggestive
語 篇 助 解 釋 疑
[原文呈現]　Understanding culture through music
From:Alice Duncan
To:Lucy Becker
Subject:Butterfly Lovers
Hi Lucy,
So glad to get your email.I hope everything is fine with you.Last night,I watched a performance of Butterfly Lovers,a beautiful violin concerto composed① by He Zhanhao and Chen Gang.It’s a piece that really deserve ②to be heard[1].
[1]此處that引導定語從句,deserves to be done＝deserve doing 值得做。
The music took me through the twists and turns③ of a classic story about a young couple torn apart④ by their families.When the two lovers,Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai,first meet,the music is light and pleasant⑤,as if whispering⑥ to the audience.It is followed by a fast and cheerful section which represents⑦ their three happy years of school[2].Then the music gets dramatic with heavier notes⑧ and that is when the lovers are separated because Zhu’s father forces her to marry another man.Angry and sad[3],Liang falls sick⑨ and dies.Zhu
weeps⑩ bitterly over the loss of her love.Overcome with sorrow , she jumps into his grave .Finally,during the most exciting part,the music takes a softer turn and ends on a bittersweet note ,telling us how the couple transform into butterflies and fly away to be together forever.It is an amazing journey!
[2]此處which 引導定語從句。
[3]此處為形容詞作狀語。
To: Stephen Lin
From: Harry Yu
Subject: Country music
Dear Stephen,
Life here in Nashville is as interesting as I thought it would be.My host family are big fans of country music,so I can always rely on them to introduce me to some great songs.I love learning about country music and I keep asking them questions about it all the time!
[5]此處為it turns out that...句型,it 為形式主語,that 引導主語從句。
[6]此處為“leave ＋賓語＋賓補”結構,其中形容詞短語作賓補。
Country music shows the peaceful green fields and simple life of the countryside.Obviously I don’t know what it’s truly like to grow up in rural America,but the masters of country music,like John Denver,can make you feel like you’re there.The simple tunes and beautiful natural images are often very suggestive of countryside surroundings:
Almost heaven ,West Virginia
Blue Ridge Mountains,Shenandoah River
Life is old there,older than the trees
[名師圈點]
①compose /k m p z/ vt.&vi.作曲;組成;撰寫;使鎮靜
②deserve /d z v/ vt.值得,應得
③twists and turns(故事或情況的)轉折,轉變,突然變化
ups and downs 浮沉,興衰,榮辱
④tear apart 使(關系密切的人)分離,分開
⑤light /la t/ adj.[熟詞生義](意義,風格或方式)不嚴肅的,供消遣的,輕松的
pleasant / pleznt/ adj.令人愉快的,可喜的;友好的,和善的
⑥whisper / w sp (r)/ vi. & vt.耳語,低語;私下說;沙沙作響 n.低語;輕柔的聲音;傳言
⑦represent / repr zent/ vt.代表,象征;描繪
represent...as...把……描繪成……
⑧heavy note 沉重的音調
note /n t/ n.[熟詞生義] [C]單音,音調,音符
⑨fall sick 病倒
fall在此意為“進入(某狀態);開始變成(某事物)”,后常跟形容詞。
⑩weep /wi p/ vi.& vt.(wept,wept)哭泣,流淚
weep at/over...因……而哭泣
weep for joy 喜極而泣
overcome with sorrow悲痛欲絕
overcome / v k m/ vt.(overcame,overcome)受到……的極大影響;克服,解決;戰勝
sorrow / s r / n.悲傷,悲痛;傷心事
sorrowful / s r fl/ adj.悲傷的,悲痛的,悲哀的
grave /ɡre v/ n.墳墓;死亡,去世 adj.嚴重的;嚴肅的
end on a bittersweet note以苦樂參半的調子結束
end on a(n)...note以……的調子結束
bittersweet adj.苦樂參半的;又苦又甜的
transform /tr ns f m/ vi.&vt.(使)變形,(使)改觀,(使)轉化
transform into...變為……
combine /k m ba n/ vt. & vi.(使)融合;(使)結合,(使)混合;兼做;合并
on /on/ prep.[熟詞生義] 通過,使用,借助于
significantly /s ɡ n f k ntli/ adv.有重大意義地,顯著地,明顯地;有某種意義
have its roots in...起源于……
be rooted in 起源于
I bet...我敢說;我保證
big /b ɡ/ adj.[熟詞生義] 熱衷于……的;狂熱的
rely on 依賴,依靠;信任
introduce / ntr dju s/ v.[熟詞生義] 使初次了解;使嘗試
turn out 證明是,結果是
right /ra t/ adv.[熟詞生義]正好;恰好
grow out of 產生于,源于(某事物)
blues /blu z/ n.(the blues)布魯斯音樂,藍調;憂郁,悲傷
tune /tju n/ n.曲調,曲子vt.調音;調頻道;調整
lyric / l r k/ n.歌詞;抒情詩 adj.抒情的;吟唱的
deep in thought 陷入深思
heartbreak n.強烈的悲痛感,心碎
throw in奉送,額外贈送
for good measure 作為額外增添
obviously / bvi sli/ adv.顯然
obvious / bvi s/ adj.顯然的
rural / r r l/ adj.鄉村的,農村的
rural areas/scenes 農村地區/鄉村風光
simple / s mpl/ adj.[熟詞生義] 樸素的;簡樸的;不加裝飾的
suggestive /s d est v/ adj.使人想起……的
heaven / hevn/ n.極樂之地
breeze /bri z/ n.微風,和風
guarantee / ɡ r n ti / vt.保證,擔保;確保;為(產品)提供保修 n.保證,擔保;保修單
[參考譯文]　 通過音樂了解文化
你好,露茜,
很高興收到你的郵件。我希望你一切都好。昨晚,我看了《梁祝》的演出,這是一首優美的小提琴協奏曲,由何占豪和陳鋼創作。它是一首真的值得一聽的曲子。
這首樂曲帶著我體驗了一個跌宕起伏的經典故事,故事講的是一對被雙方家庭拆散的年輕情侶。當梁山伯和祝英臺這對戀人初次見面時,音樂輕快悅耳,仿佛在向觀眾耳語。接下來是一個快速且愉快的
部分,代表他們三年的快樂學校生活。然后音樂變得戲劇化,音調變重,這時這對戀人被分開了,因為祝英臺的父親強迫她嫁給另一個男人。既憤怒又悲傷,梁山伯生病死了。祝英臺因失去愛人而痛哭。她悲痛欲絕,于是跳進了梁山伯的墳墓。最后,在最激動人心的部分,音樂轉向柔和,以苦樂參半的調子結束,告訴我們這對情侶如何變成蝴蝶飛走,永遠在一起。這是一個奇妙的旅程!
《梁祝》融合了中西方音樂元素: 它是用小提琴等西方樂器演奏的,但更重要的是,它的大部分音樂都起源于中國越劇。這種獨特的融合讓我意識到音樂確實是一種世界性的語言。你一定要聽聽《梁祝》——我敢說你會喜歡的!
祝你一切順利,
愛麗絲
親愛的斯蒂芬,
在納什維爾的生活和我想的一樣有趣。我的房東一家是鄉村音樂的超級粉絲,所以我總是可以依靠他們介紹一些好歌曲給我聽。我喜歡了解鄉村音樂,而且我一直在問他們關于鄉村音樂的問題!
　　原來鄉村音樂在20世紀40年代就在美國南部流行起來,然后傳遍全國。它起源于像藍調和民間音樂這樣的音樂類型,因此音樂家使用許多類似的樂器,如吉他。曲調很容易唱,歌詞經常讓你陷入沉思。大多數歌曲都是關于困苦和悲傷的,但也有關于希望的——還加入了大量的幽默元素。你可以感受到你與音樂家之間的情感聯系。
鄉村音樂展示了寧靜的綠色田野和簡單的鄉村生活。顯然,我不知道在美國鄉村長大是什么感覺,但鄉村音樂大師,比如約翰·丹佛,會讓你有身居其中的感覺。簡單的曲調和美麗的自然意象常常讓人聯想到鄉村的環境:
西弗吉尼亞州,簡直就是天堂
藍嶺山脈,雪蘭多河
那里生活久遠,比樹木要悠久
比群山年輕,像輕風般成長
(選自約翰·丹佛的《鄉村路帶我回家》)
你為什么不試著聽一些很好聽的鄉村音樂呢 我保證你會喜歡的!
給你最美好的祝福,
哈利
課 時 測 評 作 業
Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每小題2.5分,共27.5分)
A
The greater Rochester area is filled with opportunities to study and perform music in the summer!
Roberts Community School
Roberts Community Music School has exciting summer musical opportunities for families on the west side of Rochester. It offers two 7-week Early Childhood Classes,Piano Discoveries,and a Ukulele Choir. Lessons are available for piano,voice,stringed instruments,and woodwind & brass (銅管樂器).
School of Rock—Rochester
With camp choices for all ages and skill levels,School of Rock is the perfect summer activity for your child. Our summer music camps are performance-based,meaning students learn to play by performing together in a fun environment. From beginner camps to songwriting and themed camps,we offer a wide variety of options to ensure your child has an amazing musical experience. Our goal is to prepare teens for live performances on stage.
Eastman Community Music School
The Eastman Community Music School offers different day programs and overnight music camps this summer for middle and high school students,including Adventure Music Camp for Middle Schoolers,Summer Jazz Studies for High School Students,Baroque workshops,and New Horizons Orchestra Camp. Private lessons are also available of all ages,levels,instruments or voice.
Bach to Rock Music School
Bach to Rock’s Music School runs each week all summer long for all ages and levels! Our camps are designed for students to work with our highly experienced teachers to learn how to play their instrument of choice,develop a band,learn to play songs they love,and have the opportunity to write and create their music. Each weekly camp ends with an opportunity to record in our studio! Full or half-day camps are available. No experience is necessary.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇應用文。文章是關于四個音樂夏令營的介紹。
1.Which school’s programs are designed to get students on stage performing
A.Roberts Community School.
B.School of Rock—Rochester.
C.Eastman Community Music School.
D.Bach to Rock Music School.
解析　細節理解題。根據School of Rock—Rochester部分中“Our goal is to prepare teens for live performances on stage.”可知,這個學校的夏令營專注于學生的舞臺表演。故選B項。
√
2.What is special about Bach to Rock Music School
A.They offer overnight camps.
B.They require related experience.
C.They offer chances to perform in a TV station.
D.They can train different kinds of musical skills.
解析　細節理解題。根據Bach to Rock Music School部分中“Our camps are designed...create their music.”可知,Bach to Rock Music School專注于培訓學生不同的音樂技能。故選D項。
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3.Who can take part in the music camps introduced in the text
A.Rochester artists.
B.Local families.
C.School students.
D.Experienced teachers.
√
解析　細節理解題。由Roberts Community School中“It offers two 7-week Early Childhood Classes,Piano Discoveries,and a Ukulele Choir.”;School of Rock—Rochester中“With camp choices for all ages and skill levels,School of Rock is the perfect summer activity for your child.”;Eastman Community Music School中“The Eastman Community Music...Horizons Orchestra Camp.”以及Bach to Rock Music School中“Our camps are designed for students to...and create their music.”可知,學校學生可以參加文中介紹的音樂營。故選C項。
B
Kendall Griffith is a student at Bard College majoring in both the pipa,a four-stringed Chinese lute,and Asian studies. Born and raised in Boston,Griffith started her journey into Chinese culture nine years ago,when she began learning Chinese for its writing system and tones.
While learning Chinese,she was captivated by traditional Chinese music in a drama she was watching. Griffith did some research and discovered that the instrument she was drawn to was the pipa.
“I like the sound of the pipa,especially the techniques that are incorporated with it,” Griffith says,adding that her parents and friends have been very supportive of her learning Chinese traditional music.
Griffith’s father helped her discover the instrument and she found her first pipa teacher,who was part of the Boston Chinese Ensemble. Sometimes,after performances,people would tell her,“I’ve never seen a non-Chinese person play this before. That’s very cool.”
Last semester,Griffith studied at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. Learning the pipa in the city,where “Chinese music is happening”,Griffith felt pushed beyond her comfort zone and learned more about her passion.
“There was an interesting lecture that talked about how most Chinese music emulates things in calligraphy. There’s a lot of empty space,and I can now incorporate that feeling into a lot of the music I play,” she says.
“Chinese music also emulates nature in a way. The sound it makes can resemble a horse; you can visualize it. There are many techniques not seen in Western instruments,such as bending the strings or using your five fingers to create a tremolo. I enjoy telling my friends about it,” she says. Griffith’s friends,who were amazed by her impressions,started attending more Chinese music concerts,wanting to learn more.
Diving into another culture through music makes Griffith value the culture more. She said,“When you learn about a different type of music,it makes you appreciate the culture more. It makes you realize how important it is to be open-minded. I feel more open-minded about why things are the way they are.”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇記敘文,主要講述了Kendall Griffith,一位Bard College的學生,如何通過學習和演奏中國傳統樂器琵琶,深入了解和體驗中國文化的故事。
4.How did Griffith begin to learn the pipa
A.Inspired by her Asian studies.
B.Influenced by her friends.
C.Attracted by its unique sound.
D.Encouraged by her father.
解析　推理判斷題。根據第三段“I like the sound of the pipa,especially the techniques that are incorporated with it”可知,Griffith被琵琶獨特的聲音吸引,所以才開始學習琵琶。故選C。
√
5.What do some people think of Griffith’s pipa playing
A.Amazing. B.Odd.
C.Shocking. D.Curious.
解析　推理判斷題。根據第四段“I’ve never seen a non-Chinese person play this before. That’s very cool.”可知,有些人對Griffith的琵琶演奏的看法是覺得很了不起,故選A。
√
6.Why does Griffith mention the calligraphy in Paragraph 6
A.To explain the Chinese writing system.
B.To display its link with Chinese music.
C.To show different forms of Chinese arts.
D.To explore the origin of Chinese music.
解析　推理判斷題。根據第六段“There was an interesting...of the music I play”可知,Griffith在第六段提到書法是為了顯示其與中國音樂的聯系。故選B。
√
7.What benefit does Griffith get from learning Chinese music
A.It has promoted her Chinese learning.
B.It makes her abandon western music.
C.It has developed her critical thinking.
D.It makes her love Chinese culture more.
解析　推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Diving into another culture through music makes Griffith value the culture more.”可知,Griffith從學習中國音樂中得到的好處是這讓她更加熱愛中國文化。故選D。
√
C
Some songs might speak to your soul even if you don’t know the words. The almost magical way that music reflects and influences our emotions led American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to declare it the “universal language of mankind”. But how universal is it really
A team of more than a dozen researchers and countless undergraduates set out to collect and interpret descriptions and recordings of musical performances around the world. Their first finding: Music is indeed universal. Or at least statistical modeling strongly suggests that more than 99% of societies have music. Then,they analyzed the song descriptions for sixty very different societies and looked at different qualities related to song performance.
As they classified the songs,they found that three dimensions(方面) accounted for more than a quarter of the variability between songs. The first was how formal or informal a song was. Songs high in formality had large audiences and lots of instruments,often involved ceremonial events,and frequently had adult-only audiences. Informal events had smaller audiences,including children,or no audience at all. The second was how arousing a song was to its listeners. Lively events involving lots of dancing were high on this dimension,while a low value reflected a calmer event,like someone singing to themselves or a baby. The last was how religious song was. Songs used in ceremonies were high in religiosity,while those without a spiritual context scored low.
The researchers applied their findings to four widespread categories of music:lullabies (搖籃曲),dance songs,love songs and healing songs,and found clear trend. Most dance was highly arousing and formal,but low in religiosity. Lullabies were mostly low in formality and low in arousal. And healing songs scored high in all dimensions while love songs were low in all dimensions. Even more interestingly,the distribution of these behaviors was similar in all societies studied.
Scholars say that their database could fuel future research into even more inspiring questions about music universals. And their method might be used to pick out patterns in other hard-to-analyze fields,like storytelling or visual art.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了研究人員對音樂普遍性進行了分析和研究。音樂普遍性具有啟發性,也有助于探索其他領域。
8.How was the research conducted
A.By making comparison and contrast.
B.By finding similarities.
C.By collecting and analyzing data.
D.By illustrating examples.
解析　推理判斷題。根據第二段“A team of more than...performances around the world.”以及第三段“As they classified the songs,they found that three dimensions (方面) accounted for more than a quarter of the variability between songs.”可推知,研究是通過收集和分析數據進行的。故選C。
√
9.Which kind of music may involve the most audiences and instruments
A.Lullabies. B.Dance songs.
C.Love songs. D.Healing songs.
解析　推理判斷題。根據第三段“Songs high in formality...had adult-only audiences.”以及第四段“Most dance was highly arousing and formal,but low in religiosity.”可推知,舞曲可能涉及最多的觀眾和樂器。故選B。
√
10.How is the future of their research findings according to the scholars
A.Promising. B.Unpredictable.
C.Impractical. D.Limited.
解析　推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Scholars say that their...fields,like storytelling or visual art.”可推知,學者們認為,他們的研究結果是很有前景的。故選A。
√
11.What can be concluded from the passage
A.Songs can speak to your soul only if you know their words.
B.Differences in formality lead to the variability between songs.
C.Music is classified by the number of audience and instruments.
D.Research on the universals of music can help explore other fields.
解析　推理判斷題。根據最后一段“Scholars say that their...like storytelling or visual art.”可推知,對音樂普遍性的研究有助于探索其他領域。故選D。
√
Ⅱ.七選五(每小題2.5分,共12.5分)
How similar are language and music
Language is part of our daily lives,no matter where we live in the world.　1　 Both language and music play a huge role in our culture and here are some of their similarities.
Both language and music have a writing system.
In English we record language using the alphabet,which is a collection of letters. Similarly,we use notes (音符) to keep a record of music. Musicians read notes and create meaning in the form of music.　2　 By writing pieces of text or music,we are able to share experiences through time. We can read the ideas or hear the composition (作品) of someone who lived hundreds of years ago.
　3　
You can make a good guess at where someone is from by listening to the language he uses. In the same way,we know that styles of music are different around the world,giving us the opportunity to explore many different cultures through their music and providing us with music for every situation.
Both share emotion.
　4　 Of course you may be able to see it in my face,but you will know for sure through my words. Similarly,music can sound angry,sad or happy. Music can show you exactly how the composer was or is feeling,and allows us to share that emotion. When you feel happy,you might want to sing and dance to a happy song to celebrate your happiness.　5　 I think we have all used music to express or process our emotions,often combining it with language in the form of song lyrics (歌詞).
A.Both are expressive.
B.Both vary with culture.
C.How do you know that I am angry
D.We use language to express our thoughts.
E.Similarly,music is part of many people’s lives.
F.So just as you read English,you can read music.
G.In contrast,you probably also listen to sad music when you are feeling down.
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。語言和音樂在我們的文化中都扮演著重要的角色,兩者有著多個相似之處:有書寫系統,依附于各自的文化,能分享情感。
1.E　[根據上文“Language is part of our daily lives,no matter where we live in the world.”和下文“Both language and music play a huge role in our culture and here are some of their similarities.”可知,上文指出語言是我們日常生活的一部分,后文說語言和音樂在文化中都扮演著重要的作用。由此可知,音樂和語言一樣——是日常生活的一部分。E項“Similarly,music is part of many people’s lives.”符合題意,承接上下文。故選E項。]
2.F　[根據上文“In English we record language using the alphabet,which is a collection of letters...Musicians read notes and create meaning in the form of music.”可知,英語是一種以字母記錄的語言,音樂是音符組成的篇章,也有可讀性。F項“So just as you read English,you can read music.”,音樂也可以像英語一樣進行閱讀,上下文銜接連貫。故選F項。]
3.B　[空處為本段小標題。根據下文“You can make a good...for every situation.”可知,音樂和語言一樣都承載了很多不同的文化。B項“Both vary with culture.(兩者都因文化而異)”,both指代下文的language和music,可以作為小標題。故選B項。]
4.C　[根據小標題“Both share emotion.”可知,本段和情緒有關。C項“How do you know that I am angry ”符合題意,且下文“Of course you may be able to see it in my face,but you will know for sure through my words.”承接C項,是對選項問題的回答。故選C項。]
5.G　[根據上文“When you feel happy,you might want to sing and dance to a happy song to celebrate your happiness.”可知,快樂的時候,想聽令人快樂的歌曲。由此推知,下文陳述,當不快樂的時候,可能想聽悲傷的音樂。G項“In contrast,you probably also listen to sad music when you are feeling down.”與上文形成對比。故選G項。]
文本資源——說一千道一萬,記住單詞是關鍵
主題單詞 A篇:ensure v.確保,保證;保護,使安全　B篇:supportive adj.支持的,擁護的,給予幫助的　emulate v.仿效,模仿;仿真;努力趕上　visualize v.想象,使形象化;使可見,使顯現
C篇:interpret v.解釋,說明;口譯;把……理解為;演繹
主題詞塊 A篇:live performance現場表演　develop a band組建樂隊　B篇:a four-stringed Chinese lute中國的四弦琵琶　incorporate with與……合并　七選五:keep a record of記錄,記載
熟詞生義 A篇:run v.熟義:跑　生義:n.(有關某事的)競選v.運轉;管理;用車送;滲色
Teach me how to run the business.　教我怎樣做買賣吧。
The ink had run on the wet paper.　墨跡在那張濕紙上滲開了。
難句剖析 B篇:Born and raised in Boston,Griffith started her journey into Chinese culture nine years ago,when she began learning Chinese for its writing system and tones.
[譯文]　格里菲斯在波士頓出生和長大,九年前開始學習中文的書寫系統和聲調,開始了她的中國文化之旅。
[分析]　主句是Griffith started her journey into Chinese culture,Born and raised in Boston為過去分詞短語作狀語,when引導定語從句。
Thanks！
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