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Period 3　Grammar and usage—Restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns
閱讀以下短文，感知加黑部分，并分析其在句中所作成分
1．A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.2.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.3.A real friend is someone who sees our true self，not just the face that we show to the world.4.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.5.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.6.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.7.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
1．在句1和3中，關系代詞who在定語從句中均作主語；在句3和4中，關系代詞that分別在定語從句中作賓語和主語；在句6和7中，關系代詞which分別在定語從句中作主語和賓語；在句5中，關系代詞whom在定語從句中作賓語；在句2中，關系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語。
2．從上面的句子可以看出，關系代詞 who/whom常用來指代人；關系代詞 which常用來指代事物；關系代詞 that既可以指人也可以指物；關系代詞 whom只能用來表示人的賓格；關系代詞 whose用來表示人或物的所有格。
一、定語從句的定義
1．在主從復合句中，充當定語，對某一名詞、代詞或名詞短語起修飾作用的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞、代詞或名詞短語叫先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。
2．關系詞分為關系代詞(that，which，who，whom，whose等)和關系副詞(when，where，why等)兩類。
二、關系代詞的基本用法
1．that的用法
that既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時可以省略。
The number of people that/who come to visit the city reaches one million every year.
每年來參觀這座城市的人數達到一百萬。
The report (that) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race.
特納先生遞交的報告是關于摩托車比賽的。
He doesn’t seem to be the man that he was ten years ago.
他看起來已經不是十年前的樣子了。
2．which的用法
which指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，作賓語時可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of over 2,000 years.
桂林是一座有2 000多年歷史的城市。
The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.
她贏得的那塊金牌已經被送給她的母校了。
3．who的用法
who指人，在定語從句中作主語、賓語。
The person who tricked me was one of my classmates.騙我的那個人是我的一個同學。
In my opinion，my father is the person who I respect most.
在我看來，我的父親是我最尊敬的人。
4．whom的用法
whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可用who代替，也可省略。在從句中作介詞的賓語且直接跟在介詞后時，用whom，不用who。
Jack is the person (who/whom) you should care about.杰克是你應該關心的人。
The man with whom I chatted just now is my teacher.
剛才和我聊天的那個人是我的老師。
5．whose的用法
whose既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中修飾名詞，作定語。
I have read the book whose characters I like very much.
我已經讀了這本書，我很喜歡它里面的人物。
This is the poet whose name is known all over the country.
這就是那位聞名全國的詩人。
[溫馨提示]
whose指人時，可與“the＋名詞＋of whom/of whom＋the＋名詞”互換；whose指物時，可與“the＋名詞＋of which/of which＋the＋名詞”互換。
I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on time.
＝I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn’t been done on time.
＝I will talk to those students of whom the homework hasn’t been done on time.
我將和那些沒按時完成作業的學生談話。
I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.
＝I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with disease.
＝I saw some trees of which the leaves were black with disease.
我看到有幾棵樹因為病害葉子變黑了。
三、關系詞宜用 that而不用 which的情況
1．當先行詞是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing等不定代詞時。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已經做了。
2．當先行詞被all，every，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修飾時。
Music is the only thing that cheers me up.
音樂是唯一能讓我高興起來的東西。
3．當先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。
The movie released recently is the best one that I have ever seen.最近上映的那部電影是我看過的最好看的一部電影。
4．當先行詞中既有人又有物時。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.
她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
5．當先行詞前面出現who，which等疑問代詞時，為了避免重復，只能用that。
Who is the boy that is playing computer games there
正在那里玩電腦游戲的那個男孩是誰？
[疑難點津] 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句的謂語動詞要和先行詞的數保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won’t be allowed to enter the hall.
不允許超過45歲的人進入這間大廳。
[溫馨提示] (1)“one of＋復數名詞”作先行詞，定語從句的謂語動詞用復數形式；“the only one of＋復數名詞”作先行詞，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
這是查爾斯·狄更斯所寫的書中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我們班里唯一學過法語的男孩。
(2)為避免關系詞的重復，被關系代詞代替的成分不可在從句中重復出現。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
這就是我們上周日參觀的那家工廠。
Ⅰ.用適當的關系代詞填空
1．She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.
2．Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
3．This is the best film that we have ever made about friendship.
4．Can you tell me the people and the events that you saw in Britain
5．The book which/that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
6．The old man tried to write down all that he had gone through in his life.
7．The exact year which/that Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
8．The people who/that were injured in the car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
Ⅱ.用定語從句合并句子
1．The city is near the sea.The city is very beautiful.
→The city which/that is near the sea is very beautiful.
2．I live next door to a couple.Their children often make a lot of noise.
→I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.
3．The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→The woman (that/who/whom) you are looking after is my mother.
4．I had given Mary a dress.Last week she wore it.
→Last week Mary wore the dress (that/which) I had given her.
5．He is our geography teacher.He has offered me some useful advice.
→He is our geography teacher who/that has offered me some useful advice.
作業3　Grammar and usage
[分值：70分]
Ⅰ.完成句子(共5小題；每小題3分，滿分15分)
1．大理是我游覽過的最美麗的城市。
Dali is the most beautiful city (that) I have ever visited.
2．她是通過考試的女孩之一。
She is one of the girls who/that have passed the exam.
3．當心！不要太靠近那所正在被維修屋頂的房子。
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house whose roof/of which the roof is being repaired.
4．我們將學習一些寫于唐朝的中國詩歌。
We are going to learn some Chinese poems that/which were written in the Tang Dynasty.
5．發生在1976年的唐山地震使全世界人民感到震驚。
The earthquake that/which happened in Tangshan in 1976 shocked the people all over the world.
Ⅱ.用適當的關系代詞完成下面的短文(共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分)
Hello，everyone! It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share my English learning experience with the people 1.who/that are fond of English.
As the saying goes，“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most important thing 2.that I do is to get myself interested in English.As a senior high school student，I get to know how to study and try my best to build up my vocabulary 3.which/that is of great importance in understanding all 4.that I read or listen to.That is the reason why every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition，I often watch some movies 5.whose stories are moving or interesting.
In a word，if you want to improve your English in senior high school，you should do lots of practice.
Thanks for your listening.
Ⅲ.主題語篇閱讀(共8小題；每小題2.5分，滿分20分)
A
(2025·湖南長沙高一上期中)
David Thomas and I met when we were about 5 years old.We celebrated his 26th birthday last weekend，marking roughly two decades of friendship.David is a doctoral student now，and I’m a science reporter.We’ve both read research on the effect that friendships can have on mental health，and a study published in Child Development seemed particularly relevant to us.The research suggests that friendships from adolescence might have a special role in a person’s mental health for years.
The researchers followed 169 people for 10 years，starting when they were 15 years old.Each year，the participants were asked to bring in their closest friends for one-on-one interviews with the researchers.“They were asked how much trust there is，how good communication is and how disconnected they feel in the relationship，” says Rachel Narr，the lead author on the study.
Narr says that when she watched videos made in the early years of the study of the teens asking their best friends for advice or support or talking through a disagreement，it was easy to tell which relationships were strong.“These teens are more likely to be open with one another about difficult topics，and they interact with one another more frequently，helping the other person when necessary，” she says.
Those strong relationships are paying off in adulthood，the study found.When the researchers evaluated the participants at the conclusion of the study，the ones who had close，emotional links showed improvement in their levels of anxiety，depression and self-worth.
I know that I would not be the same person without David’s 20-year presence in my life.Over the years，David has been one of the first people to listen to my messes without judgment.We talked about Narr’s study last weekend，and we saw ourselves.Yes，the mechanisms(機制) behind how best friendships change one’s mental well-being may be unclear at best.But the study found that simply the presence of a best friend matters，and that makes sense to us.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。作者通過結合自身的友誼事例，介紹了一項關于青少年時期友誼的研究。
1．What were the participants required to do
A．Interview their best friends.
B．Watch videos of their interaction.
C．Work on their communication skills.
D．Share information about their friendships.
答案　D
解析　細節理解題。根據第二段中“Each year，the participants...’They were asked how much...in the relationship，’ says Rachel Narr，the lead author on the study.”可知，參與者被要求分享有關他們友誼的情況。故選D。
2．What do the teens tend to do with their best friends in strong relationships
A．Agree on most issues.
B．Open up with strangers.
C．Become a part of each other’s lives.
D．Walk away from challenging topics.
答案　C
解析　推理判斷題。根據第三段中“These teens are more likely to be open with one another about difficult topics，and they interact with one another more frequently，helping the other person when necessary”可知，擁有牢固友誼的青少年與其摯友往往相互坦誠、頻繁交流、相互支持，可推知他們成為彼此生活的一部分。故選C。
3．What can be concluded about strong friendships from adolescence
A．They prove unbreakable.
B．They cause more anxiety.
C．They contribute to lower self-worth.
D．They produce positive results in adulthood.
答案　D
解析　細節理解題。根據第四段中“Those strong relationships are paying off in adulthood”和“the ones who had close，emotional links showed improvement in their levels of anxiety，depression and self-worth”可知，從青少年時期就形成的牢固的友誼會在成年后產生積極的影響，有益于人們的心理健康。故選D。
4．Which opinion is the author most likely to agree with
A．A best friend holds significance in one’s life.
B．Lasting friendship is built on shared interests.
C．A good friend should always be frank and direct.
D．How we develop best friendships remains unclear.
答案　A
解析　推理判斷題。根據第一段中“The research suggests that friendships...mental health for years.”和最后一段中“But the study found that simply the presence of a best friend matters，and that makes sense to us.”可推知，作者認同摯友在一個人的生活中的重要性。故選A。
B(此篇精讀)
(2025·江蘇宿遷高一上期中)
Friendships can have a major influence on your health and happiness，but it’s not always easy to develop or maintain friendships.It’s necessary to understand the importance of social connection in your life and how to meet new friends.
Good friends are good for your health.Friends can help you celebrate good times and provide support during bad times.Friends prevent isolation and loneliness and give you a chance to offer companionship，too.Friends also play an important role in improving your overall health.Adults with strong social connections have a reduced risk of many serious health problems，including depression，high blood pressure and an unhealthy body mass index(BMI)，and they can even live longer.
Despite those benefits，many adults find it hard to keep up existing friendships or develop new friendships.Friendships may give way to other priorities，such as work or caring for children or aging parents.You and your friends may have grown apart due to changes in your lives or interests.Or maybe you’ve moved to a new community and haven’t yet found a way to meet people.Maintaining and developing good friendships takes effort.The enjoyment and comfort friendship can provide，however，makes the investment worthwhile.
So，what are some ways to meet new friends It’s possible to develop friendships with people who are already in your social network.Think through people you know of—even very casually.Who made a positive impression If anyone interests you and you’d like to know better about him or her，reach out.Ask mutual friends to share the person’s contact information，or—even better—to reintroduce the two of you with a text，email or in-person visit.
To meet new people who might become your friends，you have to go to places where others are gathered.The broader your efforts are，the greater your chance of success is.Take an active action rather than waiting for invitations to come your way and keep trying.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了友誼對人的好處，發展和維持友誼可能會遇到的困難，以及結交新朋友的一些方法。
5．What does the underlined word “isolation” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Challenge. B．Relaxation.
C．Separation. D．Determination.
答案　C
解析　詞義猜測題。根據畫線詞上文“Friends can help you celebrate good times and provide support during bad times.”可知，此處是從陪伴的角度介紹友誼的好處，畫線詞所在句則指出朋友可以防止……和孤獨，由此可推知畫線詞意思應該是“分隔，孤立”，與separation意思一致。 故選C項。
6．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．Suggestions on how to make friends.
B．Friendship can benefit people’s health.
C．Friendship can help people live longer.
D．Support from friends during tough times.
答案　B
解析　段落大意題。根據第二段“Good friends are good for your health.Friends...also play an important role in improving your overall health...and they can even live longer.”可知，第二段從身心兩方面介紹了友誼有益于人的健康。故選B項。
7．How many difficulties in developing and maintaining friendships are mentioned in paragraph 3
A．2. B．3. C．4. D．5.
答案　B
解析　細節理解題。根據第三段中“Friendships may give way to other priorities...You and your friends may have grown apart due to changes in your lives or interests.Or maybe you’ve moved to a new community and haven’t yet found a way to meet people.”可知，第三段提到了發展和維持友誼的三種困難：讓位于其他優先事項、生活或興趣變化導致疏遠、搬家。故選B項。
8．Which of the following way of making friends is mentioned in the passage
A．Wait for invitations to come your way.
B．Make one strategy for meeting people.
C．Contact those who ever impressed you a lot.
D．Share your personal contact information online.
答案　C
解析　細節理解題。根據第四段中“Who made a positive impression If anyone interests you and you’d like to know better about him or her，reach out.”可知，文中提到的交友方法是聯系那些曾經給你留下深刻印象的人。故選C項。
[詞匯積累] 1．company n．公司；陪伴→companion n．伙伴；同伴→companionship n．情誼，友誼→accompany v．陪伴 2．priority n．優先事項，首要事情；重點 3．investment n．投資；投入 4．mutual adj.共有的，共同的 5．introduce v．介紹，引見→reintroduce v．再引入；再介紹 [句式分析] To meet new people who might become your friends，you have to go to places where others are gathered. 分析：To meet new...friends為不定式作目的狀語，其中關系代詞who引導限制性定語從句并在從句中作主語，關系副詞where引導限制性定語從句，并在從句中作地點狀語。 翻譯：為了結識可能成為你朋友的陌生人，你必須去其他人聚集的地方。
Ⅳ.七選五閱讀(共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分)
Popular people are admired and loved by their peers. 1 Popular people have plenty of friends and usually have a high social status in their peer group.Here are some general tips that will help you become a more likable and popular person.
Avoid offering help in exchange for approval(認可)．Trying to be helpful will have the opposite effect. 2 Popular people help others because they have a useful skill，not because they want to win someone else’s friendship.
Be the glue in your social circle.When you have plans to meet a group of friends for a social outing，make a habit of inviting someone who hasn’t met everyone in the group yet.If you are hanging out with a friend and run into another friend，remember to introduce them to each other. 3
Practice positivity.People who often complain about life and are more pessimistic have fewer friends.Therefore，it’s important to have a positive attitude and avoid constant complaining. 4 It can be a key step in making close friends.But if you talk about your problems over and over again，your friends might not enjoy hanging out with you.
5 Many people make the mistake of avoiding social relationships at their school or workplace.They think these places are for work or studying，not socializing.But most of us spend a lot of time at work or college.If you refuse to socialize with people you see almost every day，you’ll miss out on some valuable relationships.
A．Build relationships at workplace and school.
B．Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C．Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D．You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E．And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F．However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G．Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
語篇解讀　這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹一些幫助你成為一個更討人喜歡、更受歡迎的人的一般技巧。
1．答案　E
解析　由上文“Popular people are admired and loved by their peers.”可知，這里主要講受歡迎的人的優勢，而E項(很多人想和受歡迎的人聯系在一起)符合語境，與上句構成遞進關系，有承上作用。故選E項。
2．答案　D
解析　由上文“Avoid offering help in exchange for approval(認可)．Trying to be helpful will have the opposite effect.”可知，這里講如果帶著目的去提供幫助，可能會有相反的效果。而D項(你會被視為需要友情的人)為上文“the opposite effect”的具體內容，所以有承上作用，且D項中的“need friendship”呼應下文中的“want to win someone else’s friendship”。故選D項。
3．答案　B
解析　由上文“If you are hanging out with a friend and run into another friend，remember to introduce them to each other.”可知，這里主要講幫自己的朋友相互介紹，B項(否則，你的朋友可能會感到尷尬)符合語境，其中Otherwise表對上文相反的假設，your friends也與上文a friend和another friend對應，有承上作用。故選B項。
4．答案　F
解析　由上文“Therefore，it’s important to have a positive attitude and avoid constant complaining.”可知，要避免過多抱怨，下文指出反復談你的問題會讓朋友厭倦，結合下文的But可推知，F項(然而，有時候與其他人分享你的問題是一件好事)符合語境，與上文為轉折關系，sharing your problems為后文It所指代內容。故選F項。
5．答案　A
解析　由下文“Many people make the mistake...some valuable relationships.”可知，本段建議我們在學校或工作場所建立友誼。A項(在工作場所和學校建立人際關系)符合語境，對下文有總括作用，適合作為本段主旨句。故選A項。
Ⅴ.語法填空(共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分)
Friendship is one of life’s greatest gifts，and it 1. (value) in both Eastern and Western cultures.One of the most famous sayings about friendship in China can be found in the words of Confucius：“Isn’t it 2. joy when friends visit from faraway places？” In the U．K.，there is an 3. (equal) famous poem about friendship.It reminds people 4. (remember) and value old friendships，as they look to the years ahead.That poem is Auld Lang Syne.
“Auld Lang Syne” is Scots and is translated word for word as “old long since”，5. (mean) “days gone by”．The poem was written by the great Scottish poet Robert Burns.It was printed in 1796，just after Burns’s death.And over the years it has become the song that is so familiar 6._______ us today.7. (joy) but at the same time a bit sad，Auld Lang Syne has featured in many films，including Waterloo Bridge，the film 8. made the song widely known to Chinese audience.
Today，Auld Lang Syne 9. (translate) into many different languages，and is one of the world’s best-loved songs.It’s played at parties，celebrations，festivals，and even at some shopping centers at closing time.Whatever language or occasion，it has become a symbol of friendship and 10. (share) experience—whether we can sing it or not.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了《友誼地久天長》這首歌曲，包括其起源以及在東西方的流行。
1．答案　is valued
解析　考查動詞時態、語態和主謂一致。空處作分句的謂語，結合空前“Friendship is...”可知，此處描述通常性的事實，時態應用一般現在時，value“重視”和主語it之間是被動關系，應用被動語態，且主語是it，be動詞應用is。故填is valued。
2．答案　a
解析　考查冠詞。此處為抽象名詞具體化，泛指“一件高興的事情”，應用不定冠詞，且joy的發音以輔音音素開頭，應用a。故填a。
3．答案　equally
解析　考查副詞。空處作狀語修飾形容詞famous，應用副詞形式equally“同樣地”。故填equally。
4．答案　to remember
解析　考查非謂語動詞。動詞短語remind sb to do sth意為“提醒某人做某事”，空處應用remember的不定式形式。故填to remember。
5．答案　meaning
解析　考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知，空處為非謂語動詞，mean和“Auld Lang Syne”在邏輯上是主動關系，因此用現在分詞形式作狀語。故填meaning。
6．答案　to
解析　考查介詞。固定短語be familiar to sb意為“為某人所熟悉”，符合句意。故填to。
7．答案　Joyful/Joyous
解析　考查形容詞。空處和sad并列，應用joy的形容詞形式joyful或joyous，意為“高興的，令人愉快的”，且句首單詞的首字母應大寫。故填Joyful/Joyous。
8．答案　that/which
解析　考查定語從句。空處引導限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞film，先行詞指物，在從句中作主語，應用關系代詞that或which作引導詞。故填that/which。
9．答案　has been translated
解析　考查動詞時態、語態和主謂一致。空處作句子的謂語，根據句意可知，時態應用現在完成時，translate和主語Auld Lang Syne之間是被動關系，應用被動語態，且主語是單數，助動詞應用has。故填has been translated。
10．答案　shared
解析　考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知，空處作定語修飾experience，share與experience為動賓關系，應用share的過去分詞形式。故填shared。(共68張PPT)
Period 3
Getting along with others
Unit 3
Grammar and usage—Restrictive relative clauses with relative pronouns
內容索引
情境導讀
語法精講
作業3
達標檢測
情境導讀
閱讀以下短文，感知加顏色部分，并分析其在句中所作成分
1.A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.2.A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.3.A real friend is someone who sees our true self，not just the face that we show to the world.4.Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.We may be able to make many friends online，but these friendships can be quite shallow.5.Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.Texting and messaging cannot take the place of face-to-face chatting.
6.“Sharing” our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.7.“Liking” our friends’ photos online does not develop the connection which we share.To make friends a real part of our lives，we should put down our smartphones and meet them in person.
1.在句1和3中，關系代詞who在定語從句中均作____語；在句3和4中，關系代詞that分別在定語從句中作____語和____語；在句6和7中，關系代詞which分別在定語從句中作____語和____語；在句5中，關系代詞whom在定語從句中作____語；在句2中，關系代詞whose在定語從句中作____語。
2.從上面的句子可以看出，關系代詞___________常用來指代人；關系代詞_______常用來指代事物；關系代詞______既可以指人也可以指物；關系代詞______只能用來表示人的賓格；關系代詞______用來表示人或物的所有格。
主
賓
主
主
賓
賓
定
who/whom
which
that
whom
whose
返 回
語法精講
一、定語從句的定義
1.在主從復合句中，充當定語，對某一名詞、代詞或名詞短語起修飾作用的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞、代詞或名詞短語叫先行詞，引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。
2.關系詞分為關系代詞(that，which，who，whom，whose等)和關系副詞(when，where，why等)兩類。
二、關系代詞的基本用法
1.that的用法
that既可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語時可以省略。
The number of people that/who come to visit the city reaches one million every year.
每年來參觀這座城市的人數達到一百萬。
The report (that) Mr Turner handed in was about the motor race.
特納先生遞交的報告是關于摩托車比賽的。
He doesn’t seem to be the man that he was ten years ago.
他看起來已經不是十年前的樣子了。
2.which的用法
which指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，作賓語時可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of over 2,000 years.
桂林是一座有2 000多年歷史的城市。
The gold medal (which) she won has been given to her old school.
她贏得的那塊金牌已經被送給她的母校了。
3.who的用法
who指人，在定語從句中作主語、賓語。
The person who tricked me was one of my classmates.騙我的那個人是我的一個同學。
In my opinion，my father is the person who I respect most.
在我看來，我的父親是我最尊敬的人。
4.whom的用法
whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可用who代替，也可省略。在從句中作介詞的賓語且直接跟在介詞后時，用whom，不用who。
Jack is the person (who/whom) you should care about.杰克是你應該關心的人。
The man with whom I chatted just now is my teacher.
剛才和我聊天的那個人是我的老師。
5.whose的用法
whose既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中修飾名詞，作定語。
I have read the book whose characters I like very much.
我已經讀了這本書，我很喜歡它里面的人物。
This is the poet whose name is known all over the country.
這就是那位聞名全國的詩人。
[溫馨提示]
whose指人時，可與“the＋名詞＋of whom/of whom＋the＋名詞”互換；whose指物時，可與“the＋名詞＋of which/of which＋the＋名詞”互換。
I will talk to those students whose homework hasn’t been done on time.
＝I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn’t been done on time.
＝I will talk to those students of whom the homework hasn’t been done on time.
我將和那些沒按時完成作業的學生談話。
I saw some trees whose leaves were black with disease.
＝I saw some trees the leaves of which were black with disease.
＝I saw some trees of which the leaves were black with disease.
我看到有幾棵樹因為病害葉子變黑了。
三、關系詞宜用that而不用which的情況
1.當先行詞是all，little，much，something，anything，everything，nothing等不定代詞時。
All that can be done has been done.
一切能做的都已經做了。
2.當先行詞被all，every，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last，just等修飾時。
Music is the only thing that cheers me up.
音樂是唯一能讓我高興起來的東西。
3.當先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。
The movie released recently is the best one that I have ever seen.最近上映的那部電影是我看過的最好看的一部電影。
4.當先行詞中既有人又有物時。
She described in her composition the people and places that impressed her most.
她在作文中描述了令她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
5.當先行詞前面出現who，which等疑問代詞時，為了避免重復，只能用that。
Who is the boy that is playing computer games there
正在那里玩電腦游戲的那個男孩是誰？
[疑難點津] 關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句的謂語動詞要和先行詞的數保持一致。
Those who are over 45 won’t be allowed to enter the hall.
不允許超過45歲的人進入這間大廳。
[溫馨提示] (1)“one of＋復數名詞”作先行詞，定語從句的謂語動詞用復數形式；“the only one of＋復數名詞”作先行詞，定語從句的謂語動詞用單數形式。
This is one of the books which were written by Charles Dickens.
這是查爾斯·狄更斯所寫的書中的其中一本。
He is the only one of the boys in our class who has learned French.
他是我們班里唯一學過法語的男孩。
(2)為避免關系詞的重復，被關系代詞代替的成分不可在從句中重復出現。
This is the factory which we visited last Sunday.(visited后不可加it)
這就是我們上周日參觀的那家工廠。
返 回
達標檢測
1.She has a brother ______ name I can’t remember.
2.Please pass me the book the cover of _______ is green.
3.This is the best film ______ we have ever made about friendship.
4.Can you tell me the people and the events ______ you saw in Britain
5.The book __________ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
6.The old man tried to write down all ______ he had gone through in his life.
7.The exact year __________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
8.The people _________ were injured in the car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
Ⅰ.用適當的關系代詞填空
whose
which
that
that
which/that
that
which/that
who/that
1.The city is near the sea.The city is very beautiful.
→The city _______________________ is very beautiful.
2.I live next door to a couple.Their children often make a lot of noise.
→I live next door to a couple ____________________________________.
3.The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→The woman __________________________________ is my mother.
4.I had given Mary a dress.Last week she wore it.
→Last week Mary wore the dress ___________________________.
5.He is our geography teacher.He has offered me some useful advice.
→He is our geography teacher _____________________________________.
Ⅱ.用定語從句合并句子
返 回
which/that is near the sea
whose children often make a lot of noise
(that/who/whom) you are looking after
(that/which) I had given her
who/that has offered me some useful advice
作業3
1.大理是我游覽過的最美麗的城市。
Dali is the most beautiful city _______________________.
2.她是通過考試的女孩之一。
She is one of the girls ____________________________.
3.當心！不要太靠近那所正在被維修屋頂的房子。
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ___________________________
_________________.
Ⅰ.完成句子
(that) I have ever visited
who/that have passed the exam
whose roof/of which the roof
is being repaired
4.我們將學習一些寫于唐朝的中國詩歌。
We are going to learn some Chinese poems _______________________ in the Tang Dynasty.
5.發生在1976年的唐山地震使全世界人民感到震驚。
The earthquake ______________________________________ shocked the people all over the world.
that/which were written
that/which happened in Tangshan in 1976
Hello，everyone! It’s a great pleasure for me to be here to share my English learning experience with the people 1.________ are fond of English.
As the saying goes，“Interest is the best teacher.” So the most important thing 2._____ I do is to get myself interested in English.As a senior high school student，I get to know how to study and try my best to build up my vocabulary 3.__________ is of great importance in understanding all 4.______ I read or listen to.That is the reason why every day I spend some time memorizing key words.In addition，I often watch some movies 5._______ stories are moving or interesting.
Ⅱ.用適當的關系代詞完成下面的短文
who/that
that
which/that
that
whose
In a word，if you want to improve your English in senior high school，you should do lots of practice.
Thanks for your listening.
A
(2025·湖南長沙高一上期中)
David Thomas and I met when we were about 5 years old.We celebrated his 26th birthday last weekend，marking roughly two decades of friendship.David is a doctoral student now，and I’m a science reporter.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。作者通過結合自身的友誼事例，介紹了一項關于青少年時期友誼的研究。
Ⅲ.主題語篇閱讀
We’ve both read research on the effect that friendships can have on mental health，and a study published in Child Development seemed particularly relevant to us.The research suggests that friendships from adolescence might have a special role in a person’s mental health for years.
The researchers followed 169 people for 10 years，starting when they were 15 years old.Each year，the participants were asked to bring in their closest friends for one-on-one interviews with the researchers.“They were asked how much trust there is，how good communication is and how disconnected they feel in the relationship，” says Rachel Narr，the lead author on the study.
Narr says that when she watched videos made in the early years of the study of the teens asking their best friends for advice or support or talking through a disagreement，it was easy to tell which relationships were strong.“These teens are more likely to be open with one another about difficult topics，and they interact with one another more frequently，helping the other person when necessary，” she says.
Those strong relationships are paying off in adulthood，the study found.When the researchers evaluated the participants at the conclusion of the study，the ones who had close，emotional links showed improvement in their levels of anxiety，depression and self-worth.
I know that I would not be the same person without David’s 20-year presence in my life.Over the years，David has been one of the first people to listen to my messes without judgment.We talked about Narr’s study last weekend，and we saw ourselves.Yes，the mechanisms(機制) behind how best friendships change one’s mental well-being may be unclear at best.But the study found that simply the presence of a best friend matters，and that makes sense to us.
1.What were the participants required to do
A.Interview their best friends.
B.Watch videos of their interaction.
C.Work on their communication skills.
D.Share information about their friendships.
√
細節理解題。根據第二段中“Each year，the participants...’They were asked how much...in the relationship，’ says Rachel Narr，the lead author on the study.”可知，參與者被要求分享有關他們友誼的情況。故選D。
解析
2.What do the teens tend to do with their best friends in strong relationships
A.Agree on most issues.
B.Open up with strangers.
C.Become a part of each other’s lives.
D.Walk away from challenging topics.
√
推理判斷題。根據第三段中“These teens are more likely to be open with one another about difficult topics，and they interact with one another more frequently，helping the other person when necessary”可知，擁有牢固友誼的青少年與其摯友往往相互坦誠、頻繁交流、相互支持，可推知他們成為彼此生活的一部分。故選C。
解析
3.What can be concluded about strong friendships from adolescence
A.They prove unbreakable.
B.They cause more anxiety.
C.They contribute to lower self-worth.
D.They produce positive results in adulthood.
√
細節理解題。根據第四段中“Those strong relationships are paying off in adulthood”和“the ones who had close，emotional links showed improvement in their levels of anxiety，depression and self-worth”可知，從青少年時期就形成的牢固的友誼會在成年后產生積極的影響，有益于人們的心理健康。故選D。
解析
4.Which opinion is the author most likely to agree with
A.A best friend holds significance in one’s life.
B.Lasting friendship is built on shared interests.
C.A good friend should always be frank and direct.
D.How we develop best friendships remains unclear.
√
推理判斷題。根據第一段中“The research suggests that friendships... mental health for years.”和最后一段中“But the study found that simply the presence of a best friend matters，and that makes sense to us.”可推知，作者認同摯友在一個人的生活中的重要性。故選A。
解析
B(此篇精讀)
(2025·江蘇宿遷高一上期中)
Friendships can have a major influence on your health and happiness，but it’s not always easy to develop or maintain friendships. It’s necessary to understand the importance of social connection in your life and how to meet new friends.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了友誼對人的好處，發展和維持友誼可能會遇到的困難，以及結交新朋友的一些方法。
Good friends are good for your health.Friends can help you celebrate good times and provide support during bad times.Friends prevent isolation and loneliness and give you a chance to offer companionship，too.Friends also play an important role in improving your overall health.Adults with strong social connections have a reduced risk of many serious health problems，including depression，high blood pressure and an unhealthy body mass index(BMI)，and they can even live longer.
Despite those benefits，many adults find it hard to keep up existing friendships or develop new friendships.Friendships may give way to other priorities，such as work or caring for children or aging parents.You and your friends may have grown apart due to changes in your lives or interests.Or maybe you’ve moved to a new community and haven’t yet found a way to meet people.Maintaining and developing good friendships takes effort.The enjoyment and comfort friendship can provide，however，makes the investment worthwhile.
So，what are some ways to meet new friends It’s possible to develop friendships with people who are already in your social network.Think through people you know of—even very casually.Who made a positive impression If anyone interests you and you’d like to know better about him or her，reach out.Ask mutual friends to share the person’s contact information，or—even better—to reintroduce the two of you with a text，email or in-person visit.
To meet new people who might become your friends，you have to go to places where others are gathered.The broader your efforts are，the greater your chance of success is.Take an active action rather than waiting for invitations to come your way and keep trying.
5.What does the underlined word “isolation” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.Challenge. B.Relaxation.
C.Separation. D.Determination.
√
詞義猜測題。根據畫線詞上文“Friends can help you celebrate good times and provide support during bad times.”可知，此處是從陪伴的角度介紹友誼的好處，畫線詞所在句則指出朋友可以防止……和孤獨，由此可推知畫線詞意思應該是“分隔，孤立”，與separation意思一致。 故選C項。
解析
6.What is the second paragraph mainly about
A.Suggestions on how to make friends.
B.Friendship can benefit people’s health.
C.Friendship can help people live longer.
D.Support from friends during tough times.
段落大意題。根據第二段“Good friends are good for your health. Friends...also play an important role in improving your overall health...and they can even live longer.”可知，第二段從身心兩方面介紹了友誼有益于人的健康。故選B項。
解析
√
7.How many difficulties in developing and maintaining friendships are mentioned in paragraph 3
A.2. B.3. C.4. D.5.
細節理解題。根據第三段中“Friendships may give way to other priorities...You and your friends may have grown apart due to changes in your lives or interests.Or maybe you’ve moved to a new community and haven’t yet found a way to meet people.”可知，第三段提到了發展和維持友誼的三種困難：讓位于其他優先事項、生活或興趣變化導致疏遠、搬家。故選B項。
解析
√
8.Which of the following way of making friends is mentioned in the passage
A.Wait for invitations to come your way.
B.Make one strategy for meeting people.
C.Contact those who ever impressed you a lot.
D.Share your personal contact information online.
√
細節理解題。根據第四段中“Who made a positive impression If anyone interests you and you’d like to know better about him or her，reach out.”可知，文中提到的交友方法是聯系那些曾經給你留下深刻印象的人。故選C項。
解析
1.company n.公司；陪伴→companion n.伙伴；同伴→companionship n.情誼，友誼→accompany v.陪伴
2.priority n.優先事項，首要事情；重點
3.investment n.投資；投入
4.mutual adj.共有的，共同的
5.introduce v.介紹，引見→reintroduce v.再引入；再介紹
詞匯積累
To meet new people who might become your friends，you have to go to places where others are gathered.
分析：To meet new...friends為不定式作目的狀語，其中關系代詞who引導限制性定語從句并在從句中作主語，關系副詞where引導限制性定語從句，并在從句中作地點狀語。
翻譯：為了結識可能成為你朋友的陌生人，你必須去其他人聚集的地方。
句式分析
Popular people are admired and loved by their peers.
語篇解讀　這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹一些幫助你成為一個更討人喜歡、更受歡迎的人的一般技巧。
Ⅳ.七選五閱讀
1 Popular people have plenty of friends and usually have a high social status in their peer group.Here are some general tips that will help you become a more likable and popular person.
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由上文“Popular people are admired and loved by their peers.”可知，這里主要講受歡迎的人的優勢，而E項(很多人想和受歡迎的人聯系在一起)符合語境，與上句構成遞進關系，有承上作用。故選E項。
解析
Avoid offering help in exchange for approval(認可).Trying to be helpful will have the opposite effect. 2 Popular people help others because they have a useful skill，not because they want to win someone else’s friendship.
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由上文“Avoid offering help in exchange for approval(認可).Trying to be helpful will have the opposite effect.”可知，這里講如果帶著目的去提供幫助，可能會有相反的效果。而D項(你會被視為需要友情的人)為上文“the opposite effect”的具體內容，所以有承上作用，且D項中的“need friendship”呼應下文中的“want to win someone else’s friendship”。故選D項。
解析
Be the glue in your social circle.When you have plans to meet a group of friends for a social outing，make a habit of inviting someone who hasn’t met everyone in the group yet.If you are hanging out with a friend and run into another friend，remember to introduce them to each other. 3
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由上文“If you are hanging out with a friend and run into another friend，remember to introduce them to each other.”可知，這里主要講幫自己的朋友相互介紹，B項(否則，你的朋友可能會感到尷尬)符合語境，其中Otherwise表對上文相反的假設，your friends也與上文a friend和another friend對應，有承上作用。故選B項。
解析
Practice positivity.People who often complain about life and are more pessimistic have fewer friends.Therefore，it’s important to have a positive attitude and avoid constant complaining. 4 It can be a key step in making close friends.But if you talk about your problems over and over again，your friends might not enjoy hanging out with you.
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由上文“Therefore，it’s important to have a positive attitude and avoid constant complaining.”可知，要避免過多抱怨，下文指出反復談你的問題會讓朋友厭倦，結合下文的But可推知，F項(然而，有時候與其他人分享你的問題是一件好事)符合語境，與上文為轉折關系，sharing your problems為后文It所指代內容。故選F項。
解析
5 Many people make the mistake of avoiding social relationships at their school or workplace.They think these places are for work or studying，not socializing.But most of us spend a lot of time at work or college.If you refuse to socialize with people you see almost every day，you’ll miss out on some valuable relationships.
A.Build relationships at workplace and school.
B.Otherwise，your friends might feel awkward.
C.Make sure you are popular with your friends.
D.You’ll be regarded as people who need friendship.
E.And many people want to be associated with popular people.
F.However，sometimes sharing your problems with others is a good thing.
G.Peers have a special gift that enables them to make friends wherever they go.
√
由下文“Many people make the mistake...some valuable relationships.”可知，本段建議我們在學校或工作場所建立友誼。A項(在工作場所和學校建立人際關系)符合語境，對下文有總括作用，適合作為本段主旨句。故選A項。
解析
Friendship is one of life’s greatest gifts，and it 1. (value) in both Eastern and Western cultures.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了《友誼地久天長》這首歌曲，包括其起源以及在東西方的流行。
Ⅴ.語法填空
is valued
考查動詞時態、語態和主謂一致。空處作分句的謂語，結合空前“Friendship is...”可知，此處描述通常性的事實，時態應用一般現在時，value“重視”和主語it之間是被動關系，應用被動語態，且主語是it，be動詞應用is。故填is valued。
解析
One of the most famous sayings about friendship in China can be found in the words of Confucius：“Isn’t it 2. joy when friends visit from faraway places？” In the U.K.，there is an 3. (equal) famous poem about friendship.
2.考查冠詞。此處為抽象名詞具體化，泛指“一件高興的事情”，應用不定冠詞，且joy的發音以輔音音素開頭，應用a。故填a。
3.考查副詞。空處作狀語修飾形容詞famous，應用副詞形式equally“同樣地”。故填equally。
解析
a
equally
It reminds people 4. (remember) and value old friendships，as they look to the years ahead.That poem is Auld Lang Syne.
考查非謂語動詞。動詞短語remind sb to do sth意為“提醒某人做某事”，空處應用remember的不定式形式。故填to remember。
解析
to remember
“Auld Lang Syne” is Scots and is translated word for word as “old long since”，5. __________(mean) “days gone by”.The poem was written by the great Scottish poet Robert Burns.It was printed in 1796，just after Burns’s death.And over the years it has become the song that is so familiar 6.____ us today.
5.考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知，空處為非謂語動詞，mean和“Auld Lang Syne”在邏輯上是主動關系，因此用現在分詞形式作狀語。故填meaning。
6.考查介詞。固定短語be familiar to sb意為“為某人所熟悉”，符合句意。故填to。
解析
meaning
to
7.______________(joy) but at the same time a bit sad，Auld Lang Syne has featured in many films，including Waterloo Bridge，the film 8.___________ made the song widely known to Chinese audience.
7.考查形容詞。空處和sad并列，應用joy的形容詞形式joyful或joyous，意為“高興的，令人愉快的”，且句首單詞的首字母應大寫。故填Joyful/Joyous。
8.考查定語從句。空處引導限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞film，先行詞指物，在從句中作主語，應用關系代詞that或which作引導詞。故填that/which。
解析
Joyful/Joyous
that/which
Today，Auld Lang Syne 9. (translate) into many different languages，and is one of the world’s best-loved songs.It’s played at parties，celebrations，festivals，and even at some shopping centers at closing time.
考查動詞時態、語態和主謂一致。空處作句子的謂語，根據句意可知，時態應用現在完成時，translate和主語Auld Lang Syne之間是被動關系，應用被動語態，且主語是單數，助動詞應用has。故填has been translated。
解析
has been translated
Whatever language or occasion，it has become a symbol of friendship and 10. (share) experience—whether we can sing it or not.
考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知，空處作定語修飾experience，share與experience為動賓關系，應用share的過去分詞形式。故填shared。
解析
shared
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