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Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1　The Sixth Extinction
Step 1　速讀——整體理解文意
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A．Why human beings are closely related to nature.
B．Why most living things will die out in the future.
C．Why no forest will exist on the earth in the future.
D．Why extinctions happen and how to avoid the sixth mass extinction.
答案　D
Ⅱ.悉篇章結構
Step 2　細讀——深度獲取細節
1．Why would we humans die out with 75% of all species on Earth dying out
A．Because we will have no clean water.
B．Because we will kill all species for food.
C．Because we will have no factory farming.
D．Because we will kill one another for water.
答案　A
2．How can we avoid the sixth extinction
A．By producing more species.
B．By stopping destroying the planet.
C．By taking action to protect ourselves.
D．By moving to another planet immediately.
答案　B
3．What is the purpose of paragraph 4
A．To appeal to people to protect the Earth.
B．To blame people for destroying the environment.
C．To urge the government to take action.
D．To warn the public to reduce their destructive behaviour.
答案　A
4．What is the author’s attitude towards avoiding the sixth extinction
A．Pessimistic. B．Uncertain.
C．Neutral. D．Optimistic.
答案　D
Step 3　讀后——課文語法填空
Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species 1.that ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there 2.have been(be) five times when life on Earth has almost ended,3.including(include) the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”．The 4.reasons(reason) for extinctions are 5.varied(vary)．Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time，human activity will be 6.to blame(blame)．
A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times 7.faster(fast) than normal.8.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.
If a sixth mass extinction 9.occurs(occur)，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be 10.at risk of dying out.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
1．These include the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.(P52 Para.1)
結構分析：此句為復合句，其中known as the “Great Dying” 為過去分詞作定語，which引導定語從句。
漢語翻譯：這其中包括稱為“大滅絕”的第三次滅絕，那期間 90%至 96%的物種滅亡了。
2．Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause for concern.(P52 Para.2)
結構分析： 此句是復合句，Although引導讓步狀語從句，從句中的it是形式主語，for species to die out naturally為真正的主語；主句的主干是the rate is cause for concern；at which為“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞rate。
漢語翻譯：雖然物種的自然滅絕并不罕見，但現在滅絕的速度讓人擔憂。
3．A 2015 study by scientists who were based(base) at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at how quickly species die out due to natural causes，that is，the “background extinction rate”．(P52 Para.2)
結構分析：此句話為復合句，句子的謂語動詞為looked at，who 引導定語從句，how 引導賓語從句。
漢語翻譯：2015年在美國布朗大學和杜克大學的科學家進行的一項研究，調查了物種自然狀態下滅亡的速度，即“背景滅絕率”。
4．There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out：air and water pollution，forests being destroyed(destroy)，factory farming and overfishing.(P53 Para.2)
結構分析：此句為復合句，句子包含there be 句型，why 引導定語從句，先行詞為reasons。
漢語翻譯：這么多物種正在消亡的原因有很多：空氣和水污染、森林被毀、工廠化畜牧和過度捕撈。
5．If a sixth mass extinction(extinct) occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.(P53 Para.3)
結構分析：此句為復合句，if引導條件狀語從句，who引導定語從句，that引導賓語從句。
漢語翻譯：研究該問題的科學家們相信，如果發生第六次滅絕，地球上多達四分之三的物種有可能滅絕。
6．This would mean we have to significantly(significant) change the way we live.(P53 Para.4)
結構分析：本句是一個復合句。mean后面是省略了that的賓語從句；we live為省略了that/in which的定語從句，修飾先行詞the way。
漢語翻譯：這意味著我們必須極大地改變我們的生活方式。
7．For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including setting(set) up special areas where plants and animals can be protected(protect)．(P53 Para.4)
結構分析：本句是一個復合句。to save endangered species在句中作目的狀語，where引導定語從句。
漢語翻譯：例如，我們需要采取措施拯救瀕臨滅絕的物種，包括建立動植物的特殊保護區。
8．In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying(destroy) the planet that we live on and start to protect it.(P53 Para.4)
結構分析：本句是一個復合句。if引導條件狀語從句；that引導定語從句，先行詞為planet。
漢語翻譯：簡而言之，如果我們想要生存，就需要停止破壞我們生活的星球并開始保護它。
die out 消失；絕跡，滅絕
die away(聲音、光等)逐漸減弱；消失
die of/from因……而死
die down逐漸平息；逐漸暗淡
die off相繼死去
(1)用die短語的正確形式填空
①The sound of the car died away as the car drove into the distance.
②To our shock，this species has nearly died out because its habitats are being destroyed.
③What makes us worried is that if the snowstorm doesn’t blow over，the cattle will die off.
[寫作佳句]
(2)(讀后續寫之場景描寫)掌聲平息后，他深吸一口氣，開始了他的演講。
When the applause had died down，he took a deep breath and began his speech.
mass adj.大量的 n．團，塊，堆；大量；(物理學術語)質量(massive adj.巨大的；結實的；非常嚴重的)
masses of＋名詞＋謂語動詞復數
a mass of＋
the masses群眾；大眾媒體
(1)The masses are(be) often the makers of history and they are also the makers of people’s well-being.
(2)(2021·全國乙)He builds massive(mass) sculptures out of plastic garbage，forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
[寫作佳句]
(3)(應用文寫作之海洋保護)令人擔憂的是，由于海洋污染，大量海洋生物正在相繼死去。
What makes people worried is that as a result of sea pollution，masses of/a mass of sea creatures are dying off.
decrease n．減少；減少的量 vi.& vt.減少
·decrease to...減少到……
decrease by...減少了……
decrease from...to...從……減少到……
·on the decrease正在減少
on the increase正在增加
(1)Due to the application of advanced equipment，the number of his employees has decreased from 2,000 to 1,500.
(2)The crime rate in this area has decreased to the lowest level nowadays.
[寫作佳句] 　一句多譯
(3)由于人類活動，一些稀有動物的數量在減少。
①Because of human activities，the number of some rare animals is on the decrease.(decrease n．)
②Because of human activities，the number of some rare animals is decreasing.(decrease v．)
注意　表示“減少”的詞或短語還有：decline，reduce，fall，drop，go down等。
blame vt.責怪，指責 n．過失；責備
be to blame (for sth) (對某事)負有責任，應受責備
blame sb for sth因某事責備某人；把某事歸咎于某人
blame sth on sb/sth把某事歸咎于某人/某事
(1)Illegal hunting is to blame(blame) for the extinction of Northern White Rhinos.
(2)We should not blame athletes for not winning medals.After all，they have pushed themselves to the limit.
(3)You don’t apply yourself to studying hard，so don’t blame your failure on bad luck.
[寫作佳句]
(4)(話題寫作之人際交往)當和他人相處時，我們不應該總是把錯誤歸咎于他人。畢竟，很多時候我們也負有責任。因此，我們應該多交流、換位思考，而不是指責他人。
When getting along with others，we shouldn’t always blame others for mistakes/blame mistakes on others.After all，many times we are also to blame.So instead of blaming others，we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
be at risk 處境危險，受到威脅
take risks/a risk冒險
take/run the risk of doing sth 冒險做某事
at the risk of...冒著……的風險
risk doing sth 冒險做某事
(1)It was Mr Lee who took the risk of losing his own life to save the two boys.
(2)Men who had been stressed tended to take more risks(risk) while women responded in the opposite way.
[寫作佳句]
(3)當得知那個城市需要援助時，許多救援人員熱切地冒著生命危險前往那里。
When knowing that city was in need of help，many rescue workers were eager to go there at the risk of losing their lives.
倍數表達法
They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.(教材P53 Para.2)
他們發現人類活動導致物種滅亡的速度比正常情況快1 000倍。
結構分析：此句為復合句。句中that引導賓語從句；1 000 times faster than...是倍數的表示方法。
————————————————————————————————————————
倍數的表達法如下：
倍數＋adj./adv.比較級＋than...
倍數＋as＋adj./adv.(原級)＋as...
倍數＋the size/height/length/width/...＋of...
————————————————————————————————————————
(1)The production of corn is expected to be 1.5 times larger(large) than that of last year.
(2)To his delight，his new job brings in 3 times as much income as the old one.
(3)What makes us shocked is that my brother is 10 times the weight of my nephew.
[寫作佳句]
(4)(應用文寫作之介紹類)我市正在建設的新體育場將是目前這個體育場的三倍大。
①The new stadium being built in our city will be three times as big as the present one.(倍數＋as＋原級＋as)
②The new stadium being built in our city will be three times bigger than the present one.(倍數＋比較級＋than)
③The new stadium being built in our city will be three times the size of the present one.(倍數＋the＋名詞＋of)
without 引導的含蓄虛擬語氣
Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.(教材P53 Para.3)
沒有森林，我們就不能呼吸空氣；沒有干凈的水，我們將無法生存。
結構分析：此句是一個并列句。由and連接兩個并列分句，其中Without與no構成雙重否定。
————————————————————————————————————————
without短語表示含蓄條件，相當于由if引導的虛擬條件句。
表示與現在事實相反，謂語動詞用“would/should/could/might＋動詞原形”。
表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用“would/should/could/might have＋過去分詞”。
此處without 可以用 but for(若沒有)替換。
————————————————————————————————————————
(1)如果沒有王先生的幫助，我就不會取得這么大的進步。
Without Mr Wang’s help，I wouldn’t have made such great progress.
(2)(2022·全國甲，書面表達)沒有海洋，任何生物都無法生存，包括人類，所以現在是我們致力于保護海洋的時候了。
Without the ocean，no living things would survive，including human beings，so it is high time that we devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
閱讀以下短文，感知黑體部分，并回答其后的問題。
The popular film，Titanic，is about a beautiful and sad love story,1.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman,2.who went to America with her mother.Jack,3.who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 4.where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，and Jack lost his life for saving Rose.Everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 5.which most people can’t behave in real life.Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.6.As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that’s the reason 7.why Rose could live on and tell us the moving story.
以上語段中的黑體部分均為定語從句，其中句4,5和7是限制性定語從句，句1,2,3和6是非限制性定語從句，其標志是主句和從句之間用逗號隔開。as引導的定語從句一般放于句首；通常譯為“正如”。
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
一、定語從句的種類
根據定語從句與先行詞之間關系的緊密程度，我們將定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。
1．限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語從句，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。這種從句和主句的關系十分密切，兩者之間不用逗號分開；關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略。引導限制性定語從句的關系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；關系副詞有where，when，why。
This is the computer(that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
這是他昨天為兒子買的電腦。
The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher.
在地震中幸存的那個女人是埃米的英語老師。
2．非限制性定語從句
(1)非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間一般用逗號隔開，是對先行詞的附加說明，如去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
The children，who wanted to have a journey to the valley，were disappointed when the journey was cancelled.那些想去山谷旅行的孩子都因旅行的取消而感到失望。
That they will get married，which has not been announced，has spread around.
他們要結婚的消息還沒有被宣布，卻已經被傳得沸沸揚揚。
(2)非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可為單個的名詞或代詞，也可為整個句子或其中一部分，且常譯成并列的分句。
We’ll graduate in July，when we will be free.(先行詞為名詞)
我們將于七月份畢業，到那時我們就自由了。
He often comes to school late，which makes his teacher angry.(先行詞為主句的內容)
他經常上學遲到，這使得他的老師很生氣。
(3)引導非限制性定語從句的關系代詞指人時用who，whom和whose；指物時用which和whose。還有關系副詞when和where。
This is our headmaster，who I think has something crucial to tell you.這是我們的校長，我認為他有非常重要的事情要告訴你。
He has sold the house，which is located in downtown.
他已經賣掉了那所位于市中心的房子。
Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland，where he was buried in 1977.卓別林在瑞士度過了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。
He fled his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.
他于1992年逃離家鄉，當時他只有12歲。
二、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
意義 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，從句不可省略，否則原句句意不完整 僅作補充或說明，若去掉從句，主句意思依然完整
結構要求 緊跟先行詞，從句與先行詞之間不加逗號 用逗號與先行詞或主句隔開
功能 修飾先行詞 修飾先行詞或整個主句
引導詞 所有的關系代詞及副詞 關系代詞或關系副詞，但是關系代詞that及關系副詞why除外
When you reach the village，you will first find a house whose windows are made of wood.
當你到達那個村莊時，你首先會發現一座有著木窗的房子。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area，where they also did some climbing.
他們欣賞了這個山區的美景，在那里他們還做了些爬山運動。
[巧學助記]
定從分類有奧妙，限與非限看逗號；
定前必有先行詞，名代兩類最適宜；
定從先行很緊密，代副兩詞拉關系。
三、as與which引導非限制性定語從句時的區別
as which
指代 只能指代整個主句的內容 既可指代整個主句的內容，也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 不能置于主句之前
意義 正如 這，那
功能 連接上下文，表達說話人的觀點、看法，并指出主句內容的根據或出處等 引導的從句在意義上相當于一個并列句
As we all know，the earth moves around the sun.眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽轉。
The singer，as was expected，achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的那樣，這位歌手取得了巨大成功。
Catherine will attend a friend’s wedding，which she is busy preparing for now.
凱瑟琳將參加一個朋友的婚禮，現在她正在為此做準備。
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1．To our amazement，this is the room where the astronaut used to live.
2．At last we arrived at the village，which had been transformed into a park.
3．You can come to our city in April，when peonies are in full bloom.
4．As was often the case，the girl skipped breakfast again.
5．Mr King，whose legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to the hospital.
6．There are many plastic cups on the table，most of which are new.
7．The grinning consumer that/who/whom he met in the supermarket was his friend.
8．The consumer，who will retire from the university next year，is popular among students.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．我的父親同意我們制作一個視頻來記錄我們在夏令營的經歷，在那里我們度過了美好的時光。
My father approved of us making a video to record our experiences at the summer camp where we had a great time.
2．我最尊敬的人是我的語文老師，他的教學水平遠遠高于平均水平。
The person I respect most is my Chinese teacher whose teaching level is far above average.
3．他為何不能降低消費，他沒有給出任何理由。
The reason，for which he couldn’t reduce his consumption，wasn’t given.
4．該地區礦業發展良好，為當地經濟的發展做出了貢獻。
Mining has developed well in the area，which contributes to the development of local economy.
5．他沒上這節課的原因與你向我解釋的很不一樣。
The reason why he missed this class was quite different from the one that you explained to me.
Ⅲ.完成下列讀后續寫片段，盡可能多地使用本單元語法
我倒在地上，躺在血泊中。同時，離我們不遠的兩名獵人聽到了我們的尖叫聲。他們沖到我們所在的地方。一看到所發生的事以及還漂浮在我身后的水面上的鱷魚，其中一個人朝空中開了一槍。正如所期望的，鱷魚被嚇跑了。然后，我失去了知覺，這讓兩名獵人急忙把我送到醫院。
I fell onto the ground，lying in a pool of blood.Meanwhile，our screams were heard by two hunters 1.who/that were not far away from us.They dashed over to the place 2.where we were.On seeing what happened and the crocodile，3.which was still floating in the water behind me，one of them fired a shot in the air.4.As was/had been expected，the crocodile was frightened away.Then I was unconscious,5.which made the two hunters rush me to hospital.
訓練2　Lesson 1
[分值：74.5分]
Ⅰ.單句語法填空(共8小題；每小題1.5分，滿分12分)
1．We ordinary people have no right to blame stars for contributing less money than others.
2．With their habitats destroyed by human beings，many species have died out.
3．Global greenhouse gas emissions must decrease by 50 per cent compared to levels at the turn of the millennium.
4．Humans wiped out forests on a large scale，which made animals homeless.
5．During the cultural festival，you can enjoy or participate in varieties(vary) of activities.
6．Many people tend to blame their own failure on lack of good fortune.
7．We are extremely happy to know that giant pandas are no longer the most endangered(endanger) animals.
8．Affected(affect) with a serious disease，he was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery.
Ⅱ.單句寫作(課文佳句仿寫)(滿分15分)
1．這部下個月出版的新書的長度是那部書的三倍。(倍數表達法)
This new book to be published next month is three times longer than/three times as long as/three times the length of that one.
2．在這本書中，我們可以知道是人類活動造成了那些物種的滅絕。(be to blame)
In the book，we can know it is human activities that are to blame for the extinction of those species.
3．森林里的動物處于危險之中，因為許多樹都被砍倒了。(be at risk)
The animals in the forest are at risk because many trees have been cut down.
4．眾所周知，如果沒有水和森林，世界上的生命就不會存在了。(without 引導的含蓄虛擬條件句)
What is known to us is that without water and forests，life would not exist in the world.
5．人們想探索恐龍突然滅絕的原因。(die out，定語從句)
People want to explore the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly.
組句成篇　以上句子可以加上過渡詞語和其他聯想內容組成一篇小短文。
參考范文
This new book to be published next month is three times as long as that one.In the book，we can know it is human activities that are to blame for the extinction of those species.The truth at present is that the animals in the forest are at risk because many trees have been cut down.Although what is known to us is that without water and forests，life would not exist in the world，humans destroy the forests for profits.Besides，the book is suitable for people who want to explore the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly as well.
Ⅲ.主題語篇閱讀(共8小題；每小題2.5分，滿分20分)
A
(2025·山西晉城高二上期中)
By the time you finish reading this passage，a species on Earth might disappear forever.Humans need a variety of animals，plants，and microorganisms for healthy living.Studies show that the decline in biodiversity(生物多樣性)，or the variety of life on Earth，causes a serious threat to our existence.My colleagues and I found that biodiversity is also important for mental health.
Contact with nature benefits mental health，particularly for city residents.People living near green spaces have a 71% lower risk of developing depression and anxiety.However，most studies have not looked at how natural diversity influences these benefits.To explore this，we studied whether environments with many natural features，like trees，plants，and wildlife，improve mental health more than those with fewer features.From April 2018 to September 2023,1,998 people used the Urban Mind app to report their environment and mental health over 41,000 times.
We discovered that green spaces with high natural diversity offer more mental health benefits than those with low diversity.Participants reported that nearly a quarter of this positive impact was due to natural diversity，and these benefits could last up to eight hours.Our study suggests that to promote mental health，we should protect biodiversity.This means moving away from decorative gardens and parks with cut grass，which have low biodiversity，toward natural fields and streams that support a variety of plants and animals.
Other studies support our findings.A survey of 15,000 families revealed that those living near areas rich in plants and birds had lower rates of mental health issues，even after accounting for social and economic differences.Our study adds that even brief，daily meets with biodiverse nature can improve mental health.Biodiverse nature wakens the senses，improves focus，and reduces mental tiredness.It also encourages outdoor exercise and social interaction，which improve mood.Additionally，diverse environments reduce pollutants and moderate temperatures，protecting against chronic(慢性的) conditions and stress.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。研究發現，生活在自然多樣性的環境中能顯著降低抑郁和焦慮風險，且日常與多樣化自然環境的短暫接觸也能帶來持久的益處。
1．What does the passage say about the decline in biodiversity
A．It mostly harms animals.
B．It is not important to humans.
C．It is a serious danger to humans.
D．It only happens in the countryside.
答案　C
解析　細節理解題。根據第一段內容，尤其是“Studies show that the decline in biodiversity(生物多樣性)，or the variety of life on Earth，causes a serious threat to our existence.”可知，生物多樣性的減少對人類來說是一種嚴重威脅，故選C。
2．What conclusion does the author’s study draw
A．We should plant more trees in urban parks.
B．We should reduce the focus on decorative gardens.
C．We should limit public access to protect green spaces.
D．We should shift from low biodiversity to natural diversity.
答案　D
解析　細節理解題。根據第三段中“Our study suggests that to promote mental health...moving away from decorative gardens and parks...toward natural fields and streams that support a variety of plants and animals.”可知，作者的研究發現為了促進心理健康，應保護生物多樣性，這意味著要從低生物多樣性(如裝飾性花園和修剪過的草坪)轉向支持多種植物和動物的自然環境。故選D。
3．What does the underlined word “moderate” most likely mean in paragraph 4
A．Increase. B．Balance.
C．Reduce. D．Manage.
答案　B
解析　詞義猜測題。根據畫線詞前文“Additionally，diverse environments reduce pollutants”和后文“protecting against chronic conditions and stress”可知，此處強調多樣化的環境對健康有益，可推知moderate表達的是對溫度的正面調節，結合各選項可知，balance(平衡)最符合文意，也符合常識。故選B。
4．What would be the best title for this passage
A．The Environmental Impact of Urban Parks
B．The Benefits of Physical Activity in Nature
C．How Social Interaction Improves Well-being
D．How Natural Diversity Influences Mental Health
答案　D
解析　標題歸納題。根據第三段中“We discovered that green spaces with high natural diversity offer more mental health benefits than those with low diversity.”及全文內容可知，文章主要介紹了自然環境的多樣性會極大地影響心理健康，D項概括文章主旨，是最佳標題。故選D。
B
(2025·陜西安康高二上期中)
San Francisco’s waterfront(海濱) is on the National Register of Historic Places for good reason.
Its beautiful old landmarks，like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge，have been seen in many books，TV shows and movies—from the stories and novels of Jack London to the 1970s TV series The Streets of San Francisco.The future of San Francisco’s waterfront，however，isn’t safe.
In 2016，the National Trust for Historic Preservation put part of the city’s shoreline on its list of the US’s most endangered historic places，in part because of the threat of sea level rise.The waterfront landmarks of many cities are under increasing threat from floods and rising sea levels brought on by human-driven climate change.St.Mark’s Basilica in Venice，Italy and the Venice Beach boardwalk in Los Angeles face similar challenges to San Francisco.
“The whole issue of climate change and historic preservation intersects(交織) right at the waterfront，” said Elaine Forbes，director of the Port of San Francisco.As she watched the boats come and go on a sunny afternoon，Forbes said，“Sea level rise hasn’t historically been as much of a threat to San Francisco as major earthquakes.” However，that’s changed.Parts of the main road that runs along the waterfront have flooded from heavy rains in recent years.The state estimates(預估) the water could rise up to about two and a half feet above its present level by 2060，and possibly up to seven feet by the turn of the century.
Now，San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline.But the growing magnitude(規模) and frequency of the climate-related threats，the high costs and effort needed in saving heritage sites，and competing ideas about what’s worth saving and what isn’t，can make it hard for cities to know what to do first.
語篇解讀　這是一篇說明文。文章說明了舊金山的海濱如今正面臨著由人類活動引起的氣候變化帶來的洪水和海平面上升的威脅。
5．What is San Francisco’s waterfront famous for
A．Crowded beaches.
B．Old landmarks.
C．Comfortable climate.
D．Beautiful bridges.
答案　B
解析　細節理解題。根據第二段中“Its beautiful old landmarks，like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge，have been seen in many books，TV shows and movies”可知，它美麗的古老地標，如渡輪大廈和海灣大橋，在許多書籍、電視節目和電影中都有出現，故舊金山的海濱以古老地標聞名。故選B。
6．What challenge is the waterfront facing
A．The threat from rising sea levels.
B．The loss of public support.
C．The competition from other cities.
D．The influence of tourist activities.
答案　A
解析　細節理解題。根據第三段中“In 2016，the National Trust for Historic Preservation...most endangered historic places，in part because of the threat of sea level rise.”可知，2016年，美國國家歷史保護信托基金會將舊金山市的部分海岸線列入了美國最瀕危的歷史遺跡名單，部分原因是海平面上升的威脅。故選A。
7．Why is the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To stress the seriousness of sea level rise.
B．To give an example of existing threats.
C．To show the difficulty in the waterfront protection.
D．To compare different types of natural disasters.
答案　A
解析　推理判斷題。根據第四段中“Sea level rise hasn’t historically been...as major earthquakes.” 可知，從歷史上看，海平面上升對舊金山的威脅沒有大地震那么大。結合下文“However，that’s changed.Parts of the main road...have flooded...century.”可知，如今水位上升幅度很大，其威脅已經超過地震。故第四段提到地震是為了強調海平面上升的嚴重性。故選A。
8．What can be known from the text
A．Threats have been removed.
B．Heritage sites are in ruins.
C．Solutions are under consideration.
D．The shoreline has been flooded.
答案　C
解析　細節理解題。根據最后一段中“Now，San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline.”可知，現在，舊金山正在考慮采取措施保護其歷史悠久的海岸線，即解決方案正在考慮之中。故選C。
Ⅳ.七選五(共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分)
Rock climbing has become a mainstream pleasure enjoyed by many.The natural world offers a thrilling adventure through beautiful environments filled with wildlife.
However，rock climbing happens in places that are generally hard to access and unsuitable for agricultural expansion and urbanization.As a result，they have generally suffered less human impact and the areas tend to be important sites for biodiversity(生物多樣性)． 1 With the sport booming，the amazing biodiversity sustained by cliff ecosystems is under pressure.
2 Giving nesting birds some place is what climbers can do.The presence of climbers at the cliff where birds are nesting tends to cause them to abandon their chicks to starvation.Climbers should check in advance if there are any bird nesting restrictions(限制)．This information is usually found on climbing guidebooks. 3 If climbers spot a nest，try to leave a note and find a way to communicate this to the rest of the local climbing community.
Some cliff-specialist plant species have very narrow ranges.If a suitable habitat is rare，they have few opportunities to grow elsewhere.However，climbers can remove vegetation and soil when establishing a route that has not been climbed before.This can wipe out the cliff ecosystem that was there previously.So climbers should keep the impact on vegetation in mind when developing new climbing routes. 4
The number of climbers heading out to these cliffs is increasing at an astonishing pace.It is important for climbers to know what they can do for the protection of the cliff ecosystem. 5 Please help those with less experience and knowledge by sharing the information about climbing and biodiversity damage!
A．And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B．Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C．Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D．Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E．These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F．For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection areas.
G．Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand the potential impact on the plants.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要圍繞“攀巖運動對懸崖生態系統及生物多樣性的影響”這一主題展開，通過闡述攀巖活動對鳥類、植物等生物的影響，以及攀巖者可以采取的保護措施，來提醒和呼吁攀巖者關注并保護懸崖生態系統。
1．答案　F
解析　根據上文“...rock climbing happens in places that are generally hard to access and...the areas tend to be important sites for biodiversity(生物多樣性)．”可知，攀巖活動發生的地方通常較少受到人類影響，往往是生物多樣性的重要地點。選項F“例如，西班牙40%的運動攀巖區位于自然保護區”承接上文，舉例說明攀巖區域的生態重要性。故選F。
2．答案　C
解析　上文“With the sport booming，the amazing biodiversity sustained by cliff ecosystems is under pressure.”指出攀巖運動的繁榮威脅著生態多樣性，根據下文“Giving nesting birds some place is what climbers can do.”并結合之后的兩段可知，攀登者能做一些事來保護生態。選項C“因此，每個攀登者都有責任保護懸崖生態系統”承上啟下。故選C。
3．答案　A
解析　上文“Climbers should...on climbing guidebooks.”指出攀登者應提前檢查區域內是否有鳥巢，并提到攀巖手冊上會有這類信息。選項A“一些組織有一個在線數據庫可供查詢”承接上文，指出另一信息來源。故選A。
4．答案　G
解析　根據上文“However...when developing new climbing routes.”可知，攀登者在建立以前沒有攀登過的路線時可能會摧毀以前存在的懸崖生態系統，所以他們在開發路線時要注意對植被的影響。選項G“他們甚至可以與其他路線開發者及環保人士合作，共同了解對植物的潛在影響”承接上文，繼續說明他們應該做什么。故選G。
5．答案　B
解析　根據上文“It is important for climbers to know what they can do for the protection of the cliff ecosystem.”可知，攀登者知道如何保護懸崖生態系統很重要，下文建議通過分享信息來幫助缺少經驗和知識的攀登者。選項B“似乎一個簡單的方法是傳播這些良好做法”承上啟下，these good practices呼應上文的what they can do，spread the word則呼應下文的sharing the information。故選B。
Ⅴ.語法填空(共10小題；每小題1.5分，滿分15分)
(2025·湖北黃岡高二上期中)
We’ve all heard the claims that by 2050，coffee，as we know it，is set to dramatically change or disappear!
A recent study published on PLOS One predicts 1. overall decline in the world’s suitable growing land for coffee by 2050.An earlier report by the Climate Institute found that coffee production could 2. (cut) in half due to climate change.Warming temperatures have started to introduce several new 3. (threat) to the production of coffee，ranging from unsuitable growing temperatures to new warmer weather pests.And pests reproduce and spread quicker in 4. (hot) climates.Then we have natural disasters,5. the droughts in Brazil，which led to market prices doubling，and the floods in Timor-Estelle，both in 2021.These weather events will continue to get worse,6. (destroy) coffee farmland beyond repair unless we stop deforestation，reduce emissions and expand conservation plans.While a reduced coffee supply will be difficult for consumers，it will be 7. (absolute) disastrous for the 25 million farmers 8. livelihoods depend on it.These are some of the poorest communities in the world，who don’t have the resources 9. (stay) and fight or pack up their farms and move to cooler climates.Then there are millions of people 10. (employ) in packaging，distributing，selling and brewing the coffee we all love.
語篇解讀　這是一篇說明文。文章討論了氣候變化對咖啡生產的影響，并預測到2050年咖啡種植面積將大幅減少。
1．答案　an
解析　考查冠詞。decline“減少”在此用作可數名詞，結合句意可知此處表示泛指，應用不定冠詞修飾，而空后的overall的發音是以元音音素開頭，故填an。
2．答案　be cut
解析　考查被動語態。空處位于that引導的賓語從句中，主語production和動詞cut之間是被動關系，此處使用被動語態，表示“咖啡生產可能被減半”，情態動詞could后接動詞原形，故填be cut。
3．答案　threats
解析　考查名詞復數。根據前面的several可知，這里需要一個可數名詞的復數形式，故填threats。
4．答案　hotter
解析　考查形容詞比較級。根據前面的quicker并結合句意可知，這里需要用形容詞的比較級，表示“更熱的氣候”，故填hotter。
5．答案　like
解析　考查介詞。根據句意可知，空后的旱災和洪災都是例子，本空應表示列舉，使用介詞like“例如，像”，故填like。
6．答案　destroying
解析　考查非謂語動詞。本句已有謂語動詞will continue，所以此處用非謂語動詞，destroy與邏輯主語These weather events之間是主動關系，使用現在分詞作狀語，故填destroying。
7．答案　absolutely
解析　考查副詞。這里需要一個副詞來修飾形容詞disastrous，故填absolutely。
8．答案　whose
解析　考查定語從句。空處引導定語從句，修飾farmers，指人，關系詞在從句中作定語修飾livelihoods，所以用關系代詞whose，故填whose。
9．答案　to stay
解析　考查非謂語動詞。結合句意可知，此處表示目的，使用動詞不定式to stay，表示他們沒有資源留下來斗爭或搬遷到有更涼爽氣候的地方，故填to stay。
10．答案　employed
解析　考查非謂語動詞。employ和people之間是被動關系，使用過去分詞作后置定語，表示在包裝、分銷、銷售和沖泡咖啡等工作中被雇用的人，故填employed。(共111張PPT)
Section Ⅱ
Lesson 1　The Sixth Extinction
CONSERVATION
UNIT 3
.
內容索引
Part 1　課文深度理解
Part 2　長句難句分析
Part 3　語言知識梳理
Part 4　語法項目精講
訓練2
課文深度理解
Ⅰ.明文章大意
What is the main idea of the passage
A.Why human beings are closely related to nature.
B.Why most living things will die out in the future.
C.Why no forest will exist on the earth in the future.
D.Why extinctions happen and how to avoid the sixth mass extinction.
Step 1　速讀——整體理解文意
√
Ⅱ.悉篇章結構
Earth’s
sixth mass extinction
faster
outcomes
avoid
1.Why would we humans die out with 75% of all species on Earth dying out
A.Because we will have no clean water.
B.Because we will kill all species for food.
C.Because we will have no factory farming.
D.Because we will kill one another for water.
√
Step 2　細讀——深度獲取細節
2.How can we avoid the sixth extinction
A.By producing more species.
B.By stopping destroying the planet.
C.By taking action to protect ourselves.
D.By moving to another planet immediately.
√
3.What is the purpose of paragraph 4
A.To appeal to people to protect the Earth.
B.To blame people for destroying the environment.
C.To urge the government to take action.
D.To warn the public to reduce their destructive behaviour.
√
4.What is the author’s attitude towards avoiding the sixth extinction
A.Pessimistic. B.Uncertain.
C.Neutral. D.Optimistic.
√
Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out，are not unusual in our Earth’s history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species 1. ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there 2. (be) five times when life on Earth has almost ended,3. (include) the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”.The 4._________
(reason) for extinctions are 5. (vary).Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth’s sixth mass extinction.This time，human activity will be 6. (blame).
Step 3　讀后——課文語法填空
that
have been
including
reasons
varied
to blame
A 2015 study by scientists found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times 7. (fast) than normal.8. is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.
If a sixth mass extinction 9. (occur)，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out and we would also be 10. risk of dying out.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.
faster
It
occurs
at
返 回
長句難句分析
1.These include third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.(P52 Para.1)
結構分析：此句為 句，其中known as the “Great Dying” 為過去分詞作 ，which引導 從句。
漢語翻譯：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
the
復合
定語
定語
這其中包括稱為“大滅絕”的第三次滅絕，那期間90%至 96%的物種滅亡了。
2.Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate at which this is now happening is cause concern.(P52 Para.2)
結構分析： 此句是 句，Although引導 從句，從句中的it是形式主語， 為真正的主語；主句的主干是 ；at which為“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞 。
漢語翻譯：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
for
復合
讓步狀語
for species to die out naturally
雖然物種的自然滅絕并不罕見，但現在滅絕的速度讓人
擔憂。
the rate is cause for concern
rate
3.A 2015 study by scientists who (base) at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at how quickly species die out due
natural causes，that is，the “background extinction rate”.(P52 Para.2)
結構分析：此句話為 句，句子的謂語動詞為 ，who 引導
從句，how 引導 從句。
漢語翻譯：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
were based
to
復合
looked at
2015年在美國布朗大學和杜克大學的科學家進行的一項研究，調查了物種自然狀態下滅亡的速度，即“背景滅絕率”。
定語
賓語
4.There is long list of reasons why so many species are dying ：air and water pollution，forests (destroy)，factory farming and overfishing.(P53 Para.2)
結構分析：此句為 句，句子包含 句型，why引導 從句，先行詞為 。
漢語翻譯：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
a
out
being destroyed
復合
這么多物種正在消亡的原因有很多：空氣和水污染、森林被毀、工廠化畜牧和過度捕撈。
there be
定語
reasons
5.If a sixth mass (extinct) occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.(P53 Para.3)
結構分析：此句為 句，if引導 從句，who引導 從句，that引導 從句。
漢語翻譯：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
extinction
to
復合
條件狀語
研究該問題的科學家們相信，如果發生第六次滅絕，地球上多達四分之三的物種有可能滅絕。
定語
賓語
6.This would mean we have to (significant) change the way we live.(P53 Para.4)
結構分析：本句是一個 句。mean后面是省略了that的 從句；we live為省略了that/in which的 從句，修飾先行詞 。
漢語翻譯：_____________________________________________________
significantly
復合
定語
賓語
這意味著我們必須極大地改變我們的生活方式。
the way
7.For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species，including (set) up special areas where plants and animals can
(protect).(P53 Para.4)
結構分析：本句是一個 句。to save endangered species在句中作
，where引導 從句。
漢語翻譯：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
setting
be protected
復合
目的狀語
例如，我們需要采取措施拯救瀕臨滅絕的物種，包括建立動植物的特殊保護區。
定語
8.In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop (destroy) the planet that we live and start to protect it.(P53 Para.4)
結構分析：本句是一個 句。if引導 從句；that引導 從句，先行詞為 。
漢語翻譯：_____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
destroying
on
復合
條件狀語
簡而言之，如果我們想要生存，就需要停止破壞我們生活的星球并開始保護它。
返 回
定語
planet
語言知識梳理
消失；絕跡，滅絕
1
die out
die away(聲音、光等)逐漸減弱；消失
die of/from因……而死
die down逐漸平息；逐漸暗淡
die off相繼死去
(1)用die短語的正確形式填空
①The sound of the car as the car drove into the distance.
②To our shock，this species has nearly because its habitats are being destroyed.
③What makes us worried is that if the snowstorm doesn’t blow over，the cattle will .
died away
died out
die off
(2)(讀后續寫之場景描寫)掌聲平息后，他深吸一口氣，開始了他的演講。
When the applause ，he took a deep breath and began his speech.
had died down
寫作佳句
adj.大量的 n.團，塊，堆；大量；(物理學術語)質量(massive adj.巨大的；結實的；非常嚴重的)
2
mass
masses of＋名詞＋謂語動詞復數
a mass of＋
the masses群眾；大眾媒體
復數名詞＋謂語動詞復數
不可數名詞＋謂語動詞單數
(1)The masses (be) often the makers of history and they are also the makers of people’s well-being.
(2)(2021·全國乙)He builds (mass) sculptures out of plastic garbage，forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
are
massive
(3)(應用文寫作之海洋保護)令人擔憂的是，由于海洋污染，大量海洋生物正在相繼死去。
What makes people worried is that as a result of sea pollution，
.
寫作佳句
masses of/a mass of sea creatures are dying off
n.減少；減少的量 vi.& vt.減少
3
decrease
·decrease to...減少到……
decrease by...減少了……
decrease from...to...從……減少到……
·on the decrease正在減少
on the increase正在增加
(1)Due to the application of advanced equipment，the number of his employees has decreased 2,000 1,500.
(2)The crime rate in this area has decreased the lowest level nowadays.
from
to
to
一句多譯
(3)由于人類活動，一些稀有動物的數量在減少。
①Because of human activities，___________________________
.(decrease n.)
②Because of human activities，___________________________
.(decrease v.)
注意　表示“減少”的詞或短語還有：decline，reduce，fall，drop，go down等。
寫作佳句
the number of some rare
animals is on the decrease
the number of some rare
animals is decreasing
vt.責怪，指責 n.過失；責備
4
blame
be to blame (for sth) (對某事)負有責任，應受責備
blame sb for sth因某事責備某人；把某事歸咎于某人
blame sth on sb/sth把某事歸咎于某人/某事
(1)Illegal hunting is (blame) for the extinction of Northern White Rhinos.
(2)We should not blame athletes not winning medals.After all，they have pushed themselves to the limit.
(3)You don’t apply yourself to studying hard，so don’t blame your failure
bad luck.
to blame
for
on
(4)(話題寫作之人際交往)當和他人相處時，我們不應該總是把錯誤歸咎于他人。畢竟，很多時候我們也負有責任。因此，我們應該多交流、換位思考，而不是指責他人。
When getting along with others，we shouldn’t always ________
.After all，many times .So instead of ，we should communicate more and put ourselves in others’ place.
寫作佳句
we are also to blame
blame
others for mistakes/blame mistakes on others
blaming others
處境危險，受到威脅
5
be at risk
·take risks/a risk冒險
take/run the risk of doing sth 冒險做某事
at the risk of...冒著……的風險
·risk doing sth 冒險做某事
(1)It was Mr Lee who took risk of losing his own life to save the two boys.
(2)Men who had been stressed tended to take more (risk) while women responded in the opposite way.
the
risks
(3)當得知那個城市需要援助時，許多救援人員熱切地冒著生命危險前往那里。
When knowing that city was in need of help，many rescue workers .
寫作佳句
were eager to go there at the risk of losing their lives
6
倍數表達法
They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1,000 times faster than normal.(教材P53 Para.2)
他們發現人類活動導致物種滅亡的速度比正常情況快1 000倍。
結構分析：此句為復合句。句中that引導賓語從句；1 000 times faster than...是倍數的表示方法。
倍數的表達法如下：
倍數＋adj./adv.比較級＋than...
倍數＋as＋adj./adv.(原級)＋as...
倍數＋the size/height/length/width/...＋of...
(1)The production of corn is expected to be 1.5 times (large) than that of last year.
(2)To his delight，his new job brings in 3 times much income as the old one.
(3)What makes us shocked is that my brother is 10 times weight of my nephew.
larger
as
the
(4)(應用文寫作之介紹類)我市正在建設的新體育場將是目前這個體育場的三倍大。
①The new stadium being built in our city will be _____________
the present one.(倍數＋as＋原級＋as)
②The new stadium being built in our city will be _____________
the present one.(倍數＋比較級＋than)
③The new stadium being built in our city will be _____________
the present one.(倍數＋the＋名詞＋of)
寫作佳句
three times as
big as
three times
bigger than
three times the
size of
7
without 引導的含蓄虛擬語氣
Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.(教材P53 Para.3)
沒有森林，我們就不能呼吸空氣；沒有干凈的水，我們將無法生存。
結構分析：此句是一個并列句。由and連接兩個并列分句，其中Without與no構成雙重否定。
without短語表示含蓄條件，相當于由if引導的虛擬條件句。
·表示與現在事實相反，謂語動詞用“would/should/could/might＋動詞
原形”。
·表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用“would/should/could/might have＋
過去分詞”。
·此處without 可以用 but for(若沒有)替換。
(1)如果沒有王先生的幫助，我就不會取得這么大的進步。
Without Mr Wang’s help， .
(2)(2022·全國甲，書面表達)沒有海洋，任何生物都無法生存，包括人類，所以現在是我們致力于保護海洋的時候了。
，including human beings，so it is high time that we devoted ourselves to protecting the ocean.
I wouldn’t have made such great progress
Without the ocean，no living things would survive
返 回
語法項目精講
閱讀以下短文，感知加顏色部分，并回答其后的問題。
The popular film，Titanic，is about a beautiful and sad love story,1.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose was a young beautiful woman,2.who went to America with her mother.Jack,3.who won a ship ticket by playing cards，was a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 4.where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，and Jack lost his life for saving Rose.
情境導讀
Everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 5.which most people can’t behave in real life.Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.6.As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that’s the reason 7.why Rose could live on and tell us the moving story.
以上語段中的加顏色部分均為 從句，其中句4,5和7是 定語從句，句1,2,3和6是 定語從句，其標志是主句和從句之間用
隔開。as引導的定語從句一般放于 ；通常譯為“ ”。
定語
限制性
非限制性
逗號
句首
正如
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
一、定語從句的種類
根據定語從句與先行詞之間關系的緊密程度，我們將定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。
1.限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語從句，用于修飾和限定先行詞。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。這種從句和主句的關系十分密切，兩者之間不用逗號分開；關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省略。
語法精講
引導限制性定語從句的關系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which，as；關系副詞有where，when，why。
This is the computer(that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.
這是他昨天為兒子買的電腦。
The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amy’s English teacher.
在地震中幸存的那個女人是埃米的英語老師。
2.非限制性定語從句
(1)非限制性定語從句與先行詞之間一般用逗號隔開，是對先行詞的附加說明，如去掉，句子剩余部分的意思仍然完整。
The children，who wanted to have a journey to the valley，were disappointed when the journey was cancelled.那些想去山谷旅行的孩子都因旅行的取消而感到失望。
That they will get married，which has not been announced，has spread around.
他們要結婚的消息還沒有被宣布，卻已經被傳得沸沸揚揚。
(2)非限制性定語從句的先行詞既可為單個的名詞或代詞，也可為整個句子或其中一部分，且常譯成并列的分句。
We’ll graduate in July，when we will be free.(先行詞為名詞)
我們將于七月份畢業，到那時我們就自由了。
He often comes to school late，which makes his teacher angry.(先行詞為主句的內容)
他經常上學遲到，這使得他的老師很生氣。
(3)引導非限制性定語從句的關系代詞指人時用who，whom和whose；指物時用which和whose。還有關系副詞when和where。
This is our headmaster，who I think has something crucial to tell you.這是我們的校長，我認為他有非常重要的事情要告訴你。
He has sold the house，which is located in downtown.
他已經賣掉了那所位于市中心的房子。
Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland，where he was buried in 1977.卓別林在瑞士度過了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。
He fled his hometown in 1992，when he was only 12 years old.
他于1992年逃離家鄉，當時他只有12歲。
二、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
意義 起限定作用，指特定的人或物，從句不可省略，否則原句句意不完整 僅作補充或說明，若去掉從句，主句意思依然完整
結構 要求 緊跟先行詞，從句與先行詞之間不加逗號 用逗號與先行詞或主句隔開
功能 修飾先行詞 修飾先行詞或整個主句
引導詞 所有的關系代詞及副詞 關系代詞或關系副詞，但是關系代詞that及關系副詞why除外
When you reach the village，you will first find a house whose windows are made of wood.
當你到達那個村莊時，你首先會發現一座有著木窗的房子。
They enjoyed beautiful scenery in the mountain area，where they also did some climbing.
他們欣賞了這個山區的美景，在那里他們還做了些爬山運動。
[巧學助記]
定從分類有奧妙，限與非限看逗號；
定前必有先行詞，名代兩類最適宜；
定從先行很緊密，代副兩詞拉關系。
三、as與which引導非限制性定語從句時的區別
as which
指代 只能指代整個主句的內容 既可指代整個主句的內容，也可指代主句的一部分
位置 可位于主句之前、之中或之后 不能置于主句之前
意義 正如 這，那
功能 連接上下文，表達說話人的觀點、看法，并指出主句內容的根據或出處等 引導的從句在意義上相當于一個并列句
As we all know，the earth moves around the sun.眾所周知，地球圍繞太陽轉。
The singer，as was expected，achieved a great success.
正如所期盼的那樣，這位歌手取得了巨大成功。
Catherine will attend a friend’s wedding，which she is busy preparing for now.
凱瑟琳將參加一個朋友的婚禮，現在她正在為此做準備。
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
1.To our amazement，this is the room the astronaut used to live.
2.At last we arrived at the village， had been transformed into a park.
3.You can come to our city in April， peonies are in full bloom.
4. was often the case，the girl skipped breakfast again.
5.Mr King， legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to the hospital.
達標檢測
where
which
when
As
whose
6.There are many plastic cups on the table，most of are new.
7.The grinning consumer he met in the supermarket was his friend.
8.The consumer， will retire from the university next year，is popular among students.
which
that/who/whom
who
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.我的父親同意我們制作一個視頻來記錄我們在夏令營的經歷，在那里我們度過了美好的時光。
My father approved of us making a video to record our experiences at the summer camp .
2.我最尊敬的人是我的語文老師，他的教學水平遠遠高于平均水平。
The person I respect most is my Chinese teacher _____________________
.
where we had a great time
whose teaching level is
far above average
3.他為何不能降低消費，他沒有給出任何理由。
The reason， his consumption，wasn’t given.
4.該地區礦業發展良好，為當地經濟的發展做出了貢獻。
Mining has developed well in the area，____________________________
.
5.他沒上這節課的原因與你向我解釋的很不一樣。
The reason was quite different from the one
.
for which he couldn’t reduce
which contributes to the
development of local economy
why he missed this class
that you explained to me
Ⅲ.完成下列讀后續寫片段，盡可能多地使用本單元語法
我倒在地上，躺在血泊中。同時，離我們不遠的兩名獵人聽到了我們的尖叫聲。他們沖到我們所在的地方。
I fell onto the ground，lying in a pool of blood.Meanwhile，our screams were heard by two hunters 1. .
They dashed over to the place 2. .
who/that were not far away from us
where we were
一看到所發生的事以及還漂浮在我身后的水面上的鱷魚，其中一個人朝空中開了一槍。正如所期望的，鱷魚被嚇跑了。然后，我失去了知覺，這讓兩名獵人急忙把我送到醫院。
On seeing what happened and the crocodile，3.______________________
，one of them fired a shot in the air.4.__________
，the crocodile was frightened away.Then I was unconscious,5. .
which was still floating in
the water behind me
As was/had
been expected
which made the two hunters rush me to hospital
返 回
訓練2
1.We ordinary people have no right to blame stars contributing less money than others.
2.With their habitats destroyed by human beings，many species have died .
3.Global greenhouse gas emissions must decrease 50 per cent compared to levels at the turn of the millennium.
4.Humans wiped forests on a large scale，which made animals homeless.
Ⅰ.單句語法填空
for
out
by
out
5.During the cultural festival，you can enjoy or participate in _________
(vary) of activities.
6.Many people tend to blame their own failure lack of good fortune.
7.We are extremely happy to know that giant pandas are no longer the most (endanger) animals.
8. (affect) with a serious disease，he was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery.
varieties
on
endangered
Affected
1.這部下個月出版的新書的長度是那部書的三倍。(倍數表達法)
This new book to be published next month __________________________
.
2.在這本書中，我們可以知道是人類活動造成了那些物種的滅絕。(be to blame)
In the book，we can know the extinction of those species.
Ⅱ.單句寫作(課文佳句仿寫)
is three times longer than/
three times as long as/three times the length of that one
it is human activities that are to blame for
3.森林里的動物處于危險之中，因為許多樹都被砍倒了。(be at risk)
because many trees have been cut down.
4.眾所周知，如果沒有水和森林，世界上的生命就不會存在了。(without 引導的含蓄虛擬條件句)
What is known to us is that _______________________________________
.
The animals in the forest are at risk
without water and forests，life would not
exist in the world
5.人們想探索恐龍突然滅絕的原因。(die out，定語從句)
People want to explore .
組句成篇　以上句子可以加上過渡詞語和其他聯想內容組成一篇小短文。
the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly
參考范文
This new book to be published next month is three times as long as that one.In the book，we can know it is human activities that are to blame for the extinction of those species.The truth at present is that the animals in the forest are at risk because many trees have been cut down.Although what is known to us is that without water and forests，life would not exist in the world，humans destroy the forests for profits.Besides，the book is suitable for people who want to explore the reason why dinosaurs died out suddenly as well.
A
(2025·山西晉城高二上期中)
By the time you finish reading this passage，a species on Earth might disappear forever.Humans need a variety of animals，plants，and microorganisms for healthy living.Studies show that the decline in biodiversity(生物多樣性)，or the variety of life on Earth，causes a serious threat to our existence.My colleagues and I found that biodiversity is also important for mental health.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。研究發現，生活在自然多樣性的環境中能顯著降低抑郁和焦慮風險，且日常與多樣化自然環境的短暫接觸也能帶來持久的益處。
Ⅲ.主題語篇閱讀
Contact with nature benefits mental health，particularly for city residents.People living near green spaces have a 71% lower risk of developing depression and anxiety.However，most studies have not looked at how natural diversity influences these benefits.To explore this，we studied whether environments with many natural features，like trees，plants，and wildlife，improve mental health more than those with fewer features.From April 2018 to September 2023,1,998 people used the Urban Mind app to report their environment and mental health over 41,000 times.
We discovered that green spaces with high natural diversity offer more mental health benefits than those with low diversity.Participants reported that nearly a quarter of this positive impact was due to natural diversity，and these benefits could last up to eight hours.Our study suggests that to promote mental health，we should protect biodiversity.This means moving away from decorative gardens and parks with cut grass，which have low biodiversity，toward natural fields and streams that support a variety of plants and animals.
Other studies support our findings.A survey of 15,000 families revealed that those living near areas rich in plants and birds had lower rates of mental health issues，even after accounting for social and economic differences.Our study adds that even brief，daily meets with biodiverse nature can improve mental health.Biodiverse nature wakens the senses，improves focus，and reduces mental tiredness.It also encourages outdoor exercise and social interaction，which improve mood.Additionally，diverse environments reduce pollutants and moderate temperatures，protecting against chronic(慢性的) conditions and stress.
1.What does the passage say about the decline in biodiversity
A.It mostly harms animals.
B.It is not important to humans.
C.It is a serious danger to humans.
D.It only happens in the countryside.
√
細節理解題。根據第一段內容，尤其是“Studies show that the decline in biodiversity(生物多樣性)，or the variety of life on Earth，causes a serious threat to our existence.”可知，生物多樣性的減少對人類來說是一種嚴重威脅，故選C。
解析
2.What conclusion does the author’s study draw
A.We should plant more trees in urban parks.
B.We should reduce the focus on decorative gardens.
C.We should limit public access to protect green spaces.
D.We should shift from low biodiversity to natural diversity.
√
細節理解題。根據第三段中“Our study suggests that to promote mental health...moving away from decorative gardens and parks...toward natural fields and streams that support a variety of plants and animals.”可知，作者的研究發現為了促進心理健康，應保護生物多樣性，這意味著要從低生物多樣性(如裝飾性花園和修剪過的草坪)轉向支持多種植物和動物的自然環境。故選D。
解析
3.What does the underlined word “moderate” most likely mean in paragraph 4
A.Increase. B.Balance.
C.Reduce. D.Manage.
√
詞義猜測題。根據畫線詞前文“Additionally，diverse environments reduce pollutants”和后文“protecting against chronic conditions and stress”可知，此處強調多樣化的環境對健康有益，可推知moderate表達的是對溫度的正面調節，結合各選項可知，balance(平衡)最符合文意，也符合常識。故選B。
解析
4.What would be the best title for this passage
A.The Environmental Impact of Urban Parks
B.The Benefits of Physical Activity in Nature
C.How Social Interaction Improves Well-being
D.How Natural Diversity Influences Mental Health
√
標題歸納題。根據第三段中“We discovered that green spaces with high natural diversity offer more mental health benefits than those with low diversity.”及全文內容可知，文章主要介紹了自然環境的多樣性會極大地影響心理健康，D項概括文章主旨，是最佳標題。故選D。
解析
B
(2025·陜西安康高二上期中)
San Francisco’s waterfront(海濱) is on the National Register of Historic Places for good reason.
語篇解讀　這是一篇說明文。文章說明了舊金山的海濱如今正面臨著由人類活動引起的氣候變化帶來的洪水和海平面上升的威脅。
Its beautiful old landmarks，like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge，have been seen in many books，TV shows and movies—from the stories and novels of Jack London to the 1970s TV series The Streets of San Francisco.The future of San Francisco’s waterfront，however，isn’t safe.
In 2016，the National Trust for Historic Preservation put part of the city’s shoreline on its list of the US’s most endangered historic places，in part because of the threat of sea level rise.The waterfront landmarks of many cities are under increasing threat from floods and rising sea levels brought on by human-driven climate change.St.Mark’s Basilica in Venice，Italy and the Venice Beach boardwalk in Los Angeles face similar challenges to San Francisco.
“The whole issue of climate change and historic preservation intersects(交織) right at the waterfront，” said Elaine Forbes，director of the Port of San Francisco.As she watched the boats come and go on a sunny afternoon，Forbes said，“Sea level rise hasn’t historically been as much of a threat to San Francisco as major earthquakes.” However，that’s changed.Parts of the main road that runs along the waterfront have flooded from heavy rains in recent years.The state estimates(預估) the water could rise up to about two and a half feet above its present level by 2060，and possibly up to seven feet by the turn of the century.
Now，San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline.But the growing magnitude(規模) and frequency of the climate-related threats，the high costs and effort needed in saving heritage sites，and competing ideas about what’s worth saving and what isn’t，can make it hard for cities to know what to do first.
5.What is San Francisco’s waterfront famous for
A.Crowded beaches.
B.Old landmarks.
C.Comfortable climate.
D.Beautiful bridges.
√
細節理解題。根據第二段中“Its beautiful old landmarks，like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge，have been seen in many books，TV shows and movies”可知，它美麗的古老地標，如渡輪大廈和海灣大橋，在許多書籍、電視節目和電影中都有出現，故舊金山的海濱以古老地標聞名。故選B。
解析
6.What challenge is the waterfront facing
A.The threat from rising sea levels.
B.The loss of public support.
C.The competition from other cities.
D.The influence of tourist activities.
√
細節理解題。根據第三段中“In 2016，the National Trust for Historic Preservation...most endangered historic places，in part because of the threat of sea level rise.”可知，2016年，美國國家歷史保護信托基金會將舊金山市的部分海岸線列入了美國最瀕危的歷史遺跡名單，部分原因是海平面上升的威脅。故選A。
解析
7.Why is the earthquake mentioned in paragraph 4
A.To stress the seriousness of sea level rise.
B.To give an example of existing threats.
C.To show the difficulty in the waterfront protection.
D.To compare different types of natural disasters.
√
推理判斷題。根據第四段中“Sea level rise hasn’t historically been...as major earthquakes.” 可知，從歷史上看，海平面上升對舊金山的威脅沒有大地震那么大。結合下文“However，that’s changed.Parts of the main road...have flooded...century.”可知，如今水位上升幅度很大，其威脅已經超過地震。故第四段提到地震是為了強調海平面上升的嚴重性。故選A。
解析
8.What can be known from the text
A.Threats have been removed.
B.Heritage sites are in ruins.
C.Solutions are under consideration.
D.The shoreline has been flooded.
√
細節理解題。根據最后一段中“Now，San Francisco is considering measures to save its historic shoreline.”可知，現在，舊金山正在考慮采取措施保護其歷史悠久的海岸線，即解決方案正在考慮之中。故選C。
解析
Rock climbing has become a mainstream pleasure enjoyed by many.The natural world offers a thrilling adventure through beautiful environments filled with wildlife.
However，rock climbing happens in places that are generally hard to access and unsuitable for agricultural expansion and urbanization.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要圍繞“攀巖運動對懸崖生態系統及生物多樣性的影響”這一主題展開，通過闡述攀巖活動對鳥類、植物等生物的影響，以及攀巖者可以采取的保護措施，來提醒和呼吁攀巖者關注并保護懸崖生態系統。
Ⅳ.七選五
As a result，they have generally suffered less human impact and the areas tend to be important sites for biodiversity(生物多樣性). 1 With the sport booming，the amazing biodiversity sustained by cliff ecosystems is under pressure.
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection
areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand
the potential impact on the plants.
√
根據上文“...rock climbing happens in places that are generally hard to access and...the areas tend to be important sites for biodiversity(生物多樣性).”可知，攀巖活動發生的地方通常較少受到人類影響，往往是生物多樣性的重要地點。選項F“例如，西班牙40%的運動攀巖區位于自然保護區”承接上文，舉例說明攀巖區域的生態重要性。故選F。
解析
2 Giving nesting birds some place is what climbers can do.
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this
topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues
on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature
protection areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to
understand the potential impact on the plants.
√
上文“With the sport booming，the amazing biodiversity sustained by cliff ecosystems is under pressure.”指出攀巖運動的繁榮威脅著生態多樣性，根據下文“Giving nesting birds some place is what climbers can do.”并結合之后的兩段可知，攀登者能做一些事來保護生態。選項C“因此，每個攀登者都有責任保護懸崖生態系統”承上啟下。故選C。
解析
The presence of climbers at the cliff where birds are nesting tends to cause them to abandon their chicks to starvation.Climbers should check in advance if there are any bird nesting restrictions(限制).This information is usually found on climbing guidebooks.
3 If climbers spot a nest，try to leave a note and find a way to communicate this to the rest of the local climbing community.
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection
areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand
the potential impact on the plants.
√
上文“Climbers should...on climbing guidebooks.”指出攀登者應提前檢查區域內是否有鳥巢，并提到攀巖手冊上會有這類信息。選項A“一些組織有一個在線數據庫可供查詢”承接上文，指出另一信息來源。故選A。
解析
Some cliff-specialist plant species have very narrow ranges.If a suitable habitat is rare，they have few opportunities to grow elsewhere.However，climbers can remove vegetation and soil when establishing a route that has not been climbed before.This can wipe out the cliff ecosystem that was there previously.
So climbers should keep the impact on vegetation in mind when developing new climbing routes. 4
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection
areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand
the potential impact on the plants.
√
根據上文“However...when developing new climbing routes.”可知，攀登者在建立以前沒有攀登過的路線時可能會摧毀以前存在的懸崖生態系統，所以他們在開發路線時要注意對植被的影響。選項G“他們甚至可以與其他路線開發者及環保人士合作，共同了解對植物的潛在影響”承接上文，繼續說明他們應該做什么。故選G。
解析
The number of climbers heading out to these cliffs is increasing at an astonishing pace.It is important for climbers to know what they can do for the protection of the cliff ecosystem.
5 Please help those with less experience and knowledge by sharing the information about climbing and biodiversity damage!
A.And some organizations have an online database offered to check.
B.Seemingly a simple way is to spread the word about these good practices.
C.Therefore，every climber is responsible for protecting the cliff ecosystem.
D.Even climbers can ask the climbing gym to organize a discussion about this topic.
E.These data can then be accessed by scientists to avoid environmental issues on cliffs.
F.For example,40% of sport climbing areas in Spain are found in nature protection
areas.
G.Even they can work with other route developers and conservationists to understand
the potential impact on the plants.
√
根據上文“It is important for climbers to know what they can do for the protection of the cliff ecosystem.”可知，攀登者知道如何保護懸崖生態系統很重要，下文建議通過分享信息來幫助缺少經驗和知識的攀登者。選項B“似乎一個簡單的方法是傳播這些良好做法”承上啟下，these good practices呼應上文的what they can do，spread the word則呼應下文的sharing the information。故選B。
解析
(2025·湖北黃岡高二上期中)
We’ve all heard the claims that by 2050，coffee，as we know it，is set to dramatically change or disappear!
語篇解讀　這是一篇說明文。文章討論了氣候變化對咖啡生產的影響，并預測到2050年咖啡種植面積將大幅減少。
Ⅴ.語法填空
A recent study published on PLOS One predicts 1. overall decline in the world’s suitable growing land for coffee by 2050.An earlier report by the Climate Institute found that coffee production could
2. (cut) in half due to climate change.
an
be cut
1.考查冠詞。decline“減少”在此用作可數名詞，結合句意可知此處表示泛指，應用不定冠詞修飾，而空后的overall的發音是以元音音素開頭，故填an。
2.考查被動語態。空處位于that引導的賓語從句中，主語production和動詞cut之間是被動關系，此處使用被動語態，表示“咖啡生產可能被減半”，情態動詞could后接動詞原形，故填be cut。
解析
Warming temperatures have started to introduce several new 3.________
(threat) to the production of coffee，ranging from unsuitable growing temperatures to new warmer weather pests.
threats
考查名詞復數。根據前面的several可知，這里需要一個可數名詞的復數形式，故填threats。
解析
And pests reproduce and spread quicker in 4. (hot) climates.Then we have natural disasters,5. the droughts in Brazil，which led to market prices doubling，and the floods in Timor-Estelle，both in 2021.
4.考查形容詞比較級。根據前面的quicker并結合句意可知，這里需要用形容詞的比較級，表示“更熱的氣候”，故填hotter。
5.考查介詞。根據句意可知，空后的旱災和洪災都是例子，本空應表示列舉，使用介詞like“例如，像”，故填like。
解析
hotter
like
These weather events will continue to get worse,6. (destroy) coffee farmland beyond repair unless we stop deforestation，reduce emissions and expand conservation plans.
destroying
考查非謂語動詞。本句已有謂語動詞will continue，所以此處用非謂語動詞，destroy與邏輯主語These weather events之間是主動關系，使用現在分詞作狀語，故填destroying。
解析
While a reduced coffee supply will be difficult for consumers，it will be
7. (absolute) disastrous for the 25 million farmers 8.________
livelihoods depend on it.
absolutely
whose
7.考查副詞。這里需要一個副詞來修飾形容詞disastrous，故填absolutely。
8.考查定語從句。空處引導定語從句，修飾farmers，指人，關系詞在從句中作定語修飾livelihoods，所以用關系代詞whose，故填whose。
解析
These are some of the poorest communities in the world，who don’t have the resources 9. (stay) and fight or pack up their farms and move to cooler climates.
to stay
考查非謂語動詞。結合句意可知，此處表示目的，使用動詞不定式to stay，表示他們沒有資源留下來斗爭或搬遷到有更涼爽氣候的地方，故填to stay。
解析
Then there are millions of people 10. (employ) in packaging，distributing，selling and brewing the coffee we all love.
employed
考查非謂語動詞。employ和people之間是被動關系，使用過去分詞作后置定語，表示在包裝、分銷、銷售和沖泡咖啡等工作中被雇用的人，故填employed。
解析
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