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Unit 5 Revealing nature
Developing ideas
attack move
breathe speak
eat steal
sleep think
1. Look at the pictures and tick what plants can do.
Developing ideas
Before reading
How aware are plants This is the central question behind a fascinating new book, What a Plant Knows by Daniel Chamovitz, director of the Manna Center for Plant Biosciences at Tel Aviv University (特拉維夫大學). A plant, he argues, can see, smell and feel. It can mount a defense when under siege, and warn its neighbors of trouble on the way. A plant can even be said to have a memory. But does this mean that plants think — or that one can speak of a “neuroscience” of the flower Chamovitz answered questions from Mind Matters editor Gareth Cook.
Do plants think
Developing ideas
Before reading
The average strawberry has 200 seeds. It’s the only fruit that bears its seeds on the outside.
草莓平均有200粒種子。它是唯一在外面結種子的水果。
Peaches, pears, apricots, quinces, strawberries, and apples are members of the rose family.
桃子、梨、杏子、木瓜、草莓和蘋果都是薔薇科的成員。
The difference between nectarines and peaches is that nectarines don’t have fuzzy skins. You can graft peach branches onto a nectarine tree or nectarine branches onto a peach tree so you have both types of fruits.
油桃和桃子的區別是油桃沒有絨毛皮。你可以把桃枝嫁接
到油桃樹上，或者把油桃枝嫁接到桃樹上，這樣你就可以
同時獲得兩種水果。
Trees are the longest-living organisms on earth.
樹木是地球上壽命最長的生物。
Some interesting facts about plants
Developing ideas
Before reading
Around 2,000 different types of plants are used by humans to make food.
There are over 200,000 identified plant species and the list is growing all the time.
Bamboo is the fastest-growing woody plant in the world; it can grow 35 inches in a single day.
Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that grapes were grown to make wine about 8,000 years ago in Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq), although the ancient Egyptians were the first to record the process of making wine about 5,000 years ago.
Some interesting facts about plants
Developing ideas
Before reading
2. Read the passage and find out the ways in which plants communicate.
Plants can communicate with each other by using chemicals, sound and “wood wide web”.
Developing ideas
While reading
An expository essay (說明文) is a structured academic paper that investigates an idea, provides argumentation, and presents everything in simple language to make the concept clear for everyone.
Read for the structure and main idea
The word “expository” is a derivative of the word “exposition”. As you can already understand from the name, the core task behind an expository essay is to expose information. Simply put, to expose something means to lay something uncover, or discover information in a way to make it understandable for a reader.
What is an expository essay
Developing ideas
While reading
Para 1
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
Main idea
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 1 is used to introduce the main topic of the passage.
While reading
Para 2
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
Main idea
New research has revealed that plants can communicate.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 2 is used to clearly illustrate the thesis statement.
While reading
Para 3
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I”m being attacked!” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects—the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
Main idea
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 3 is Point 1: Using chemicals.
While reading
Main idea
Plants also use sound
to communicate.
Para 4
More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can’t hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots. Corn and chilli plants do this. They also “listen” to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful, or unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 4 is Point 2: Using sound.
While reading
Main idea
Plants have a
communication system called “wood wide web” in a forest.
Para 5
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”. It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi. This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other. For example, some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”. Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 5 is Point 3: Using the “wood wide web” .
While reading
Main idea
Scientists are learning more about the secret language of plants.
Para 6
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Who knows Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves.
Developing ideas
Paragraph 6 is used as a conclusion and a restatement.
While reading
Part 1: Introduction and thesis statement
Para.1-2: Plants can communicate.
Part 2: Body
Para. 3-5: Plants have various ways to communicate.
Part 3: Conclusion
Para. 6: Scientists are learning more about the
language of plants.
Developing ideas
Organization
of the passage
While reading
Using chemicals
* The plant releases chemicals ____________ that are being eaten.
* When another plant detects the chemicals, it starts to ______________
____________________.
from the leaves
release its own, different chemicals
Using sound
* Some plants make noises _____________________.
* A chilli plant can __________
__________________________
__________________________.
* Some trees make ___________
__________________________.
with their roots
tell if a
neighbouring plant is
helpful, or unfriendly
clicking noises
to indicate drought’s coming
Using the “wood wide web”
* This fungal network links _____ ____________________________.
* Plants can __________________
_____________ with each other.
* Plants can __________________
_____________________ to attack other plants.
the roots
of different plants to each other
share information
steal food from each other
Developing ideas
Modern research is showing that plants can __________________________.
Maybe one day we will be able to “talk” with plants.
communicate with each other
3. Organise information from the passage and complete the diagram.
and even food
or spread poisons
While reading
Developing ideas
What figure of speech is being used when the plants are described as calling for help What is its function
What does “wood wide web” mean
What do you think are the benefits of studying plant communication
What discoveries are described in the two reading passages in this unit and what do their meanings have in common
Think share
Personification. It can make descriptions more vivid.
“Wood wide web” means an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. It is linked underground by fungi and this fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other.
Passage 1 reveals the discovery of evolution and Passage 2 reveals the discovery of communication between plants. They all reflect that there are numerous secrets in nature that remain to be explored.
While reading
Passage 1 reveals the discovery of evolution and Passage 2 reveals the discovery of communication between plants. They all reflect that there are numerous secrets in nature that remain to be explored.
1. Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
Talking plants即“會說話的樹”，talking 為現在分詞作定語，它與所修飾的名詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關系，可以替換成一個定語從句，即Plants that talk。
【拓展】單個分詞作定語時，通常放在被修飾的名詞之前；分詞短語作定語時，放在被修飾的名詞之后。
現在分詞作前置定語，通常表示正在進行的主動動作，也可以表示主動但不是正在進行的動作。
過去分詞作前置定語，通常表示被動，且有時有已完成的含義。
Developing ideas
After reading — key words and expressions
【例句】
A falling body is accelerated by the attraction of the earth.（單個分詞，前置）
The cinema standing across the street was set up last year.（分詞短語，后置）
The injured man was rushed to the hospital.（單個分詞，前置）
Most of the young men invited to the party were Jack’s classmates.（分詞短語，后置）
a sleeping child, a falling star（主動，正在進行）
a promising child, a walking dictionary（主動，但不是正在進行）
fried eggs, boiled water（被動完成）
Developing ideas
1. Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends.
After reading — key words and expressions
2. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
【例句】
據說 Darwin是《物種起源》一書的作者。
Darwin is said to be the writer of the book On the Origin of Species.
=It is said that Darwin is the writer of the book On the Origin of Species.
=People say (that) Darwin is the writer of the book On the Origin of Species.
sb be said to do sth結構的含義和用法：
sb be said to do sth = It is said that sb do sth = people say (that) sb do sth“據說某人做了某事”。
Developing ideas
After reading — key words and expressions
3. With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy復合結構在句中作狀語，說明背景。現在分詞believing和前面的代詞是邏輯上的主謂關系，表示主動。
【拓展】在“with+名詞/代詞+非謂語動詞”復合結構中，非謂語動詞可以是不定式（多指動作尚未發生）、動詞-ing形式（多指動作正在進行）、動詞-ed形式（與前面的名詞構成被動關系）。
Developing ideas
【例句】
With Tim guiding us, we had no difficulty in finding the destination. 由于Tim的引導，我們毫不費力地找到了目的地。
With no one to talk to, John felt miserable. 沒有人可以傾訴，約翰感到很難受。
With the problem settled, he felt relieved. 問題解決了，他如釋重負。
After reading — key words and expressions
4. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects.
Developing ideas
say在這里意為“認為；假定，比方說”。
【拓展】常用的表達還有：let’s say (that) 和just say (that)。
【例句】
If we put out, say, twenty chairs, would that be enough 如果我們搬出去，比方說二十把椅子，夠不夠？
Let’s say your plan fails, then what 假設說你的計劃失敗，那怎么辦？
Just say you won the lottery — what would you do 假定你中了彩票——你打算做什么？
After reading — key words and expressions
5. When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals.
Developing ideas
detect v. 發現，察覺（尤指不易察覺到的事物）
detection n. 察覺，發現；偵查
detectable adj. 可覺察的；可發現的；可查出的
【例句】
The tests are designed to detect the disease early. 這些檢查旨在早期查出疾病。
Many problems, however, escape detection. 然而許多問題卻未被察覺。
The noise is barely detectable by the human ear. 這種噪音人的耳朵幾乎是察覺不到的。
After reading — key words and expressions
6. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web”. It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi.
Developing ideas
wood wide web 源于互聯網詞匯 world wide web。
注意作者的造詞手法：作者運用wood wide web，在形式和功能上將兩者巧妙地聯系起來，從而幫助學生進一步了解這種神奇的植物信息網絡。語言生動，比喻恰當，貼近生活。
After reading — key words and expressions
7. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi.This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other.
Developing ideas
fungus n. 真菌（注意其復數形式為：fungi ）
fungal adj. 真菌的
【例句】
A fungus is a plant that has no flowers, leaves, or green colouring, such as a mushroom or a toadstool. 真菌是一種沒有花、葉子或綠色的植物，比如蘑菇或毒蕈。
Fungal diversity did not correspond with bacterial diversity.
真菌的多樣性與細菌的多樣性并不一致。
After reading — key words and expressions

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