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(共76張PPT)
第十四章　復合句
【復習要求】
1.運用賓語從句。
2.理解主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。
3.定語從句
(1)運用以who,which,that引導的定語從句;
(2)運用以when,where,why引導的定語從句。
【知識要點】
包含一個主句和一個或一個以上從句的句子叫復合句,從句由從屬連詞引導。根據從句在整個句子中的不同作用,可分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句六類。由于主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句在句中的功用相當于名詞,故而這四種又統稱為名詞性從句。
一、名詞性從句
引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:
從屬連詞:that,whether,if(從屬連詞不充當從句的任何成分)。
連接代詞:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which。
連接副詞:when,where,how,why。
1.主語從句
主語從句在句中作主語,它的位置與陳述句基本結構中的主語相同。如:
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他來參加討論是肯定無疑的。
Whether he will accept the invitation is not clear.
他是否接受邀請還不清楚。
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.
這事對我們有益還是有害還有待觀察。
Who did the work is unknown.
這件工作是誰做的還不知道。
Where we shall do the test is still under discussion.
我們在什么地方做這個測驗還在討論中。
主語從句放在句首,句子常常顯得比較笨重,因此常把它移至句子末尾,而用代詞it作形式上的主語。其中that引導的主語從句用it作形式主語尤為多見。如:
It is strange that she did not come yesterday.
很奇怪,她昨天沒有來。
It is a pity that Mr.Brown can’t attend our English meeting.
真可惜,布朗先生不能出席我們的英語會議。
2.表語從句
表語從句在句中作表語,它位于主句中的連系動詞之后。結構為:主語+連系動詞+表語從句。常用的這類連系動詞有be,seem,remain,look等。如:
My idea is that you should make good use of your time.
我的建議是你該好好利用你的時間。
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.
問題在于我們能不能在明天晚上以前完成這項工作。
That is why she had a day off yesterday.
這就是她昨天請假的原因。
表語從句還可由as if/as though,because,as引導。如:
It looks as if it is going to snow.
看起來天要下雪。
It is because he doesn’t know her.
這是由于他不認識她。
Things are not always as they seem to be.
事物并不總是如其表象。
3.同位語從句
同位語從句用于表示名詞的內容,對其加以解釋或說明。這些名詞往往是抽象名詞。如:fact,suggestion,idea,news,answer,belief,advice,dream等。如:
We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.
聽到中國運動員贏得了許多金牌的消息,我們非常激動。
同位語從句通常由that引導,但隨著與其同位的名詞不同,也可由whether,when,which,who,how,what,why等引出。如:
The question,whether we need it,has not yet been considered.
我們是否需要它,這個問題還沒有考慮。
I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她何時回來。
It is very difficult to answer your question how I did it.
很難回答你提出的我是怎樣做的這個問題。
4.賓語從句
賓語從句的位置與陳述句基本結構中的賓語相同。賓語從句可作謂語動詞的賓語,也可以作介詞和非限定動詞(動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞)以及某些形容詞的賓語。如:
I know that he is friendly and honest.
我知道他很友好而且誠實。(由連接代詞引導作動詞的賓語)
Do you know when we shall have a meeting
你知道我們什么時候開會嗎 (由連接副詞引導作動詞的賓語)
He was interested in whatever he saw there.
他對在那里看到的一切都很感興趣。(作介詞的賓語)
I was surprised at what he said.
他講的話使我吃驚。(作介詞的賓語)
從句可作有些形容詞如:sure,certain,glad,sorry,happy,afraid,
confident,surprised,lucky 等的賓語。如:
I’m sure that she will come and join us.
我相信她會來參加我們的活動。
I am not certain whether(if)the train will arrive on time.
我沒有把握火車是否會準點到達。
二、定語從句
定語從句在句中作定語,修飾名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。常見的關系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,
which等;關系副詞有when,where,why等。
1.關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
(1)who,whom,that這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中作主語和賓語。如:
This is the comrade who wants to see you.
這就是那位想見你的同志。
Who’s the man(whom)you just talked to
剛才跟你談話的人是誰
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there
在那邊讀報的人是誰
(2)whose用來指人或物(只用作定語,若指物,它還可以同of which互換)。如:
She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London.
她在照看其父母去了倫敦的那個小孩。
Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.
請把那本綠色封面的書遞給我。
(3)which,that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。在從句中作賓語時,可以省略。如:
Is this the photo(that)you took last summer
這是你去年夏天照的相片嗎
The computer(which)I wanted to buy was sold out.
我想買的那種計算機賣完了。
2.關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。關系副詞when,where,why的含義相當于“介詞+which”結構,因此常常和“介詞+which”結構交替使用。如:
I shall never forget the day when(on which)we moved into our new house.我將永遠不會忘記我們搬進新家的那一天。
This is the place where(at which)Jack parks his car.
這是杰克停車的地方。
He didn’t know the reason why(for which)he was dismissed.
他不知道他被解雇的原因。
3.限制性和非限制性定語從句
(1)定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種,限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。如:
The day on which one is born is one’s birthday.
某人出生的那一天是他的生日。(限制性定語從句)
Last night I saw a very good film,which was about a superman.
昨晚,我看了一個很好的電影,是有關超人的。(非限制性定語從句)
(2)非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞,對其進行修飾。從句由as或which引導,其中as可以放在主句的前面或者后面,但which只能放在主句的后面,這時從句謂語動詞要用單數。如:
She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.
她對孩子很有耐心,她丈夫卻很少這樣。
As has been said before,we have no time to go over the text.
正如前面所說的,我們沒有時間復習課文。
注意:定語從句中,關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句;介詞后面的關系詞不能省略;that前不能有介詞;某些在從句中充當時間或地點狀語的“介詞+關系詞”結構可以同關系副詞when或where互換。如:
This is the bridge on which you took photos.
→This is the bridge where you took photos.
I still remember the day when I first came here.
→I still remember the day on which I first came here.
4.關系代詞that的用法
(1)不能用that的情況
①引導非限制性定語從句不能用that。如:
The film,which we saw last night,was very wonderful.
我們昨晚看的電影很精彩。
②介詞后的關系詞不能用that。如:
This is the room in which he once lived.
這是他曾經住過的房間。
(2)只能用that作為引導定語從句的關系代詞的情況
①在不定代詞,如:anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,
little等作先行詞或先行詞有the only,the very修飾時。如:
Is there anything that I can do for you
We think he is the only person that can do the work well.
②先行詞被序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級修飾時。如:
Hangzhou is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
③先行詞既有人,又有物時。如:
Then we talked about the school and the teachers that we remembered in our hearts.
三、狀語從句
復合句中,用來修飾謂語(或其他動詞)、定語、狀語或整個句子的從句叫做狀語從句。狀語從句在句中起狀語的作用。狀語從句有表示時間、地點、原因、結果、目的、條件、比較、方式、讓步等的從句。
1.時間狀語從句
時間狀語從句常用when,as,while,after,before,since,as soon as,until等連詞引導,如:
I was reading the newspaper when he came in.
他進來的時候我正在看報紙。
As they walked along,the students sang happily.
學生們一邊走一邊高興地唱著歌。
I didn’t know any English before I came here.
我來這兒以前一點兒英語也不懂。
After he left school,he went to Tibet.他離開學校后到西藏去了。
It is 20 years since he joined the army.他參軍已有20年了。
As soon as she came to the classroom,she began to read English.
她一進教室就開始讀英語。
They didn’t come back until it was dark.他們直到天黑才回來。
Tom watched TV while he ate his supper.湯姆邊吃晚飯邊看電視。
2.地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句通常由where,wherever引導,在從句中充當地點狀語。如:
We will go where we are most needed by the country.
我們要到祖國最需要我們的地方去。
Wherever you are,you should work for the people heart and soul.
無論你在哪里,你都應該全心全意為人民服務。
3.原因狀語從句
原因狀語從句常用because,since,as引導,其中because語勢最強,用來說明為人所不知的原因,回答why提出的問題。當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知時,就用as或since。如:
He didn’t come yesterday because he wasn’t well.
昨天他因為身體不舒服,沒有來。
As we were tired,we took a rest.
由于我們累了,我們休息了一下。
Since he can’t answer the question,let’s ask someone else.
既然他不能回答這個問題,我們就問別人吧。
4.結果狀語從句
結果狀語從句常由so...that...或such...that...引導。so...that...與such...that...之間可以轉換,如:
He didn’t take his raincoat so that he got wet all over.
他沒有帶雨衣,結果全身濕透了。
The Dead Sea is so salty that fish can’t live in it.
死海里的水鹽分含量很高,魚都無法生存。
It is such a big box that nobody can move it.
這個箱子太大了,沒有人能搬動它。
5.目的狀語從句
表示目的狀語的從句可以由that,so that,in order that,in case等引導。如:
He got up early so that he might catch the school bus.
他很早起床,以便趕上校車。
She did the exercise carefully in order that she wouldn’t make any mistake.
她認真做練習,為的是不出錯。
6.條件狀語從句
條件狀語從句的連接詞主要有if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that等。如:
I’ll be happy if you come to the party.
如果你來參加聚會,我會很高興的。
You wouldn’t succeed unless you work hard.
除非你努力,否則你不會成功的。
7.比較狀語從句
比較狀語從句一般由than,as...as...,not so/as...as...和the+形容詞比較級/副詞比較級...,+the+形容詞比較級/副詞比較級...等引導。
She likes reading better than she likes going to parties.
比起參加聚會,她更喜歡讀書。
I hope she will make as much progress as you have done.
我希望她將取得和你同樣多的進步。
The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.
英語聽得越多就越容易。
8.方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句通常由as,as if,as though,the way引導。如:
As water is to fish,so air is to man.人離不開空氣,就像魚兒離不開水。
as if和as though兩者的意義和用法相同,引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣,表示與事實相反;有時也用陳述語氣,表示所說情況是事實或實現的可能性較大。漢譯常作“仿佛……似的”。如:
They looked at me as if(as though) I were mad.
他們看著我,好像我發瘋了似的。
It looks as if(as though) the weather may pick up very soon.
看來天氣很快就會好起來的。
9.讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句常由though,although,even if,even though等連詞引導。如:
Although he is young,he knows more than others.
雖然他年輕,但他比別人懂得多。
We will try our best even if/even though we may fail.
雖然我們可能會失敗,但我們將盡最大的努力。
四、直接引語和間接引語
直接引語和間接引語是引述他人的話所采用的兩種形式。直接引語是原封不動地引用他人的話,并將其置于引號之內,即使是一般疑問句和特殊疑問句也均不變,即按其原來的疑問句形式引用。間接引語是用自己的話加以轉述,被轉述的話不能用引號。如果轉述疑問句,不能用原疑問句形式,要用“疑問詞+陳述句”語序。直接引語變為間接引語多數情況下構成一個賓語從句。如:
He said,“I am going to Paris with my wife.”
他說:“我要和我妻子去巴黎。”(直接引語)
He said he was going to Pairs with his wife.
他說他要和他妻子去巴黎。(間接引語)
He said to me,“You have to improve your working methods.”
他對我說:“你必須改進工作方法。”(直接引語)
He told me that I had to improve my working methods.
他告訴我必須改進工作方法。(間接引語)
直接引語變為間接引語時應注意的問題
直接引語變為間接引語,無論何類句子,其時態、人稱代詞、物主代詞、表示時間和地點的詞語一般情況下都必須作某些相應的變化。
1.陳述句
直接引語是陳述句,轉述為間接引語時,成為一個由連詞that
(口語中可省去)引導的賓語從句。同時,原句的時態、人稱代詞、物主代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語等均需作相應變化。
(1)人稱代詞、指示代詞和物主代詞的變化
— 直接引語 間接引語
人稱代詞 第一和第三人稱(單復數)、第二人稱 第三人稱(單復數)、
第一人稱
指示代詞 this
these that
those
物主代詞 my
our his/her
their
如:She said,“My name is Anne.”
她說:“我叫安妮。”
→She said that her name was Anne.
她說她叫安妮。
(2)各種時態的變化
直接引語 間接引語
一般現在時 　一般過去時
現在進行時 過去進行時
現在完成時 過去完成時
一般將來時 過去將來時
一般過去時 　過去完成時
過去完成時 過去完成時(不變)
將來進行時 　過去將來進行時
can,may,must,
ought to,needn’t could,might,must(had to),ought to,
didn’t have(need)to
shall,will should,would
如:She said,“My name is Anne.”
她說:“我叫安妮。”
→She said that her name was Anne.
她說她叫安妮。
(3)時間狀語及地點狀語的變化
— 直接引語 間接引語
時
間
狀
語 today
this morning(week,month,etc.)
yesterday
the day before yesterday
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next week(month,year) that day
that morning(week,month,etc.)
the day before
two days before
the next(following)day
two days after
the next week(month,year)
地點
狀語 here,there
(注:如果說話人所處之地即為引述人所處之地,可不變)
動詞 come go
如:She said,“ I will come here this afternoon.”
她說:“今天下午我將到這里。”
→She said that she would go there that afternoon.
她說她那天下午將去那里。
2.疑問句
間接引語中引述疑問句時,除上述陳述句變化的特點必須注意外,還必須注意其獨有的變化。
如:“Have you already sent the letter ” he asked me.
他問我:“你寄那封信了嗎 ”
→He asked me whether(if)I had already sent the letter.
他問我是否寄了那封信。
直接引語 間接引語
一般疑問句
選擇疑問句
反義疑問句
特殊疑問句 常用whether(if)+陳述句語序
用whether+陳述句語序
用whether(if)+陳述句語序
直接引語中的疑問詞+陳述句語序
3.祈使句
祈使句變為間接引語時,常將祈使句變為一個簡單句,常用“主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(動詞不定式)”這個句型,若直接引語是否定句,則在賓補前加not。常用于該句型的謂語動詞有:ask,order,
tell,beg等。
The teacher said to the boy,“(Don’t)Open the window.”
老師跟這男孩說:“請(不要)開窗戶。”
The teacher told the boy(not)to open the window.
老師叫這男孩(不要)開窗戶。
【例題解析】
(　　)1.The lab　　　　the chemist often does experiments is not far from here.
A.what B.that C.which D.where
【答案】　D
【解析】　關系副詞where引導定語從句并充當從句中的地點狀語,所以正確答案應為D。
(　　)2.Though the family was poor,the parents did all　　　 they could to send him to school.
A.what B.which C.as D./
【答案】　D
【解析】　該題考查的是定語從句。在不定代詞all,nothing,
anything,little等作先行詞時,后面的定語從句只能用that引導。本句的定語從句中,that作賓語,所以可以省略。答案是D。
(　　)3.The news　　　　he got the first prize was true.
A.which B.what C.that D.for
【答案】　C
【解析】　本句考查的是同位語從句。句中he got the first prize 是對the news的內容的解釋和說明。that是連接詞,在從句中不作語法成分。
(　　)4.We wonder　　　　he will agree with us or not.
A.if B.whether C.that D.which
【答案】　B
【解析】　本句考查的是賓語從句。在賓語從句中,如果后面有or not,一般要用whether,所以答案是B。
(　　)5.It is known to all　　　　Liu Xiang is a hero.
A.what B.whether or not
C.that D.when
【答案】　C
【解析】　本句考查的是主語從句。其中是it形式主語,從句是真正的主語,that是連接詞,答案是C。
【同步精練】
(　　)1.　　　　he got the first prize is known.
A.That B.Those C.What D.Whether
【答案】 A
【解析】 that 引導的一個主語從句,引導詞在從句中不充當成分,無意義,只起一個語法作用。
(　　)2.Miss Gao always gives the red flowers to　　　　answers the question first.
A.whoever B.whomever C.who D.that
【答案】 A
【解析】whoever引導一個介詞賓語從句,該引導詞在從句中充當主語。
(　　)3.I have never been to Rome,but that’s the city　　　　.
A.where I most like to visit
B.I’d most like to visit
C.I like to visit it most
D.which I like to visit it most
【答案】 B
【解析】該題考查的是定語從句,引導詞that/which 在從句中充當賓語,在該句中省略。
(　　)4.All　　　　is his hard working.
A.what is needed B.that is needed
C.which is needed D.is needed
【答案】 B
【解析】 all 后面所接的是一個定語從句,引導詞在從句中充當主語。由于all是不定代詞,所以引導詞只能是that。
(　　)5.The town　　　　my father grew up in is not far from here.
A.what B.where C.wherever D.which
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是定語從句,由于從句中有了介詞in,所以引導詞選which,在從句中充當介詞in 的賓語。
(　　)6.The problem is　　　　will go.
A.why B.when C.who D.what
【答案】 C
【解析】該題考查的是表語從句。根據從句中的意思得知主語應該是人,即引導詞在從句中作主語。
(　　)7.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,　　　　made others unhappy.
A.who B.that C.what D.which
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是非限制性的定語從句,引導詞which指代的是前面整個句子。
(　　)8.　　　　is known to the world,Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A.That B.Which C.As D.It
【答案】 C
【解析】該題考查的是as 引導的非限制性的定語從句。
(　　)9.The reason he was late is　　　　his clock didn’t give the alarm.
A.because B.due to C.since D.that
【答案】 D
【解析】句型:The reason (why)...is that...。
(　　)10.I have a lot of friends,　　　　are students.
A.some of which B.some of them
C.some of whom D.some of that
【答案】 C
【解析】該題考查的是非限制性的定語從句,引導詞前有介詞的情況只有兩種: 指人,介詞+whom;指物,介詞+which。
(　　)11.—“I will never be late for class.” He said to me.
—He said to me that he 　　　　be late for class.
A.will never B.never will
C.should never D.would never
【答案】 D
【解析】在間接引語的句子中,謂語動詞要根據主句的謂語而變。直接引語中為一般將來時,變為間接引語時要變為過去將來時。
(　　)12.Give me your telephone number 　　　　I need your help.
A.whether B.unless C.so that D.in case
【答案】 D
【解析】 whether引導名詞性從句,“是否”; unless引導條件狀語從句,“除非”; so that 引導目的和結果狀語從句,“為了”; in case引導條件和目的狀語從句,“以防萬一”。
(　　)13.—Mary said,“Tom,I come to return this book.”
—Mary told Tom that she　　　　.
A.went to return this book B.went to return that book
C.came to return the book D.came to return this book
【答案】 B
【解析】直接引語變為間接引語時,come要改為go,一般現在時要變為一般過去時,this 要改為that。
(　　)14.—“Don’t go out now.” I said to the boy.
—I　　　　.
A.told the boy not to go out now
B.said the boy not to go out now
C.told the boy not to go out then
D.asked the boy not go out then
【答案】 C
【解析】直接引語是祈使句時,改為間接引語要變為told sb.(not) to do sth.,now 要改為then。
(　　)15.Is this the factory 　　　　you once visited
A.where B.which C.the one D.in which
【答案】 B
【解析】先將一般疑問句還原成陳述句的語序,很清楚考查的是一個定語從句的引導詞,在從句中充當賓語。
(　　)16.Is the factory 　　　　you once visited
A.where B.which C.the one D.in which
【答案】 C
【解析】先將一般疑問句還原成陳述句的語序,很清楚只選擇引導詞是不夠的,構不成一個定語從句,所以必須在引導詞前加一個先行詞。引導詞在從句中作賓語,所以可以省略。
(　　)17.Is this the house 　　　　you once lived
A.where B.which C.the one D.that
【答案】 A
【解析】先將一般疑問句還原成陳述句的語序,很清楚考查的是定語從句引導詞。引導詞在從句中充當狀語。
(　　)18.I’ll accept any job 　　　　I don’t have to get up early.
A.least B.as long as
C.in case D.though
【答案】 B
【解析】根據意思,選擇as long as “只要”,引導條件狀語從句。
(　　)19.—Betty said,“You’d better not go.”
—Betty　　　　.
A.told me that I had better not go to
B.asked me that I would better not go
C.told me that I had better go out
D.asked me that I had better not go
【答案】 D
【解析】直接引語改為間接引語時,人稱要有相應的變化,情態動詞不用變。
(　　)20.The professor spoke in a loud voice 　　　　every one of us could hear him.
A.such that B.so C.so that D.such
【答案】 C
【解析】so that 引導目的狀語從句,“為了”。
(　　)21. When Kate Marsh just got off the plane,she gave us a good description of 　　　　in Spain.
A.what she had seen B.that she had seen
C.which she had seen D.she had seen what
【答案】 A
【解析】what引導的介詞賓語從句,是“……的(……)” 的意思,在從句中充當賓語。
(　　)22.　　　　difficulties we may come across,we’ll help one another to overcome them.
A.However B.Whenever
C.Wherever D.Whatever
【答案】 D
【解析】 difficulties是名詞,所以引導詞要選whatever, 引導讓步狀語從句。
(　　)23.His brother,　　　　you met at the bus stop yesterday,is good at playing football.
A.whose B.that C.whom D.which
【答案】 C
【解析】該題考查非限制性定語從句,先行詞指人,所以引導詞要用whom。
(　　)24.We don’t know the reason 　　　　he didn’t attend the meeting.
A.because B.that C.why D.when
【答案】 C
【解析】引導詞why 引導定語從句,指原因,在從句中充當狀語。
(　　)25.　　　　is important 　　　　us 　　　　learn English well.
A.It;for;to B.It;of;to
C.It;with;to D.That;for;to
【答案】 A
【解析】該題考查句型:It’s+adj.+for sb.to do sth.。
(　　)26.He 　　　　go to bed 　　　　midnight last Sunday.
A.doesn’t;until B.will;at
C.didn’t;until D.wouldn’t;until
【答案】 C
【解析】該題考查not...until...的句型,由于時間狀語是last Sunday,所以句子中的謂語動詞要用一般過去時。
(　　)27.Is there anything else 　　　　you require
A.which B.where C.that D.it
【答案】 C
【解析】該題是考查定語從句的引導詞。由于先行詞是anything else,是復合不定代詞,所以引導詞不能用which,只能用that。引導詞在從句中充當賓語。
(　　)28.He talked happily about the men and books. .
interested him in the school.
A.that B.which C.who D./
【答案】 A
【解析】該題考查的是定語從句的引導詞。在先行詞既指人又指物時,引導詞只能用that。
(　　)29.He had to find ways that would make 　　　　possible for him to speak,read and write.
A.that B.this C.it D.them
【答案】 C
【解析】該句考查的是it作形式賓語的情況,形容詞possible作賓語補足語,不定式短語作真正的賓語。
(　　)30.We must do 　　　　the teacher asks us to do.
A.which B.that C.what D.those
【答案】 C
【解析】該句考查的是賓語從句,引導詞what在從句中作賓語, “……的(……)”的意思。

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