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(共137張PPT)
第八章　動詞
【復習要求】
1.識記動詞的種類。
2.識記動詞的基本形式(原形、過去式、過去分詞、現在分詞)的用法。
3.理解并掌握常用的及物動詞和不及物動詞的用法。
4.理解常用的連系動詞的用法。
5.理解助動詞be,do,have,shall,will的用法。
6.理解情態動詞can,may,must的用法。
7.理解一般現在時,一般過去時,一般將來時(包括表示將來的be going to),現在進行時,現在完成時,過去進行時,過去將來時(包括was/were going to do),過去完成時的用法。
8.理解一般現在時,一般過去時,一般將來時,現在完成時的被動語態以及帶有情態動詞的被動語態。
9.理解非謂語動詞(動詞不定式、分詞、動名詞)的用法。
10.理解虛擬語氣。(內容見虛擬語氣一章)
【知識要點】
一、動詞種類
動詞是表示動作或狀態的詞。動詞可分為四類:行為動詞、連系動詞、情態動詞和助動詞。
1.行為動詞
行為動詞又稱實義動詞,含有實在的詞義,并能獨立作謂語動詞。行為動詞又可分為及物動詞和不及物動詞。如:
She took pictures of the trees.(及物動詞)
The sun shone brightly this morning.(不及物動詞)
2.連系動詞
連系動詞在句中作謂語動詞,后面跟表語。英語連系動詞有: be,seem,look,keep,become,get,grow,feel,turn,appear,remain等。如:
It is never too late to learn.
He looks very strong.
Keep quiet,please!
3.助動詞
協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞詞組的詞叫助動詞。助動詞主要有be,do,have,shall,will等。
(1)表示時態。如:
He is singing.
He has got married.
(2)表示語態。如:
He was sent to England.
(3)構成疑問句。如:
Do you like college life
Did you study English before you came here
(4)與否定副詞not合用,構成否定句。如:
I don’t like him.
(5)加強語氣。如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.
明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that.他的確知道那件事。
(6)替代動詞詞組。如:
—Do you often watch TV in the evening
你晚上經常看電視嗎
—Yes,I do.=Yes,I often watch TV in the evening.
是的,我經常看。
4.情態動詞
情態動詞表示能力、義務、必要、猜測等說話人的語氣或情態,只能和主要動詞一起構成謂語動詞。情態動詞有can,may,
must,need,dare,ought,will,shall等及其過去式could,might,would,
should等。
(1)can 和could表示能力、可能、許可等。如:
—Can you dance
—No,I can’t.But John can.(表示能力)
Can you be here earlier tomorrow (表示可能)
You can use my bike.(表示許可)
I could read when I was seven.(表示“過去的能力”)
Could you help me with my English (表示請求)
(2)may和might表示許可、可能、愿望。如:
You may go now.(許可)
You may be right.(可能)
May you succeed!(愿望)
Father said we might go.(過去許可)
(3)must表示必須、應該、推測。如:
You must tell me about it.(表示義務)
You mustn’t lend it to others.(準許)
This must be your room.(猜測)
He must have arrived there by now.(對過去的猜測)
注:在回答must 開頭的疑問句的句子中,否定式常用 needn’t。如:
—Must I be home before eight o’clock
—No,you needn’t.(Yes,you must.)
(4)need用作情態動詞時,表示“需要”,主要用于否定句和疑問句。如:
Need you return the magazines today
You needn’t hurry.
注:need也可作行為動詞,常用于肯定句和否定句中,可與助動詞連用,其后跟帶to 的不定式。如:
We don’t need to bring our books that day.
(5)dare用作情態動詞時,表示“敢于”,用法同need。如:
He dare not try.
How dare you say so
(6)要注意以下幾組區別
①must和have to的區別:
must表示說話人主觀認為,“必須”做某事。
have to表示由某種外界原因而“必須”或“不得不”做某事。如:You must go to work on time.
When I was at your age,I had to go to work.
而且,must只有一種形式,而have to有更多的形式。如:
I’ll have to get there on time.
②can 和be able to的區別:
can和be able to都表示做某事的能力,但can更強調主觀性,can有現在時和過去時兩種形式,沒有人稱和數的變化。be able to更強調客觀性,表示本身有能力做某事,be有人稱和數的變化。如:
I can go to school on time.
She will soon be able to finish the work well.
二、動詞時態
英語的時態是靠動詞的變化和時間狀語來表達的。英語中的時態共有16種,但是常考的或較常用的只有9種。現以動詞work為例,將這9種時態列表如下:
時態 現在 過去 將來 過去將來
一般 I work I worked I shall
(will) work I should(would)
work
進行 I am working I was working 略 略
完成 I have worked I had worked 略 略
完成
進行 I have been
working 略 略 略
1.一般現在時
一般現在時由動詞原形構成。如果主語是第三人稱單數,則在動詞后加-s或-es,系動詞be要隨不同人稱而變化。一般現在時的用法為:
(1)表示經常或習慣性的動作,句子中常有often,always,usually,
sometimes,every day,from time to time 等時間狀語。如:
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
(2)表示客觀規律和普遍真理。如:
The earth goes around the sun.
(3)表示主語目前的狀況和特點。如:
She has a brother who lives in New York.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
(4)在時間、讓步、條件狀語從句中,用一般現在時表示一般將來時。如:
If he accepts the job,he will get more money soon.
I won’t leave until he comes.
2.一般過去時
一般過去時通常由動詞過去式表示。規則的動詞過去式是在動詞原形后加-ed或-d,不規則的動詞過去式有其特殊形式。一般過去時常跟明確的過去時間連用。如:yesterday,last week,in 1945,at that time,once,a few days ago等。其用法為:
(1)表示過去某個時間發生或存在的動作。如:
I was born in 1980.
(2)表示過去經常發生的或習慣性的動作。如:
When I lived there,I often went to see him.
(3)表示過去經常發生的動作。也可用“used to+動詞原形”來表示。如:He used to smoke a lot.
3.一般將來時
一般將來時由“助動詞will/shall+動詞原形”構成。第一人稱I/we既可用shall也可用will,其余人稱均用will。
(1)一般將來時的用法:
①表示將來某個時間要發生的動作或存在的狀態。常和tomorrow,next year等表示將來的時間狀語連用。
We will meet again next week.
②表示將來經常發生或重復發生的動作。
They will go to the cinema twice a month.
注意:一般將來時用在一些時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中,主句用一般將來時,從句一定要用一般現在時替代一般將來時。
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
(2)一般將來時的其他表示法:
①“am(is,are) going to+動詞原形”,表示打算要做的事或可能要發生的事。如:
I am going to tell you a story.
②“am(is,are) about to+動詞原形”表示按照計劃發生的事或眼前將要發生的事情。如:
The meeting is about to begin.
③某些表示位置移動的動詞,如:arrive,come,go,leave,start等,用現在進行時的形式表示將來。如:
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
4.現在進行時
現在進行時由“is/am/are+現在分詞”構成。現在進行時的用法為:
(1)表示現在(說話時)正在進行或發生的動作。如:
We are having an English class.
(2)表示目前一段時間內的活動或現階段正在進行的動作。
The little boy is always making trouble.
注意:有些表示感覺、情感和狀態的詞,:be,have,like,love,hate,
want,hope,think,hear,understand,believe,see,smell,taste等,沒有進行時。
5.過去進行時
過去進行時由“was/were+現在分詞”構成。其用法為:
(1)表示過去某個時間點或某段時間內正在發生的動作。如:
—What were you doing at nine last night
—We were cleaning the room.
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
(2)表示過去將要發生的動作。如:
She said she was going with us.
6.現在完成時
現在完成時由“have/has+過去分詞”構成。其用法為:
(1)表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響或結果。
I have finished my homework.
(2)表示過去已經開始,一直持續到現在的動作或狀態,往往和表示一段時間的狀語連用,如:for,since,these days 等,動詞必須是延續性動詞。如:
They have lived in Beijing for ten years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
(3)現在完成時不和明確表示過去的時間狀語連用,如:
yesterday,last year,in 1987,two years ago,just now等。但可以和一些不確定的時間狀語連用,如:yet,already,sometimes,often,before,
lately,recently,just,never,up to now,till now,so far,ever等。
(4)短暫性動詞如:come,go,buy,die,begin等用在完成時態時,不能與連續性時間狀語連用。
錯:He has died for two years.
對:He has been dead for two years.
對:He died two years ago.
對:It is two years since he died.
(5)現在完成時和一般過去時的區別:
現在完成時表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響或結果,強調的是現在的情況。因此,不能與單純表示過去的時間狀語連用。一般過去時只表示過去的動作或狀態,和現在沒有關系,它不能與連續性時間狀語連用。
I have lived in the country since 1970.
I lived in the country in 1970.
7.過去完成時
過去完成時由“had+過去分詞”構成。其用法為:
(1)表示過去某個時間之前已經完成的動作,即“過去的過去”,句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語。
①由by,before 等構成的短語。如:
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They had got to the park before seven o’clock.
②由before,after,until等引導的從句。如:
They had finished their homework before I got home.
(2)表示從過去某一時間開始并持續到過去另一時間的動作或狀態,往往和for或since引導的表示一段時間的短語或從句連用。如:I had been here for two hours when he came to see me.
(3)用于“hardly/scarcely...when...”“no sooner...than...”句型中,主句用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.(注意前半句主謂倒裝)
(4)動詞hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan 等用過去完成時,表示未實現的愿望、打算和意圖。
I had hoped that I could do the job.
I had intended to see you,but I was too busy.
8.過去將來時
過去將來時由“助動詞would(should)+動詞原形”構成。其用法為:
(1)表示對過去某一時間而言將要發生的動作或狀態,主要用在賓語從句中。
The man said he would die.
(2)由“was/were going to+動詞原形”構成,表示曾經打算或準備要做的動作。
She said she was going to attend a meeting this afternoon.
9.現在完成進行時
現在完成進行時由“have/has+been+現在分詞”構成。其用法為:
(1)表示動作從過去某一時間開始,一直持續進行到現在,可能剛停止,也可能還要繼續下去。漢語常譯成“一直”。
I have been teaching English for 15 years.
I have been waiting for you for an hour.
(2)短暫性動詞如:come,go,buy,die,begin等不能用在此時態中。
三、動詞的語態
語態是動詞的一種形式,表示動詞的主語與該動詞所執行的動作之間的主動和被動關系。語態有兩種:主動語態和被動語態。主語是動作執行者時,動詞用主動語態;主語是動作承受者時,用被動語態。如:
My grandfather planted this tree.我祖父種了這棵樹。
This tree was planted by my grandfather.這棵樹是我祖父種的。
1.被動語態的構成形式
被動語態由“助動詞be+過去分詞”構成,be隨時態的變化而變化。被動語態通常有八種時態的被動形式。以do為例,各種時態的被動語態形式舉例說明如下:
(1)一般現在時:am/is/are+done(過去分詞)
English is taught in that school.
(2)一般過去時:was/were+done
I was given ten minutes to decide whether to go or not.
(3)一般將來時:shall/will be done或am/is/are going to be done
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
(4)現在進行時:am/is/are being done
A new cinema is being built here.
(5)過去進行時:was/were being done
A meeting was being held when I was there.
(6)現在完成時:has/have been done
All the work has been finished.
(7)過去完成時:had been done
By the end of last year,another new project had been completed in Beijing.
(8)一般現在時帶情態動詞的被動語態:情態動詞+be+done
His new clothes must be made very soon.
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby sitter.
2.主動語態變被動語態的方法
(1)把主動語態的賓語移到句首作被動語態的主語。
(2)把謂語改成被動結構(be+過去分詞)(根據被動語態句子里的主語的人稱和數,以及原來主動語態句子中動詞的時態來決定be的形式)。
(3)把主動句中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語,將主格改為賓格。如:
All the people laughed at him.→ He was laughed at by all the people.
They make bikes in the factory.→ Bikes are made in the factory by them.
3.被動語態的用法
(1)常用被動語態的情況
①講話者不知道動作的執行者或不必說出動作的執行者(這時可省略by短語)。
My bike was stolen last night.
②突出動作的承受者
I was given ten minutes to finish the work.
(2)使用被動語態時應注意的幾個問題
①有些動詞如:give,get,pay,buy,make,send,lend,bring,show,throw等,可以有兩個賓語,在用于被動結構時,其直接賓語和間接賓語均可變為被動語態的主語。如:
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
→He was given a present for his birthday by his mother.
或 A present was given to him for his birthday by his mother.
②當“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”復合賓語結構變為被動語態時,將賓語變為被動結構中的主語,其余不動(賓語補足語已變成主語補足語)。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
→The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
③不定式在使役動詞have,make,let以及感官動詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面作賓語補足語時,在主動結構中不定式to要省略,但變為被動結構時,要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
→A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
④有些相當于及物動詞的動詞詞組,如“動詞+介詞”“動詞+副詞”等,也可以用于被動結構,但要把它們看作一個整體,不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。
They are to put off the meeting till Friday.→ The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
⑤用被動語態表示“據說”或“相信”等的詞組
It is said that...據說……。 It is reported that...據報道……。
It is believed that...大家相信……。
It is hoped that...大家希望……。
It is well known that...眾所周知……。
(3)不用被動語態的情況
①不及物動詞無被動語態。如:
比較:rise,take place,happen,break out是不及物動詞(詞組);
raise,seat是及物動詞。
(錯)The price has been risen. (對)The price has been raised.
(錯)The accident was happened last week.
(對)The accident happened last week.
(錯)The war was broken out. (對)The war broke out.
(錯)Please seat. (對)Please be seated.
②系動詞無被動語態。如:
(錯)It is sounded good.
(對)It sounds good.
③某些詞的主動形式表示被動意義:wash,clean,cook,iron,look,
cut,sell,read,wear,feel等。如:
The book sells well.這本書銷路好。
This knife cuts easily.這把刀很好用。
④在need,require,want,worth(形容詞)后的動名詞必須用主動形式,但表示被動含義,其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。
如:
The door needs repairing.(=The door needs to be repaired.)
門需要修理。
This book is worth reading.(=This book is worthy to be read.)
這本書值得一讀。
四、非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞在句中起名詞、形容詞或副詞的作用。動詞的非謂語形式分為動詞不定式、分詞、動名詞。
He gets up early to catch the first bus.(to catch不定式)
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt (wearing現在分詞)
Climbing mountain is a good exercise.(Climbing動名詞)
非謂語動詞的時態和語態形式,以動詞do為例,列表如下:
種　類 時　態 主　動 被　動
不定式 一般 to do to be done
進行 to be doing /
完成 to have done to have been done
完成進行 to have been doing /
現在分詞
動名詞 一般 doing being done
完成 having done having been done
過去分詞 一般 / done
1.動詞不定式
動詞不定式是由“to+動詞原形”構成,有時可以不帶to,動詞不定式沒有人稱和數的變化,在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用。
(1)動詞不定式(或不定式短語)的用法
①作主語
To master a language is not an easy thing.
To teach English is my favorite.
動詞不定式作主語時可以放在后面,用 it 作形式主語放在原主語的位置上。如:
It’s very kind of you to have given us much help.
It’s my pleasure to help you.
It’s necessary for us to help each other.
②作賓語
某些及物動詞可以用動詞不定式作賓語,這些動詞有want,like,wish,hate,hope,try,ask,start,forget,begin,decide,refuse,determine,expect,fail,intend,manage,attempt,agree,plan,learn等。如:
I wish to learn English well. I like to help others if I can.
③作賓語補足語
不定式作賓語補足語的結構中,有兩種情況:
(A)常見的帶to的不定式作賓語補足語的及物動詞有:
advise,ask,allow,beg,cause,command,encourage,expect,force,get,hate,invite,intend,instruct,leave,like,order,permit,persuade,prefer,remind,request,urge,warn,want,wish。如:
Don’t allow him to come in at this moment.
Tom will get someone to repair your video recorder.
Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.
(B)不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語的及物動詞有:
feel,hear,have,let,make,notice,see,watch等表示感覺或使役意義的動詞。
The story made all of us laugh.
Be sure to have him come before dark.
Nobody noticed them leaving the house.
④作表語
What I should do is to finish the task soon.
The most important thing is to find the boy immediately.
⑤作定語
There are many ways to solve the problem.
I have something important to tell you.
⑥作狀語
We went to see our teacher.
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine.
(2)動詞不定式的否定形式:
動詞不定式的否定形式由“not+to+動詞原形”構成。如:
The teacher told us not to swim in that river.
It’s unfair not to tell us.
(3)動詞不定式和疑問詞連用:
疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,how,why 可以加在不定式的前面,構成不定式短語,在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語等。
Where to go is not known yet.
I don’t know when to begin.
Can you tell me where to get the battery
Do you know how to get to the station
2.分詞
分詞包括:現在分詞和過去分詞。現在分詞由動詞原形加-ing 構成,規則的動詞過去分詞是在動詞原形后加 ed構成,不規則的動詞過去分詞有其特殊形式。
(1)分詞的用法
①作定語
單個分詞作定語時,通常放在被修飾詞的前面。分詞短語作定語時,則放在被修飾詞之后。如:
The rising sun looks very beautiful.
The man standing there is our teacher.
He likes to drink cold boiled water.
The girl dressed in red is my sister.
②作表語
分詞作表語表示主語的性質,這時通常可以看作形容詞,可以用very,so或much等修飾。如:
The news that our team won in the match was very surprising.
The sound we heard last night was so frightening.
He looked disappointed.
We were delighted at the news.
③作賓語補足語
We saw him walking across the road.
You’d better have your bike repaired.
現在分詞作賓補表明賓語正在進行的動作。可以帶現在分詞作賓補的動詞有find,see,hear,watch,notice,get,keep等。如:
When I came in,I found him lying in bed.
④作狀語
分詞作狀語可以表示時間、方式、伴隨、原因等。如:
Coming into the classroom,the teacher found that all the students were seated.(時間)
All the students sat in the classroom,waiting for their new teacher.(伴隨)
Encouraged by the teacher,she decided to study hard.(原因)
My parents went to a birthday party yesterday,leaving me alone at home.(結果)
值得注意的是,分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語必須和句子主語一致。
(2)現在分詞和過去分詞的區別
①現在分詞通常表示主動意義,過去分詞通常表示被動意義。如:
Who is the girl speaking to our English teacher
正跟我們英語老師講話的那個女孩是誰
What is the language spoken in Canada 加拿大講什么語言
②現在分詞表示正在進行的動作,過去分詞表示已經完成的動作。如:
falling leaves 正在落下的樹葉
fallen leaves 落葉
3.動名詞
動名詞是非謂語動詞的一種形式,其構成與現在分詞一樣,由動詞原形加 ing 構成。動名詞在句中不可作謂語,但它仍具有動詞的某些特征,即可帶自己的賓語或狀語,并與其賓語或狀語構成動名詞短語,動名詞可以在句子中充當名詞所能充當的作用。其用法為:
(1)作主語
動名詞作主語的幾種常見類型:
①直接位于句首作主語。如:
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
Running is good for health.
②用 it 作形式主語,把動名詞(真實主語)置于句尾作后置主語。用 It is 后接 no use,no good,no fun 等的句型。如:
It is no use telling him not to worry.
It is no good waiting here.Let’s walk home.
It is no fun being lost in the rain.
③用于布告形式的省略結構中。如:
No smoking!=No smoking is allowed(here)!
No parking!
(2)作表語
My cat’s favorite activity is sleeping.
Seeing is believing.(主語seeing,表語believing)
(3)作賓語
①作動詞/動詞短語的賓語(置于動詞或動詞短語的后面)
I cannot help laughing.
You should avoid quarrelling with your sister.
You should practise speaking English more.
上面三個句子中的動詞:help,avoid,practise 只能用動名詞作賓語。這類動詞還有:suggest,finish,mind,enjoy,miss,dislike,admit,
deny,postpone(延遲),risk(冒風險),delay(耽誤),consider等。
還有短語:
keep(on),give up,put off,leave off等。
注:下列動詞后既可跟不定式,也可跟動名詞,但含義不同:
forget to do(忘記了要做什么)
forget doing(忘了做過的事情)
regret to do(遺憾地去做什么)
regret doing(后悔做了什么事情)
try to do(努力做)
try doing(嘗試做)
stop doing(停止做)
stop to do(停下來去做另一件事情)
mean to do(打算做)
mean doing(意味著做)
go on to do(繼續去做另一件事情)
go on doing(繼續做同一件事情)
②作介詞賓語
I don’t feel like eating anything.
Excuse me for coming late.
有些介詞在句中省略,但仍需要動名詞作介詞賓語,如:
spend...(in)doing...
have difficulty(in)doing...
(4)作定語
動名詞作定語時表示被修飾詞的用途和作用。如:
Don’t forget to take a shopping basket with you.
別忘了帶上購物籃子。
現在分詞與動名詞作定語的區別:現在分詞與所修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關系,而動名詞作定語表示作用與用途。如:
Let sleeping dogs lie.別招惹麻煩。(現在分詞。相當于定語從句 which are sleeping)
I think sleeping pills may help you.我想安眠藥可以助你入睡。(動名詞。表示用途,相當于pills for sleeping)
(5)動名詞的復合結構
當動名詞有自己的邏輯主語時,常可以在前面加上一個名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞,構成動名詞的復合結構(名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞作動名詞的邏輯主語)。動名詞的復合結構也可以在句中作主語或賓語。如:
Their coming surprised us a lot.
Would you mind my opening the door
【例題解析】
(　　)1.The film was so　　　　that everybody was　　　　to tears.
A.moving;moved B.moved;moving
C.moved;moved D.moving;moving
【答案】　A
【解析】　該題是分詞用作表語,現在分詞通常表示主動意義,過去分詞通常表示被動意義。moving意思為“令人感動的”,
moved意思為“被感動的”。
(　　)2.Great changes　　　　in China in the last ten years.
A.have taken place B.are taken place
C.have been taken place D.are being taken place
【答案】　A
【解析】　take place相當于happen,是不及物動詞短語,不及物動詞(短語)無被動語態。根據時間狀語in the last ten years,要用現在完成時,表示過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響或結果。
(　　)3.　　　　 what to do,he telephoned me for help.
A.Not knowing B.Knowing not
C.Not to know D.To know not
【答案】　A
【解析】　現在分詞的否定形式為“not+現在分詞”,該句是現在分詞用作原因狀語,而不定式不能作原因狀語。
(　　)4.—Did you see Xiao Li at the party
—No,　　　　 by the time I arrived.
A.she’d left B.she’s left
C.she was left D.she must leave
【答案】　A
【解析】　該答句意思為“當我到達的時候,她已經離開了”。動作“離開”在“到達”(過去時)之前發生,即“過去的過去”,所以用過去完成時,它常與by,before 等構成的短語連用。因此選A(she’d left=she had left)。
(　　)5.—What happens to your shoes
—They want 　　　　.
A.to mend B.being mended
C.mending D.mended
【答案】　 C
【解析】　動詞want后用動名詞的主動形式,表示被動含義。
(　　)6.Don’t forget　　　　to me.Let’s keep in touch.
A.to write B.writing
C.having written D.to have written
【答案】　A
【解析】　該題動詞forget后既可跟不定式,也可跟動名詞,但含義不同:forget to do(忘了要做什么),forget doing(忘了做過的事情)。該句意思為“別忘了要給我寫信,讓我們保持聯系。”,而且不用完成形式,所以選A。
(　　)7.In some parts of the world,tea　　　　with milk and sugar.
A.is serving B.is served
C.serves D.served
【答案】　B
【解析】　因為serve是及物動詞,其動作承受者tea作主語,表示經常發生的情況,故用一般現在時的被動語態“is served”。
(　　)8.—Does your sister remember to return the library book today
—Oh,yes.Thank you.She’s　　　　it for two weeks.
A.kept B.lent C.borrowed D.keeping
【答案】　A
【解析】　根據時間狀語“for+一段時間”,表示過去已經開始并一直持續到現在的動作或狀態,往往用持續性動詞的現在完成時。lend 和borrow都為短暫性動詞,所以選A。
(　　)9.　　　　 from the tallest building,the whole city looks very beautiful.
A.See B.Seeing C.Seen D.Saw
【答案】　C
【解析】　根據句子結構,可以排除A和D。分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語必須和句子主語一致。所以see分詞的邏輯主語必須是the whole city,而它們兩者的關系是被動關系,故用過去分詞seen。
(　　)10.The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four fifths of the tickets 　　　　.
A.was booked B.had been booked
C.were booked D.have been booked
【答案】　B
【解析】　句中tickets是book(訂票)的承受者,兩者為被動關系,又因票已被訂出應發生在entered the office這個過去的動作之前,所以要用過去完成時的被動語態“had been+過去分詞”。
(　　)11.Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple,
but it remains　　　　whether they will enjoy it.
A.to see B.to be seen C.seeing D.seen
【答案】　B
【解析】　根據題意,那對老夫婦是否到國外旅行是將來的動作,應使用不定式,故排除掉C、D兩項;又因remains的邏輯主語it是動詞see所表示動作的承受者,即“到國外旅行”這件事有待于“被決定”,應使用動詞不定式的被動形式。
(　　)12.　　　　 a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not
C.Not having received D.Having not received
【答案】　C
【解析】　本題考查分詞的時態與分詞的否定式。根據題意判斷,分詞的動作(接收信件)發生在謂語動詞的動作decided之前,因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構成為:not+分詞,故選C。該句可理解為:Because he had not received a reply,he decided to write again.
【同步精練】
一、動詞種類、時態、語態練習
(　　)1.This is Ted’s photo.We miss him a lot.He　　　　trying to save a child in the earthquake.
A.killed B.is killed
C.was killed D.was killing
【答案】 C
【解析】 He和kill 的關系是被動,且發生在過去,所以用一般過去時態的被動語態。
(　　)2.—Have you moved into the new house
—Not yet,the rooms 　　　　.
A.are being painted B.are painting
C.are painted D.are being painting
【答案】 A
【解析】根據上下句的意思是:還沒有搬進新房,房間正在被粉刷。所以要用現在進行時態的被動語態。
(　　)3.When and where to go for the holiday　　　　yet.
A.are not decided B.have not been decided
C.is not being decided D.has not been decided
【答案】 D
【解析】 when and where 后接不定式是不定式的特殊用法,它的作用相當于名詞。在此充當主語,被看作是第三人稱單數,所以謂語動詞要用單數形式,且和decide的關系是被動關系。句子末尾有副詞yet,要用完成時態,所以要用現在完成時態的被動語態的單數形式。
(　　)4.If city noises　　　　from increasing,people　　　shout
to be heard even at dinner.
A.are not kept;will B.are not kept;/
C.do not keep;will D.do not keep;/
【答案】 A
【解析】 city noises 和keep from increasing 的關系是被動關系,第一個空要選被動語態的形式;people 要shout to be heard的動作沒有發生在現在,可能會發生在將來,所以第二個空要用一般將來時態。
(　　)5.He　　　　the Party　　　　1998.
A.has joined;in B.has joined;from
C.joined;on D.joined;in
【答案】 D
【解析】在時間狀語1998前用介詞in,那么句子中謂語動詞要用一般過去時;如果時間狀語1998前介詞用since,則句子中謂語動詞要用現在完成時。
(　　)6.—　　　　 the sports meet might be put off.
—Yes,it all depends on the weather.
A.I’ve been told B.I’ve told
C.I’m told D.I told
【答案】 A
【解析】根據句子意思:我已經被告知……,所以要用現在完成時態的被動語態。
(　　)7.I need one more stamp before my collection 　　　　.
A.has completed B.completes
C.has been completed D.is completed
【答案】 D
【解析】 my collection 和complete 的關系是被動關系,且是在before引導的時間狀語從句中,要用一般現在時態表將來,所以要用一般現在時態的被動語態。
(　　)8.My classmate　　　　a lot of good deeds for others.
A.has been done B.did
C.was doing D.had done
【答案】 B
【解析】 根據句意:我同學為別人做了很多好事,要用一般過去時。
(　　)9.The Anti-Japanese War　　　　in 1931 and it
　　　　fourteen years.
A.break out;last B.was broken out;lasted
C.broke out;last D.broke out;lasted
【答案】 D
【解析】 break out 是“爆發”的意思,沒有被動語態,根據時間狀語in 1931,所以第一個空要填一般過去時態的主動語態;在第二空中last是不及物動詞,也無被動語態,所以只能用一般過去時。
(　　)10.Great changes　 in the city,and a lot of factories 　 .
A.have been taken place;have been set up
B.have taken place;have been set up
C.have taken place;have set up
D.were taken place;were set up
【答案】 B
【解析】第一空中謂語動詞take place 是“發生”的意思,無被動語態,所以只能選現在完成時態的主動語態;第二空中factories和set up 的關系是被動關系,所以要用被動語態的形式。
(　　)11.That suit　　　　over 60 dollars.
A.had costed B.costed C.is costed D.cost
【答案】 D
【解析】 cost是不及物動詞,無被動語態;也是不規則動詞,過去式、過去分詞和動詞原形是一樣的。
(　　)12.—Look! Everything here is under construction.
—What’s the house that　　　　for
A.is being built B.has been built
C.is built D.is building
【答案】 A
【解析】 根據句意:正在建的這座房子是干什么的 所以要用現在進行時態的被動語態。
(　　)13.I have no more letters 　　　　,thank you.
A.to type B.typing
C.to be typed D.typed
【答案】 C
【解析】 no more letters to type 和no more letters to be typed 都是“沒有信要打”的意思,但前者表示的type的邏輯主語是句子的主語“I”,而后者是表示type 的邏輯主語不是句子的主語“我”。根據句子中的“thank you”知道,該句的意思是:我沒有信要(你)打。
(　　)14.You don’t need to describe her.I　　　　her several times.
A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet
【答案】 B
【解析】 從后面的several times 知道“我見過她幾次”, 所以要用現在完成時。
(　　)15.—Do you like the material
—Yes,it　　　　very soft.
A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt
【答案】 C
【解析】 從soft 我們知道,句子的謂語動詞是一個連系動詞,表示“摸起來”的意思,無被動語態,且用一般現在時。
(　　)16.The computers on the table　　　　Professor Smith.
A.belong B.are belonged to
C.belongs to D.belong to
【答案】 D
【解析】 belong to “屬于”,無被動語態。因為主語是復數,所以謂語動詞也要用復數形式。
(　　)17.This box is too heavy,　　　　 give me a hand
A.would you mind B.would you please
C.will you like to D.will you please to
【答案】 B
【解析】請求別人幫忙時的句式: Would you please+V(原形)
(　　)18.It was very kind of you to do the washing up,but you
　　　　it.
A.mustn’t have done B.wouldn’t have done
C.mightn’t have done D.didn’t have to do
【答案】 D
【解析】 didn’t have to do sth.表示“不必做某事”。
(　　)19.This morning I　　　　you many times.
A.was called B.had been called
C.kept called D.called
【答案】 D
【解析】時間狀語“this morning”是表過去,所以用一般過去時。
(　　)20.You　　　　me earlier.I could have helped you.
A.should tell B.should have told
C.need to tell D.needn’t have told
【答案】 B
【解析】 should have told表示“應該告訴而沒有告訴”。
(　　)21.—English has a large vocabulary,doesn’t it
—Yes.　　　　 more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.
A.Know B.Knowing C.To know D.Known
【答案】 A
【解析】句中and 連接的應該是句子與句子、短語與短語。句中and后所接的是一個句子,所以and前面的也應該是句子。直接以動詞原形開頭的句子是一個祈使句,省掉了主語you。
(　　)22.If Mary　　　　next Sunday,we　　　　boating together.
A.will come;will go B.comes;will go
C.will come;go D.comes;go
【答案】 B
【解析】 “主將從現”,即在主句中用一般將來時,而在條件狀語從句中使用一般現在時態表將來。
(　　)23.They　　　　a football game from 7:00 to 9:00 last night.
A.watched B.were watching
C.has watched D.had watched
【答案】 B
【解析】 “昨晚從7:00到9:00”在做什么要用過去進行時態。
(　　)24.My watch　　　　eight o’clock.
A.tells B.speaks C.says D.talks
【答案】 A
【解析】 tell 常作及物動詞,意為“講述”“告訴”,還有“表明”“顯示”的意思。speak強調說的動作,不強調所說的內容。作及物動詞時,常以某種語言作賓語;作不及物動詞時,常見的搭配有:speak of sb./sth.和speak to sb.。 say 一般用作及物動詞,著重說話的內容,它的賓語可以是名詞、代詞或賓語從句。talk一般為不及物動詞,意思是“交談”“談話”,著重強調兩者之間相互說話。
(　　)25.—Need we clean the classroom every day
—Yes,you 　　　　.
A.can B.may C.could D.must
【答案】 D
【解析】 need開頭的疑問句,否定回答是needn’t 或 don’t have to;對它的肯定回答是must。
(　　)26.—Could I borrow your dictionary
—Yes,of course you 　　　　.
A.might B.will C.can D.should
【答案】 C
【解析】 用Could提問不是表過去,而是表語氣時,肯定回答要用can。
(　　)27.When I arrived home,he　　　　for almost one hour.
A.had left B.left
C.had been away D.was away
【答案】 C
【解析】arrive 發生在過去,leave 發生在arrive之前,即“過去的過去”,要用過去完成時。由于 one hour 是表示一段時間,而leave是一個瞬間動詞,不能持續,所以要改成相應的表狀態的副詞 away。
(　　)28.My father　　　　a glass while he　　　　the dinner for Mum’s birthday yesterday.
A.has broken;was cooking B.was breaking;cooked
C.had broken;was cooking D.broke;was cooking
【答案】 D
【解析】時間狀語是yesterday。“我”父親在做飯時打破了一個玻璃杯,“正在做飯”要用過去進行時,“打破玻璃杯”要用一般過去時。
(　　)29.He　　　　his paper when the bell began to ring for the end of the class.
A.has just finished B.has just been finished
C.had just finished D.had just been finished
【答案】 C
【解析】 began to ring這個動詞發生在過去,finish his paper發生在它之前,即“過去的過去”,所以要用過去完成時。
(　　)30.—Where is Mary
—She　　　　to school.
A.will go B.has been C.has gone D.went
【答案】 C
【解析】 has gone to 表示“去了還沒回”, has been to表示“去過”“去了回來了”。
二、非謂語動詞練習
(　　)1.Teaching is 　　　　.
A.to learn B.learning
C.learn something D.being learned
【答案】 B
【解析】 主語為動名詞,相應的表語也應該是動名詞。
(　　)2.It’s no use　　　　with him.He won’t change his mind.
A.arguing B.to argue C.to be arguing D.argued
【答案】 A
【解析】 句型:It’s no use+V ing。
(　　)3.—What do you think of the book
—Oh,excellent.It’s worth　　　　a second time.
A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being read
【答案】 C
【解析】 固定搭配:be worth+V ing。
(　　)4.It is difficult for a foreigner　　　　in Chinese.
A.write B.to write
C.to be written D.written
【答案】 B
【解析】句型:It’s+adj.+for sb.+to do sth.。
(　　)5.It’s careless　　　　the gold ring.
A.of her losing B.of her to lose
C.for her to lose D.for her losing
【答案】 B
【解析】句型:It’s+adj.+of sb.+to do sth.。
(　　)6.How　　　　Tom was to hear of his failure in the examination!
A.disappointed B.disappointing
C.disappoint D.to disappoint
【答案】 A
【解析】感嘆句的構成:How+adj.+句子!disappointed和disappointing 都是形容詞,前者的主語是人或修飾人,后者的主語是物或修飾物。
(　　)7.　　　　 many times,the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises.
A.Having taught B.Having been taught
C.Teach D.Teaching
【答案】 B
【解析】句子的主語是the boy,和teach的關系是被動關系,所以用現在分詞的被動式。
(　　)8.He ordered the room 　　　　.
A.to sweep B.sweeping
C.being swept D.to be swept
【答案】 D
【解析】 the room 和sweep 的關系是被動關系,且動作發生在將來。
(　　)9.Had I remembered　　　　the windows,the thief would not have got in.
A.to close B.closing
C.to have closed D.having closed
【答案】 A
【解析】 remember+to do sth.“記得要做某事”, remember+doing sth.“記得做了某事”。
(　　)10.Your hair wants 　　　　.You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A.cut B.to cut C.cutting D.being cut
【答案】 C
【解析】 want+V ing,主動的形式表示被動的意思。
(　　)11.　　　　 a teacher in a university,he has to get a master’s degree.
A.To become B.Become
C.Became D.Becoming
【答案】 A
【解析】不定式放在句首表目的,“為了”。
(　　)12.　　　　 outside the room,wet clothes get dry very easily.
A.Hanged B.Hung C.To hang D.Hanging
【答案】 B
【解析】 hang 這個單詞有兩個意思,用作規則動詞(hang,hanged,hanged)是“絞死”的意思,不規則動詞(hang,hung,hung )是“懸掛”的意思。該句中是“懸掛”的意思,wet clothes 和 hang 的關系是被動關系,所以要用過去分詞短語作狀語。
(　　)13.We will do anything we can　　　　you catch up with others.
A.to help B.help C.helping D.helped
【答案】 A
【解析】不定式表目的。句中we can 作 anything 的定語。
(　　)14.When I came in,mother happened 　　　　.
A.to be cooking B.cooking
C.to be cooked D.having cooked
【答案】 A
【解析】happen to do sth.表示“碰巧在做某事”,happen to be cooking 表示“碰巧正在做飯”。
(　　)15.“Don’t always make Michael　　　　this or that.He is already a big boy,dear.” Mr.Bush said to his wife.
A.do B.to do C.does D.did
【答案】 A
【解析】make 屬于“一感二聽三讓五看”單詞之一,后接不定式作賓補要省掉 “to”。
(　　)16.Listen! Can you hear a baby 　　　　
A.cry B.to cry C.crying D.cries
【答案】 C
【解析】hear 也屬于“一感二聽三讓五看”單詞之一,后接現在分詞作賓補表示“聽到某人正在做某事”。
(　　)17.The artist said that he hoped　　　　drawing the picture soon.
A.his son to finish B.to finish
C.finishing D.his son will finish
【答案】 B
【解析】固定搭配:hope to do sth.。
(　　)18.The news reporters hurried to the airport,only　　　　the film stars had left.
A.tell B.to be told
C.told D.telling
【答案】 B
【解析】 only+to do sth.表示一種失望的情緒,“結果……”。
(　　)19.The man　　　　abroad next month is visiting his motherland now.
A.to work B.worked C.working D.works
【答案】 A
【解析】 to work是不定式,表示“將要工作”;working作現在分詞,表示一種狀態;the man目前不是在國外工作,而是將要去國外。
(　　)20.Alice returned from the manager’s office　　　　me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A.having told B.tells C.told D.telling
【答案】 D
【解析】現在分詞短語作狀語。
(　　)21.Helen had to shout 　　　　.
A.making herself hear B.to make herself hear
C.making herself heard D.to make herself heard
【答案】 D
【解析】固定結構make oneself+done是“使某人自己被……”,該句中要用不定式表目的。
(　　)22.“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob,　　　out of the window.
A.looking B.to look
C.looked D.having looked
【答案】 A
【解析】 look out of the window 的邏輯主語是Bob,所以用現在分詞,表主動,表進行。
(　　)23.What’s the language　　　　in Germany
A.speaking B.spoken
C.be spoken D.to speak
【答案】 B
【解析】 language 和speak的關系是被動關系,所以用過去分詞,表被動。
(　　)24.　　　　 some officials,Napoleon went into the house.
A.Followed B.Followed by
C.Being followed D.Having been followed
【答案】 B
【解析】 句子的主語是Napoleon,也是該分詞的邏輯主語,它和follow的關系是被動關系,所以要用過去分詞,且要有by。
(　　)25.　　　　,liquids can be changed into gases.
A.Heating B.To be heated
C.Heated D.Heat
【答案】 C
【解析】分詞的邏輯主語是句子的主語liquids,它和heat 的關系是被動關系,所以要用過去分詞表被動。
(　　)26.Tom insisted　　　　to the party.
A.on me to come B.on my coming
C.me to come D.me coming
【答案】 B
【解析】固定搭配insist on 是“堅持”的意思,on 是介詞,它后面要接動名詞,動名詞前可加一個名詞的所有格或形容詞性物主代詞,構成動名詞的復合結構。
(　　)27.How much time do you spend　　　　English every day
A.learned B.to learn
C.in learn D.learning
【答案】 D
【解析】 固定結構:spend some time in doing sth.,in 可以省略。
(　　)28.She stood by the window,　　　　.
A.thinking B.think
C.thought D.thinks
【答案】 A
【解析】分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語she,所以要用現在分詞。
(　　)29.　　　　 to meet anybody,he went in through the back door.
A.Not wishing B.Wishing
C.Not wished D.No wishing
【答案】 A
【解析】分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語he,所以要用現在分詞。根據句子意思要對分詞表否定,所以not要加在分詞的前面。
(　　)30.The old man came upstairs,with his right hand　　　　a stick for support.
A.held B.holding
C.being holding D.was holding
【答案】 B
【解析】該題考查的是分詞的獨立主格結構,該分詞有自己的邏輯主語,hand 和hold的關系是主動關系,所以要用現在分詞。

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