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第十六章　虛擬語氣
【復習要求】
理解虛擬語氣。
【知識要點】
一、語氣的種類
語氣是表示說話人對所發生的事情或所處的狀態所持的態度或主觀看法。
英語中有三種不同的語氣:陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。不同的語氣用不同的動詞形式來表示。
2.祈使語氣用來表示請求、命令或勸告等。如:
Don’t make a noise.
3.虛擬語氣表示說話人認為他所說的話是和事實相反的主觀設想或愿望。虛擬語氣是通過動詞的特殊形式來表達的。如:
I wish I could have slept longer this morning,but I had to get up and come to class.
二、虛擬語氣的用法
1.在非真實條件中
虛擬語氣主要用在虛擬條件從句及其表示結果的從句中,表示根本不存在的情況或實現可能性很小的假設。
(1)與現在事實相反的虛擬條件句
表示現在實際上并不存在的情況,僅為假設而已,但強調該假設與已知事實相反。
條件從句中的謂語動詞形式 主句中的謂語動詞形式
V ed(be一般用were) would(should,could,might)+V
如:
If I were you,I wouldn’t do that.如果我是你,我就不會做那件事。
If I had time,I would go with you.如果我有時間,我會跟你去的。
If I knew his telephone number,I would ring him up.
如果我知道他的電話號碼,我就給他打電話。
If he were here,what would he say
要是他在這里,他會說什么呢
I am sorry I am very busy now.If I had time,I would certainly come to see you. 很抱歉,我很忙。如果我有時間,我一定去看你了。
(2)與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句
表示過去實際并未發生或存在的事,只表示對過去事實的假設。
如:
If I had taken your advice,I wouldn’t have made such a mistake.如果我當時聽了你的話,我就不會犯這樣的錯誤了。
If you had come earlier,you would/might have seen him.
要是你早點來,你就會/可能看見他了。
條件從句中的謂語動詞形式 主句中的謂語動詞形式
had+p.p. would(should,could,might)+have+p.p.
I would have chatted with you if I had known your number of QQ.
如果我知道你的QQ號碼,我就會和你聊天了。
If he had not suggested it,the idea would never have entered her head.
如果他沒有提及這件事,她永遠不會起這個念頭。
(3)對未來情況的假設
說話者認為所說的情況將來不可能發生,即使有,發生的可能性也不大,屬于假設。
如:
If it rained(were to rain/should rain)tomorrow,I should stay at home.如果明天下雨,我就待在家里。
If she failed again,she would go home.
她要是再次失敗,她就會回家去。
條件從句中的謂語動詞形式 主句中的謂語動詞形式
V ed(be一般用were),should+V,
were to+V should(would,could,might)+V
2.在賓語從句中
(1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句中,表示不可能實現的愿望。賓語從句用動詞的過去式來表示與現在事實相反,用過去完成時來表示與過去事實相反。如:
I wish I knew his address.我要是知道他的地址就好了。
He wishes he hadn’t been rude to his parents.
他真希望他沒有對他的父母無禮。
(2)在動詞suggest,demand,order,insist,request等后面的賓語從句中,用should(用于所有人稱)+V來表示,should可以省略。如:
Our teacher suggested that everyone(should)have a map.
老師建議我們每人備一張地圖。
She insisted that we(should)discuss the plan at the meeting.
她堅持認為我們要在開會時討論這個計劃。
He ordered that all(should)take part in the work.
他命令所有的人都參加這項工作。
Experiments demand that accurate measurements(should)be made.實驗要求做到準確的計算。
The students required that they(should)have more time to have a rest.學生們要求有更多的時間來休息。
3.在定語從句中
這種從句常用在It is time(that)...句型中,如:
It is time we started.我們該出發了。
4.在表語從句和同位語從句中
虛擬語氣可用在表語從句中。這種從句由that(可省去)所引導,其謂語是should+V。句子主語常常是suggestion,proposal,idea,request等名詞。如:
My idea is that the electronic device(should)be tested as soon as possible.
我的意見是盡快對電子設備進行測試。
His suggestion was that I(should)keep on reading English for half an hour every morning.
他建議我每天早上堅持讀半個小時的英語。
虛擬語氣也可用在同位語從句中,如:
He gave orders that the work(should)be started at once.
他命令工作馬上開始。
5.在主語從句中
在主語從句中,虛擬語氣的謂語動詞用should+V(或should+have+p.p.)或只用動詞原形。這種主語從句由連詞that所引導,常用在It is(was)important(necessary...)that...句型中,如:
It is important that we make full use of our mineral resources.
對我們來說,充分利用我們的礦產資源是重要的。
It is necessary that the work should be done.這工作必須立即完成。
【例題解析】
(　　)1.Your advice that Mary 　　　　till next week is reasonable.
A.will wait B.waits
C.wait D.is going to wait
【答案】　C
【解析】　主句中含有advice,suggestion,idea,request,proposal等詞的表語從句要用虛擬語氣,謂語動詞用should+V,所以正確答案為C。
(　　)2.How I wish I 　　　　fly!
A.can B.could
C.will be able to D.had been able to
【答案】　B
【解析】　本題考查的是wish后賓語從句中虛擬語氣的用法。在動詞wish后面的賓語從句中,如表示不可實現的愿望,用動詞的過去式來表示對現在的虛擬,用動詞的過去完成時來表示對過去的虛擬。由上得知,答案是B。
(　　)3.Mr.White 　　　　at 8:30 for the meeting,but he didn’t come.
A.should have arrived B.should arrive
C.should have had arrived D.should be arriving
【答案】　A
【解析】　本句考查的是should have+p.p.表示“過去應該發生而實際并未發生”的用法。句子的意思是“懷特先生本應該八點半來開會,但是他沒有來。”根據題意應該表示“該來而未來”,用should have+p.p.的結構。
(　　)4.Do you suggest Mr.Zhang 　　　　to work at Shanghai Branch
A.send B.sent C.be sent D.being sent
【答案】　C
【解析】　本句考查的是suggest 表示“建議”時所接的賓語從句中虛擬語氣的用法。在動詞suggest,demand,order等后面的賓語從句中,用should+動詞原形表示虛擬。另外從句應該用被動語態,所以答案是C。
【同步精練】
(　　)1.If I 　　　　you,I wouldn’t return the call.
A.be B.am C.was D.were
【答案】 D
【解析】本題考查的是if引導的虛擬語氣。不論人稱,be動詞的虛擬語氣一律用were。
(　　)2.—Your performance was very good.
—I could have done it better if I 　　　　more time.
A.have had B.had
C.had had D.will have had
【答案】 C
【解析】本題考查的是表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。主句中謂語用could+have+p.p.,則從句中的謂語要用had+p.p.。
(　　)3.If human beings 　　　　on the moon,they would surely die there.
A.were to live B.was to live
C.were live D.live
【答案】 A
【解析】本題考查的是表示將來實現的可能性很小的虛擬語氣。主句中的謂語用would+V(原形),則從句中的謂語可用動詞的過去式should+V(原形)/were to+V(原形)。
(　　)4.It’s high time you　　　　.
A.start to work B.would start to work
C.started to work D.had started to work
【答案】 C
【解析】本題考查的是句型 It’s high time+主語+動詞的一般過去時+其他。
(　　)5.If I had a bike,I 　　　　it to you.
A.would lend B.would have lent
C.lent D.should have lent
【答案】 A
【解析】本題考查的是與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣。從句中謂語動詞用一般過去時,主句中的謂語用would/should/might/could+V(原形)。
(　　)6.If Mr.Li were here,he 　　　　me how to do it.
A.told B.had told
C.is going to tell D.would tell
【答案】 D
【解析】本題從句的謂語動詞用were,是與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣,主句中的謂語動詞也要用虛擬語氣。
(　　)7.Sally can’t have written to me,or 　　　　the letter by now.
A.I’ll get B.I’ll have got
C.I’d have got D.I’d get
【答案】 C
【解析】該題考查的是虛擬語氣。前面所給出的句子不是虛擬語氣,是對過去事情的否定的推測;而后面的句子要用虛擬語氣。該句意為:薩利不可能寫信給我了,否則的話我現在已經收到她的來信了。
(　　)8.If you had spoken clearly,you　　　　.
A.would understand
B.would be understood
C.would have been understood
D.would have understood
【答案】 C
【解析】該題考查的是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。條件從句中是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣,主句中要用would+have+p.p.。該句的意思是:如果你說得夠清楚的話,你就會被別人理解。所以要用被動語態的形式,即would+have+been+p.p.。
(　　)9.Jim suggested that a party 　　　　next weekend.
A.should hold B.hold
C.held D.should be held
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是動詞suggest后的賓語從句中用虛擬語氣。該虛擬語氣的構成是should+V(原形),should 可以省略。但該賓語從句中的主語是a party,它和hold的關系是被動的,所以要用被動語態的形式,即 should+be+p.p.。
(　　)10.If the boss 　　　　her well,she might not have left the company.
A.treated B.were treated
C.had treated D.should treat
【答案】 C
【解析】該題考查的是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。主句中的謂語動詞為might not+have+p.p.,所以相應的從句中的謂語動詞應為 had+p.p.。
(　　)11.If the assistant 　　　　next Sunday,we will go boating together.
A.will come B.comes
C.shall come D.should come
【答案】 B
【解析】該題考查的是真實的條件句。“主將從現”,即主句中用一般將來時,從句中要用一般現在時表將來。
(　　)12.I wish 　　　　something about accounting now.
A.I know B.I knew
C.had I known D.I have known
【答案】 B
【解析】該題考查的是wish 后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,表示不可能實現的愿望。賓語從句中用動詞的過去式,表示與現在事實相反。
(　　)13.The doctor ordered that my father 　　　　smoking as soon as possible.
A.give up B.gave up
C.gives up D.will give up
【答案】 A
【解析】該題考查的是order后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,它的構成是should+V(原形),should可以省略,直接用動詞原形的形式。
(　　)14.He treats the boy as if 　　　　his own son.
A.he is B.is he
C.he should be D.he were
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是as if 后的虛擬語氣,從句中用一般過去時表示與現在事實相反。
(　　)15.　　　　in your age,I would go with him.
A.If I was B.If I were
C.If was I D.If I am
【答案】 B
【解析】該題考查的是虛擬語氣。從句中動詞用的是與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣,主句中動詞要用一般過去時。be 動詞的虛擬語氣的形式要用were。
(　　)16.It is important that all the vocational students 　　　　one or two foreign languages.
A.could master B.have mastered
C.mastered D.master
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是 It is important(necessary...)that...的句型中,that 后的主語從句中要用虛擬語氣。它的構成是should+V(原形),
should 可省略。
(　　)17.The manager 　　　　to help us if he had not been so busy.
A.would not come B.would not have come
C.would come D.would have come
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。從句中用 had not+p.p.,主句中要用 would+have+p.p.。
(　　)18.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,　　.
A.you would meet John already
B.you won’t have missed John
C.you will have met John
D.you would have met John
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。從句中用 hadn’t+p.p.,主句中要用 would+have+p.p.。
(　　)19.　　　　you,I wouldn’t do that.
A.Were I B.If I have been
C.Have I been D.Would I be
【答案】 A
【解析】該題考查的是省略if的虛擬條件句的構成。將were提前,省略if。
(　　)20.If I 　　　　the train,I would catch the next one.
A.would miss B.should miss
C.were missing D.have missed
【答案】 B
【解析】該題考查的是表示與將來事實相反或將來實現的可能性很小的虛擬語氣。從句中要用:動詞的過去式/should+V(原形)/
were to+V(原形)。
(　　)21.Wouldn’t you rather your child 　　　　to bed early
A.went B.goes C.go D.would go
【答案】 A
【解析】該題考查的是would rather that 后所接的從句(that可以省略)要用虛擬語氣,它是由動詞的過去式構成的。
(　　)22.Mike’s uncle insists 　　　　in his hotel.
A.that he not stay B.staying not
C.that he would not stay D.not to stay
【答案】 A
【解析】 insist 作“堅持”的意思,它后面所接的賓語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的形式,即should+V(原形),should可以省略。
(　　)23.Had it been possible,I would have told him the answer,but I　　　　so busy then.
A.had been B.were C.was D.would be
【答案】 C
【解析】but前所給出的是表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的句子,but是表示意思上的轉折,后面所接的句子不是虛擬語氣,而是陳述一個過去的事實。
(　　)24.We　　　　 the work on time without your help.
A.mustn’t have finished B.must not finish
C.couldn’t have finished D.needn’t finish
【答案】 C
【解析】該題中是用介詞短語without your help來代替一個虛擬的條件句。根據句意: 沒有你們的幫助,我們不可能按時完成工作。
(　　)25.The law requires that everyone　　　　 his car checked at least once a year.
A.has B.had C.have D.have had
【答案】 C
【解析】動詞require 后的賓語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,即should+V(原形),should 也可省略,直接用動詞原形。
(　　)26.His doctor’s suggestion is that he　　　　 a short trip abroad.
A.will take B.would take C.take D.took
【答案】 C
【解析】名詞suggestion 后的表語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,即should+V(原形),should 也可省略,直接用動詞原形。
(　　)27.If I　　　　 you,I　　　　 more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A.was;shall pay B.am;will pay
C.would be;would pay D.were;would pay
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是表示與現在事實相反的虛擬語氣。虛擬條件句中和主句中的謂語動詞分別為:動詞的過去式,would+V(原形)。
(　　)28.Had I known her name,　　　　.
A.or does she know mine
B.and where does she live
C.she would be beautiful
D.I would have invited her to lunch
【答案】 D
【解析】該題考查的是表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。條件從句中將had 提前,省略了if,所以主句中要用would+have+p.p.。
(　　)29.If the sun　　　　 in the west,my life would be different.
A.had risen B.were to rise
C.rises D.has risen
【答案】 B
【解析】該題考查的是表示與將來事實相反或將來實現的可能性很小的虛擬語氣。條件從句中的謂語動詞應該為:動詞的過去式/should+V(原形)/were to+V(原形)。
(　　)30.You　　　　 the train if you　　　　 a little earlier.
A.could take;started
B.could have taken;had started
C.could take;had started
D.could have taken;started
【答案】 B
【解析】該題考查的是表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。條件從句中的謂語動詞應該為:had+p.p.,主句中的謂語動詞應為: could+have+p.p.。

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