資源簡介

(共53張PPT)
英語的句子成分
概念
組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。根據各個部分在句子中所起的作用分別稱為主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語、表語和同位語。其中主語和謂語是句子的主體。
主語（Subject)
01
主語是句子的主體部分，是說明的對象，是動作的執行者或發出者。用來說明句子講的是誰或什么情況。
1. 名詞 The park is very beautiful .
2. 代詞(主語用主格) I bought a book yesterday.
3. 數詞 The first is the best.
4. 動詞不定式短語 To learn English well is very easy.
5. 動名詞短語 Seeing is believing.
6. 名詞化的形容詞和分詞 The old are very kind and the young are lovely.
7. 名詞性的詞組或短語 Neither he nor I will go there.
8. 主語從句 What he said is not right.
主語是句子的主體部分，是說明的對象，是動作的執行者或發出者。用來說明句子講的是誰或什么情況。
The students are listening to me carefully.
I have good news to tell you.
Running is good for our health.
What impresses me most is their colorful after-class activities.
It was interesting to learn about the Wolong Reserve.
名詞
代詞
動名詞
從句
it作形式主語
it作形式主語
當句子的主語是動詞不定式或動名詞短語或從句時，為了使句子平衡，便將這些主語放在句子的后面，此時，“it”無具體的意義，只是形式主語，而真正的主語是后面的動詞不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)或從句。
it作形式主語
1)動詞不定式短語
It is easy to learn English well.
2)動名詞短語(主要用于以no good, no use, useless, worthwhile, a waste of time等詞做表語的句子中)
It is useless/ no use crying over split milk.
Is it worthwhile working so hard
It is no good having a car if you can't drive.
用it做形式主語翻譯下列句子。
1)玩火很危險
2)失敗后哭是沒有用的。
3)認識他很幸運。
It is dangerous to play with fire.
It is useless/ no use crying after failure.
It is lucky to know him.
練一練
1. Drinking does harm to your health.
找出下列句子的主語，并說明是由什么充當的主語。
2. The meeting starts with a speech by the President.
3. To have good health is extremely important.
4. What caused the fire remains unknown.
5. Five are killed in the accident.
動名詞
名詞
不定式
從句
數詞
謂語（Predicate）
02
概念
謂語用來說明主語的狀態或行為動作。謂語主要由動詞或動詞短語充當。謂語有時態、語態、主謂一致的變化。謂語有簡單謂語和復合謂語之分
謂語動詞具有時態和語態的變化。
找出下列句子的錯誤并改正
I buy a book in a shop yesterday.
His novel translated into English.
bought
was translated
16種時態 現在 過去 將來 過去將來
一般動作 do/does did shall/will do should/would do
進行動作 be+doing was/were doing shall/will be doing should/would be doing
完成動作 has/have done had done shall/will have done should/would have done
完成進行動作 has/have been doing had been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing
謂語動詞具有主謂一致的變化:
謂語動詞在人稱和數上和主語保持一致。
他喜歡讀書。
他們也喜歡讀書。
He likes reading.
They also like reading.
(1)簡單謂語：由一個實義動詞或動詞短語構成。
He runs every morning.他每天早上跑步。
(2)復合謂語：
①由情態動詞/be動詞/其他助動詞+動詞原形或動詞的其他形式構成。
You may keep the book for two weeks.這本書你可借兩周。
The students are playing basketball.學生們在打籃球。
②由系動詞加表語構成。
We are students.我們是學生。
My head aches.
我頭疼。
The students are studying in the classroom.
學生們正在教室里學習。
They have left.
他們已經走了。
系動詞
1. 表“狀態”:
2. 表“持續”：
3. 表“像”：
4. 表“感覺”：
5. 表“變化”：
6. 表“終止”:
remain, keep, stand
seem, appear, look
feel, smell, taste, look, sound
become, turn, make, grow, fall, get, go, come, run
prove, turn out(結果是...）
be動詞
練一練
找出下列句子的謂語并指出謂語的構成。
1. His parents are teachers.
2. The old man died the next day.
3. We have finished reading this book.
4. You ought to work harder.
5. She felt very cold at that time.
6. He doesn’t like folk music.
系動詞+表語
實義動詞
助動詞+過去分詞
情態動詞+動詞原形
系動詞+表語
助動詞+動詞原形
1．①He ②has_become more and more interested in English.
2．①The_living ②should_go_on_with his work.
3．①The_child ②has_been_brought_up by his grandmother.
4．①To_see ②is_to_believe.
5．①It ②is_necessary ③to_help_him_out.
6．①Four_plus_Five ②is_nine.
7．①He ②can_swim very well.
8．①Playing_football in the street ②is_dangerous.
1．He has become more and more interested in English.
2．The child has been brought up by his grandmother.
3．It is necessary to help him out.
4．He can swim very well.
5．Playing football in the street is dangerous.
指出下列句子中的主語和謂語
英語句子只能有一個主謂結構
若出現更多動詞，則：
加連詞（and / but / so…）
放入從句中，做從句謂語
變為非謂語動詞
什么是非謂語動詞呢？
“非”謂語即就是“不是”謂語，把不能、不必做謂語的動詞，用另一種形式表現。
三種形式
分詞
（過去/現在分詞）
動名詞
動詞不定式
doing/done
doing
to do
賓語(Object)
03
概念
賓語表示動作的對象或承受者，由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當于名詞的詞、短語或從句來充當，它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什么，一般位于及物動詞(短語)和介詞之后。
Four people applied for this job, but we only need one.
1)名詞 He lost his parents when he was young.
2)代詞(賓語用賓格) I missed him very much.
3)數詞 Four people applied for this job, but we only need one.
4)動詞不定式短語 I like to read novels when I am free.
5)動名詞短語 I haven't finished reading the book yet.
6)名詞化的形容詞和分詞 The government's plan will hurt the poor and the unemployed.
7)名詞性的詞組或短語 I don't know the girl with a red hat.
8)賓語從句 I knew what you said.
哪些可以做賓語：
賓語種類：
特殊情況
1. 雙賓語
有些及物動詞后要求有兩個賓語，直接賓語通常指物，表示動作的承受者；間接賓語通常指人，表示動作是對誰做的或是為誰做的；
Mother told me a story yesterday.
Please show me your passport(護照).
賓語種類：
特殊情況
有時，為了強調間接賓語，也可以將間接賓語后置，但這種情況下，間接賓語前必須加上介詞to或for等。“to”更側重于指出動作的直接接收者，而“for”則側重于表達動作的目的或為某人做某事。
Lend me your book, please.
My father bought a gift for me.
My father bought me a gift.
Lend your book to me, please.
練一練
1.I want to visit the museum.
2.I enjoy listening to popular music.
3.I think that he is fit for the job.
4.I find it hard to learn English.
5.We should help the poor.
6.I don’t know where to go.
找出句中的賓語并寫出類型。
名詞
現在分詞
賓語從句
不定式
the +adj
賓語從句
定語(Attribute)
04
概念
定語起修飾、限制名詞或代詞的作用，可分為前置定語和后置定語。單個詞作定語時常放在被修飾詞之前(前置定語)，而短語或從句作定語時，往往放在被修飾詞之后(后置定語)。
名詞或名詞所有格 They are talking about the world problems.
This is Tom's book.
代詞 (形容詞性物主代詞) We should try our best to study hard to go to university.
數詞 There are over 1000 people in the hall.
形容詞 He is a strange man.
分詞(短語) Do you know the number of the guest coming to the party
The story told by my mother is very interesting.
哪些詞可以充當定語：表示...的
哪些詞可以充當定語：
不定式 Can you tell me the way to solve the problem
介詞短語 Did you find the key to the door
副詞 Did you see the man upstairs/downstairs
定語從句 This is the school that l graduated from three years ago.
v
v
例句感知
1.The black bike is mine.
2.What’s your name
3.They made some paper flowers.
4.The boys in the room are in Class Three。
5.I have a lot of homework to do.
6.The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.
7.There are fallen leaves on the ground.
不定式
從句
過去分詞
形容詞
代詞
名詞
介詞短語
練一練
1. She likes pink coats best.
2. There are hundreds of teenagers.
3. The dog running after the cat belongs to Miss Li.
4. This is the school that I want to go.
5. The boy crying over there is my sister.
6. The man who visited our class yesterday is warm-hearted.
找出句中的定語。
狀語(Adverbial)
05
概念
狀語用于修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態特征。可表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、方式、伴隨、條件、程度、讓步、頻率等。狀語的位置很靈活：一般放在句末，但有時也可以放在句首或句中。
類別：
1)副詞/副詞短語 The boy needs a pen [very much].(程度狀語)
2)介詞短語 [In the classroom], the boy needs a pen.(地點狀語)
3)分詞/分詞短語 He sits there, [asking for a pen].(表示伴隨狀態)
4)不定式 The boy needs a pen [to do his homework].(目的狀語)
5)名詞 Come [this way]!/走這條路!(方向狀語)
6)形容詞(短語) At last he got home, tired and hungry.(方式狀語)
7)從句(時間/地點/原因/結果/目的/比較/讓步/條件狀語從句) [If it rains tomorrow], we'll stay at home.(條件狀語從句)
He did not go to school yesterday, [because he was ill].(原因狀語從句)
練一練
1.I will be back in a minute.
2.They are playing on the playground.
3.He was late because he got up late.
4.I got up so late that I missed the train.
5.He often went to school by bike.
6. Please call me if it is necessary.
7.He went to school in spite of bad weather.
8.To make his dream come true, Tom works harder.
找出句中的狀語，并說明其充當的是什么狀語。
時間狀語
地點狀語
原因狀語
結果狀語
方式狀語
條件狀語
讓步狀語
目的狀語
賓語補足語(Object Complement)
06
概念
賓語補足語對賓語進行補充說明。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞(如make等)＋賓語＋賓補。賓語+賓補=復合賓語。
賓語+名詞
We elected him chairman.
賓語+形容詞
We found her face red.
They painted their boat white.
賓語+介詞短語
The enemy found themselves in the valley.
賓補類型
賓語+不定式
I saw him cross the road.
注意，在一部分動詞的后面，若用動詞不定式作賓語補足語，則須省略去不定式符號to。這類動詞是：“五看，三使役，二聽，一感，半幫助” 但當這些動詞轉為被動語態時，原不帶to的不定式要變成帶to的不定式。
例:
He was seen to cross the road.
賓語+分詞 ( v-ing / v-ed )
I saw him crossing the road.
(正在進行、主動的動作，用現在分詞）
I saw him beaten in the street.
(被動、完成的動作，用過去分詞）
練一練
1.We can’t leave him alone.
2.I regard him as my best friend.
3.The farmer asked us to have dinner.
4.I saw her playing on the playground.
5.She spoke loudly to make herself heard.
找出句中的賓語補足語，并說明是由什么充當的。
形容詞
介詞短語
不定式
現在分詞
過去分詞
Let the fresh air in.讓新鮮空氣進來。
You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.
你絕不可強迫他借錢給你。
We saw her entering the room.我們看見她進入了房間。
We found everything in the lab in good order.
我們發現實驗室里的東西都井然有序。
表語(Predicative)
07
概念
表語用以說明主語的身份、特征、狀態、性質、職業、數量、處所等，它一般位于系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及從句充當
表語用以說明主語的身份、特征、狀態、性質、職業、數量、處所等，它一般位于系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及從句充當。
1.You look younger than before.
2.My father is a teacher.
3.My job is to teach them English.
4.That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.
練一練
改正下列句子中的錯誤。
1. His job is train swimmers.
2. He seems interesting in the plans.
3. The cake smells nicely.
is后加to
interested
nice
1．He is a lovely boy.
2. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.
3．He is playing happily.
4．I shall go there if it doesn't rain.
5．The story happened in Beijing.
指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分。
定語
定語 定語
狀語
狀語
狀語
6．He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
7．His coming late made his teacher unhappy.
8．Please keep the dog out.
9．When he woke up, he found himself under the bed.
10. She looks unhappy today.
狀語
賓補
賓補
賓補
表語
11. He remained in poor health all those years.
12. I like listening to popular music.
13. They visited an exhibition yesterday.
14. My job is to teach English.
表語
賓語
表語
賓語
同位語（Appositive）
08
同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞，對句子中的名詞（短語）或代詞作進一步解釋、說明，與前面的成分在語法上處于同等地位。英語句子表達中一般是沒有同位語的，如果要對前面的名詞的具體內容作進一步的說明，這時候就需要同位語。可以用作同位語的有：名詞、代詞、數詞、介詞短語、不定式、動名詞和從句等。
1.We young people should respect the old.（名詞）
2.He himself will do the experiment.（代詞）
3.He is the oldest among them five. （數詞）
4.News came that our team won the game. （從句)
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