資源簡介 (共46張PPT)詞性名詞(Noun)011. 定義:名詞是表示人、事物、地點、概念或抽象實體的詞匯,在句子中可充當主語、賓語、表語等多種成分。2. 核心特征:具有單復(fù)數(shù)形態(tài)變化(如:cat → cats)可被冠詞(a/an/the)、數(shù)量詞(some/many)或形容詞修飾(如:a red apple)部分名詞可通過所有格形式('s或of)表示所屬關(guān)系(如:Tom's book)雙重所有格:a friend of my father's(我父親的朋友之一)3.分類:(1)普通名詞 vs 專有名詞:類型 定義 例子普通名詞 泛指一類事物 book, teacher, happiness專有名詞 特指具體名稱(首字母大寫) China,London, Coca-Cola(2)可數(shù)名詞 vs 不可數(shù)名詞:類型 特征 例子 量化方式可數(shù)名詞 可量化個體,有復(fù)數(shù)形式 book → booksbox → boxes a book, three apples不可數(shù)名詞 表示物質(zhì)或抽象概念,無復(fù)數(shù) water, information some water,a piece of advice(2)可數(shù)名詞 vs 不可數(shù)名詞:類型 特征 例子 量化方式可數(shù)名詞 可量化個體,有復(fù)數(shù)形式 book → books box→ boxes a book, three apples不可數(shù)名詞 表示物質(zhì)或抽象概念,無復(fù)數(shù) water, information some water, a piece of advice(3)復(fù)合名詞:由兩個及以上詞匯構(gòu)成新含義l 按書寫形式分類類型 示例 備注連寫式 notebook, sunflower, fireworks 現(xiàn)代英語中逐漸合并(如:website早期寫作web site)連字符式 mother-in-law, editor-in-chief 多用于避免歧義(如:man-eating shark vs. man eating shark)分體式 post office, traffic light 常保留原詞獨立性(如:living room≠“活著的房間”)(3)復(fù)合名詞:由兩個及以上詞匯構(gòu)成新含義l 按構(gòu)成成分分類類型 構(gòu)成方式 示例名詞+名詞 主體+功能/屬性 bookshelf(書架),raincoat(雨衣),airplane(飛機)動詞+名詞 動作+受事/工具 swimming pool(游泳池),breakfast(早餐)形容詞+名詞 特征+實體 blackboard(黑板),highway(公路),software(軟件)動名詞+名詞 動態(tài)過程+相關(guān)事物 dining table(餐桌),waiting room(候車室),reading list(書單)介詞/副詞+動詞 方向/狀態(tài)+動作 outlook(觀點),income(收入),upgrade(升級)4.功能:(1)主語(Subject)例:Knowledge is power.(2)賓語(Object)直接賓語:She bought a necklace.間接賓語:He gave his sister a gift.(3)表語(Predicative)例:His dream is to become a scientist.(4)定語(Attributive)例:a stone bridge(名詞作定語修飾bridge)(5)同位語(Appositive)例:Mr. Zhu, our principal, will give a speech.(4)集體名詞:表示群體但語法單復(fù)數(shù)靈活強調(diào)整體作單數(shù):The team is winning.強調(diào)成員作復(fù)數(shù):The team are discussing strategies.4.功能:(1)主語(Subject)例:Knowledge is power.(2)賓語(Object)直接賓語:She bought a necklace.間接賓語:He gave his sister a gift.(3)表語(Predicative)例:His dream is to become a scientist.(4)定語(Attributive)例:a stone bridge(名詞作定語修飾bridge)(5)同位語(Appositive)例:Mr. Zhu, our principal, will give a speech.(2)不可數(shù)名詞量化表達:容器量詞:a bottle of water → three bottles of water形狀量詞:a piece of paper抽象量詞:an item of news5.名詞形態(tài)變化規(guī)則(1)復(fù)數(shù)形式:常規(guī)加-s:cat → cats-s/-x/-ch/-sh后加-es:box → boxes輔音+y結(jié)尾變i加-es:baby → babies-f/-fe結(jié)尾變-ves :knife → knives不規(guī)則變化:child → children單復(fù)數(shù)同形:sheep → sheep(2)不可數(shù)名詞量化表達:容器量詞:a bottle of water → three bottles of water形狀量詞:a piece of paper抽象量詞:an item of news(2)不可數(shù)名詞量化表達:容器量詞:a bottle of water → three bottles of water形狀量詞:a piece of paper抽象量詞:an item of news(3)名詞所有格結(jié)構(gòu):生命體 名詞+'s the student's notebook非生命體 of+名詞 the roof of the house雙重所有格 of+名詞所有格 a friend of my father's(2)不可數(shù)名詞量化表達:容器量詞:a bottle of water → three bottles of water形狀量詞:a piece of paper抽象量詞:an item of news6.特殊用法與易錯點:(1)專有名詞普通化:例:He is the Shakespeare of our time.(指"文學(xué)巨匠")(2)不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)化:例:Two coffees, please.(指"兩杯咖啡")(3)復(fù)數(shù)形式改變含義:例:custom(習俗)→ customs(海關(guān))(4)集體名詞主謂一致:例:The family is large.(強調(diào)整體)The family are all doctors.(強調(diào)個體成員)動詞(Verb)021. 定義:動詞用來表示動作或狀態(tài),是句子的核心成分,決定時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣。2.核心功能:(1)構(gòu)成句子主干:She writes books.(2)傳遞時間信息:通過時態(tài)變化,如wrote表過去(3)表達邏輯關(guān)系:通過語態(tài)和語氣,如被動語態(tài)is written3.分類:(1)實義動詞 vs 助動詞:類型 功能 示例實義動詞 獨立表達完整含義 eat, drink, read, write助動詞 輔助構(gòu)成時態(tài)或語態(tài)、否定或疑問 be(進行時,被動語態(tài)), have(完成時), do(否定/疑問)(2)及物動詞 vs 不及物動詞:類型 特征 示例及物動詞 必須接賓語(直接作用于對象) buy(buy a car), solve(solve a problem)不及物動詞 無需賓語即可完整表意 sleep, arrive, disappear部分動詞兼具及物與不及物性 The bell rings. / She rings the bell.(3)系動詞: 連接主語與表語,描述狀態(tài)或特征。常見的系動詞有:① “狀態(tài)”類:be(am,is,are,was,were)② “持續(xù)”類:keep,stay,remain,lie等③ “表象”類:seem,appear等④ “感官”類:look,sound,smell,taste,feel⑤ “變化”類:grow,turn,get,go,become,come,fall⑥ “證明”類:prove情態(tài)動詞 核心含義 示例can/could 能力/可能性 She can speak 8 languages.must 必須/強烈推測 You must finish your homework tomorrow.should 建議/義務(wù) Students should study hard.(4)情態(tài)動詞:表達可能性、必要性或許可(無時態(tài)與人稱變化)4.動詞語法形態(tài)與變化規(guī)則:(1)動詞五大基本形態(tài)形態(tài) 功能 示例原形 一般現(xiàn)在時(非第三人稱) speak, run第三人稱單數(shù) 主語為he/she/it時加-s/-es speaks, runs過去式 一般過去時 spoke, ran過去分詞 完成時/被動語態(tài) spoken, run現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing) 進行時/動名詞 speaking, running4.動詞語法形態(tài)與變化規(guī)則:(2)規(guī)則與不規(guī)則變化類型 規(guī)則 示例規(guī)則動詞 過去式/過去分詞加-ed play → played, watch → watched不規(guī)則動詞 無固定規(guī)則(需單獨記憶) sing sang → sung,break → broke → broken,run →ran →run5.動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài):(1)12大時態(tài)時間軸 一般時 進行時 完成時 完成進行時現(xiàn)在 She writes a book. She is writing a book. She has written a book. She has been writing a book.過去 She wrote a book. She was writing a book. She had written a book. She had been writing a book.將來 She will write a book. She will be writinga book. She will have written a book. She will have been writing a book.結(jié)構(gòu):be + done(過去分詞),強調(diào)動作承受者而非執(zhí)行者。例:主動:The team completed the project.被動:The project was completed (by the team).適用場景:① 執(zhí)行者未知或不重要(例:The novel was published in 2020.)② 客觀陳述(例:Mistakes were made during the process.)5.動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài):(2)被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):be + done(過去分詞),強調(diào)動作承受者而非執(zhí)行者。例:主動:The team completed the project.被動:The project was completed (by the team).適用場景:① 執(zhí)行者未知或不重要(例:The novel was published in 2020.)② 客觀陳述(例:Mistakes were made during the process.)6.動詞特殊用法(1)非謂語動詞類型 功能 示例不定式to do 表目的或潛在動作 She studies hard to get good grades.動名詞-ing 作主語或賓語 Swimming improves flexibility.分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞-ing、過去分詞done) 作定語或狀語 China is a developing country now.(現(xiàn)在分詞)The fallen leaves will be removed by cleaners.(過去分詞)結(jié)構(gòu):be + done(過去分詞),強調(diào)動作承受者而非執(zhí)行者。例:主動:The team completed the project.被動:The project was completed (by the team).適用場景:① 執(zhí)行者未知或不重要(例:The novel was published in 2020.)② 客觀陳述(例:Mistakes were made during the process.)5.動詞時態(tài)與語態(tài):(2)主謂一致① 核心規(guī)則:1)單數(shù)主語+單數(shù)動詞(例:The list of items is on the desk.)2)復(fù)數(shù)主語+復(fù)數(shù)動詞(例:The strategies are being revised.)② 特殊處理:1)集體名詞(family, team等)可單可復(fù)(例:The team has/ have different opinions.)2)“Either...or”等結(jié)構(gòu)就近原則(例:Either the manager or the employees are responsible.)形容詞(Adjective)031.定義:修飾名詞,描述性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。2.位置:名詞前: a happy child.連系動詞后: The cake tastes delicious.3.形容詞常用后綴:-al、-able (有能力的)、 -(a)n(某國人的)、 -ese(某國人的)、-en (多用于表示材料的名詞后)、 -ern (方向的)、 -ful、 -(ic)al、 -ish、 -ive、 -less (表示否定)、 -like (像……的)、 -ly、 -ed、 -ing、 -ous、 -some、 -y (表示天氣)等。4.比較級與最高級:(1)規(guī)則變化:① 直接加-er/-est:long→longer→longest② 加-r/-st:wide→wider→widest③ 輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i再加er/est: happy→happier→happiest④ 雙寫末尾字母再加er/est: big→bigger→biggest⑤ 多音節(jié)前加more/most: important→more important→most important(2)不規(guī)則變化:good→better→best, bad→worse→worst副詞(Adverb)041.定義:修飾動詞、形容詞、其他副詞或整個句子。2.常見類型:方式副詞(quickly, carefully)頻率副詞(always, rarely)程度副詞(very, extremely)3.副詞位置規(guī)則:頻度副詞:I often read books.(實義動詞前)程度副詞:She is extremely happy.(修飾形容詞)3.去e加-lytrue-truly whole-wholly 形容詞與副詞轉(zhuǎn)換——副詞構(gòu)成規(guī)律:1.直接加-ly:real-really、quick-quickly 、quiet-quietly2.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾,變y為i再加-ly:lucky-luckily、happy-happily、busy-busily3.去e加-ly:true-truly、whole-wholly4.以le結(jié)尾,去e再加y:simple-simply、possible-possibly、gentle-gently5.以ic結(jié)尾,加al再加ly:energetic-energetically、basic-basically6.直接加y:full-fully、dull-dully3.去e加-lytrue-truly whole-wholly 形容詞與副詞轉(zhuǎn)換——副詞構(gòu)成規(guī)律:7.形容詞與副詞同形:fast early late far straight righthigh adj,高的——high adv.在高處——highly adv.很,非常hard adj.硬的——hard adv.努力地——hardly adv.幾乎不near adj.近的——near adv.在附近——nearly adv. 幾乎8.形容詞與副詞異形:good-well代詞(Pronoun)051.定義:替代名詞以避免重復(fù)。2.分類:人稱代詞(主格):I, we, you, you, he, she, they, it人稱代詞(賓格):me, us, you, him, her, them, it形容詞性物主代詞:my, our, your, his, her, their, its名詞性物主代詞:mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs反身代詞:myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself指示代詞:this, that, these, those不定代詞:some/any, each other/one another。介詞(Preposition)061.定義:表示名詞與其他詞的關(guān)系。2.常見介詞:in, on, at, with, by, from, to, of時間介詞對比:in:月份/季節(jié)(in June,in the morning/afternoon)on:具體的某一天(on Monday)at:鐘點(at 7:00)“動詞+介詞”固定搭配:agree with(同意某人)、apply for(申請)介詞短語作后置定語:The book on the desk is mine.(桌子上那本書)連詞(Conjunction)072.分類:(1)并列連詞(and, but, or)1.定義:連接單詞、短語或句子。連詞 邏輯關(guān)系 典型例句and 并列/遞進 Teachers are our guides and friends.but 轉(zhuǎn)折 She wants to go out, but her parents doesn’t allow.or 選擇/假設(shè) Come on or we will be late.(2)從屬連詞類型 常用連詞 例句 易錯點時間 when, before, until When you finish the homework, you can go to play. While表時間需接進行時因果 because, since,for He was punished because he was late again. 避免與so連用條件 if, unless If you finish your homework, you can go to play. Unless=if not讓步 although, even if/though Although he failed to pass the exam, he was praised by teachers. 不與but連用(3)關(guān)聯(lián)連詞連詞 功能 例句either…or 二選一(要么...要么...) Either you or he will be the monitor.neither…nor 兩者都不(既不...也不...) Neither you nor he will be punished.not only…but also 強調(diào)遞進(不但...而且...) The teacher not only teaches us knowledge but also teaches us how to be a person.whether…or 多條件選擇(是否...) The system checks whether the user is human or a robot.冠詞(Article)081.定義:限定名詞。2.分類:(1)不定冠詞: a/an表泛指注意:輔音音標前用a, 元音音標前用an。(2)定冠詞: the表特指零冠詞場景:抽象概念:Love is important.固定搭配:go to school, by bus數(shù)詞092.分類:(1)基數(shù)詞1. 定義:表示數(shù)量(基數(shù)詞)或順序(序數(shù)詞)的詞匯,可在句子中作主語、表語、定語、表語等。范圍 構(gòu)成規(guī)則1-12 獨立單詞(one, twelve)13-19 基數(shù)詞+teen(thirteen, fifteen)20-90整十 基數(shù)詞+ty(twenty, ninety)復(fù)合數(shù)(21-99) 整十數(shù)+連字符+個位數(shù)(twenty-one)百/千/百萬 千位逗號分隔(5,000 → five thousand)(2)序數(shù)詞:形式 構(gòu)成規(guī)則第一至第三 獨立詞形(first, second, third)第四及以上 基數(shù)詞+th(fourth, tenth)以y結(jié)尾的數(shù) y變i+eth(twenty → twentieth)復(fù)合序數(shù)詞 僅最后部分變序數(shù)(twenty-first → 21st)(3)特殊數(shù)詞(分數(shù)/小數(shù)/倍數(shù))類型 構(gòu)成規(guī)則 例子分數(shù) 分子(基數(shù))+分母(序數(shù)+s) 2/3 → two-thirds(需加連字符)小數(shù) 小數(shù)點讀作“point” 0.5 → zero point five / 3.14 → three point one four倍數(shù) 基數(shù)詞+times(double/triple為特例)感 謝 觀 看T H A N K S 展開更多...... 收起↑ 資源預(yù)覽 縮略圖、資源來源于二一教育資源庫