資源簡介

Section Ⅱ　Using language
維度一：基礎題型練
根據漢語提示寫出單詞的適當形式
1.He delivered a speech on different symbols to 　　　　（更換） words， phrases or sentences.
2.If the 　　　　　　（結構） of your speech is loose and confusing， chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused.
3.Surfing is the sport of riding on waves while standing on a 　　　　　　（狹窄的） board.
4.If there were no air or water， there would be no 　　　　　　（活的） things on the earth.
5.　　　　　　 （氣候） and weather affect every aspect of our lives.
6.You must ask for permission before taking any photos 　　　　　　（在……內） the hall.
7.Is it practicable to try to develop agriculture in 　　　　　　（沙漠） regions？
8.Scientists will produce plastic 　　　　　　（材料） from beans， but right now the new product is being developed in the lab.
維度二：語法與寫作
補全句子
1.The Students’ Union is like a huge stage， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
學生會就像一個大平臺，在這個平臺上每個人都不遺余力地實現他們的夢想。
2.Many young people， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
許多年輕人前往偏遠地區追逐他們的夢想，他們中大多數都受過良好教育。
3.The soldier will remember the rescue worker 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　during the earthquake.
這名士兵將會記住與他在地震中一起工作的救援人員。
4.They are the very people 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
他們正是你可以隨時尋求幫助的人。
5.We made a survey among the students， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.
我們在學生中做了一次調查，78%的人選湯姆為他們的班長。
維度三：語法與語篇
“用介詞＋關系代詞”完成下面語段
　　Jack is an engineer， who is working in the factory 1.　　　　　　　　 my father worked.He has been interested in stories of physical scientists since an early age， 2.　　　　　　　　 he learned a lot.During the years in Tsinghua University， he was taught by a famous professor， 3.　　　　　　　　　 help he couldn’t have made his achievement today.The reason 4.　　　　　　　　 he is famous is that he has made great contributions to our country， and he is the man 5.　　　　　　 we should show our respect.
　　
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　Jace Tunnell， the founder of Nurdle I troll and reserve director at the University of Texas Marine Science Institute， is listening to the same question often.
　　“I hear every day， somebody says， ‘What is a nurdle？’” he said.
　　Tunnell explained nurdles are tiny balls of plastic that are typically used to make almost every plastic item we use， so they’re everywhere！ He said nurdles are usually spilled （溢出） during transport from cargo ships or railroad cars.“These things would be out here for hundreds of years if we’re not picking them up，” Tunnell said while on a recent Nurdle Patrol clean-up along Galveston Bay.
　　Since 2018， Nurdle Patrol has grown to thousands of volunteers worldwide.Many people volunteer with Nurdle Patrol and work for the Galveston Bay Foundation.Nurdle Patrol groups upload their findings to the nonprofit’s website map.It’s marked in colors to show where the highest concentration of nurdles is found.
　　“They look natural， and birds think that they’re food，” Tunnell said. “Birds， fish， sea turtles and other sea animals can eat nurdles and finally die from hunger because of a false sensation of fullness and lack of nutrition.”
　　“I ended up finding 123 nurdles in 10 minutes.That’s high concentration，” Tunnell said about a recent clean-up.“I plan to take those to an elected official and say， ‘Look， these are what I found on our beaches here.We need to do something about this.’ So， it kind of puts in motion change that can happen.”
　　Nurdle Patrol has sent out hundreds of kits （工具包） globally， many to schools and volunteer organizations， with information about gathering nurdles and reporting the findings safely.Anyone can request a kit through their website.
1.What do we know about the nurdle？
A.It is easily broken down.
B.It is a small piece of plastic.
C.It was invented by Tunnell.
D.It is mainly used to make ships.
2.What do Tunnell’s words in Paragraph 5 mainly stress？
A.The unique look of nurdles.
B.The number of nurdles in the sea.
C.Nurdles’ harm to sea animals’ food.
D.Nurdles’ impact on sea animals.
3.What does Tunnell want to do？
A.Draw a map of nurdles’ concentration.
B.Call the government’s attention to nurdles.
C.Organize more clean-ups along the beaches.
D.Share his findings on Nurdle Patrol’s website.
4.What is the best title for the text？
A.Group Surveys the Level of Pollution in the Sea
B.Group Takes Action to Reduce the Use of Plastics
C.Group Tries to Deal with Pollutant Harming Wildlife　
D.Group Looks for Volunteers for Its Beach Clean-ups
B
　　Humans’ light at night does not spare even the sea from its glare （強光）.Researchers published the first global map of ocean light pollution.It shows large parts of the sea are lit up at night.And that risks confusing or disrupting the behaviors of sea life.
　　Tim Smyth led a team to research the areas of the ocean where light pollution is strongest.Smyth and his colleagues started with a world map of man-made night-sky brightness that had been created in 2016.Then they added data on the ocean and atmosphere.Some data came from shipboard measurements of man-made light in the water.Others came from satellite images that judge how clear the water is.Particles （微粒） in the water， such as tiny floating plants and animals， can affect how far downward light travels.These factors vary from place to place and may change with the seasons.The team also used computers to copy how different wavelengths of light move through water.
　　Next， they wanted to know how that underwater light might affect animals.Not all species will be easily affected.The team focused on copepods （橈足亞綱甲殼動物）.These common creatures are a key part of many ocean food chains.They use light as a signal to move all together to the dark deep， seeking safety from other surface creatures.Normally they use the sun or the winter moon as their signal.Too much man-made light can mess up their usual patterns.
　　Light pollution is strongest in about three feet of the water.Here， man-made light can be strong enough to confuse the copepods.Nearly 2 million square kilometers of ocean get such strong night light.That’s an area about the size of Mexico.Farther down， the light gets weaker.But even 65 feet deep， it’s still bright enough to bother copepods across 840，000 square kilometers of ocean.
　　The team published its findings on 13 December in Elementa： Science of the Anthropocene.
5.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “disrupting” in Paragraph 1？
A.Upsetting. B.Observing.
C.Ensuring. D.Protecting.
6.What do we know about copepods from the passage？
A.They are main eaters of other creatures.
B.They are not affected by underwater light.
C.They can escape attacks with the help of light.
D.They can weaken the effect of man-made light.
7.How does the author show the seriousness of light pollution in Paragraph 4？
A.By stating opinions. B.By listing numbers.
C.By raising questions. D.By giving reasons.
8.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？
A.Light Pollution from Sea Life
B.Living Conditions of Copepods
C.Discoveries of Copepods
D.Light Pollution Even in Sea
C
　　Despite many air-pollution-reduction policies （政策） designed to improve health， these are always ineffective.Often this is because they fail to consider local knowledge and cultural practices.Previous research suggests that people should be put at the centre of developing ways around the problem.Thus， a study has been done to confirm it.
　　One of the authors of the study， Dr Cressida Bowyer from the University of Portsmouth， says， “For the first time， a study has placed arts and humanities （人文學科） methods at the centre of the exploration of perceptions （感知） of air pollution.Working with local communities， we were able to discover how people there understood air pollution.”
　　Researchers from the University of Portsmouth， and researchers and experts from the UK， Kenya and Sweden worked together with local people in Mukuru in Nairobi， the capital of Kenya in East Africa， to explore a range of methods including storytelling， music， art and theatre to explore understandings of air pollution.Some community members made digital （數字的） stories by taking photos around Mukuru which told their story of air pollution.Trained community researchers helped school children to create drawn and/or written stories of their experiences of air pollution.Theatre pieces were presented in key community spaces around Mukuru.Suggestions were given by the audience about how to solve the problem and local people acted out their suggestions as part of the theatre.The song “Mazingira”， which explained the problems of air pollution， had been played on national radio and television stations with an audience of about three million people.
　　Dr Sarah West， Principal Investigator at the Stockholm Environment Centre， says， “From this range of methods we have got a more detailed understanding of how air pollution is perceived and understood in Mukuru.The project also created new spaces for conversations about the topic of air pollution in the community.We expect other researchers wishing to discuss difficult problems to use various creative methods to have a wide range of people take part in their activities.This can lead to unexpected understandings that may not otherwise exist.”
9.Why are many air-pollution-reduction policies ineffective according to the text？
A.Local people don’t care about the issue.
B.Little attention is paid to local people.
C.No one is responsible for offering solutions.
D.Policymakers don’t have enough experience.
10.Which of the following was a creative method used to explore the air pollution issue in Mukuru？
A.Fully accepting local people’s proposals.
B.Inviting actors to give professional performances in theatres.
C.Training local students to reduce air pollution.
D.Using music to make people realize the problem.
11.What does Sarah West advise researchers to do about talking about difficult problems？
A.To have a more detailed understanding.
B.To creatively get many people to join in.
C.To have conversations in communities.
D.To attract support from local experts.
12.What is the best title for the text？
A.How Can Local People Do Further Research？
B.Air Pollution Problems Cannot Be Solved Traditionally　
C.How Can Music， Dance and Art Help Cut Air Pollution？
D.Researchers Help People in Nairobi Cut Air Pollution　
Ⅱ.完形填空
　　Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed up on the shore near her home.She had been 　13　 to call on her community to clean it up， to change the 　14　， so she tried to set up an organization called Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea.Her　15　 proved quite a success.
　　Here’s how it 　16　.Volunteers help clean up 300 miles of shoreline.Then， 　17　 only plastics from the beach clean-up， Angela and many other volunteers create sculptures of sea 　18　.She explains， “I mean to create sculptures that make people take a look and 　19　：‘How can there be this much waste on the beach？’ 　20　 these sculptures will make people consider what they have 　21　 in their daily life and realize how so much plastic ends up in the oceans.” So far， about 10，000 　22　 volunteers have collected 21 tons of waste and helped create more than 70 works of art.Four traveling 　23　 have demonstrated the artworks in 18 places of the country.One of the sculptures， Turtle Ocean， received a 　24　 honor.It was admitted into the National Museum.
　　The Washed Ashore team is now working on sculpture of a dolphin， with 　25　 for more sculptures.“Until we 　26　 plastic on the beach， the work will continue.These sculptures are a（n） 　27　 for clean oceans.” Angela says seriously.
13.A.offering B.longing
C.admitting D.hesitating
14.A.landscape B.world
C.surface D.situation
15.A.attempt B.choice
C.program D.instruction
16.A.walks B.applies
C.functions D.prepares
17.A.stopping B.presenting
C.delivering D.employing
18.A.waste B.floor
C.waves D.creatures
19.A.rethink B.remark
C.confirm D.announce
20.A.Generally B.Hopefully
C.Fortunately D.Surprisingly
21.A.achieved B.observed
C.purchased D.recommended
22.A.devoted B.surprised
C.grateful D.adventurous
23.A.guides B.managers
C.advertisements D.exhibitions
24.A.folk B.simple
C.special D.strange
25.A.plans B.calls
C.elements D.exchanges
26.A.get down to B.keep away from
C.get rid of D.end up with
27.A.answer B.appeal
C.warning D.response
Ⅲ.語法填空
　　Water shortage is knocking at the door.It is one of the 　28　 （great） crises facing us today， with two thirds of the global population 　29　 （live） in areas where water is short for a month or more every year.There are two main factors （因素） leading 　30　 this problem： increasing global demand for water， and unsustainable means by which these demands are being met.Though global water usage 　31　 （increase） a lot over the last fifty years， it is predicted that there will be a further 60%－100% increase in water usage by 2050.
　　This is not just 　32　 matter of turning the tap off when you brush your 　33　 （tooth）， cutting your showers down to 3 minutes， or sharing the washing-load with your roommates.In fact， daily activities of human make up less than 4% of our total water usage， with 92% falling into two groups， 　34　 are the industrial production of household items and the production of food.Astonishingly， 69% of our total daily water usage comes from the 　35　 （grow） and production of food alone.
　　　36　 （unfortunate）， there is no reference book for the exact number of liters （升） used in the production of any individual food item.This is a hard thing to do， for we have other factors 　37　 （consider） when weighing up the benefits of every food choice： taste， cost and convenience.
28.　　　　　　 29.　　　　　　 30.　　　　
31.　　　 32.　　　 33.　　　
34.　　　 35.　　　 36.　　　
37.　　　
Section Ⅱ　Using language
基礎知識自測
維度一
1.replace　2.structure　3.narrow　4.living　5.Climate
6.inside　7.desert　8.materials
維度二
1.on which everyone spares no effort to achieve their dreams
2.most of whom were well-educated
3.with whom he has worked
4.to whom you can always turn for help
5.78% of whom voted Tom as their monitor
維度三
1.in which　2.from which　3.without whose　4.for which
5.to whom
素養能力提升
Ⅰ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Nurdle I troll組織致力于清理海洋中的小塑料球，解釋了其危害以及組織的發展情況。
1.B　細節理解題。根據第三段中的Tunnell explained nurdles are tiny balls of plastic可知，nurdle是塑料塊。
2.D　推理判斷題。根據第五段內容可推知，Tunnell在第五段主要強調了小塑料球對海洋動物的影響。
3.B　細節理解題。根據倒數第二段中的I plan to take those to an elected official and say ... We need to do something about this.可知，Tunnell想喚起政府對小塑料球的注意。
4.C　標題歸納題。文章主要介紹了Nurdle I troll組織致力于清理海洋中的小塑料球，解釋了其危害以及組織的發展情況。由此可知，C項（一個組織試圖處理危害野生動物的污染物）為文章最佳標題。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講的是海洋中也有光污染以及光污染對海洋生物的影響。
5.A　詞義猜測題。根據第一段的It shows large parts of the sea are lit up at night.And that risks confusing ...可知，that指代“大片海域在夜間被點亮”。根據畫線詞前的or可知，畫線詞與confusing為同等感彩的詞，和upsetting意思相近。
6.C　細節理解題。根據第三段中的They use light as a signal to move all together to the dark deep， seeking safety from other surface creatures.可知，橈足亞綱甲殼動物可以在光的幫助下躲避攻擊。
7.B　細節理解題。根據第四段第二句和最后一句可知，作者在第四段通過列出數字來展示光污染的嚴重性。
8.D　標題歸納題。通讀全文可知，本文主要講的是光污染對海洋生物的影響。由此可知，D項（海洋中的光污染）適合作本文標題。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明許多減少空氣污染的政策無效，并研究幫助減少空氣污染的有效方法。
9.B　細節理解題。根據第一段中的Often this is because they fail to consider local knowledge and cultural practices.可知，許多減少空氣污染的政策無效的原因是很少關注當地人。
10.D　細節理解題。根據第三段最后一句可知，通過音樂使人意識到問題是用于探索Mukuru空氣污染問題的創造性方法。
11.B　細節理解題。根據最后一段中的We expect other researchers wishing to discuss difficult problems to use various creative methods to have a wide range of people take part in their activities.可知，Sarah West建議研究人員在談論困難問題時使用各種創造性方法讓廣泛的人參與。
12.C　標題歸納題。根據全文可知，文章主要說明許多減少空氣污染的政策無效，并研究音樂、舞蹈和藝術如何幫助減少空氣污染。C項為文章最佳標題。
Ⅱ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要講述了Angela創立了名為Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea的社區組織，致力于清理海岸垃圾，并將海岸垃圾創作出海洋生物雕塑以給人警醒：人們需要的是一個潔凈的海洋。
13.B　根據下文so she tried to set up an organization called Washed Ashore：Art to Save the Sea可知，她努力建立一個名為“沖上岸：拯救海洋的藝術”的組織，因此她應是渴望通過這個組織讓社區的人們一起來做這件事。long to do sth渴望做某事。offer主動提供；long渴望；admit宣稱，斷言；hesitate猶豫。
14.D　根據上文Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed up on the shore near her home.可知，她是想通過這個組織來改變目前塑料垃圾堆滿海灘的狀態。landscape風景，景色；world世界；surface表面；situation現狀。
15.A　根據下文可知，她的努力很成功。attempt嘗試，努力；choice選擇；program節目；instruction說明。
16.C　根據語境可知，it指代上文an organization called Washed Ashore：Art to Save the Sea，結合下文內容可知，此處意為“下面是它的運作流程”。walk步行；apply應用，申請；function運作，起作用；prepare準備。
17.D　根據下文Angela and many other volunteers create sculptures of sea 　18　可知，這些雕塑應是使用海灘清理來的垃圾創作而成。stop阻止；present呈現；deliver傳送；employ雇用，使用。
18.D　根據下文One of the sculptures， Turtle Ocean可知，他們創作的雕塑是和海洋生物有關。waste浪費，廢棄物；floor地板；wave海浪，風潮；creature生物，動物。
19.A　結合語境可知，下文How can there be this much waste on the beach？應是人們看到雕塑后思考的內容，與下文consider相呼應。rethink重新考慮；remark評論；confirm證明，確認；announce宣告。
20.B　根據下文these sculptures will make people consider ... in the oceans可知，Angela希望這些雕塑能夠引起人們的思考。generally一般地，普遍地；hopefully有希望地；fortunately幸運地；surprisingly出乎意料地。
21.C　結合常識可知，日常生活中購買的東西中有大量的塑料垃圾。achieve獲得；observe觀察；purchase購買；recommend推薦。
22.A　根據下文have collected 21 tons of waste and helped create more than 70 works of art可知，能夠收集21噸垃圾，幫助創作藝術品的應該是全心全意保護海洋的人。devoted摯愛的，忠誠的，全心全意的；surprised驚奇的；grateful感激的；adventurous有冒險精神的。
23.D　根據下文have demonstrated the artworks in 18 places of the country可知，在全國18個地方展出這些作品，應是舉行了巡回展。guide導游；manager經理；advertisement廣告；exhibition展覽。
24.C　根據下文It was admitted into the National Museum.可知，這一雕塑被允許進入國家博物館，這是一項特殊的榮譽。folk民間的；simple簡單的；special特別的；strange奇怪的。
25.A　該團隊正在制作海豚的雕塑，再結合下文的for more sculptures可知，應該是要表達他們還會有更多關于雕塑的計劃。plan計劃；call電話；element要素，基本成分；exchange交換，交談。
26.C　該志愿者團隊是打撈被沖上岸的垃圾的，當然在他們完全清除海灘上的塑料前，工作還將繼續。get down to開始考慮，著手處理；keep away from遠離；get rid of擺脫；end up with以……結束。
27.B　根據本文所述，我們不難知道制作這些雕塑的目的是呼吁人們一定要保護海洋。answer答案；appeal呼吁；warning警告；response回復。
Ⅲ.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述水資源短缺是我們今天面臨的最大危機之一及造成水資源短缺的兩個因素，并指出并不是日常生活中節約用水就能解決問題，我們每天總用水量的92%來自家庭用品的工業生產和食品的生產。
28.greatest　考查形容詞的最高級。根據空前的one of the可知，此處應該用形容詞的最高級，表示“最……的之一”。故填greatest。
29.living　考查非謂語動詞。此處是with復合結構，two thirds of the global population與live是邏輯上的主謂關系，應該用動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語。故填living。
30.to　考查介詞。lead to導致。故填to。
31.has increased　考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。根據時間狀語over the last fifty years可知，空處應用現在完成時；主語global water usage是不可數名詞，故填has increased。
32.a　考查冠詞。a matter of ...一個……的問題。故填a。
33.teeth　考查名詞復數。tooth為可數名詞，空處應用其復數形式。故填teeth。
34.which　考查定語從句。空處引導非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞two groups，關系詞在從句中作主語。故填which。
35.growth　考查詞形轉換。此處與名詞production是并列成分，應用名詞。故填growth。
36.Unfortunately　考查詞形轉換。此處修飾整個句子，應用副詞作狀語。根據語境可知，此處表示“不幸的是”，首字母應大寫。故填Unfortunately。
37.to consider　考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知，空處作后置定語，用動詞不定式。故填to consider。
5 / 6Section Ⅱ　Using language
定語從句（3）
①These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people， to whom Guangxi is home.
②Building the terraces therefore meant that they could increase the areas in which they could grow rice.
③But perhaps what is most significant is the way in which people have worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice.
④These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish， some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.
⑤Although modern technology could help produce more crops， these terraces still mean a lot to the local people for whom traditions hold much value.
【我的發現】
1.以上5個句子都使用了“　　　　　　　　”引導的定語從句。先行詞若指物，那么介詞后的關系代詞用which，如第　　　　　　句；若指人，則用whom，如第　　　　句。
2.以上5個句子中，第②③⑤句是　　　　定語從句，第①④句是　　　　　　定語從句。
“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句
一、關系代詞的確定
“介詞＋關系代詞”結構既可以引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句。在此結構中，關系代詞只能用which （指物） 或whom （指人），即“介詞＋which/whom”，并且不能省略。
If you have anything on which you want my opinions， feel free to see me.
如果你們有什么事需要征求我的意見的話，隨時來找我。
I took a photo of the students， among whom was seated a teacher.
我給這些學生拍了一張照片，他們中間坐著一位老師。
二、關系代詞前介詞選擇的原則
　“介詞＋關系代詞（which/whom）”中介詞的選擇要遵循“一先、二動、三意義”的原則。
1.“一先”，即根據先行詞和介詞的習慣搭配來確定介詞。
The factory in which I’m working mainly produces computers.
我工作所在的工廠主要生產電腦。
（in which代替in the factory，“在工廠里”用介詞in）
2.“二動”，即根據定語從句中的謂語動詞或形容詞與介詞的習慣搭配來確定介詞。
In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.
在漆黑的街道上，她沒有一個人可以求助。
（to whom代替to a person；turn to sb for help“向某人求助”）
名師點津
當定語從句中的謂語動詞短語是固定搭配不可分割時，那么該動詞短語中的介詞不能前置，如look for， look into， look after， hear from等。
This is the pen which I’m looking for.
這是我正在找的那支鋼筆。
3.“三意義”，即根據定語從句的意義來確定介詞。
In the office， I never seem to have time until after 5：30 pm， by which time many people have gone home.
在辦公室里，我要到下午5：30之后才能有點空閑，到那時，許多人已經回家了。
【即時演練1】　用適當的“介詞＋關系代詞”填空
　①We are in a position 　　　　　　　　we may lose a large sum of money.
②Thank you for your help， 　　　　　　we couldn’t have finished the task on time.
③This is the man 　　　　　　　　I have learned a lot in my life.
④Wang Hong， 　　　　　　　　I went to the concert， enjoyed herself very much.
⑤Is this the magazine 　　　　　　　　you were talking just now？
三、“介詞＋關系代詞”的幾種常見結構
1.“介詞＋which”在定語從句中，可作時間、地點和原因狀語，代替相應的關系副詞when， where和why。
I’ll never forget the days on which （＝when） we studied together.
我永遠忘不了我們一起學習的日子。
The police searched the house in which （＝where） the thief had stayed.
警察搜查了那個小偷待過的房子。
I don’t know the reason for which （＝why） he performed badly.
我不知道他為什么表現差。
2.“代詞/數詞＋of＋which/whom”引導定語從句。
這個結構中，代詞常常為all， each， one， many， much， most， some， none， both等，“代詞＋of＋which/whom”通常在定語從句中作主語，說明整體中的一部分。有時候也可把“of＋which/whom”置于代詞或數詞前。
He has lots of hobbies， one of which is swimming.
他有很多愛好，其中之一是游泳。
3.“the＋名詞＋of which/whom”引導定語從句。
這個結構中，of which/whom充當定語，修飾前面的名詞，整個結構相當于“whose＋名詞”引導的定語從句。
I saw some trees， the leaves of which（＝whose leaves） were yellow with disease.
我看見一些樹，它們的葉子因害病而發黃。
4.“the＋形容詞比較級（最高級）＋of＋which/whom”引導定語從句。
There are two buildings， the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet in height.
這兒有兩座建筑物，較大的那座幾乎有100英尺高。
【即時演練2】　根據漢語提示完成下列句子
①Two girls came to see the car， 　　　　　　　　　　　　（她們中沒有一個） liked it.
②There are sixty students in our class in all， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（他們中的多數都來自農村）.
③The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year， 　　　　　　　　　（它們中的80%） are sold abroad.
④On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　（它的意思） I didn’t understand.
replace v.以……替換，更換；放回原處
【教材原句】　In sentence （a）， can we replace “in which” with “where” without changing the meaning？在句子（a）中，我們可以在不改變句意的情況下用“where”替換“in which”嗎？
【用法】
（1）replace A （with/by B） （用B）替換/接替/取代A
（2）replacement n. 更換，替換
（3）“代替”的其他表達法：
instead of 代替
in place of sb/in sb’s place 頂替/代替某人
take sb’s/sth’s place＝take the place of sb/sth 代替/替換某人/某物
【佳句】　The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.
這家工廠用機器人取代了大多數工人。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The house in which I grew up has been taken down and replaced 　　　　　　an office building.
②Bear in mind that nothing can take the place 　　　　　　your parents’ love.
③If I refused to go，they would send someone else 　　　　　　my place.
【寫美】　同義句轉換
④It is clear to everyone that nothing can replace mother’s love and care.
→It is clear to everyone that nothing can 　　　　　　　　mother’s love and care.（place）
priority n.優先處理的事，當務之急
【教材原句】　Natural dyes are also becoming more popular with consumers for whom caring for the environment is a priority.
天然染料也越來越受到消費者的歡迎，對他們來說，保護環境是當務之急。
【用法】
（1）give priority to 優先考慮；給……以優先權
take/have priority over
優先于，比……重要
（2）prior adj. 優先的；在前的；較重要的
prior to 在……前
【佳句】　My top priority is to find somewhere to live. Then， I’ll find a job to pay the rent.
我首先要考慮的是找個地方住。然后，我找份工作以付房租。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The management did not seem to consider office safety to be 　　　　　　priority.
②As students， working hard takes priority 　　　　　　everything else.
【寫美】　補全句子
③The school 　　　　　　　　　　　　science， maths and modern languages.
這所學校將重點發展理科、數學和現代語言。
narrow adj.狹窄的，不寬的；狹隘的；勉強的，剛剛好的 v.使窄小，變窄，縮小
【教材原句】　Tourists can stand on a narrow glass platform called the Skywalk to see the Grand Canyon.游客可以站在一個名為“空中走廊”的窄窄的玻璃平臺上觀看科羅拉多大峽谷。
【用法】
（1）a narrow escape　　死里逃生
a narrow victory 險勝
narrow ...to ... 把……局限在……之內
（2）narrowly adv. 勉強地；狹隘地
（3）narrow-minded adj. 氣量小的
【佳句】　Last weekend， he won a narrow victory in the table tennis competition held by our school.上周末，他在我們學校舉辦的乒乓球比賽中險勝。
【生義】　New tax laws will narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.
新稅法將會縮小貧富差距。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①She narrows her life 　　　　　　a certain circle of friends.
②We managed to narrow the gap between our team and theirs， or we wouldn’t have 　　　　　　（narrow） won the game.
【寫美】　補全句子
③He was fortunate enough to　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 in a car accident last year.
去年他在車禍中死里逃生，真夠幸運的。
Section Ⅱ　Using language
【重難語法·要攻克】
我的發現
1.介詞＋關系代詞　②③④　①⑤　2.限制性　非限制性
即時演練1
①in which　②without which　③from whom
④with whom　⑤about which
即時演練2
①neither of whom　②most of whom are from countryside
③80% of which　④the meaning of which
【知識要點·須拾遺】
1.①with/by　②of　③in　④take the place of
2.①a　②over　③will give priority to
3.①to　②narrowly　③have/make a narrow escape
4 / 4(共86張PPT)
Section Ⅱ　Using language
1
重難語法·要攻克
目 錄
2
知識要點·須拾遺
3
課時檢測·提能力
重難語法·要攻克
掌握核心語法
1
定語從句（3）
①These terraces were built by the local Zhuang and Yao people， to
whom Guangxi is home.
②Building the terraces therefore meant that they could increase the areas
in which they could grow rice.
③But perhaps what is most significant is the way in which people have
worked in harmony with nature to make these terraces and grow rice.
④These terraces also provide a perfect environment for birds and fish，
some of which feed on insects that can harm the rice crops.
⑤Although modern technology could help produce more crops， these
terraces still mean a lot to the local people for whom traditions hold much
value.
【我的發現】
1. 以上5個句子都使用了“ ”引導的定語從句。
先行詞若指物，那么介詞后的關系代詞用which，如第
句；若指人，則用whom，如第 句。
2. 以上5個句子中，第②③⑤句是 定語從句，第①④句
是 定語從句。
介詞＋關系代詞　
②③④　
①⑤　
限制性　
非限制性　
“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句
一、關系代詞的確定
“介詞＋關系代詞”結構既可以引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非
限制性定語從句。在此結構中，關系代詞只能用which （指物） 或
whom （指人），即“介詞＋which/whom”，并且不能省略。
If you have anything on which you want my opinions， feel free to see
me.
如果你們有什么事需要征求我的意見的話，隨時來找我。
I took a photo of the students， among whom was seated a teacher.
我給這些學生拍了一張照片，他們中間坐著一位老師。
二、關系代詞前介詞選擇的原則
　“介詞＋關系代詞（which/whom）”中介詞的選擇要遵循“一先、
二動、三意義”的原則。
1. “一先”，即根據先行詞和介詞的習慣搭配來確定介詞。
The factory in which I’m working mainly produces computers.
我工作所在的工廠主要生產電腦。
（in which代替in the factory，“在工廠里”用介詞in）
2. “二動”，即根據定語從句中的謂語動詞或形容詞與介詞的習慣搭
配來確定介詞。
In the dark street， there wasn’t a single person to whom she could
turn for help.
在漆黑的街道上，她沒有一個人可以求助。
（to whom代替to a person；turn to sb for help“向某人求助”）
名師點津
當定語從句中的謂語動詞短語是固定搭配不可分割時，那么該動
詞短語中的介詞不能前置，如look for， look into， look after，
hear from等。
This is the pen which I’m looking for.
這是我正在找的那支鋼筆。
3. “三意義”，即根據定語從句的意義來確定介詞。
In the office， I never seem to have time until after 5：30 pm， by
which time many people have gone home.
在辦公室里，我要到下午5：30之后才能有點空閑，到那時，許多
人已經回家了。
【即時演練1】　用適當的“介詞＋關系代詞”填空
①We are in a position we may lose a large sum of money.
②Thank you for your help， we couldn’t have
finished the task on time.
③This is the man I have learned a lot in my life.
④Wang Hong， I went to the concert， enjoyed herself
very much.
⑤Is this the magazine you were talking just now？
in which　
without which　
from whom　
with whom　
about which　
三、“介詞＋關系代詞”的幾種常見結構
1. “介詞＋which”在定語從句中，可作時間、地點和原因狀語，代
替相應的關系副詞when， where和why。
I’ll never forget the days on which （＝when） we studied together.
我永遠忘不了我們一起學習的日子。
The police searched the house in which （＝where） the thief had
stayed.
警察搜查了那個小偷待過的房子。
I don’t know the reason for which （＝why） he performed badly.
我不知道他為什么表現差。
2. “代詞/數詞＋of＋which/whom”引導定語從句。
這個結構中，代詞常常為all， each， one， many， much， most，
some， none， both等，“代詞＋of＋which/whom”通常在定語從
句中作主語，說明整體中的一部分。有時候也可把“of＋
which/whom”置于代詞或數詞前。
He has lots of hobbies， one of which is swimming.
他有很多愛好，其中之一是游泳。
3. “the＋名詞＋of which/whom”引導定語從句。
這個結構中，of which/whom充當定語，修飾前面的名詞，整個結
構相當于“whose＋名詞”引導的定語從句。
I saw some trees， the leaves of which（＝whose leaves） were
yellow with disease.
我看見一些樹，它們的葉子因害病而發黃。
4. “the＋形容詞比較級（最高級）＋of＋which/whom”引導定
語從句。
There are two buildings， the larger of which stands nearly a hundred
feet in height.
這兒有兩座建筑物，較大的那座幾乎有100英尺高。
【即時演練2】　根據漢語提示完成下列句子
　①Two girls came to see the car， （她們中沒有
一個） liked it.
②There are sixty students in our class in all，
（他們中的多數都來自農村）.
③The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year，
（它們中的80%） are sold abroad.
④On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence，
（它的意思） I didn’t understand.
neither of whom　
most of whom are from
countryside　
80%
of which　
the meaning of
which　
知識要點·須拾遺
關注高頻詞匯
2
replace v.以……替換，更換；放回原處
【教材原句】　In sentence （a）， can we replace “in which” with
“where” without changing the meaning？
在句子（a）中，我們可以在不改變句意的情況下用“where”替換
“in which”嗎？
（1）replace A （with/by B） （用B）替換/接替/取代A
（2）replacement n.　　更換，替換
（3）“代替”的其他表達法：
instead of　　代替
in place of sb/in sb’s place 頂替/代替某人
take sb’s/sth’s place＝take the place of sb/sth　代替/替換某人/某物
【用法】
【佳句】　The factory replaced most of its workers with robots.
這家工廠用機器人取代了大多數工人。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The house in which I grew up has been taken down and
replaced an office building.
②Bear in mind that nothing can take the place your parents’
love.
③If I refused to go，they would send someone else my place.
with/by　
of　
in　
【寫美】　同義句轉換
④It is clear to everyone that nothing can replace mother’s love and care.
→It is clear to everyone that nothing can mother’s
love and care.（place）
take the place of　
priority n.優先處理的事，當務之急
【教材原句】　Natural dyes are also becoming more popular with
consumers for whom caring for the environment is a priority. 天然染料
也越來越受到消費者的歡迎，對他們來說，保護環境是當務之急。
【用法】
（1）give priority to 優先考慮；給……以優先權
take/have priority over　優先于，比……重要
（2）prior adj.　　優先的；在前的；較重要的
prior to　　在……前
【佳句】　My top priority is to find somewhere to live. Then， I’ll
find a job to pay the rent.
我首先要考慮的是找個地方住。然后，我找份工作以付房租。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①The management did not seem to consider office safety to be
priority.
②As students， working hard takes priority everything else.
a　
over　
【寫美】　補全句子
③The school science， maths and modern
languages.
這所學校將重點發展理科、數學和現代語言。
will give priority to　
narrow adj.狹窄的，不寬的；狹隘的；勉強的，剛剛好的 v.使窄
小，變窄，縮小
【教材原句】　Tourists can stand on a narrow glass platform called the
Skywalk to see the Grand Canyon.
游客可以站在一個名為“空中走廊”的窄窄的玻璃平臺上觀看科羅拉
多大峽谷。
（1）a narrow escape　　死里逃生
a narrow victory　　險勝
narrow ...to ...　　把……局限在……之內
（2）narrowly adv.　　勉強地；狹隘地
（3）narrow-minded adj.　　氣量小的
【用法】
【佳句】　Last weekend， he won a narrow victory in the table tennis
competition held by our school.
上周末，他在我們學校舉辦的乒乓球比賽中險勝。
【生義】　New tax laws will narrow the gap between the rich and the
poor.新稅法將會縮小貧富差距。
【練透】　單句語法填空
①She narrows her life a certain circle of friends.
②We managed to narrow the gap between our team and theirs， or we
wouldn’t have （narrow） won the game.
to　
narrowly　
【寫美】　補全句子
③He was fortunate enough to in a car
accident last year.
去年他在車禍中死里逃生，真夠幸運的。
have/make a narrow escape　
課時檢測·提能力
培育學科素養
3
維度一：基礎題型練
根據漢語提示寫出單詞的適當形式
1. He delivered a speech on different symbols to （更換）
words， phrases or sentences.
2. If the （結構） of your speech is loose and confusing，
chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused.
replace　
structure　
3. Surfing is the sport of riding on waves while standing on a
（狹窄的） board.
4. If there were no air or water， there would be no （活的）
things on the earth.
5. （氣候） and weather affect every aspect of our lives.
6. You must ask for permission before taking any photos
（在……內） the hall.
7. Is it practicable to try to develop agriculture in （沙漠）
regions？
8. Scientists will produce plastic （材料） from beans，
but right now the new product is being developed in the lab.
narrow　
living　
Climate　
inside　
desert　
materials　
維度二：語法與寫作
補全句子
1. The Students’ Union is like a huge stage，
.
學生會就像一個大平臺，在這個平臺上每個人都不遺余力地實現他
們的夢想。
on which everyone
spares no effort to achieve their dreams　
2. Many young people， ，
headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
許多年輕人前往偏遠地區追逐他們的夢想，他們中大多數都受過良
好教育。
3. The soldier will remember the rescue worker
during the earthquake.
這名士兵將會記住與他在地震中一起工作的救援人員。
4. They are the very people .
他們正是你可以隨時尋求幫助的人。
most of whom were well-educated　
with whom he has
worked　
to whom you can always turn for help　
5. We made a survey among the students，
.
我們在學生中做了一次調查，78%的人選湯姆為他們的班長。
78% of whom voted Tom as
their monitor　
維度三：語法與語篇
“用介詞＋關系代詞”完成下面語段
　　Jack is an engineer， who is working in the factory 1.
my father worked.He has been interested in stories of physical scientists
since an early age， 2. he learned a lot.During the years
in Tsinghua University， he was taught by a famous professor，
3. help he couldn’t have made his achievement
today.The reason 4. he is famous is that he has made great
contributions to our country， and he is the man 5. we
should show our respect.
in which　
from which　
without whose　
for which　
to whom　
Ⅰ.閱讀理解
A
　　Jace Tunnell， the founder of Nurdle I troll and reserve director at the
University of Texas Marine Science Institute， is listening to the same
question often.
　　“I hear every day， somebody says， ‘What is a nurdle？’” he
said.
　　Tunnell explained nurdles are tiny balls of plastic that are typically
used to make almost every plastic item we use， so they’re
everywhere！ He said nurdles are usually spilled （溢出） during
transport from cargo ships or railroad cars.“These things would be out
here for hundreds of years if we’re not picking them up，” Tunnell said
while on a recent Nurdle Patrol clean-up along Galveston Bay.
　　Since 2018， Nurdle Patrol has grown to thousands of volunteers
worldwide.Many people volunteer with Nurdle Patrol and work for the
Galveston Bay Foundation.Nurdle Patrol groups upload their findings to
the nonprofit’s website map.It’s marked in colors to show where the
highest concentration of nurdles is found.
　　“They look natural， and birds think that they’re food，” Tunnell
said. “Birds， fish， sea turtles and other sea animals can eat nurdles
and finally die from hunger because of a false sensation of fullness and
lack of nutrition.”
　　“I ended up finding 123 nurdles in 10 minutes.That’s high
concentration，” Tunnell said about a recent clean-up.“I plan to take
those to an elected official and say， ‘Look， these are what I found on
our beaches here.We need to do something about this.’ So， it kind of
puts in motion change that can happen.”
　　Nurdle Patrol has sent out hundreds of kits （工具包） globally，
many to schools and volunteer organizations， with information about
gathering nurdles and reporting the findings safely.Anyone can request a
kit through their website.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Nurdle I troll組織致
力于清理海洋中的小塑料球，解釋了其危害以及組織的發展情況。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Nurdle I troll組織致
力于清理海洋中的小塑料球，解釋了其危害以及組織的發展情況。
1. What do we know about the nurdle？
A. It is easily broken down.
B. It is a small piece of plastic.
C. It was invented by Tunnell.
D. It is mainly used to make ships.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第三段中的Tunnell explained nurdles
are tiny balls of plastic可知，nurdle是塑料塊。
2. What do Tunnell’s words in Paragraph 5 mainly stress？
A. The unique look of nurdles.
B. The number of nurdles in the sea.
C. Nurdles’ harm to sea animals’ food.
D. Nurdles’ impact on sea animals.
解析：　推理判斷題。根據第五段內容可推知，Tunnell在第五段
主要強調了小塑料球對海洋動物的影響。
3. What does Tunnell want to do？
A. Draw a map of nurdles’ concentration.
B. Call the government’s attention to nurdles.
C. Organize more clean-ups along the beaches.
D. Share his findings on Nurdle Patrol’s website.
解析：　細節理解題。根據倒數第二段中的I plan to take those to
an elected official and say ... We need to do something about this.可
知，Tunnell想喚起政府對小塑料球的注意。
4. What is the best title for the text？
A. Group Surveys the Level of Pollution in the Sea
B. Group Takes Action to Reduce the Use of Plastics
C. Group Tries to Deal with Pollutant Harming Wildlife
D. Group Looks for Volunteers for Its Beach Clean-ups
解析：　標題歸納題。文章主要介紹了Nurdle I troll組織致力于清
理海洋中的小塑料球，解釋了其危害以及組織的發展情況。由此可
知，C項（一個組織試圖處理危害野生動物的污染物）為文章最佳
標題。
B
　　Humans’ light at night does not spare even the sea from its glare
（強光）.Researchers published the first global map of ocean light
pollution.It shows large parts of the sea are lit up at night.And that risks
confusing or disrupting the behaviors of sea life.
　　Tim Smyth led a team to research the areas of the ocean where light
pollution is strongest.Smyth and his colleagues started with a world map
of man-made night-sky brightness that had been created in 2016.Then they
added data on the ocean and atmosphere.Some data came from shipboard
measurements of man-made light in the water.Others came from satellite
images that judge how clear the water is.Particles （微粒） in the water，
such as tiny floating plants and animals， can affect how far downward
light travels.These factors vary from place to place and may change with
the seasons.The team also used computers to copy how different
wavelengths of light move through water.
　　Next， they wanted to know how that underwater light might affect
animals.Not all species will be easily affected.The team focused on
copepods （橈足亞綱甲殼動物）.These common creatures are a key part
of many ocean food chains.They use light as a signal to move all together
to the dark deep， seeking safety from other surface creatures.Normally
they use the sun or the winter moon as their signal.Too much man-made
light can mess up their usual patterns.
　　Light pollution is strongest in about three feet of the water.Here，
man-made light can be strong enough to confuse the copepods.Nearly 2
million square kilometers of ocean get such strong night light.That’s an
area about the size of Mexico.Farther down， the light gets weaker.But
even 65 feet deep， it’s still bright enough to bother copepods across
840，000 square kilometers of ocean.
　　The team published its findings on 13 December in Elementa：
Science of the Anthropocene.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講的是海洋中也有光污染
以及光污染對海洋生物的影響。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講的是海洋中也有光污染
以及光污染對海洋生物的影響。
5. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word
“disrupting” in Paragraph 1？
A. Upsetting. B. Observing.
C. Ensuring. D. Protecting.
解析：　詞義猜測題。根據第一段的It shows large parts of the sea
are lit up at night.And that risks confusing ...可知，that指代“大片
海域在夜間被點亮”。根據畫線詞前的or可知，畫線詞與confusing
為同等感彩的詞，和upsetting意思相近。
6. What do we know about copepods from the passage？
A. They are main eaters of other creatures.
B. They are not affected by underwater light.
C. They can escape attacks with the help of light.
D. They can weaken the effect of man-made light.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第三段中的They use light as a signal to
move all together to the dark deep， seeking safety from other surface
creatures.可知，橈足亞綱甲殼動物可以在光的幫助下躲避攻擊。
7. How does the author show the seriousness of light pollution in
Paragraph 4？
A. By stating opinions.
B. By listing numbers.
C. By raising questions.
D. By giving reasons.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第四段第二句和最后一句可知，作者
在第四段通過列出數字來展示光污染的嚴重性。
8. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？
A. Light Pollution from Sea Life
B. Living Conditions of Copepods
C. Discoveries of Copepods
D. Light Pollution Even in Sea
解析：　標題歸納題。通讀全文可知，本文主要講的是光污染對
海洋生物的影響。由此可知，D項（海洋中的光污染）適合作本文
標題。
C
　　Despite many air-pollution-reduction policies （政策） designed to
improve health， these are always ineffective.Often this is because they
fail to consider local knowledge and cultural practices.Previous research
suggests that people should be put at the centre of developing ways around
the problem.Thus， a study has been done to confirm it.
　　One of the authors of the study， Dr Cressida Bowyer from the
University of Portsmouth， says， “For the first time， a study has
placed arts and humanities （人文學科） methods at the centre of the
exploration of perceptions （感知） of air pollution.Working with local
communities， we were able to discover how people there understood air
pollution.”
　　Researchers from the University of Portsmouth， and researchers and
experts from the UK， Kenya and Sweden worked together with local
people in Mukuru in Nairobi， the capital of Kenya in East Africa， to
explore a range of methods including storytelling， music， art and theatre
to explore understandings of air pollution.Some community members made digital （數字的） stories by taking photos around Mukuru which told their story of air pollution.Trained community researchers helped school children to create drawn and/or written stories of their experiences of air pollution.Theatre pieces were presented in key community spaces around Mukuru.Suggestions were given by the audience about how to solve the problem and local people acted out their suggestions as part of the theatre.The song “Mazingira”， which explained the problems of air pollution， had been played on national radio and television stations with an audience of about three million people.
　　Dr Sarah West， Principal Investigator at the Stockholm Environment
Centre， says， “From this range of methods we have got a more
detailed understanding of how air pollution is perceived and understood in
Mukuru.The project also created new spaces for conversations about the
topic of air pollution in the community.We expect other researchers
wishing to discuss difficult problems to use various creative methods to
have a wide range of people take part in their activities.This can lead to
unexpected understandings that may not otherwise exist.”
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明許多減少空氣污染的
政策無效，并研究幫助減少空氣污染的有效方法。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章主要說明許多減少空氣污染的
政策無效，并研究幫助減少空氣污染的有效方法。
9. Why are many air-pollution-reduction policies ineffective according to
the text？
A. Local people don’t care about the issue.
B. Little attention is paid to local people.
C. No one is responsible for offering solutions.
D. Policymakers don’t have enough experience.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第一段中的Often this is because they
fail to consider local knowledge and cultural practices.可知，許多減
少空氣污染的政策無效的原因是很少關注當地人。
10. Which of the following was a creative method used to explore the air
pollution issue in Mukuru？
A. Fully accepting local people’s proposals.
B. Inviting actors to give professional performances in theatres.
C. Training local students to reduce air pollution.
D. Using music to make people realize the problem.
解析：　細節理解題。根據第三段最后一句可知，通過音樂使
人意識到問題是用于探索Mukuru空氣污染問題的創造性方法。
11. What does Sarah West advise researchers to do about talking about
difficult problems？
A. To have a more detailed understanding.
B. To creatively get many people to join in.
C. To have conversations in communities.
D. To attract support from local experts.
解析：　細節理解題。根據最后一段中的We expect other
researchers wishing to discuss difficult problems to use various
creative methods to have a wide range of people take part in their
activities.可知，Sarah West建議研究人員在談論困難問題時使用
各種創造性方法讓廣泛的人參與。
12. What is the best title for the text？
A. How Can Local People Do Further Research？
B. Air Pollution Problems Cannot Be Solved Traditionally
C. How Can Music， Dance and Art Help Cut Air Pollution？
D. Researchers Help People in Nairobi Cut Air Pollution
解析：　標題歸納題。根據全文可知，文章主要說明許多減少
空氣污染的政策無效，并研究音樂、舞蹈和藝術如何幫助減少空
氣污染。C項為文章最佳標題。
Ⅱ.完形填空
　　Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed up on the shore near
her home.She had been 　13　 to call on her community to clean it up，
to change the 　14　， so she tried to set up an organization called
Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea.Her 　15　 proved quite a success.
Here’s how it 　16　.Volunteers help clean up 300 miles of
shoreline.Then， 　17　 only plastics from the beach clean-up， Angela
and many other volunteers create sculptures of sea 　18　.She explains，
“I mean to create sculptures that make people take a look and 　19　：
‘How can there be this much waste on the beach？’ 　20　 these
sculptures will make people consider what they have 　21　 in their daily
life and realize how so much plastic ends up in the oceans.” So far，
about 10，000 　22　 volunteers have collected 21 tons of waste and
helped create more than 70 works of art.Four traveling 　23　have demonstrated the artworks in 18 places of the country.One of the
sculptures， Turtle Ocean， received a 　24　 honor.It was admitted into
the National Museum.
　　The Washed Ashore team is now working on sculpture of a dolphin，
with 　25　 for more sculptures.“Until we 　26　 plastic on the
beach， the work will continue.These sculptures are a（n） 　27　 for
clean oceans.” Angela says seriously.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要講述了Angela創立了名
為Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea的社區組織，致力于清理海岸
垃圾，并將海岸垃圾創作出海洋生物雕塑以給人警醒：人們需要的
是一個潔凈的海洋。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要講述了Angela創立了名
為Washed Ashore： Art to Save the Sea的社區組織，致力于清理海岸
垃圾，并將海岸垃圾創作出海洋生物雕塑以給人警醒：人們需要的
是一個潔凈的海洋。
13. A. offering B. longing
C. admitting D. hesitating
解析：　根據下文so she tried to set up an organization called
Washed Ashore：Art to Save the Sea可知，她努力建立一個名為
“沖上岸：拯救海洋的藝術”的組織，因此她應是渴望通過這個
組織讓社區的人們一起來做這件事。long to do sth渴望做某事。
offer主動提供；long渴望；admit宣稱，斷言；hesitate猶豫。
14. A. landscape B. world
C. surface D. situation
解析：　根據上文Angela never liked seeing plastic waste washed
up on the shore near her home.可知，她是想通過這個組織來改變
目前塑料垃圾堆滿海灘的狀態。landscape風景，景色；world世
界；surface表面；situation現狀。
15. A. attempt B. choice
C. program D. instruction
解析：　根據下文可知，她的努力很成功。attempt嘗試，努
力；choice選擇；program節目；instruction說明。
16. A. walks B. applies
C. functions D. prepares
解析：　根據語境可知，it指代上文an organization called Washed
Ashore：Art to Save the Sea，結合下文內容可知，此處意為“下
面是它的運作流程”。walk步行；apply應用，申請；function運
作，起作用；prepare準備。
17. A. stopping B. presenting
C. delivering D. employing
解析：　根據下文Angela and many other volunteers create
sculptures of sea 　18　可知，這些雕塑應是使用海灘清理來的垃
圾創作而成。stop阻止；present呈現；deliver傳送；employ雇用，
使用。
18. A. waste B. floor
C. waves D. creatures
解析：　根據下文One of the sculptures， Turtle Ocean可知，他
們創作的雕塑是和海洋生物有關。waste浪費，廢棄物；floor地
板；wave海浪，風潮；creature生物，動物。
19. A. rethink B. remark
C. confirm D. announce
解析：　結合語境可知，下文How can there be this much waste
on the beach？應是人們看到雕塑后思考的內容，與下文consider相
呼應。rethink重新考慮；remark評論；confirm證明，確認；
announce宣告。
20. A. Generally B. Hopefully
C. Fortunately D. Surprisingly
解析：　根據下文these sculptures will make people consider ...
in the oceans可知，Angela希望這些雕塑能夠引起人們的思考。
generally一般地，普遍地；hopefully有希望地；fortunately幸運
地；surprisingly出乎意料地。
21. A. achieved B. observed
C. purchased D. recommended
解析：　結合常識可知，日常生活中購買的東西中有大量的
塑料垃圾。achieve獲得；observe觀察；purchase購買；
recommend推薦。
22. A. devoted B. surprised
C. grateful D. adventurous
解析：　根據下文have collected 21 tons of waste and helped create
more than 70 works of art可知，能夠收集21噸垃圾，幫助創作藝術
品的應該是全心全意保護海洋的人。devoted摯愛的，忠誠的，全
心全意的；surprised驚奇的；grateful感激的；adventurous有冒險
精神的。
23. A. guides B. managers
C. advertisements D. exhibitions
解析：　根據下文have demonstrated the artworks in 18
places of the country可知，在全國18個地方展出這些作品，應
是舉行了巡回展。guide導游；manager經理；advertisement廣
告；exhibition展覽。
24. A. folk B. simple
C. special D. strange
解析：　根據下文It was admitted into the National Museum.可
知，這一雕塑被允許進入國家博物館，這是一項特殊的榮譽。
folk民間的；simple簡單的；special特別的；strange奇怪的。
25. A. plans B. calls
C. elements D. exchanges
解析：　該團隊正在制作海豚的雕塑，再結合下文的for
more sculptures可知，應該是要表達他們還會有更多關于雕塑
的計劃。plan計劃；call電話；element要素，基本成分；
exchange交換，交談。
26. A. get down to B. keep away from
C. get rid of D. end up with
解析：　該志愿者團隊是打撈被沖上岸的垃圾的，當然在他們
完全清除海灘上的塑料前，工作還將繼續。get down to開始考
慮，著手處理；keep away from遠離；get rid of擺脫；end up with
以……結束。
27. A. answer B. appeal
C. warning D. response
解析：　根據本文所述，我們不難知道制作這些雕塑的目的是
呼吁人們一定要保護海洋。answer答案；appeal呼吁；warning警
告；response回復。
Ⅲ.語法填空
　　Water shortage is knocking at the door.It is one of the 　28　
（great） crises facing us today， with two thirds of the global
population 　29　 （live） in areas where water is short for a month or
more every year.There are two main factors （因素） leading 　30　 this
problem： increasing global demand for water， and unsustainable means
by which these demands are being met.Though global water usage 　31　
（increase） a lot over the last fifty years， it is predicted that there will
be a further 60%－100% increase in water usage by 2050.
　　This is not just 　32　 matter of turning the tap off when you brush
your 　33　 （tooth）， cutting your showers down to 3 minutes， or
sharing the washing-load with your roommates.In fact， daily activities of
human make up less than 4% of our total water usage， with 92% falling
into two groups， 　34　 are the industrial production of household items
and the production of food.Astonishingly， 69% of our total daily water
usage comes from the 　35　 （grow） and production of food alone.
　　 　36　 （unfortunate）， there is no reference book for the exact
number of liters （升） used in the production of any individual food
item.This is a hard thing to do， for we have other factors 　37　
（consider） when weighing up the benefits of every food choice：
taste， cost and convenience.
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述水資源短缺是我們今天面
臨的最大危機之一及造成水資源短缺的兩個因素，并指出并不是日
常生活中節約用水就能解決問題，我們每天總用水量的92%來自家
庭用品的工業生產和食品的生產。
語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章講述水資源短缺是我們今天面
臨的最大危機之一及造成水資源短缺的兩個因素，并指出并不是日
常生活中節約用水就能解決問題，我們每天總用水量的92%來自家
庭用品的工業生產和食品的生產。
28. greatest　考查形容詞的最高級。根據空前的one of the可知，此處
應該用形容詞的最高級，表示“最……的之一”。故填greatest。
29. living　考查非謂語動詞。此處是with復合結構，two thirds of the
global population與live是邏輯上的主謂關系，應該用動詞-ing形式作賓
語補足語。故填living。
30. to　考查介詞。lead to導致。故填to。
31. has increased　考查動詞的時態和主謂一致。根據時間狀語over
the last fifty years可知，空處應用現在完成時；主語global water usage
是不可數名詞，故填has increased。
32. a　考查冠詞。a matter of ...一個……的問題。故填a。
33. teeth　考查名詞復數。tooth為可數名詞，空處應用其復數形式。
故填teeth。
34. which　考查定語從句。空處引導非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞
two groups，關系詞在從句中作主語。故填which。
35. growth　考查詞形轉換。此處與名詞production是并列成分，應用
名詞。故填growth。
36. Unfortunately　考查詞形轉換。此處修飾整個句子，應用副詞作
狀語。根據語境可知，此處表示“不幸的是”，首字母應大寫。故填
Unfortunately。
37. to consider　考查非謂語動詞。分析句子結構可知，空處作后置定
語，用動詞不定式。故填to consider。
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