資源簡介

(共97張PPT)
第一部分 復習講義
板塊一 閱讀
微專題一　
突破閱讀C、D篇，告別失分困擾
專題一 閱讀四選一
新課程標準明確指出四選一閱讀主要考查考生理解書面語篇的能力，其中包括對語篇內容、語篇結構的理解和把握，也包括對語篇內容的分析、闡釋和評價。近幾年，閱讀理解的C、D篇因話題新、詞匯量大、長難句多等方面對考生的語言綜合運用能力和高階思維能力提出了較大挑戰。那么如何最大限度地減少失分困擾呢，考生應該從以下方面著手。
把握文體特征，明確閱讀策略
一、文體特征
1．語篇類型
閱讀理解C、D篇主要包括科普知識類、動植物特性類、自然現象類、新產品/新工藝介紹類、風土人情類等文章。
2．語言特點
(1)文中專業術語較多，抽象程度高，解題難度大，容易拉開考生分數檔次。
(2)文中解釋性、定義性、說明性句子較多，長難句較多。
攻略一
3．結構特點
基本上遵循“首段引入話題，其他部分采用并列式段落或遞進式段落對其進行說明”的規律。
(1)總分式：“總—分”和“分—總”結構，以及完整的“總—分—總”結構。
(2)遞進式： 事理說明文通常由淺入深、由表及里、由現象到本質，逐層遞進，一層一層地剖析事理。
(3)并列式：各部分內容沒有主次輕重之分。
(4)對照式：通過兩個事物的比較說明其異同。
二、閱讀策略
1．抓首尾段
首段往往提出說明文的主題，尤其是研究類說明文，研究結果就是主題；尾段往往重申、強調主題。
2．梳理文章結構
(1)整體敘述＋細節或過程說明＋概括評述；
(2)現象＋原因＋后果/啟示/措施；
(3)研究發現/調查結果＋研究/調查過程。
【典例】(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解C篇)
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism，including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works，and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you．
To do so，I divided the book into two parts．In part one，I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism，starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable，before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy．
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy：the digital declutter．This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days．At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value．
In the final chapter of part one，I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter．In doing so，I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter．You'll hear these participants'stories and learn what strategies worked well for them，and what traps they encountered that you should avoid．
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培養)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle．In these chapters，I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(獨處) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use．Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices，which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter．You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances．
解題導引：
Step 1　抓首尾段
本文首段說明了文章的主題：介紹了一本書的目的，提出了數字極簡主義。
Step 2　梳理文章結構
第一段(書的目的) 介紹了一本書，引出數字極簡主義的話題
第二段(書的第一部分) 介紹了數字極簡主義的理念
第三段(書的第一部分) 介紹數字極簡主義的策略
第四段(書的第一部分最后章節) 通過一些具體的例子來幫助你實現數字極簡主義
第五段(書的第二部分) 培養可持續數字極簡主義的一些方法
Step 3　文章大意
本文是一篇說明文。文章向讀者介紹了一本書，該書解釋了何為數字極簡主義并提供了實現數字極簡主義生活方式的方法。
Step 4　問題解決
28．What is the book aimed at
A．Teaching critical thinking skills．
B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle．
C．Solving philosophical problems．
D．Promoting the use of a digital device．
√
B　[細節理解題。根據第一段內容可知，這本書的目的是倡導簡單的數字生活方式。]
29．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A．Clear-up． B．Add-on．
C．Check-in． D．Take-over．
√
A　[詞義猜測題。根據畫線詞下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days．”可推知，畫線詞“declutter”的意思是“清理”，對在線活動進行清理和挑選。]
30．What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A．Theoretical models． B．Statistical methods．
C．Practical examples． D．Historical analyses．
√
C　[推理判斷題。根據第四段中的“In the final chapter of part one...an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter．”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介紹了關于數字極簡主義的實際例子。]
31．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A．Use them as needed．
B．Recommend them to friends．
C．Evaluate their effects．
D．Identify the ideas behind them．
√
A　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段末句可推知，作者建議讀者根據需要與實際情況使用第二部分中提及的方法。]
突破疑難詞匯，跨越閱讀障礙
一、利用熟詞生義解題
命題者會在試題中考查熟悉的單詞但其含義卻是考生較為陌生的。通常有兩種情況：
攻略二
生義是熟義的引申 考生根據單詞的熟義和語境很容易就能推測出生義
生義與熟義相差甚大 需要考生結合語境仔細推敲來確定單詞的含義
【典例】(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解C篇)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no”．The reasons relate to a variety of factors，including reduced concentration，an entertainment mindset(心態) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content．
When reading texts of several hundred words or more，learning is generally more successful when it's on paper than onscreen．A large amount of research confirms this finding．The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text．
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties．With paper，there is a literal laying on of hands，along with the visual geography of distinct pages．People often link their memory of what they've read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page．
But equally important is the mental aspect．Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假說)”．According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print．
Audio(音頻) and video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies —say，assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person．However，psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories，they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces．
Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available in print．However，for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for，educators shouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words．
【分析】文章中的熟詞生義
熟義 生義
cover v．覆蓋 v．__________
print v．印刷 n．______________
pose vt．(為照相、畫像等)擺好姿勢 vt．____
property n．所有物，財產 n．__________
geography n．地理 n．____
say v．說 v．______
piece n．塊，張，片 n．__________
涉及，處理
印刷品，出版物
提出
性質，特性
布局
比方說
文章，報道
二、利用構詞法解題
英語中常見的構詞法有三類
派生法 由詞綴(前綴和后綴)和詞根相結合構成單詞的方法
轉化法 把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法
合成法 由兩個或兩個以上的單詞組成一個新單詞的方法
【典例】(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解D篇)
On March 7，1907，the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect．The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases，the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate．
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors，those errors aren't always the same．Some people will tend to overestimate，and some to underestimate．When enough of these errors are averaged together，they cancel each other out，resulting in a more accurate estimate．If people are similar and tend to make the same errors，then their errors won't cancel each other out．In more technical terms，the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent．If for whatever reasons，people's errors become correlated or dependent，the accuracy of the estimate will go down．
...
32．What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A．The methods of estimation．
B．The underlying logic of the effect．
C．The causes of people's errors．
D．The design of Galton's experiment．
【分析】利用構詞法可以理解選段中的障礙詞
1．派生法
①statistic n．統計數字＋-ian→statistician n．________
②estimate v．估計＋-ion→estimation n．____
③capital n．大寫字母，金錢＋-ize→capitalize
v．________________________________
④前綴cor-，表“共同”＋relate v．把……聯系起來→correlate v．______________
統計學家
估算
把……首字母大寫，給……提供資金
(使)相互關聯
⑤前綴in-，表否定意義＋depend v．依靠，依賴＋形容詞后綴-ent→independent adj．______________
⑥accurate adj．準確的，精確的＋名詞后綴-cy→accuracy n．______________
獨立的，自主的
準確性，精確度
2．轉化法
①average adj．平均的；正常的，一般的
→v．________________________
②estimate vt．估計，估算→n．__________
3．合成法
①over-＋estimate→overestimate v．& n．____
②under-＋estimate→underestimate v．&n．____
③under-＋lie＋-ing→underlying adj．______________
平均為；算出……的平均數
估計，預測
高估
低估
潛在的，根本的
厘清句子結構，突破解題關鍵
妙招1　定謂語，明主干
我們可以根據謂語動詞來確定其主語。如果一個句子中出現兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞，則該句可能是并列句或復合句(并列謂語動詞的情況除外)。
攻略三
【典例】(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解D篇)
The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion，the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals．
【分析】
Step 1　定謂語：本句主干部分謂語動詞為______。
Step 2　明主干：The key finding of the study was...
Step 3　析成分：that引導的表語從句由一個主從復合句構成，其中when引導的時間狀語從句中又包含一個that引導的定語從句，修飾先行詞smaller groups，主句the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals中的those指代the averages。
was
Step 4　試翻譯：___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
這項研究的重要發現是，當大的群體被進一步分成更小的群體并允許討論時，這些群體(估算)的平均值比同樣數量的獨立個體的平均值更準確。

妙招2　尋主干，去枝葉
一般句子的主要信息都是通過主干來表達的，從句、狀語和定語等所表達的信息為次要信息。如果提煉不出句子的主干來，就不能完全把握句子的核心意義，從而導致思維混亂，主次不分。
【典例】(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解C篇)
At the end of the thirty days，you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value．
【分析】
Step 1　尋主干：___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________。
Step 2　去枝葉：去掉 that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things 和you value這兩個定語從句和時間狀語________________________________________________________。
Step 3　試翻譯：___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
you will then add back a small number of carefully
chosen online activities
At the end of the thirty days
在這三十天結束時，你可以恢復少量精心挑選的，你認為將對你所珍視的東西大有裨益的線上活動。
針對性訓練12　突破閱讀C、D篇(1)
Passage 1
An estimated 55 million people worldwide live with dementia (癡呆)，a number that's expected to rise．To find treatments that can slow or prevent the disease，scientists need to better understand the factors relating to dementia．Researchers at Tufts University have recently completed a new study in this field and announced a groundbreaking finding．
“Many studies have involved dietary or nutritional factors in cognitive (認知的) performance or function in older adults，including many studies of vitamin D．But all of them are based on either dietary intakes or blood measures of vitamin D，” said lead author Kyla Shea．“We wanted to investigate if vitamin D is even present in the brain，and if it is，how those concentrations are linked to cognitive decline．”
In the new study，researchers examined samples of brain tissue from 290 participants in the Rush Memory and Aging Project．They looked for vitamin D in several regions of the brain，among which two are associated with changes linked to Alzheimer's disease and one is associated with forms of dementia linked to blood flow．
The researchers revealed vitamin D was present in brain tissue．They also noticed high levels of vitamin D in the four regions of the brain contributed to better cognitive health．“This research reinforces the importance of studying how nutritional substances help protect the aging brain against diseases such as Alzheimer's disease，” said corresponding author Sarah Booth．
However，the levels of vitamin D in the brain didn't associate with any of the physiological (生理的) markers related to Alzheimer's disease in the brain studied，including amyloid plaques，a kind of protein，the buildup of which represents a characteristic feature of Alzheimer's disease．“Dementia is complicated．Although vitamin D levels positively correlate to cognitive decline，the underlying workings of this vitamin in the brain haven't been well characterized，” Shea says．
Vitamin D is also known to vary between racial and ethnic populations，and most of the participants in the Rush group belong to a particular kind．The researchers are planning follow-up studies to avoid this limitation to further look at brain changes associated with cognitive decline．They hope their work can contribute to better medical interventions soon．
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。一項新研究發現大腦中維生素D的含量與認知功能相關，但維生素D的具體作用機制尚不清楚，研究者將跟進研究。
1．What can be inferred about the new study
A．It has a solid theoretical foundation．
B．It offers a novel angle of brain research．
C．It focuses on the effect of nutritional diets．
D．It confirms the findings of previous studies．
√
B　[推理判斷題。根據第二段可知，先前的許多研究都是基于飲食攝入的或血液里的維生素D含量來研究老年人的認知表現，而新研究另辟蹊徑從“大腦中是否含有維生素D及其含量與認知能力的關系”這一角度著手研究，故該研究為大腦研究提供了一個新的視角。]
2．What does the underlined word “reinforces” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Contradicts．　　　　 B．Challenges．
C．Strengthens． D．Assumes．
√
C　[詞義猜測題。根據畫線詞的上一句可知，新研究揭示了大腦中的維生素D含量與認知水平呈正相關，故該研究“強化了”研究營養素如何幫助保護老化的大腦免受阿爾茨海默病等疾病侵害的重要性。]
3．What remains a mystery to the researchers
A．The role of amyloid plaques in cognitive decline．
B．The specific impact of vitamin D on brain function．
C．The identification of physiological markers of dementia．
D．The link between vitamin D levels and cognitive decline．
√
B　[細節理解題。第五段第一句說明了，研究人員沒有發現大腦中維生素D水平與阿爾茨海默病相關的生理標志的關聯，再根據該段最后一句可知，維生素D在大腦中的作用機制仍是一個謎。]
4．How will the researchers probably further improve their study
A．By including a diverse range of samples．
B．By extending the time period of their study．
C．By testing their findings with medical institutes．
D．By seeking inspiration from other similar studies．
√
A　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段中“Vitamin D is also...this limitation to further look at brain changes associated with cognitive decline．”可知，研究人員下一步將進行更廣泛樣本的跟進研究。]
Passage 2
If Iron Man ever wants to update his suit，he's gotten an option—thanks to a new material created by a team of researchers using a DNA structure and glass．
Lightweight and fairly strong materials are always sought after by scientists for their ability to reduce production costs and withstand the stresses of mechanical (機械的) use．Unfortunately，these two characteristics often seem at odds with each other—stronger materials tend to be heavier and lighter ones less durable．
What worsens the situation is that the mass production of materials can introduce imperfections into materials with a complex chemical structure．Glass is a perfect example．Glass earns a reputation for breaking so easily; this is due to imperfections，such as missing atoms when people produce large pieces of glass．In its purest form，one cubic centimeter (1 cm3) of glass could bear 10 tons of pressure．
Learning this lesson，the researchers decided to make the glass they needed less than one micrometer thick since glass is nearly perfect in this size．They then constructed a 3D framework(框架) to shape the pure glass by using DNA．Almost like Magna-Tiles (a construction toy system)，pieces of DNA of specific lengths and chemistry interconnect with each other．The researchers next coated the DNA structure in a thin layer of pure glass，which was only about a few hundred atoms thick．To keep the material extremely lightweight，they chose not to fill the inner spaces．
However，at this scale，testing the DNA-structured glass through conventional methods is almost out of the question．The researchers instead turned to a technique called nanoindentation．Essentially，a small probe (探針) applied pressure to the DNA-glass material while a microscope allowed the researchers to measure its behavior．It was revealed that the new material is four times higher in strength than steel but five times lighter．
“The ability to create 3D-framework nanomaterials using DNA opens enormous opportunities for mechanical engineering．But much research work is still needed before we can employ it as a technology，” said Oleg Gang，from Columbia University．“Even if the nanostructures won't match the scale of Iron Man，the team's concept represents a new pathway to future materials for devices that prioritize strength．”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。研究人員利用DNA結構和玻璃創造了一種新材料。這種材料的強度是鋼的四倍，而重量只有鋼的五分之一。
5．Which of the following is a challenge to materials scientists
A．Increasing the service life of heavy materials．
B．Balancing lightness and strength in one material．
C．Improving the cost-effectiveness of heavy materials．
D．Maximizing the flexibility of stress-resistant materials．
√
B　[細節理解題。根據第二段可知，材料科學家們致力于尋求輕巧且強度大的材料，然而，同一材料的這兩種特性往往相互矛盾：堅固的材料往往更重，而較輕的材料則不那么結實耐用。]
6．Why did the team create the required glass at the microscale
A．To enhance the stability of the DNA structure．
B．To provide convenience for the coating process．
C．To achieve a higher level of purity in glass-making．
D．To avoid glass's negative impact on the DNA frame．
√
C　[推理判斷題。第三段中的“Glass earns...In its purest form，one cubic centimeter ...bear 10 tons of pressure．”以及第四段中的“Learning this lesson，the researchers decided...less than one micrometer thick...perfect in this size...which was only about a few hundred atoms thick．”可知，研究人員為了使玻璃發揮其最大的抗壓能力，他們要在微尺度上創造出所需的玻璃。故選C。]
7．For what purpose did the researchers adopt nanoindentation in their study
A．Measuring the weight of the DNA-structured glass．
B．Observing the changes of DNA under extreme stress．
C．Assessing the new material's pressure-bearing property．
D．Analyzing the chemical composition of the new material．
√
C　[細節理解題。根據第五段可知，在微米級的規模下，通過傳統方法測試 DNA 結構的玻璃材料幾乎是不可能的，研究人員轉而采用納米壓痕技術，來評估新材料的承壓性能。]
8．What's Oleg Gang's attitude towards the research team's innovation
A．Doubtful． B．Positive．
C．Unclear． D．Dismissive．
√
B　[態度觀點題。根據最后一段中“The ability...mechanical engineering．”及“Even if ...the team's concept represents a new pathway to future materials for devices that prioritize strength．”可知， Oleg Gang 對該團隊的創新持積極肯定的態度。]
Passage 3
If a word is said or looked at steadily for some little time，it will be found to take on a curiously strange and foreign aspect．This is a phenomenon called semantic satiation that affects our understanding of words when they are mentioned too often．
The term was created by psychologist Leon James．He conducted several experiments to explore how the concept affects our thinking and found that it is a kind of tiredness called reactive inhibition (反應性抑制)．When a brain cell fires，it takes more energy to fire afterwards，and finally it won't even respond unless you wait a few seconds．
For example，“Black Friday (a shopping day)” is no longer as appealing as it once was．We've repeated “Black Friday” so much that it is now as indistinct as the packages of common Wal-Mart string cheese that you go past hurriedly on your way to argue over a half-price vegetable steamer at 3 a.m．Hence，marketers are reconsidering their sales strategies．
One experiment he conducted sought to explore whether semantic satiation could be used to lessen stuttering(口吃)．He had an assistant call a stuttering participant and they talked on the phone for one minute，creating a situation that increased anxiety as there were no alternative means of communication for the participant other than speaking．Ten minutes later，the assistant called again．And the cycle was repeated 10 times throughout the day．The goal was to induce (誘發) semantic satiation in the stuttering participant related to the emotion of the stress-inducing phone call．And he says it worked．
Any word can be the victim of semantic satiation，but the amount of time before words lose meaning can vary，with words that can draw out strong emotions taking longer due to the brain cycling through other associations with the words．One study showed that when presented with a tone，the sleeping cat immediately woke up．But as they played the tone again and again，the cat took time to wake up each time，until it kept on sleeping．But when the tone was varied slightly，the cat woke up immediately．Therefore，when teachers assign word memorization exercises to students，it is wise to avoid repetitive memorization or the words will become meaningless to students．
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了“語義飽和”這一語言現象及其影響。
9．Which of the following can best explain “semantic satiation”？
A．It's a kind of serious language learning disability．
B．It's a reflection of the subjective nature of language．
C．It's a practice of rearranging letters to form new words．
D．It's an occurrence arising from the repetition of words．
√
D　[細節理解題。根據第一段的“If a word is said or looked at steadily ...a curiously strange and foreign aspect．”可知，semantic satiation 指的是單詞在持續被說或看一段時間后所出現的狀況。]
10．How does semantic satiation affect “Black Friday” according to the text
A．People lose their craze for “Black Friday”．
B．People start buying Wal-Mart string cheese．
C．People merely show interest in goods on sale．
D．People make the best of some shopping strategies．
√
A　[推理判斷題。根據第三段內容可知，由于過度使用“黑色星期五”，這一購物狂歡節沒有以前那么有吸引力，人們對其熱情也逐漸消退。]
11．What's the result of the experiment involving a stuttering participant
A．The participant's stuttering improved．
B．The participant's stuttering was cured．
C．The participant became more stressed．
D．The participant failed to communicate．
√
A　[細節理解題。根據第四段中的“One experiment he conducted sought to ...be used to lessen stuttering．”以及“And he says it worked．”可知，參與者的口吃癥狀得以改善。]
12．What's the implication of the cat experiment for teachers
A．Delivering classes in a clear tone．
B．Employing variations in word exercises．
C．Highlighting the importance of the word meaning．
D．Encouraging students to get up early in the morning．
√
B　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段內容可知，作者指出單詞失去意義之前的時間可能會有所不同，由于大腦在與單詞的其他關聯中循環，可以引起強烈情緒的單詞失去意義前持續的時間更長。作者通過變換語氣喚醒貓的例子，說明為了避開語義飽和現象的發生，教師在布置單詞記憶練習時，應注重采用各種不同形式，避免重復。]
針對性訓練13　突破閱讀C、D篇(2)
Passage 1
Lorian Schweikert，a biologist at the University of North Carolina，was fishing in the Florida Keys when she caught a hogfish—a type of fish that's known for its ability to change colors．Schweikert dropped it on the boat deck and continued fishing．When she later went to get the fish back，she was shocked to find that it had changed color to perfectly match the white deck—complete with little black circles that looked like the floor．
In 2018，Schweikert found that hogfish carry a gene for a light-sensitive protein called opsin (視蛋白) that is activated in their skin，and that this gene is different from the opsin genes found in their eyes．Other color-changing animals have been found to have light-sensing opsins in their skin，too．But exactly how “skin vision” works remains a mystery．
In a new study，Schweikert and biologist Sonke Johnsen teamed up to take a closer look at hogfish's skin．They took pieces of skin from different parts of the fish's body and took pictures of the skin under a microscope．Up close，a hogfish's skin looks like a special painting．Each dot of color is a specialized cell called a chromatophore (色素體) containing granules of pigment (色素顆粒) that can be red，yellow or black．They found that the light-sensitive protein was concentrated in a specific area right below the chromatophores．
It's the movement of these pigment granules that changes the skin color．Their findings suggest that the fish's light-sensitive opsins act somewhat like internal Polaroid film (柯達即時成像膠片)，catching changes in the light that can pass through the pigment-filled cells above as the pigment granules gather or spread．“The animals can literally take a photo of their own skin from the inside，” said Schweikert．“In a way，opsins can tell the animal what its skin looks like．”
Lauren Sumner-Rooney，a researcher who wasn't involved in the study，said，“This is the first time we've seen a strong body of evidence for exactly how this works in fish — skin light sensing has been a rather mysterious ability for a long time．The hogfish seems like a great model to explore further questions．”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了hogfish如何通過體內的感光視蛋白來檢測皮膚表面的光線變化，從而改變身體顏色以達到與周圍環境相匹配的機制。
1．What did Schweikert find shocking about the hogfish
A．It pretended to be dead．
B．It changed its shape rapidly．
C．It displayed attractive skin color．
D．It was integrated with the surroundings．
√
D　[細節理解題。根據第一段中的“she was shocked to find ...perfectly match the white deck—complete with little black circles that looked like the floor．”可知，施威克特驚訝地發現這條魚的體色完美地與甲板顏色相匹配，與周圍環境融為了一體。]
2．What does the new study aim to figure out
A．What the function of the opsin genes is．
B．Why color-changing animals can sense the surroundings．
C．How opsins in hogfish's skin help them change colors．
D．Which opsins in hogfish's skin differ from those in their eyes．
√
C　[細節理解題。根據第二段和第三段的內容可知，新的研究是為了弄清楚hogfish皮膚中的視蛋白是如何幫助它們改變體色的。]
3．Why does the author mention the Polaroid film in paragraph 4
A．To highlight the spread of the granules of pigment．
B．To explain the role of the light-sensitive opsins．
C．To introduce a new discovery about fish's vision．
D．To stress the importance of pigment granules'movement．
√
B　[推理判斷題。根據第四段中的“Their findings suggest that fish's light-sensitive opsins act somewhat like internal Polaroid film ...or spread．”可知，作者將光敏感視蛋白的作用比作柯達即時成像膠片，說明視蛋白能夠“捕捉”從色素細胞過濾過來的光線變化，其工作方式類似于相機膠片。因此，作者提到柯達即時成像膠片是為了解釋視蛋白的作用。]
4．What is Lauren Sumner-Rooney's attitude towards the study findings
A．Appreciative． B．Cautious．
C．Objective． D．Dismissive．
A　[態度觀點題。根據最后一段內容可知，Lauren Sumner-Rooney認為該發現解決了長期以來困擾人們的一個難題：即皮膚感光的能力的工作機制，并認為這一發現可用來探索更多的問題，因此，Lauren對該研究結果持“贊賞的”態度。]
√
Passage 2
Humans are arguably the most adaptable species on Earth．The species'enormous capacity to adapt and live in different environments owes much to cumulative (累積的) culture between individuals and generations．“That is part of what makes us humans，and it's what has enabled us to settle and live all over the globe，” says theoretical biologist Erol Ak ay．
Researchers from the School of Arts & Sciences have uncovered a source of inherent tension (內在的緊張) between individuals and the groups they live in．Ak ay and evolutionary biologist Marco Smolla used a model to investigate the coevolution of social networks and cumulative culture．Specifically，they explored the relative benefits of specialist cultures versus generalist cultures (專家文化與通才文化) for individuals and groups．
“We were interested in complicated characteristics that a person would need to be exposed to multiple times in order to learn，for example，strategies for seeking or ways of tool-making，” says researcher Smolla．
“We found that groups can benefit most when everyone is highly connected in the culture where everyone becomes very skilled at the same handful of characteristics，so social learning is more effective，and more culture accumulates in the specialist cultures．It is because there are no wasted learning opportunities，” Ak ay says．
“Cumulative culture becomes public good because to maintain it，groups have to have this connected network structure，but maintaining that network is individually costly．So there's a clash between individual-level benefits and what's best for the group，” Alopy says．The model showed that once groups are highly connected，there is an individual motivation for making fewer connections because it allows individuals to focus more and learn more effectively．However，while individuals benefit from being innovative，too much innovation is disadvantageous for the group．This mismatch between individual and group benefits eventually leads to the fall of specialist cultures，which results in people cycling between generalist and specialist cultures．
“Our results provide a novel assumption for the evolution of rituals (慣例) and social norms that function to maintain social networks，” Smolla says．“Such rituals can strengthen connectivity and cultural unity，which might be very much in the group's favor．”
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一項關于社交網絡和累積文化共同進化的研究。該研究表明：對個人有利的東西并不總是對群體有利。
5．What is the mentioned factor making humans the distinctive species on Earth
A．The power of handling social conflict．
B．The ability to build close social networks．
C．The capacity to accumulate cultural knowledge．
D．The competence in adapting to diverse environments．
√
C　[細節理解題。根據第一段中的“The species'enormous capacity to adapt ...part of what makes us humans”可知，積累文化知識的能力是使我們成為人類的一部分，也是使我們能夠在全球各地定居和生活的原因。]
6．Which of the following can benefit groups most according to Ak ay
A．Individuals'constant innovation．
B．Relatively few social connections．
C．Highly connected specialist cultures．
D．Absolute individual identity in generalist cultures．
√
C　[推理判斷題。根據第四段Ak ay所說的內容可知，當每個人都高度聯系在一起時，每個人都非常精通相同的文化特征，社會學習則更有效。掌握相同的文化特征屬于專家文化的領域，由此可推知，當每個人都有高度聯系的專家文化時，團隊受益最大。]
7．What does the underlined word “clash” in paragraph 5 mean
A．Conflict． B．Bond．
C．Similarity． D．Exception．
√
A　[詞義猜測題。根據畫線單詞前的句子可知，累積文化能使群體成員獲益，為了保持和傳承它，群體必須維持緊密的社交網絡，但這對個體來說是有代價的。下文則進一步說明了個人與群體之間這種利益的“沖突”。故畫線詞與conflict的意思相同。]
8．What does Smolla think of rituals and social norms
A．They focus on facilitating the growth of individuals．
B．They may offer groups a competitive advantage．
C．They may go against the mainstream culture．
D．They aim to contribute to cultural diversity．
√
B　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段的“Such rituals can strengthen connectivity ...much in the group's favor．”可知，Smolla認為慣例和社會規范可以促進聯系和文化融合，這可能會使該群體更具競爭優勢。]
Passage 3
Ever since 1911，when scientist Michael Cressé Potter noticed that brewer's yeast (啤酒酵母) could generate electricity，scientists have been trying to use the power of tiny microbial (微生物的) fuel cells．But the efficiency of the tiny “bioreactors” has been too low for practical use．Besides，it turns out that most microbes (微生物) can be surprisingly picky in what substances they digest to create electricity．
Now，a team of researchers from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne has engineered one of the most common species of bacteria，Escherichia coli (E．coli)，to generate electricity from brewery wastewater．“Though there are microbes that naturally produce electricity，they can only do so in the presence of specific chemicals，” explains engineer Ardemis Boghossian．“E．coli，which can grow on a wide range of sources，doesn't have such restrictions．”
While engineering E．coli，researchers changed its DNA to include instructions for protein complexes found in Shewanella oneidensis (S．oneidensis)，one of the best-known bacterial electricity generators．By integrating all components of S．oneidensis'electricity-generating pathway into E．coli，researchers increased E．coli's ability to generate electricity．
Then the team tested their E．coli system on a sample of wastewater collected from a local brewery．“Our bioengineered electric bacteria were able to grow quickly by feeding off this waste，” says Boghossian，“whereas S．oneidensis，used for comparison，wasn't able to digest the wastewater．This makes the engineered E．coli far more suitable for treating industrial wastewater，even if its electricity-generating potential is still less than S．oneidensis'．”
E．coli's appetite for different substances means the engineered bacteria could possibly also be adapted to other waste streams．In any case，the researchers will need to examine whether their E．coli can handle large amounts of industrial waste．If so，it could bring about some considerable energy savings．“Instead of putting energy into the system to process organic waste，we are producing electricity while processing organic waste at the same time，” says Boghossian．
【語篇解讀】　本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了科學研究發現被改造的大腸桿菌可以在處理廢水的同時進行發電。
9．What does the author want to express in paragraph 1
A．The necessity of developing tiny bioreactors．
B．The historical background of improving microbes．
C．The potential applications of tiny microbial fuel cells．
D．The limitations of using microbes as electricity generators．
√
D　[細節理解題。通讀第一段可知，自發現可以用微生物發電以來，科學家們一直試圖利用這種能源，但是微生物發電的效率太低，無法實際應用，此外微生物在消化什么物質以產生電能方面出奇地挑剔。故本段旨在告訴讀者用微生物發電有很大的局限性。]
10．What's the advantage of E．coli over other microbes
A．It can produce electricity naturally．
B．It can adapt to diverse environments．
C．It hardly reacts with other chemicals．
D．It is efficient in generating electricity．
√
B　[細節理解題。根據第二段“‘Though there are...in the presence of specific chemicals，'...‘E．coli ...doesn't have such restrictions．'”可知，與別的微生物相比，大腸桿菌可以適應不同的環境。]
11．What's Boghossian's attitude to E．coli's waste processing performance in the study
A．Unclear． B．Satisfied．
C．Concerned． D．Disappointed．
√
B　[態度觀點題。根據第四段和最后一段Boghossian 說的話可知，被改造的大腸桿菌能夠以這些廢物為食，并快速繁殖，故這些被改造的大腸桿菌的表現令其覺得“滿意”。]
12．What will researchers most probably focus on in the future
A．Finding ways to make E．coli widely available．
B．Exploring alternative methods for processing organic waste．
C．Testing E．coli's ability to process huge industrial waste volumes．
D．Investigating the impact of industrial wastewater on E．coli's growth．
√
C　[推理判斷題。根據最后一段“In any case，the researchers will need to examine whether their E．coli can handle large amounts of industrial waste．”可推知，研究人員接下來最可能的研究方向是檢測被改造的大腸桿菌處理大量工業廢水的能力。]
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