資源簡介

(共32張PPT)
Unit 4
History and Traditions
Discovering Useful Structures
1
Master the usage rules of past participles used as attributes and object complements, and accurately identify them in sentences.
2
Learn to correctly apply past participles in writing to express passive or completed meanings, improving language accuracy and expressiveness.
Learning Objectives
Teaching Focus
Enable students to clearly understand the basic forms and semantic features of past participles used as attributes and object complements, and master their common usage patterns.
Teaching Challenges
Help students distinguish the subtle differences between past participles and present participles in terms of grammar functions and semantic expressions, and use them accurately in context.
Teaching Focus and Teaching Challenges
Part 1
Lead-in
Lead-in
a broken cup
fallen leaves
the shocked woman
What is the past participles
Look at the sentences and underline the past participles. In pairs, discuss their functions. Then find more sentences with the -ed form in the text.
1. Most people just use the shortened name: “the United Kingdom” or “the UK”.
2. They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, ...
3. They had castles built all around England, ...
as the attribute
as the attribute
as the attribute
as the object complement
Part 2
The past participles
(Ⅰ)
過去分詞在句子中所作成分
過去分詞的定義和功能
過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種。非謂語動詞是一個句子當中的非核心成分，也就是說除了謂語之外什么成分都可以充當。一共有三種形式：不定式（to do）、動名詞（doing）、和分詞（現在分詞doing、過去分詞done）。
過去分詞表示被動或者完成。
vi.不及物動詞只能表示完成；
vt.及物動詞可以表示被動和完成。
過去分詞的定義和功能
過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種。非謂語動詞是一個句子當中的非核心成分，即，除了謂語之外什么成分都可以充當。一共有三種形式：不定式（to do）、動名詞（doing）、和分詞（現在分詞doing、過去分詞done）。
過去分詞表示被動或者完成。
vi.不及物動詞只能表示完成；
vt.及物動詞可以表示被動和完成。
過去分詞作定語
1. 意義：
（1）及物動詞的過去分詞作定語：被修飾詞與該及物動詞之間通常為邏輯上的動賓關系，表示動作已完成，或只表示被動。
Tom drank some boiled water and hurried to school.
湯姆喝了一些白開水，就匆匆忙忙去學校了。（表示被動和完成）
When he came into power, he decided to be a leader loved by everyone.
當他開始掌權時，他決定做一個受大家愛戴的領袖。（只表示被動）
The plan put forward at the meeting will be carried out soon.
會上提出的計劃將很快被執行。（表示被動和完成）
過去分詞作定語
2. 位置：
（1）單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，但 left只作后置定語。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.
那個碎了的花瓶被扔到外面去了。
The books left are for my students.
剩下的書是給我的學生的。
注意：單個的過去分詞修飾something，everything，anything，nothing，nobody 等復合不定代詞或those等指示代詞時，要放在這些詞的后面。
過去分詞作定語
（2）過去分詞短語作定語要放在被修飾的名詞后，其作用相當于一個定語從句。
I borrowed a book written by Mark Twain from the library. =
I borrowed a book which/that was written by Mark Twain from the library.
我從圖書館里借了一本馬克·吐溫寫的書。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written. =
This will be the best novel of its kind that has ever been written.
這將是這類小說中寫得最好的。
過去分詞作定語
3. 過去分詞作定語與現在分詞作定語的區別：
過去分詞與所修飾的名詞之間存在動賓關系，表示一個已完成的動作。現在分詞與所修飾的名詞之間存在主謂關系，它表示一個正在進行的動作。
This is a letter written in black ink. 這是一封用黑墨水寫的信。
All the books borrowed from the library must be returned by next Saturday. 所有從圖書館借的書都得在下星期六前歸還。
The man planting trees in front of the building is our teacher.
在大樓前面植樹的那個人是我們的老師。
過去分詞作賓補
1. 意義
過去分詞作賓語補足語時，主要用于補充說明賓語所承受的動作或所處的狀態，通常出現在“主語+謂語動詞+賓語+過去分詞”的結構中。這種用法強調賓語是被動接受某個動作或已經處于某種完成狀態，常見的謂語動詞包括感官動詞（如see, hear, feel）、使役動詞（如have, get, make）以及表示意愿的動詞（如want, find）。
I heard my name called.
過去分詞“called”作賓補，說明賓語“my name”承受了“被叫”的動作
過去分詞作賓補
2. 用法
過去分詞（短語）作賓補，用于“主語+謂語+賓語+賓補“句式，說明賓語的性質或狀態，構成過去分詞的動詞與賓語之間為邏輯上的動賓關系。能夠接過去分詞作賓補的動詞主要有如下幾類：
（1）表示感覺或心理狀態的動詞，如see，hear，feel，watch，notice，
think，find等后面作賓語補足語。
I heard the English song sung twice in the next room.
我聽到隔壁房間里唱了兩遍這首英文歌。
When he arrived, he found all the work finished.
當他到達時，他發現所有的工作都完成了。
過去分詞作賓補
（2）表示使役的動詞：get, let, make, have, keep等后面作賓語補足語。
I have my hair cut twice a month.
我每個月剪兩次頭發。 （讓別人做）
Mary had her bike stolen the other day.
瑪麗的自行車在前幾天被人偷了。（遭遇不幸）
Their aim was to get production started as soon as possible.
他們的目的是盡快開始生產。（主語自己也可能參加）
They kept the door locked for a long time.
他們把門鎖了好長一段時間。（處于某種狀態）
過去分詞作賓補
（3）表示“希望”“愿望”等意義的動詞，如want，wish，like，expect，order等后面作賓語補足語。
The manager ordered the work finished at the end of this week.
經理要求在本周末完成這項工作。
The teacher doesn’t wish such questions (to be) discussed in class.
老師不希望在課堂上討論這樣的問題。
He wants his composition read by every classmate.
他想班里每個同學都讀一讀自己的作文。
過去分詞作賓補
注意：兩個特殊結構
◆ 作介詞的補足語，主要用于“with/without+復合結構”中。
With the problem settled, he felt quite happy.
隨著問題的解決，他感到相當開心。
◆ 在“have +賓語 +過去分詞”結構中，過去分詞作賓補，也可用 get。有以下幾種含義：
① 意為主語“請別人做某事”。
He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow.
他想明天去檢查眼睛。
過去分詞作賓補
② 意為主語“遭遇、遭受某一不愉快的事情”。
Be careful, or you’ll have your hands hurt.
小心點，不然會傷到手。
③ 意為“使完成某事”，事情既可以是別人做完，也可以由主語參與完成。
He had the walls painted this morning.
他今早將墻壁粉刷好了。
過去分詞作賓補
3. 過去分詞、現在分詞和動詞不定式作賓補的區別
過去分詞作賓補：賓語和構成賓補的動詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關系； 表示被動、完成的動作。
現在分詞作賓補：賓語和構成賓補的動詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關系；表示主動、正在進行的動作。
動詞不定式作賓補（感官動詞hear，see，notice等可以接省略to的動詞不定式作賓補）：賓語和構成賓補的動詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關系；表示主動動作發生的全過程。
Summary
過去分詞作定語
位置：單個分詞前置，短語后置。
含義：表被動或完成，部分已形容詞化。
過去分詞作賓補
結構：動詞 + 賓語 + 過去分詞，與賓語構成被動關系。
常見動詞：使役動詞（have/get）、感官動詞（see/find）、保持類動詞（keep/leave）。
核心區別：定語修飾名詞，賓補補充說明賓語狀態。
Part 3
Exercise
Complete the phrases in the right column by using the past participles in the left column. Compare the meaning of each pair of phrases. Then make sentences with the phrases.
Past Participles as the Attribute (1)
tired visitors
a well-organised trip
beautifully dressed stars
Past Participles as the Attribute (2)
visitors ________ of the long wait/...
a trip _________ well by my workplace/...
stars ________ beautifully at the event/...
tired
organised
dressed
1. 單個的過去分詞作定語時，一般前置；過去分詞短語作定語時，則后置。
2. 過去分詞是像well-organised這樣的復合形式，或前面有副詞修飾時，一般放在被修飾詞前面作前置定語。類似的還有：state-owned company、hand-made gifts、beautifully written characters等。
Read the sentences and underline the -ed form as the object complement.
1. Judy and I had our car parked in an underground car park near Trafalgar Square, where we could get our car battery charged.
2. When we finally reached the service desk to ask for audio guides, we heard it announced that there were no audio guides left.
3. We found ourselves very surprised by the large number of visitors and the amount of noise at the entrance of the National Gallery.
4. Judy had her eyes fixed on Van Gogh’s Sunflowers. It was hard to approach the painting as there were so many people around.
5. She had a copy of the painting boxed to ensure that it was delivered safely.
When the past participle is used as the object complement, it is often formed with the “have/get/feel/find/hear... + object + -ed form”.
Rewrite the sentences with past participles as the attribute and then see whether you can write a little story with them.
1. Loch Ness (尼斯湖, 蘇格蘭) was surrounded by beautiful natural landscape, which made it look amazing.
2. Carl and his friends stayed with a generous family who offered them bread with butter and honey that was homemade.
= Loch Ness surrounded by beautiful natural landscape looks amazing.
= Carl and his friends stayed with a generous family who offered homemade bread with butter and honey.
Rewrite the sentences with past participles as the attribute and then see whether you can write a little story with them.
3. The family’s ancestors once attended to soldiers who were wounded in the First World War.
4. The young people were attracted by the legend of Loch Ness (尼斯湖的傳奇). They watched over the lake with their cameras and binoculars (雙筒望遠鏡), which were positoned (安放) on the hill.
= The family’s ancestors once attended to wounded soldiers in the First World War.
= The young people attracted by the legend of Loch Ness watched over the lake with their cameras and binoculars positioned on the hill.
It can help to build a community with a __________(share)future for mankind," he said.
In 1985, urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries __________ (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas.
A study __________ (conduct) in Youngstown, Ohio for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity__________(consume) in the US.
Will you please make yourself __________(understand) to us, please
understood
consumed
conducted
shared
studied
1．The books ________ (buy) yesterday are of high quality.
2．He found his hometown greatly ________ (change).
3．The computer center, ________ (open) last year, is very popular among the students.
4．I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth ________ (fix).
5．They reduced the number of animals ________ (use) in experiments.
6．You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ________ (explain) often enough.
bought
changed
opened
fixed
used
explained
Homework
1. Summarise what we have learnt in this lesson;
2. Prepare for the next lesson
See you next time!

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