資源簡介

(共20張PPT)
五大基本句型
Learning objectives
準確識別并理解英語中五大基本句型（S+V, S+V+O, S+V+C, S+V+O+O, S+V+O+C）的核心結構特征。
熟練劃分句子主要成分（主語、謂語動詞、賓語、補語），并能在例句中正確標注它們。
運用所學基本句型結構和成分知識，獨立構造出語法正確的簡單句子。
句子成分
構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語和插入語。
主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結構、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態動詞后面。
主語可由名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。
American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）
We often speak English in class.（代詞）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數詞）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞）
The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）
在“There be …”句型中，主語的位置在中間。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box.▲ 在個別句型中，主語在整個句子后面，這時前面用it作形式主語。如：It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”.It took two workers about three months to build the house.
He is very generous.
She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.
He can speak German.
謂語是用來說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，謂語必須是動詞，謂語和主語在“人稱”和“數”兩方面必須一致。如：
表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。
Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）
Is it yours （代詞）
The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）
The speech is exciting.（分詞）
Three times seven is twenty one （數詞）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）
The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）
Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）
賓語是動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當于名詞的詞或短語或從句來充當，它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什么，通常放在謂語動詞后面。有時，會有雙賓語。如：
They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞）
How many dictionaries do you have I have five.（數詞）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）
賓語補足語在英語的句子中有些句子里只有賓語并不能表達完整的意思，還必須在賓語后面加上賓語的補足語才能表達完整的意思。我們把“賓語＋賓語補足語”合起來稱為復合賓語。復合賓語所表達的意思相當于一個句子。名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補足語.
在英語中,常見的“賓語＋賓語補足語”的結構有：
▲“賓語+名詞”：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack.
▲“賓語+形容詞”：think, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等 We must keep our classroom clean.
▲“賓語+副詞”。副詞作賓補常表示賓語的狀態，與賓語有邏輯上的主表關系：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如：Let him in/ out.
▲“賓語+介詞短語”。介詞短語作賓補常表示其邏輯主語（即賓語）所處的狀態，兩者有主表的關系。如：We found everything in good order.
▲“賓語+不定式”。充當賓補的不定式有三種：A 要求帶to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.B 要求不帶to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.
▲“賓語+現在分詞”。現在分詞作賓補，此時在該句型中的賓語即為現在分詞邏輯上的主語，有著主謂關系。I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.
▲“賓語+過去分詞”。賓語和賓補之間是被動關系，過去分詞表示被動和完成。I had my bike stolen.
定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞短語或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當定語。因為它是修飾名詞或代詞的，而名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。。如：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）
The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.（從句）
在英語中，并不是所有的定語都放在被修飾詞的前面，有的是放在被修飾詞的后面，故稱“后置定語”。
狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞。它表示行為發生的時間、地點、目的、方式、程度等，可用作狀語的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。
副詞作狀語： The boy needs a pen very much.
介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.
分詞（短語）作狀語：He sits there,asking for a pen.
不定式作狀語：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.
名詞作狀語：Come this way! Wait a minute.
從句作狀語：時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、方式狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句。如：It was raining when we arrived.
同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學生’）
同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）
五大基本句子結構
Subject (主語) ＋ Vi (謂語)
這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞，所謂不及物動詞，就是這種動詞后不可以直接接賓語。常見的動詞有：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：
1) Li Ming works very hard.
2)Spring is coming.
補充：少數不及物動詞后面能跟一個相同意義的名詞作賓語這個名詞和前面的動詞在詞根上是相同的或者在意義上是相近的這樣的賓語就叫做同源賓語。常見的能帶同源賓語的動詞有lead, live, die, sleep, dream, breathe, smile, laugh, fight, run, sing等。如：
1) Under the leadership of the Party we lead a happy life.
2) I dreamed a terrible dream last night.
3) Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August.
4) He died a glorious death.
Subject (主語) ＋ Link. V(系動詞) ＋ Predicate(表語)
這種句型主要用來表示主語的特點、身份等。系動詞可分為6類：
狀態系動詞: 用來表示主語狀態，只有be一詞，
例： He is a teacher. （is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。）
持續系動詞: 用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度，主要有keep, remain, stay
例：This matter rests a mystery.
表像系動詞: 用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear,look
例：He seems (to be) very sad.
變化系動詞: 表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go.
例: He became mad after that.
終止系動詞: 表示主語已終止動作，主要有prove, turn out, 表達"證實"，"變成"之意，
例： The rumor proved false.
Subject(主語) ＋ Vt(謂語) ＋ Object (賓語)
這種句型中的動詞一般為及物動詞, 所謂及物動詞，就是這種動詞后可以直接接賓語，其賓語通常由名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句等來充當。例：
1) He took his bag and left. (名詞)
2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代詞)
3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day. (不定式)
4) He managed to escape suffering from the disease. (動名詞)
5) I don't know what I should do next. (從句)
注意：英語中的許多動詞既是及物動詞，又是不及物動詞。如：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve, grow, beat, operate, smell, play, hang, ring, speak等。如：
Everybody, our game begins.
Let’s begin our game.
Subject (主語)＋Vt (謂語)＋ Indirect object (間接賓語)＋Direct object (直接賓語)
這種句型中，直接賓語為主要賓語，表示動作是對誰做的或為誰做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來充當；間接賓語也被稱之為第二賓語，去掉之后，對整個句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔。如：
Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.
The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.
常見能跟雙賓語的動詞：award,bring,hand,lend,offer,pass等
Subject (主語)＋Vt (動詞)＋Object (賓語)＋Complement (補語)
這種句型中的“賓語 ＋ 補語”統稱為“復合賓語”。賓語補足語的主要作用或者是補充、說明賓語的特點、身份等；或者表示讓賓語去完成的動作等。擔任補語的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動詞不定式等。如：
1) You should keep the room clean and tidy. (形容詞)
2) We made him our monitor. (名詞)
3) His father told him not to play in the street. (不定式)
4) My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. (現在分詞)
5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans. (過去分詞)
6) We went to her house but found her out. (副詞)
7) I found him in trouble. (介詞短語)
● 常見跟動詞不定式作賓補的動詞有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。
● 注意：動詞have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的動詞不定式作賓補時，不帶to。如：
1) The boss made him do the work all day.
2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.
一、指出下列句子的基本類型
1.Plants need water and sun.
2.The flowers are so fresh and beautiful.
3.The sun rises in the east.
4.He gave me some flowers.
5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy.
6.Many animals live in trees.
7.Her mother looks very young.
8.She teaches us English.
9.The children are jumping and laughing happily.
10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs.
11. He often tells me some interesting stories.
12.The students must keep their eyes closed.
二，指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。
1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now.
2.Betty planted many trees and flowers on her farm
3.The boy under the tree is a policeman.
4.We went on a visit to the GreatWall last week
5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood.
6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife.
7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday.
8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ring on her birthday.
9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor.
10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news.
Thank you.

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