資源簡介

(共87張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題一　語法基礎(chǔ)必備
第一講　劃分句子成分、掌握基本句型
并科學分析長難句
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
一、句子成分
句子是表達思想的基本單位，句子的主要成分包括主語和謂語，次要成分包括賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補足語、同位語等。
考點一　主語
1．定義：主語是句子講述的對象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者或所處狀態(tài)的主體。主語一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式、從句或名詞化的形容詞等充當。
(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷滿分作文)The entire experience was incredibly refreshing.(名詞作主語)
整個體驗讓人耳目一新。
(2022·全國甲卷滿分作文)It aims to raise people's awareness of protecting oceans.(代詞作主語)
它旨在提高人們保護海洋的意識。
(2023·全國乙卷滿分作文)Learning to knit helped me develop my creativity and problem-solving skills.(動詞-ing形式作主語)
學習編織幫助我發(fā)展了創(chuàng)造力和解決問題的能力。
(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷滿分作文)What worries me is that pairing us up randomly could result in failure in oral improvement.(從句作主語)
讓我擔心的是，我們隨機配對可能會導致口語提高失敗。
2．位置：主語一般位于句首，但動詞不定式(短語)、動詞-ing形式(短語)、名詞性從句作主語時，常用it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在后面。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷滿分作文)It would be a great idea for us to choose partners freely.(it作形式主語)
由我們自由選擇合作伙伴是個好主意。
考點二　謂語
1．定義：謂語用來描述主語的行為動作、主語具有的特征或所處的狀態(tài)，常位于主語之后。謂語主要由動詞、動詞短語、系表結(jié)構(gòu)等充當。謂語有時態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化。謂語與主語在“人稱”與“數(shù)”方面應保持一致，即主謂一致。
2．結(jié)構(gòu)特征：
(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷滿分作文)I appreciate your eagerness to improve our oral English, but I feel concern over your arrangement.(實義動詞作謂語)
我很欣賞你對提高我們英語口語的渴望，但我對你的安排感到擔憂。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷滿分作文)The English programme is widely popular among us students.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)作謂語)
這個英語節(jié)目在我們學生中廣受歡迎。
First of all, as smart online learners, we can make full use of the most extensive educational resources to broaden the horizons.(“情態(tài)動詞＋動詞短語”作謂語)
首先，作為聰明的在線學習者，我們可以充分利用最廣泛的教育資源來拓寬視野。
I do expect Youth can publish more classic works and have a promising future. (實義動詞expect前加do強調(diào)謂語動詞)
我真切希望《青春》能出版更多的經(jīng)典作品并有一個美好的未來。
即時演練(一)
寫出加黑部分在句中所作的句子成分。
1．The aged are well taken care of in the village._____
2．Great changes have taken place in China since 1980._____
3．I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside._____
4．It is impossible for him to pass the test._____
主語
謂語
謂語
主語
考點三　賓語
1．定義：賓語是動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、動詞不定式或相當于名詞的詞(短語或從句)來充當，它和謂語動詞一起說明主語是什么，通常放在及物動詞或者介詞之后，有時會有雙賓語。
(2022·全國甲卷滿分作文)We can't throw rubbish, especially plastic rubbish there, because many sea animals eat them by mistake and are killed at last. (名詞作賓語)
我們不能把垃圾，尤其是塑料垃圾扔在那里，因為許多海洋動物錯把它們吃掉并最終被殺死。
I'm glad to know that you've come to learn kung fu in a school in my hometown. (從句作賓語)
我很高興知道你來我家鄉(xiāng)的一所學校學習功夫。
Don't forget to praise your friend for the delicious foods he offers. (動詞不定式短語作賓語)
別忘了稱贊你朋友提供的美味食物。
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing. (him為間接賓語； a lot of valuable advice為直接賓語)
史密斯先生就如何提高他的寫作水平給了他許多有價值的建議。
2．形式賓語：動詞不定式(短語)、動詞-ing形式(短語)、名詞性從句作賓語，常用it作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語放在后面。
Some students find it difficult to study English.
(it作形式賓語)
一些學生發(fā)現(xiàn)英語很難學。
Most of us think it no use fighting against each other.(it作形式賓語)
我們大多數(shù)人認為相互爭斗無濟于事。
I think it very important that we take part in the discussion.
(it作形式賓語)
我認為我們參加這次討論是很重要的。
考點四　賓語補足語
1．定義：賓語補足語是對賓語進行補充說明的句子成分，一般放在賓語之后。常用作賓語補足語的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式、過去分詞等?！百e語＋賓語補足語”統(tǒng)稱為“復合賓語”。
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations. (us為賓語； to pay more attention...examinations為賓語補足語)
醫(yī)生經(jīng)常建議我們多注意飲食和心理健康，并定期進行檢查。
2．復合賓語(賓語＋賓語補足語)的結(jié)構(gòu)：
結(jié)構(gòu) 注釋 例句
賓語＋ 名詞 常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有name, call, make, find, think, leave等 We called him Peter.
They made her their monitor.
賓語＋ 形容詞 常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有keep, think, believe, leave, drive, make, get, want等 We can't leave him alone.
She always keeps our classroom clean.
結(jié)構(gòu) 注釋 例句
賓語＋ 副詞 常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的副詞有down，up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等 My uncle drove us home.
When getting there, she found him out.
賓語＋ 介詞 短語 介詞短語作賓語補足語常表示賓語所處的狀態(tài) We found everything in good order.
I regard him as my best friend.
結(jié)構(gòu) 注釋 例句
賓語＋ 動詞不 定式 三種情況：帶to的動詞不定式；不帶to的動詞不定式；帶to或不帶to皆可的動詞不定式 I saw him enter the room.
The farmer asked us to have dinner.
She helps her mother (to) do housework.
賓語＋ 動詞-ing 形式 動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語時，賓語即為動詞-ing形式邏輯上的主語，與賓語補足語之間為主謂關(guān)系 I saw her playing on the playground.
I heard Tom singing in the classroom.
結(jié)構(gòu) 注釋 例句
賓語＋ 過去 分詞 賓語和賓語補足語之間是動賓關(guān)系，動詞-ed形式表示被動或完成 I had my watch stolen yesterday.
She spoke loudly to make herself heard.
形式賓 語＋形 容詞 動詞不定式(短語)、動詞-ing 形式(短語)、名詞性從句作賓語時，常用it作形式賓語 He found it impossible to rise.
I think it useless arguing with her.
【點津】
句型“主語＋謂語＋賓語＋賓語補足語”改為被動語態(tài)時，賓語補足語就變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。
The little boy saw a girl go into the building. (省略to的動詞不定式短語作賓語補足語)
→A girl was seen to go into the building (by the little boy)．(動詞不定式作主語a girl的補足語)
那個小男孩看見一個女孩進入了那幢大樓。
考點五　表語
1．定義：表語位于連系動詞后，用來說明主語的身份、特征、狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、職業(yè)、數(shù)量、處所等。
2．常見的連系動詞主要有下列幾種：
(1)表示“狀態(tài)”類：be (am, is, are, was, were)；
(2)表示“持續(xù)”類：keep, stay, remain, lie等；
(3)表示“表象”類：seem, appear等；
(4)表示“感官”類：look, sound, smell, taste, feel；
(5)表示“漸變”類：grow, turn, get, go, become, come, fall；
(6)表示“證明”類：prove。
3．常用作表語的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式、過去分詞、介詞短語、表語從句等。
Five years later, he became an engineer.(名詞作表語)
五年后，他成了一名工程師。
This is my dictionary. That is yours.(代詞作表語)
這是我的詞典，那本是你的。
We must keep healthy.(形容詞作表語)
我們必須保持健康。
My aim is to become a doctor.(動詞不定式短語作表語)
我的目標是成為一名醫(yī)生。
The movie is quite moving.(動詞-ing形式作表語)
這部電影非常感人。
即時演練(二)
寫出加黑部分在句中所作的句子成分。
1．He managed to finish the work on time._____
2．His wish is to become a scientist._____
3．Mother cooks breakfast for us every day._____
4．We found him an honest person.______________
5．He noticed a man enter the room.______________
賓語
表語
賓語
賓語補足語
賓語補足語
考點六　定語
1．定義：定語是用于對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子。單個詞作定語常放在被修飾詞之前(前置定語)，而短語或從句作定語，往往放在被修飾詞之后(后置定語)。
My best friend was a girl who was called Mary.(形容詞best作前置定語，修飾名詞friend；who引導的定語從句作后置定語，修飾名詞girl)
我最好的朋友是一位叫瑪麗的姑娘。
2．常用作定語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞-ing形式、動詞-ed形式、動詞不定式、定語從句等。
It provides us with a good opportunity to have a better command of traditional Chinese culture.(動詞不定式短語作后置定語)
它為我們更好地了解中國傳統(tǒng)文化提供了一個很好的機會。
On arriving at the farm located in the suburb of our city，we saw the sea of vegetables, which included cucumbers, tomatoes and so on.(過去分詞短語作后置定語)
一到位于我們城郊的農(nóng)場，我們就看到蔬菜的海洋，有黃瓜、西紅柿等。
考點七　狀語
1．定義：狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或整個句子，用來表示行為發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、比較、伴隨等。狀語一般放在句末，但有時也可以放在句首、句中。
Most of the students really respect her because she has top teaching skills.(副詞作狀語；狀語從句作狀語)
大多數(shù)學生確實都很尊敬她，因為她有一流的教學技巧。
2．狀語一般由副詞、介詞短語、動詞-ing短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不定式、狀語從句或相當于副詞的詞或短語來充當。
Without his help, we couldn't have worked it out.(介詞短語作狀語)
要是沒有他的幫助，我們不會解決它。
To catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.(動詞不定式短語作狀語)
為了趕上同班同學，我必須努力學習。
Youth covers a wide variety of topics to attract senior students, leading us into the outer world.(動詞-ing短語作狀語)
《青春》題材廣泛，吸引了高年級學生，帶領(lǐng)我們走進外面的世界。
When I was young, I could swim well.(狀語從句作狀語)
年輕時，我游泳很好。
He helped me although he didn't know me.(狀語從句作狀語)
雖然他不認識我，但是他幫助了我。
考點八　同位語
同位語是對名詞或代詞的進一步解釋說明，且與其前面的名詞或代詞在語法上處于同等的地位，常位于名詞或代詞之后。常用作同位語的有名詞、名詞短語、數(shù)詞、代詞、同位語從句等。
You each have a chance to go to college. (代詞作同位語)
你們每個人都有機會上大學。
We students should put our heart into the study.(名詞作同位語)
我們學生應專心學習。
Word came that our school is going to hold a class meeting whose topic is related to traditional Chinese culture.(從句作同位語)
消息傳來，我們學校將舉辦一次主題與中國傳統(tǒng)文化有關(guān)的班會。
即時演練(三)
單句語法填空
1．She listened to me ____________ (careful) while we were talking.
2．The girl ___________ is wearing a red dress is my cousin.
3．He told me the news _______ our team won the game.
4．Is there any scientific evidence _______ a person's character is reflected in their writings
5．___________ (weigh) only 96 grams, the electronic dictionary is portable and easy to use.
carefully
who/that
that
that
Weighing
二、簡單句的6種基本句型
句型(一)　簡約卻不簡單的“主語＋謂語(vi.)(＋狀語)”結(jié)構(gòu)
1．主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中謂語常用來表示主語的動作或狀態(tài)。這種句型中的謂語動詞為不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。但不能接賓語，也沒有被動語態(tài)。常見的不及物動詞有：arrive, come, lie, shine, live, walk, fall, rise, happen, exist, occur, agree等。
2．謂語動詞也可以是不及物動詞短語，如come up(被提出)，run out (用完)，get by(勉強生存)，come out(出版)，break down (出故障)，drop by(順便拜訪)，pass out(暈倒)等。
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷讀后續(xù)寫) He　 sat　 still with a deep breath.
他靜靜地坐著，深呼吸。
I　 was coughing　 uncontrollably last night.
昨晚我咳嗽得無法控制。
The racing route began　 at our school gate and ended　 at the foot of the South Hill.
比賽路線從我們學校門口開始，到南山腳下結(jié)束。
In the environment， teachers and students are living　 happily and working　 hard.
在這種環(huán)境下，師生們生活快樂，工作努力。
注意：不及物動詞或短語后不能接賓語，要特別注意英漢表達的差異。
①His home broke out a fire last night.(×)
他家昨晚發(fā)生了一場火災。
②A fire broke out in his home last night.(√)
即時演練(四)
翻譯句子(“主語＋不及物動詞”結(jié)構(gòu))
1．(2022·浙江卷讀后續(xù)寫)正如俗話所說，一個人可以走得很遠，但一群人可以走得更遠。
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2．父親駕駛的卡車經(jīng)常半路拋錨。
___________________________________________________
Just as the saying goes，one person can go far, but a group of persons can travel farther.
The truck my dad drove often broke down halfway.
3．上周末，我和我的同學騎自行車去新興農(nóng)場摘草莓。
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4．在比賽中友誼第一。
____________________________________________________
5．比賽將于下午2點開始，大約持續(xù)3個小時。
__________________________________________________________
Last weekend, my classmates and I went to Xinxing Farm by bike to pick strawberries.
Friendship always comes first in the competition.
The competition will begin at 2 p．m. and last for roughly 3 hours.
句型(二)　眾人青睞的“主謂賓(＋狀語)”結(jié)構(gòu)
“主謂賓”句型之所以受到中國英語學習者的青睞，是因為它跟我們的思維方式最接近，因而這個句型也是考生在寫作中運用最多的。它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語＋謂語(vt.)＋賓語(＋狀語)
1．該句型中的謂語是及物動詞，如respect，admire, ignore, provide, upset, appreciate等。其后可接名詞、代詞、動名詞、動詞不定式或從句等作賓語。
2．謂語動詞也可以是及物動詞短語，如communicate with...(與……交流)，stand for(代表；象征)，get on with...(與……相處)，look forward to (盼望)，come across(偶然碰到)等。
(2022·全國甲卷滿分作文) The ocean maintains the balance of nature.　
海洋維持著自然的平衡。
However， online learning has both advantages and disadvantages　.
然而，在線學習既有優(yōu)勢又有劣勢。
Both students and teachers hope　 to hold such activities　 again.
學生和老師都希望能再次舉辦這樣的活動。
(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷滿分作文) I would appreciate your taking my suggestions into consideration.　
您能考慮我的建議，我將不勝感激。
注意：(1)有些“主謂賓”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子雖然短小，但表達的含義更精確，語言更地道。寫作中并不一定句子越長越好。
I could not say any word.
→Words failed me.(單詞雖然少，句子更精悍)
(2)在寫作中，同學們比較擅長使用主動語態(tài)。如果能靈活使用被動語態(tài)，會給句子添彩不少。
I am not sure whether all the college graduates can find jobs after graduation.
→I am not sure whether all the college graduates can get employed after graduation.
即時演練(五)
翻譯句子(“主謂賓”結(jié)構(gòu))
1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷滿分作文) 作為我們杰出的外語老師，您的到來可以幫助我們很多。
_________________________________________________________________________________
2．此外，我們可以吸收各種資源來有效地學習。
__________________________________________________________
As our distinguished foreign language teacher, your arrival can help us a lot.
Besides, we can absorb all kinds of resources to learn efficiently.
3．為了你們的來訪，我們安排了各種各樣的活動。
__________________________________________________________
4．他們做了面包，然后繼續(xù)煮粥。
_________________________________________________________
5．從生活到日常訓練，我們隊正在為比賽做準備。
__________________________________________________________
For your visit here, we have arranged a variety of activities.
They made the bread and then went on cooking porridge.
Our team is preparing for the game from living to daily training.
句型(三)　獨一無二的“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)
漢語沒有表語這一說法，這樣就顯得英語的“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)比較有個性了，因此我們說此結(jié)構(gòu)是獨一無二的。它主要用以說明主語的特征、類屬、狀態(tài)、身份等。它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語＋系動詞(link. v．)＋表語。
1．這種句型無被動語態(tài)，也無進行時態(tài)。謂語動詞需用系動詞，表語多為形容詞，也可以是名詞、介詞短語或非謂語動詞形式等。
常見的系動詞有be，還有感官系動詞(sound, look, smell，taste, feel)；變化系動詞(become, get, grow, turn, go，fall，run)；持續(xù)系動詞(remain, keep，hold，stay)；表象系動詞(seem，appear)等。
(2022·全國甲卷滿分作文)To protect the ocean is to protect ourselves.
保護海洋就是保護我們自己。
The worst part is that sometimes we lack self-discipline.
最糟糕的是，有時我們?nèi)狈ψ月伞?br/>Regardless of the risk of getting infected, Uncle Li is responsible and devoted to his job.　
李叔叔不顧感染的危險，對工作負責，盡心盡力。
The traditional Chinese dress looks more beautiful and stylish.
中國傳統(tǒng)服裝看起來更漂亮，更時尚。
2．在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中要注意英漢表達的差異，避免中式英語。
這件外套很貴。
①The price of the coat is very expensive.(×)
②The coat is very expensive.(√)
③The price of the coat is very high.(√)
表示價格的詞price可用“高”或“低”，即high或low來修飾，而不可像漢語一樣用“貴”或“便宜”來形容。
即時演練(六)
補全句子/翻譯句子(“主系表”結(jié)構(gòu))
1. (2022·全國乙卷滿分作文)就我而言，這是一個令人不安的趨勢。
_______________________________________________________
2．長時間盯著屏幕對我們的眼睛有害。
_____________________________________________________
3．美味的早餐準備好了。
_________________________________
As far as I'm concerned, this is a disturbing trend.
Staring at the screen long is harmful to our eyes.
Delicious breakfast was ready.
4．看到我們的勞動成果打包裝上卡車，我們都感到很滿意。
Seeing our fruits of labor were packed and loaded onto the truck，________________________.
5．你現(xiàn)在感覺好些了嗎？
__________________________________
we all felt satisfied
Are you feeling any better now？
句式(四)　一拖二的“主謂賓賓”結(jié)構(gòu)
“主謂賓賓”這類句型在寫作中常常用到，具有獨特的魅力。與及物動詞跟一個單個的賓語結(jié)構(gòu)相比，雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的獨特之處在于一個動詞與兩個名詞(短語)相互作用。它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語＋謂語(vt.)＋間接賓語(人)＋直接賓語(物)。
1．間接賓語一般位于直接賓語的前面，如果間接賓語在直接賓語的后面，那么中間需要加上一個介詞。可用介詞to來變換間接賓語的動詞：give，offer，hand，show，throw，pass, pay, send, sell, tell, lend, write 等。(如：give sb. sth.＝give sth. to sb.)
However busy he is， he writes me an e-mail every week.
＝However busy he is, he writes an e-mail to me every week.
不管他多忙，他每周都會給我寫一封電子郵件。
Mr. Smith gave me some advice and lent me an English dictionary.　
＝Mr. Smith gave some advice to me and lent an English dictionary to me.
史密斯先生給了我一些建議并且借了本英文詞典給我。
2．可用介詞for來變換間接賓語的動詞：make, buy, cook, find, get, order, sing, spare, fetch等。(如：make sb. sth.＝make sth. for sb.)
He bought me a bicycle.
＝He bought a bicycle for me.
他給我買了一輛自行車。
Can you get me some stamps？
＝Can you get some stamps for me
你能幫我拿些郵票嗎？
注意：ask, answer, take, cost等，這一類動詞無法改變結(jié)構(gòu)形式。
May I ask you a question？
我可以問你一個問題嗎？
我可以問你一個問題嗎？
即時演練(七)
補全句子/翻譯句子(“主謂賓賓”結(jié)構(gòu))
1．(2022·全國甲卷滿分作文) 眾所周知，海洋為我們提供了充足的食物。
_______________________________________________________
As we all know, the ocean offers us sufficient food.
2．我完全不知道你們對哪種中國傳統(tǒng)文化感興趣，你能給我一些建議嗎？
As I'm totally clueless about which type of traditional Chinese culture fascinates you guys，___________________________
3．我們都非常想念你，祝你早日完全康復。
We all miss you very much and ________________________________.
could you give me some tips
wish you a quick and complete recovery
4．我祝你今后一切順利，旅途愉快。
_______________________________ and have a good journey.
5．開幕式將于上午9點開始，我們的校長將首先給我們發(fā)表講話。
The opening ceremony will start at 9：00 a．m. and ________________
___________________________.
I wish you all the best in the future
our headmaster
will give us a speech first
句式(五)　缺一不可的“主謂賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)
“主謂賓補”句式結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來說明賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補足語是用來補充說明賓語的情況的，直接跟在賓語之后。賓語補足語可以由名詞、非謂語動詞、形容詞、副詞或介詞短語等充當。寫作時應熟練掌握“名詞作賓語補足語”這種高級表達形式。它的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：主語＋謂語(vt.)＋賓語＋賓語補足語。
1．常用名詞充當賓語補足語的動詞有：call, name, elect，make, appoint, leave, consider, keep, wish等。
We {all} call him〈a living dictionary〉．
我們都叫他“活字典”。
2．常用形容詞充當賓語補足語的動詞有：believe, think, get，keep, make, find, set, wish, consider, prove, leave, paint，drive等。
It was Mr. Liu who made me 〈aware of the importance of learning English well〉．
是劉老師使我意識到學好英語的重要性。
3．常用現(xiàn)在分詞和省略to的動詞不定式等作賓補的及物動詞有：see, notice, hear, watch, observe, feel等。
He saw me 〈waiting in the rain〉．
他看到我在雨中等。
Did you see him〈go out〉？
你看到他出去了嗎？
4．常用to do作賓補的及物動詞有：advise, ask, command, encourage, forbid, permit, persuade, get等。
Our maths teacher [always] encourages us 〈to work out the questions by ourselves instead of being told the answers〉．
我們的數(shù)學老師經(jīng)常鼓勵我們自己解決問題而不是被告知答案。
5．有些動詞后常用it作形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，這是英語中常用的句型，即“主語＋謂語＋it＋賓補＋真正的賓語”。常見的動詞有：think, find，consider，feel，make等。
The student has made　 it　 〈a rule〉 to read English magazines every day.　
這個學生已經(jīng)養(yǎng)成了每天讀英文雜志的習慣。
注意：考生在寫作時切忌好高騖遠，在沒有把握基本的簡單句的情況下，不要輕易嘗試很復雜的句子。要從自己可以掌控的東西出發(fā)，先學會把自己的思想表達成為得體的簡單句，進而對之進行再加工、轉(zhuǎn)換，方能創(chuàng)作出漂亮的作文。
補全句子/翻譯句子(“主謂賓補”結(jié)構(gòu))
1．(2022·全國甲卷滿分作文)此外，我們還可以分發(fā)傳單，呼吁更多的人保護海洋。
What's more, we can also hand out leaflets to ______________________
______________________.
2．很顯然，在線學習讓我們隨時隨地學習。
__________________________________________________________
call on more people to
protect the ocean
Obviously, online learning allows us to learn at any time wherever we are.
3．我上個月來到這里，發(fā)現(xiàn)我的課程是有趣的。
__________________________________________________________
4．我想你能給予我們指導和鼓勵。
______________________________________________________
5．父母認為這對于建立孩子的信心是很有用的。
__________________________________________________________
I came here last month and found my courses interesting.
I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement.
Parents think it very useful to build their children's confidence.
句式(六)　There be＋主語＋地點狀語(或時間狀語)(存在句)
用來表示人或事物的存在、出現(xiàn)等意義， 而且大都是用于描述性文章中。表示“(客觀)存在、有”。There be句型中，There是引導詞，本身無意義，不可與副詞“there(那里)”混淆。動詞be是謂語，有時態(tài)變化，也可與情態(tài)動詞連用。動詞be的單復數(shù)要和后面鄰近的主語一致。
There may be a rain this afternoon.
今天下午可能有雨。
There stands a tall building across the river over there.
河那邊聳立著一幢高樓。
There was a car stolen last night.
昨晚有輛車被偷了。
即時演練(九)
補全句子
1．(2022·全國乙卷)為了學好英語，我們可以做很多事情。
________________________ we can do to learn English well.
2．那個國家有很多古老的寺廟。
___________________________ in the country.
There are many things
There exist many ancient temples
三、依據(jù)句子成分科學分析長難句
縱觀歷年高考英語試題，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀文章中出現(xiàn)了許多結(jié)構(gòu)復雜的句子。不難理解，命題者在句子難度上大做文章，無非是想通過增加句子長度和使用復雜結(jié)構(gòu)來打斷和干擾考生正常的閱讀習慣和思維方式，從而達到考查考生綜合閱讀能力的目的。下面我們來分析常見的長難句。
1．長難句的表現(xiàn)形式
形式1：復合從句
這些句子往往較長，一個從句套著另一個從句，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)。其實，不管句子有多長、多復雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾成分。主干是整個句子的骨架，主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)(如： I want a ticket.)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。這些從句都很常見，考生比較熟悉，但很多時候不少考生分不清單詞、短語和從句之間的相互關(guān)系，這樣會導致整個句子分析混亂。
這時，考生應通過仔細分析，將每個修飾成分畫出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。
【示例】
(2023·1月浙江卷) As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate.
當你改變生活方式時，如果別人對你的所作所為發(fā)表評論，你可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己想為自己說話，這可能會演變成一場家庭辯論。(As引導時間狀語從句，wanting to speak up for yourself是賓語補足語，if引導條件狀語從句，what引導賓語從句，which引導定語從句)
Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.
在那些仍然有固定電話的澳大利亞人中，三分之一的人承認固定電話并不是必需的，他們將其作為一種安全保障——19%的人表示他們從未使用過固定電話，還有13%的人保留固定電話以防緊急情況。(句首的介詞of短語中含有who引導的定語從句，concede和say后面分別接了一個賓語從句)
(2022·全國乙卷)That is the very likely future of applying today's “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
那很有可能是應用如今的“天眼”技術(shù)的未來，以確保全球數(shù)百萬千米的鐵路軌道和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施對于火車來說都能全天候安全運行。(句子主干是That is the very likely future，of applying...是介賓短語修飾future，making sure后面是that 引導的賓語從句)
形式2：分隔結(jié)構(gòu)
為了調(diào)整語氣和增加補充信息，更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕，使語義嚴密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，可將語法關(guān)系密切的兩個句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開，這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)?？荚囍谐霈F(xiàn)較多的是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分(一般是定語)過長而出現(xiàn)后置，也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象，只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調(diào)整，沒有新增信息。
【示例】
That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone.
也就是說，老實說，唯一打過我們家庭電話的人是我們嬰兒潮一代的父母，到了我們玩拿起話筒以前猜一猜是誰在打電話游戲的時候了。(That said與后面的賓語從句之間被插入語to be honest隔開了，賓語從句中的主語the only people后who引導的定語從句使其與謂語部分are our Baby Boomers parents隔開了)
形式3：改變語序
改變語序主要指倒裝句式。這種打破相對固定的常規(guī)語序的做法，或是為了強調(diào)句子表達的重心，或是強調(diào)一種表達語氣，如虛擬語氣、否定語氣等。這些句子往往和一些副詞、連詞相關(guān)，有明顯的標志。
【示例】
It was not only the gift, but the love of the children for her that moved her very much.
不僅僅是這份禮物，還有孩子們對她的愛，使她非常感動。(這是一個強調(diào)句型，強調(diào)作主語的not only the gift, but the love of the children for her)
當然，被動句、雙重否定句等句式在閱讀考試中也屢屢出現(xiàn)。希望考生能結(jié)合閱讀實踐來體會句法特征。
2．長難句的突破方法——結(jié)構(gòu)分析法
所謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法，就是通過語法分析，迅速弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握住句子的基本框架?；静襟E：首先，判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子的附屬成分。
方法1：較復雜單句的處理方法——找主語、謂語，即找主干成分
較復雜單句在高考試卷中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，所以應引起考生們的足夠重視。
①However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last about 120 years.
此句的主語為many scientists，主語后面包含了一個由who引導的定語從句。主句有兩個謂語，即are doubtful和say, say后面又包含了一個賓語從句。
②Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
此句的主語為Some companies，有兩個謂語，即have made和emphasize。
③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors' chute(滑道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.
此句的主語為a microcomputer，有兩個謂語，即locks和sets。
方法2：并列復合句的處理方法——找并列連詞
① The hot sun had caused the dough (面團) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.
②Miss Germaine's mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr Cordell's parents are reported to be less than delighted.
句①中第一個and和句②中的and是連接兩個并列成分的，兩句話中的and都是連接兩個并列單句。
方法3：主從復合句的處理方法——找連接詞
Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
whereas盡管，引導了一個讓步狀語從句，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa為主句，其中it為形式主語，真正的主語為不定式。
方法4：并列復合句和主從復合句并存的處理方法——先讀懂并列復合句，再看主從復合句
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson” and “Webster”， but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn't even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
首先弄清并列復合句，即but連接的兩個句子，再看but前是一個含有if引導的條件狀語從句的復合句，but后是一個含有who引導的定語從句的復合句。
即時演練(十)
長難句分析
1．(2024·北京卷)He has found that hedgehogs are not only wrong more often than foxes, but that they are less likely to recognise or admit that they are wrong when events do not match their predictions.
分析：本句是一個復合句。三個that 均引導_________；but 連接兩個并列的賓語從句；when引導________________。
賓語從句
時間狀語從句
譯文：____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
他發(fā)現(xiàn)，擁有“刺猬”型思維方式的人不僅比擁有“狐貍”
型思維方式的人更容易出錯，而且當事情與他們的預測不相符時，他們
不太可能意識到，也不太可能承認自己錯了。
2．(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷)According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
分析：本句是一個主從復合句。suited to social media作_________修飾mindset；which引導的非限制性定語從句，修飾先行詞___________；and連接主句并列的謂語___________和_________。
譯文：____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
后置定語
approach
devote
social media
根據(jù)這一理論，人們對待數(shù)字文本的態(tài)度與對待社交媒體的態(tài)度相當，社交媒體通常不那么嚴肅，相比紙質(zhì)閱讀，人們投入的腦力要少。
3．(2024·新課標Ⅰ卷) The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
分析：本句是一個主從復合句。when引導______________，其中l(wèi)ike identifying the main idea in a reading passage和such as drawing inferences from a text分別補充說明____________和___________________
________________；that require mental abstraction是定語從句，修飾先行詞_______。
時間狀語從句
simple tasks
ones that require
mental abstraction
ones
譯文：____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
紙質(zhì)閱讀的好處尤其突顯在實驗者從簡單任務(wù)——比如識別閱讀文章的主旨——轉(zhuǎn)向需要思維抽象的任務(wù)時——比如從文本中推斷出信息。(共33張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題一　語法基礎(chǔ)必備
第二講　3個構(gòu)詞法
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
一、構(gòu)詞法的定義及分類
按照一定的語言規(guī)律創(chuàng)造新詞的方法叫作構(gòu)詞法。英語構(gòu)詞法主要有派生法(Derivation)、合成法(Compounding)、轉(zhuǎn)化法(Conversion)等。
二、三大構(gòu)詞法
1．派生法
派生法指在詞根之前加前綴或在詞根之后加后綴構(gòu)成一個與原來單詞意義相近或相反的單詞。除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意思，不改變詞性；除少數(shù)后綴外，后綴一般改變單詞的詞性， 并不引起詞義的變化。
前 綴 表示否定或相反意義的前綴 dis-， mis-， un-， il-， im-， in-， ir-， non-， anti-
disagree, misunderstand, unwilling, illegal，
impossible, independent, irrelevant, non-stop，
antivirus
形容詞變動詞的前綴 en-
able→enable, large→enlarge, rich→enrich
其他 inter-(相互)，over-(超過), ex-(以前的), re-(重新), super-(超)，vice-(副)
interaction, overweight, ex-husband, reuse, supernatural, vice-chairman
后 綴 形容詞加-ly變成副詞 -ly
real→really
動詞或名詞變形容詞的后綴 -able，-ful，-ous，-y，-al，-ible，-ive，-ary
nature→natural, use→useful, continue→
continuous, act→active
動詞變名詞的后綴 -al，-ance，-ence，-tion，-ssion，-ment，-ture，-y
arrive→arrival, appear→appearance, exist→existence, invite→invitation
后 綴 形容詞變名詞的后綴 -cy，-dom，-ence，-th，-age，-ty，-ity
fluent→fluency, short→shortage, wise→wisdom, silent→silence, safe→safety
表示人的后綴 -er，-or，-ist，-ee，-ess，-ese，-an，-ian，-ant
teacher, inventor, artist, employee, Chinese, American, musician, servant
后 綴 表示否定的后綴 -less
hopeless, endless, fearless, careless, treeless, meaningless
形容詞變動詞的后綴 -en，-fy
broad→broaden, simple→simpify
名詞變動詞的后綴 -ize
apology→apologize
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷)Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ________(taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
2．(2023· 新課標Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, though, one steamer basket is _________(rare) enough, yet two seems greedy, and so I am always left wanting more next time.
tasty
rarely
3．(2023·新課標Ⅱ卷) Since June 2017, right before the __________
(arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and _________
(confidence) speaking English.
4．(2025·河南焦作模擬)To him, promoting Wudang martial arts and culture is his inescapable mission and ____________ (responsible)．
arrival
confident
responsibility
2．合成法
由兩個或兩個以上的獨立且語義不同的單詞合成的詞叫合成詞，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為合成法。最常見的合成詞有合成名詞、合成形容詞、合成動詞等。詞與詞之間有的用連字符連接，有的直接連接在一起。
分類 方法 舉例
合成 名詞 名詞＋名詞 sportsman男運動員
lifeboat 救生船
bookmark 書簽
wheelchair 輪椅
guidebook 指南，手冊
名詞＋動詞-ing handwriting 書法
sightseeing 觀光
分類 方法 舉例
合成 名詞 名詞＋動詞＋-er painkiller 止痛藥
storyteller 講故事的人
lawmaker 立法者
動詞＋名詞 typewriter 打字機
postmark 郵戳
pushcart 手推車
workshop 研討會，車間
分類 方法 舉例
合成 名詞 形容詞＋名詞 gentleman 紳士
greenhouse 溫室
名詞＋動詞 handshake 握手
sunset 日落
介詞＋名詞 afternoon下午
by-product 副產(chǎn)品
分類 方法 舉例
合成 名詞 副詞＋動詞 income 收入
output 產(chǎn)量，輸出
動詞＋副詞 cleanup 打掃
closedown 停業(yè)
checkup 檢查
get-together 聚會
breakthrough 突破
tryout 選拔賽
分類 方法 舉例
合 成 形 容 詞 名詞＋形容詞 lifelong 終身的，畢生的
snow-white 雪白的
名詞＋動詞-ing English-speaking 講英語的
peace-loving 愛好和平的
heartbreaking 令人心碎的
breathtaking 激動人心的
分類 方法 舉例
合 成 形 容 詞 名詞＋動詞-ed fun-filled 充滿樂趣的
man-made 人造的
heartbroken 悲傷的
custom-made 定制的
形容詞＋動詞-ing good-looking 相貌好看的
easy-going 性格隨和的
分類 方法 舉例
合 成 形 容 詞 形容詞＋名詞＋-ed warm-hearted 熱心腸的
white-colored 白色的
形容詞＋動詞-ed strong-minded 意志堅強的
electric-powered 電動的
white-painted 漆成白色的
ill-cooked 廚藝差勁的
分類 方法 舉例
合 成 形 容 詞 副詞＋動詞-ed well-educated 受過良好教育的
newly-made 新建的
well-known 著名的
副詞＋動詞-ing hard-working 勤勞的
介詞＋名詞/動詞-ing indoor 室內(nèi)的
underlying 含蓄的；潛在的
分類 方法 舉例
合 成 形 容 詞 數(shù)詞＋名詞＋-ed one-eyed獨眼的
three-storeyed 三層的
數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞 three-year-old 三歲的
two-foot-deep 兩英尺深的
動詞-ed＋副詞 built-in內(nèi)置的；固有的
分類 方法 舉例
合 成 形 容 詞 副詞＋動詞-ed well-educated 受過良好教育的
newly-made 新建的
well-known 著名的
副詞＋動詞-ing hard-working 勤勞的
介詞＋名詞/動詞-ing indoor 室內(nèi)的
underlying 含蓄的；潛在的
分類 方法 舉例
合 成 形 容 詞 數(shù)詞＋名詞＋-ed one-eyed獨眼的
three-storeyed 三層的
數(shù)詞＋名詞＋形容詞 three-year-old 三歲的
two-foot-deep 兩英尺深的
動詞-ed＋副詞 built-in內(nèi)置的；固有的
分類 方法 舉例
合成 動詞 形容詞＋動詞 ill-treat 虐待
whitewash刷石灰水
副/介詞＋動詞 overcome 戰(zhàn)勝
overthrow 推翻
分類 方法 舉例
合成 副詞 形容詞＋名詞 hotfoot 匆忙地
anyway 無論如何
形容詞＋副詞 everywhere 到處
somehow 不知何故
副詞＋副詞 however 無論如何
whole-heartedly 全心全意地
介詞＋副詞 forever 永遠
介詞＋名詞 beforehand 預先
downstairs 在樓下
分類 方法 舉例
合成 介詞 副詞＋名詞 inside 在……里
outside 在……外
介詞＋副詞 throughout 遍及
within 在……之內(nèi)
副詞＋介詞 into 到……里
upon 在……之上
分類 方法 舉例
合 成 代 詞 代詞賓格＋-self herself 她自己
himself 他自己
物主代詞＋-self myself 我自己
yourself 你自己
形容詞＋名詞 anything 任何東西
everything 一切東西
即時演練(二)
寫出下列句中加黑詞的詞性和詞義
1．(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷)You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.________________
2．(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷)He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington._____________
______
n．自行修復
adj.像溫室一樣
的
3．(2023· 新課標Ⅰ卷)You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.___________
4．(2023·新課標Ⅱ卷)More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks— transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.____________________________
n．工具箱
adj.用后丟棄的，一次使用的
3．轉(zhuǎn)化法
在詞形不變的情況下，把一個單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞性，而不加任何詞綴，這種構(gòu)詞方法稱為轉(zhuǎn)化法。轉(zhuǎn)化法種類很多，但數(shù)量最多的是由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞和由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞兩大類。
(1)許多名詞可轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞，其意思也隨之改變。cook n．廚師→v.烹調(diào)　picture n．畫→v.描繪
name n．名字→v.取名　stand n．看臺→v.站
(2)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞
calm adj.平靜的→v.使平靜
spare adj.空閑的→v.節(jié)省
own adj.自己的→v.擁有
last adj.最后的→v.持續(xù)
(3)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成副詞
hard adj.困難的→adv.努力地
well adj.健康的→adv.很好地
即時演練(三)
寫出下列句中加黑詞的詞性和詞義
1．(2023·全國乙卷)She moved to Virginia in 1865, where she provided medical care to freed slaves.__________________
2．(2023·新課標Ⅱ卷)And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private，“off-line” activity.____________________________
v．釋放，使自由
v．將……連接成網(wǎng)絡(luò)
3．(2023·新課標Ⅱ卷)I post my work on social media and, in turn, have met some of the kindest people. _________
4．(2023·1 月浙江卷)With gas prices rising and airport security lines snaking longer than ever, why not book your next domestic vacation on a train？__________________
v．發(fā)布
v．(使)蜿蜒前進(共91張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題二　“形”“態(tài)”各異的動詞
第一講　動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)與主謂一致
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點一　動詞的時態(tài)
情景導入
At first，Jack wasn't fond of studying and was addicted to computer games.Every time his mother went① to his room，she found that he was playing② computer games.His father had condemned③ him many times before he went to middle school，so he promised that he would study④ hard and quit computer games.
It is amazing that Jack has changed⑤ a lot in the past three years.Whenever asked about Jack's performance at school，his mother always answers⑥ proudly，“He has been making⑦ progress.”He is making⑧ preparations for the college entrance exam.
There is no doubt that Jack will be admitted to⑨ a good college if he keeps working hard like this.Maybe in the near future he will be studying⑩ in a key university.
用法感悟
①是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為______________________。
②是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_________________________。
③是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為____________________。
④是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為______________________。
⑤是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為________________________。
⑥是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為___________________________________
___________________。
一般過去時
謂語動詞用過去式形式
過去進行時
was/were＋現(xiàn)在分詞
過去完成時
had＋過去分詞
過去將來時
would＋動詞原形
現(xiàn)在完成時
have/has＋過去分詞
一般現(xiàn)在時
謂語動詞用動詞原形或動詞的第三人
稱單數(shù)形式
⑦是__________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_____________________。
⑧是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_____________________________。
⑨是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_______________。
⑩是___________，結(jié)構(gòu)為__________________。
現(xiàn)在完成進行時
have/has been＋現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在進行時
am/is/are＋現(xiàn)在分詞
一般將來時
will＋動詞原形
將來進行時
will＋be＋現(xiàn)在分詞
一、現(xiàn)在時范疇內(nèi)的4種時態(tài)對比
(一)一般現(xiàn)在時常用的4種情況
1．表示習慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常與表示習慣的副詞(短語)always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等連用。
I usually do my homework in the evening every day.
我通常每天晚上做作業(yè)。
2．主將從現(xiàn)：在以when, till/until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引導的時間狀語從句和以if, unless, once等引導的條件狀語從句以及no matter＋疑問詞， 疑問詞＋-ever, even if 等詞引導的讓步狀語從句中，從句中的動詞通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll have a trip.
如果明天不下雨，我們將去旅行。
3．表示按時間表、時刻表等安排將要發(fā)生的動作，但限于少數(shù)動詞，如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, return, open, close, take off等。
The plane takes off at 9：00.
飛機九點起飛。
4．表示客觀事實、真理、格言或者警句等。
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
(二)現(xiàn)在進行時詮釋的2類動作
1．表示現(xiàn)在(說話瞬間)正在進行或發(fā)生的動作；也可以表示當時一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。常用的時間狀語有now，at present, this week等。
Mother is waiting for me.
母親在等我。
What lesson are you studying this week
你們本周學哪一課了？
2．現(xiàn)在進行時還可表示計劃安排好要采取的行動或要做的事情，常用的這類動詞主要有g(shù)o, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do等。
“The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
“這一刻就要來了，”他自思自忖，緊張地等待著。
(三)現(xiàn)在完成時使用的5種情境
1．表示過去所發(fā)生的動作或事情對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，常與 yet, just, before, recently, once, lately 等表示過去時間的狀語連用。
I haven't finished reading the book yet, so I can't return it to the library.
我還沒把這本書讀完，因此不能把它還給圖書館。
2．表示一個從過去某個時間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能延續(xù)下去的動作，常與 so far, up to now, since last year, in the past/last few years，lately, in recent years等表示包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的一段時間的狀語連用。
He has worked here for over 20 years.
他已經(jīng)在這里工作了20多年。
3．用于時間、條件狀語從句中，表示將來要完成的動作或一個動作先于另一個動作而發(fā)生。
He will be back before I have finished my work.
我完成工作之前他會回來的。
4．在“It/This/that is the first/second/third ... time＋that從句”固定句型中，that從句中的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。
This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
這是我們一家人第一次在電影院里看電影。
5．在“It/This is the best (worst, most interesting等)＋名詞＋從句”固定句型中，從句中的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。
This is the most interesting book I've ever read.
這是我讀過的最有趣的一本書。
(四)現(xiàn)在完成進行時的基本內(nèi)涵
現(xiàn)在完成進行時由“have/has＋been＋doing”構(gòu)成，表示過去的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能延續(xù)下去，常和for, since引導的時間狀語連用。
The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a．m.
自從上午9點經(jīng)理就一直在告訴工人們?nèi)绾胃倪M這一方案。
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．(2023·新課標Ⅱ卷)The remarkable development of this city，which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, ________ (mean) there is always something new to discover here，and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
2．As we all know, the sun _______ (set) in the west.
3．Many people ______________ (seek) a variety of sources for their happiness. Some have put their heart and effort into their work.
means
sets
have sought
4．I ____________________ (write) a report about the environment here over the last few days, which I have to hand in next week.
5．The World Health Organization warns that millions of people ________________ (suffer) from indoor air pollution at the present time, which results from the use of dangerous fuels and cook-stoves at home.
have been writing
are suffering
二、過去時范疇內(nèi)的4種時態(tài)詳析
(一)一般過去時的使用原則
表示在過去某一時刻、某一時間段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, two days ago, in 2022等。
—Haven't seen you for ages! Where have you been
—I went to Ningxia and stayed there for one year, teaching as a volunteer.
——好長時間沒見到你了！你去哪兒了？
——我作為志愿者去寧夏支教了一年。
(二)過去進行時的2種運用
1．表示過去某一時刻正在進行或過去某一時間段內(nèi)一直進行的動作。
I was doing my lessons then.
那時我在做功課。
2．表示運動和位置移動的動詞可以用過去進行時表示過去將來時。這類動詞主要有l(wèi)eave, start, arrive, go, come 等。
Joan told us she was leaving for Wuhan next Saturday.
瓊告訴我們她下周六要去武漢。
(三)過去完成時的4種用法
1．表示過去某一時間或某一動作前已完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與by, by the end of, by the time, before，until等后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句連用。
I had put away my cellphone before my father came back.
在我爸爸回來之前我已經(jīng)把手機收起來了。
2．某些詞用于過去完成時表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法，意為“本來期望/認為/打算……”。常用的這類動詞主要有expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。
We had intended to help you, but we were too busy to get away.
我們本來想幫助你的，但我們忙得脫不開身。
3．在“hardly (scarcely)．..when...”“no sooner...than...”句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時，意為“一……就……”。
Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.
演講者一結(jié)束他的講話，觀眾就不停地向他提問。
4．在“It/This/that was the first (second, etc.) time＋that從句”固定句型中，從句謂語動詞用過去完成時。
It was the second time that he had won the election.
那是他第二次在大選中獲勝。
(四)過去將來時的一般含義
過去將來時表示從過去的某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。這種時態(tài)常用于賓語從句或間接引語中。除了使用“would＋動詞原形”表示外，還可以用be going to do, be to do, be about to do等方式表示。
Did you predict that many students would sign up for the dance competition
你預計將會有很多學生報名參加舞蹈比賽嗎？
即時演練(二)
單句語法填空
1．Though the interview _______ (go) well, he realized that compared with the other candidates he didn't have the ability to get the job.
2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry _____________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams.
3．I was lucky because that was the second time that I ______________ (visit) Russia.
went
was fixing
had visited
4．Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he ___________________________ (be) a famous scientist whose theories would change the world.
5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that _______ (be)previously unprotected.
would be/was going to be
were
三、將來時范疇內(nèi)的3種時態(tài)辨析
(一)一般將來時的4種用法
1．“will/shall＋動詞原形”表示現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)?！皐ill＋動詞原形”還可以表示說話人臨時作出的決定。
—Mr. Li is ill in hospital.
—Oh, I didn't know. I'll go to see him tonight.
——李老師生病住院了。
——哦，我還不知道呢。我今晚去看他。
2．be going to＋動詞原形
(1)表示現(xiàn)在打算、計劃、決定要做的事或肯定要發(fā)生的事。
(2)表示說話人根據(jù)已有的事實或跡象，推測某事即將發(fā)生。
Look at the cloud. It's going to rain.
瞧那烏云，天要下雨了。
3．“be about to＋動詞原形”表示打算或根據(jù)安排即將發(fā)生的動作。它不與表示具體的將來時間狀語連用，但可以與when連接的并列句連用。
The English Evening is about to start.
英語晚會即將開始。
4．“be to＋動詞原形”表示約定的、計劃中的或按職責、義務(wù)將要發(fā)生的動作，這種動作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意見。
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
你要在10點前交上論文。
(二)將來進行時的時間概念
將來進行時可用于表示將來某個時刻正在發(fā)生的動作或?qū)砟骋欢螘r間內(nèi)正在進行的動作。將來進行時也可以表示已計劃好的事。將來進行時常與一些標志性的時間狀語連用，如： at this time tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow等。
What will you be doing at this time tomorrow
明天這個時候你將在做什么？
(三)將來完成時的使用依據(jù)
將來完成時主要表示某一動作到將來某個時間完成，上下文情景中常含有by 的時間狀語，如by six o'clock, by the weekend, by the end of next month等。
We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.
我們將在今年年底完成這項工程。
即時演練(三)
完成句子
1．到明年的六月份，我們已經(jīng)畢業(yè)了。(graduate)
We__________________________________ by the June of next year.
2．他將就急救問題發(fā)表演講。(deliver)
He_______________________________ on first aid.
3．我們將在16分鐘后在巴黎機場降落。(land)
We___________________ in Paris in sixteen minutes.
will have graduated from school
is going to deliver a speech
shall be landing
四、“7組比較”辨清易混時態(tài)
1．一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進行時的比較
一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性、習慣性或反復出現(xiàn)的動作或狀態(tài)；現(xiàn)在進行時表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作，或現(xiàn)階段一直進行的動作(說話時未必正在做)。
On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.(經(jīng)常性、習慣性的動作)
在星期一的早上，開車上班通常要花費我一個小時的時間，雖然實際距離只有20英里。
Hurry up! Mark and Carol are expecting us.(正在進行的動作)
快點！馬克和卡羅爾正在等我們。
2．一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在完成時的比較
一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性、習慣性或反復出現(xiàn)的動作或狀態(tài)；現(xiàn)在完成時則強調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動作到現(xiàn)在已完成，或過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。
I do all the cooking for my family, but recently I have been too busy to do it.
通常由我給家人做飯，但我最近太忙，沒時間做了。
3．一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的比較
一般過去時表示過去某時刻或過去某段時間發(fā)生的動作或情況，常與表示過去的與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)的時間狀語連用；而現(xiàn)在完成時表示從過去開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或情況，常與表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時間的狀語連用；一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或情況，與現(xiàn)在沒什么聯(lián)系；而現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
I felt very tired when I got home, and I went straight to bed.
回到家時我感覺非常累，所以就直接去睡覺了。
—Alvin, are you coming with us
—I'd love to, but something unexpected has come up.
——阿爾文，你會跟我們來嗎？
——我想去，但發(fā)生了意想不到的事情。
4．一般過去時與過去完成時的比較
一般過去時表示動作發(fā)生在過去；而過去完成時表示在過去某個動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，即“過去的過去”。
Tom and I became friends in 2000, although we had actually met several years before.
湯姆和我在2000年成為朋友，盡管在那時的幾年之前我們就見過面。
5．一般過去時與過去進行時的比較
一般過去時僅說明動作發(fā)生在過去，不強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性；而過去進行時則強調(diào)在過去某一時間正在進行的動作。
He wrote a novel last month.
他上個月寫了一部小說。(已經(jīng)完成小說)
He was writing a novel at this time last month.
上個月的這個時候他正在寫一部小說。(不一定完成小說)
6．一般將來時與將來進行時的比較
一般將來時表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)；而將來進行時強調(diào)將來某一時刻或某一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作。
I am busy reviewing my lessons because I will have an exam tomorrow.
我正忙著復習功課，因為明天要考試。
I can't come tomorrow, because I will be having an exam at this time tomorrow.
我明天來不了，因為明天這個時候我正在考試。
7．現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的比較
現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或事情對現(xiàn)在的影響或造成的結(jié)果；而現(xiàn)在完成進行時則表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還在進行，強調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性。
Mary has phoned you.
瑪麗給你打過電話了。
Mary has been phoning you.
瑪麗一直在給你打電話。
即時演練(四)
單句語法填空
1．Power walking offers many benefits. Walking at a quick pace of 4 mph ________ (burn) around 300 calories per hour.
2．Now China _____________ (play) an important role in global economic policy-making.
burns
is playing
3．Great changes _____________ (take) place in our hometown in the past ten years.
4．Translated fiction sales in the United Kingdom _______ (rise) by 5.5 percent last year, with growing demand for Chinese titles, said Nielsen on Wednesday.
have taken
rose
一、時間狀語判斷法
動詞的時態(tài)，顧名思義就是指動作或狀態(tài)在不同時間條件下的動詞形式，因此時間狀語是確定動詞時態(tài)的最直接的決定因素。
【例1】　Silk had become (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
分析：句中by about 100 BC是表示過去的時間狀語，當時間狀語是“介詞by (不遲于，不晚于)＋過去的某一時間”時，表示動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”，謂語動詞應用過去完成時。故填had become。
【例2】　In the last few years, China has made (make) great achievements in environmental protection.
分析：句意：在最近幾年里，中國在環(huán)境保護方面取得了巨大成就。句中的時間狀語是In the last few years，表示動作“從過去某一時間一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，應用現(xiàn)在完成時；且主語China為單數(shù)形式。故填has made。
二、固定句式判斷法
英語中有一些句式的時態(tài)常常是固定的，如果題干中出現(xiàn)這類句式，應注意根據(jù)規(guī)則選用適當?shù)臅r態(tài)。常見的固定句式如下：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用過去進行時，when后面的句子常用一般過去時。
(2)It is/has been＋時間段＋since...表示“自從……以來已……”，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時或一般現(xiàn)在時，從句用一般過去時。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句，陳述句常用一般將來時。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb....，that后面的句子要用一般過去時或should＋動詞原形。
二、固定句式判斷法
英語中有一些句式的時態(tài)常常是固定的，如果題干中出現(xiàn)這類句式，應注意根據(jù)規(guī)則選用適當?shù)臅r態(tài)。常見的固定句式如下：
(1)be doing...when...，when前面的句子常用過去進行時，when后面的句子常用一般過去時。
(2)It is/has been＋時間段＋since...表示“自從……以來已……”，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時或一般現(xiàn)在時，從句用一般過去時。
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句，陳述句常用一般將來時。
(4)It is (high/about) time that sb....，that后面的句子要用一般過去時或should＋動詞原形。
【例3】　It is the first time that I have been (be) to Beijing.
分析：句意：這是我第一次去北京。提示詞為be動詞，設(shè)空處在句中作謂語，再根據(jù)固定句式It is the first time that sb. have/has done ...確定使用現(xiàn)在完成時。故填have been。
三、語境綜合判斷法
當題干中無時間狀語及參照動詞，或時間狀語和參照動詞都不能確定所填詞動作的時態(tài)時，所填動詞的時態(tài)由題干的具體意思或動作所發(fā)生的語境來決定。
【例4】　“This really excites scientists，” Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says，“because it means (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed.”
分析：根據(jù)語境可知，這是Carle Pieters說的話，結(jié)合excites可知，應用一般現(xiàn)在時，主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，because引導的從句也應用一般現(xiàn)在時，主語是it，該處謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填means。
【例5】　(2023·北京卷)I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no other guest had arrived (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
分析：句意：多年以后，搬到法國后，我在約定的時間赴宴，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有其他客人到場，女主人還穿著睡衣。根據(jù)語境可知，“客人沒到場”這一動作發(fā)生在“我到場”之前，即“過去的過去”，故用過去完成時。故填had arrived。
四、時態(tài)呼應判斷法
時態(tài)呼應原則也是我們確定具體時態(tài)的常用方法。
【例6】　He said that one of the boxes generated (generate) around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
分析：句意：他說其中一個箱子每月收入約為13,500美元，租金僅為400美元左右。根據(jù)主句中的said可知，that引導的賓語從句時態(tài)也應用過去的某種時態(tài)，從句陳述客觀事實，應用一般過去時。故填generated。
考點二　被動語態(tài)
情景導入
Xiao Ming's Cellphone
Xiao Ming's cellphone was broken①.I couldn't get through to him while the cellphone was being repaired②.I wanted to inform him that he had been admitted③ to the basketball club.
Cellphones are widely used④ nowadays.It seems that they are being used⑤ so frequently that people have been controlled⑥ by them.Someone thinks that cellphones should be restricted⑦ on some occasions.
Xiao Ming's cellphone will be repaired⑧ well soon.Maybe by next Sunday the cellphone will have been brought⑨ home and will be being used⑩ again.
用法感悟
①是____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為______________________。
②是___________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_________________________。
③是____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為________________________。
④是____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_______________________。
⑤是____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為________________________。
一般過去時的被動語態(tài)
was/were＋過去分詞
過去進行時的被動語態(tài)
was/were＋being＋過去分詞
過去完成時的被動語態(tài)
had been＋過去分詞
一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)
is/am/are＋過去分詞
現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)
is/am/are＋being＋過去分詞
⑥是_____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_______________________。
⑦是_____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_______________________。
⑧是_____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為__________________。
⑨是_____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_______________________。
⑩是_____________________，結(jié)構(gòu)為_______________________。
現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)
have/has been＋過去分詞
帶情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)
情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞
一般將來時的被動語態(tài)
will＋be＋過去分詞
將來完成時的被動語態(tài)
will＋have been＋過去分詞
將來進行時的被動語態(tài)
will＋be＋being＋過去分詞
一、各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式(以do為例)
時態(tài) 一般式 進行式 完成式
現(xiàn)在時 am/is/are＋done am/is/are＋being＋done have/has
＋been＋done
過去時 was/were＋done was/were＋being＋done had＋been＋done
將來時 shall/will be＋done shall/will＋be＋being＋done shall/will＋have
been＋done
過去將 來時 would/should be＋done would/should＋
have been＋done
After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that it was being decorated.(過去進行時的被動語態(tài))
放學后，我們?nèi)ラ営[室看書，結(jié)果卻被告知閱覽室正在裝修。
【點津】
(1)含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，由“情態(tài)動詞(can, may, must, have to，used to等)＋be＋done”構(gòu)成；
(2)含有be going to, be to, be about to等結(jié)構(gòu)的復合謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，其構(gòu)成為“be going to (be to, be about to)＋be＋done”。
二、主動形式表示被動意義的幾種情況
英語中有很多動詞，如clean, sell, read, write, wash 等，當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式表示被動意義，主語通常是物；在這種情況下，常常和easily, well等副詞連用。
This kind of cloth cleans easily.
這種布料容易清洗。
【點津】
(1)主動語態(tài)表被動意義強調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。
(2)感官動詞feel, sound, taste, look 等后跟形容詞、名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，無被動形式。
Junk food tastes delicious but it doesn't contain enough nutrition.
垃圾食品吃起來美味但營養(yǎng)不足。
(3)在need, want, require, deserve, bear 等動詞，worth 等形容詞的后面，動詞-ing形式用主動形式表示被動意義，其含義相當于動詞不定式的被動形式。
Your composition still requires polishing/to be polished.
你的文章還需潤色。
(4)在某些“主語(人/物)＋be＋形容詞＋動詞不定式”中，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。這些形容詞有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。
The problem is difficult to work out.
這個問題很難解決。(可看作省略了for me)
(5)be to rent/blame也屬于主動形式表被動意義。
Who is to blame for the mistake
誰應為這個錯誤承擔責任？
即時演練(五)
單句語法填空
1．(2023·全國甲卷)Carson proves that a simple lyric form that has been passed down through the ages can still ______________(employ) today to draw attention to important truths.
2．When receiving the letter last night, I didn't notice what __________
(mark) on the back of the letter.
3．Our city is becoming a modern one. More and more tall buildings __________________ (build) in the last five years.
be employed
was marked
have been built
4．This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, ________ (sell) well.
5．Meetings ___________ (hold) every two days in the company and he is fed up with them.
6．(2023·1月浙江卷) In the Ming Dynasty，the center was the Forbidden City，surrounded in concentric(同心的)circles by the Inner City and Outer City. Citizens of higher social classes _________________
(permit)to live closer to the center of the circles.
sells
are held
were permitted
一、主語動詞關(guān)系判斷法
【例1】　Steam engines were used (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
分析：句意：車廂由蒸汽機拉動，對于乘客而言在濃煙和噪音下乘車肯定是相當不舒服的。主語Steam engines和use之間是被動關(guān)系，且由句中的must have been可知，此處敘述的是過去發(fā)生的事情，設(shè)空處應用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)；又因主語是名詞的復數(shù)形式，謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式。故填were used。
二、動詞特點判斷法
【例2】　This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, sells (sell) well.
分析：句意：這些聽力材料和它的CD光盤都很暢銷。英語中有很多動詞，如sell、 read、 write、 clean、 wash 等，當它們被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征時，常用其主動形式表示被動意義，主語通常是物；在這種情況下，常常和easily、 well等副詞連用。此處句子的主語是This listening material，謂語動詞應用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。故填sells。
三、含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)
【例3】　The artist was sure he would be chosen (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.
分析：句中主語he與choose之間是被動關(guān)系，應用被動語態(tài)，且情態(tài)動詞would后跟動詞原形。故填be chosen。
考點三　主謂一致
情景導入
My deskmate，James，whose parents have been teaching① English in Guangzhou for ten years, comes from the United States，which is one of the most developed countries in the world.He as well as his parents enjoys② living in Guangzhou because neither James nor his parents find③ it difficult to adapt to the life in China.In their opinion, many a custom here is④ easy to understand and ten years is⑤ enough for them to get used to all the customs.
I，together with James，extremely like⑥ English but physics seems rather difficult for us.Besides, both he and I are⑦ very fond of reading storybooks，and the Arabian Nights is one of the most interesting books that have been read⑧by us.
Our class is⑨ united as a big family.Now the class are⑩ preparing for the coming sports meet，so large quantities of our recent time have been spent on it.What we need is a qualified coach because being trained properly is of great importance.We each are all aware that each of us plays an important role in our class.We have decided to hold a celebration if getting a good result but when and where we are going to hold it hasn't been decided .
用法感悟
1．以上黑體部分遵循語法一致原則的是：___________________。
2．以上黑體部分遵循意義一致原則的是：__________。
3．以上黑體部分遵循就近一致原則的是：______。
①②④⑥⑦⑧
⑤⑨⑩
③
一、就近一致原則
1．由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ..., not ... but ...等連接的并列名詞(短語)或代詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)常與最鄰近的主語保持一致。
Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
你或者你同學中的一位要去參加明天召開的會議。
2．由there，here引起的主語不止一個時，謂語動詞的數(shù)通常和最鄰近的主語保持一致。
There are three chairs, a desk and a computer in the room.
房間里有三把椅子、一張桌子和一臺電腦。
二、語法一致原則
1．動詞-ing形式、動詞不定式、從句、不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。
Listening to music makes me feel relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌了一天后，聽音樂使我感到很放松。
【點津】
what引導的從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式，但如果從句表示復數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。
What he says and does does not concern me.
他的言行與我無關(guān)。
What he says and does do not agree.
他的言行不一致。
2．主語后跟有with, together with, as well as, like, but, except, along with, rather than等連接的短語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)要與連接詞前面的主語保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老師和學生們都非常激動。
【點津】
(1)and, both ... and ... 連接兩個不同的主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式；但是如果由and連接的兩個名詞表示同一個人或物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演員將參加我們的晚會。
(2)定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時，從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞保持一致。
My friend showed me around the town, which was very attractive.
我的朋友帶我參觀了這個小鎮(zhèn)，這個小鎮(zhèn)非常迷人。
(3)“many a/more than one＋單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。each, every, no所修飾的名詞作主語時，即使由and連接，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。
Many a parent has to go through this same painful process.
很多父母不得不經(jīng)歷同樣痛苦的過程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每個男生和女生都希望參加周日舉行的聚會。
3．“the＋形容詞”表示某一類人，在句中作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。
The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
患病的人被治愈，同時失蹤的人也被找到了。
4．表示時間、距離、重量、金額等的復數(shù)名詞或短語作主語時通常作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。
Two thousand miles is a long distance.
兩千英里是一段很長的距離。
三、意義一致原則
1．集體名詞作主語時，如果表示一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果表示組成集體的一個個成員，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。常見的集體名詞有family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience 等。
The whole class were told to stay behind after school.
全班學生被告知放學后留下。
2．“分數(shù)/百分數(shù)/the majority＋of＋名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于of后名詞的數(shù)以及其表示的意義；all, some, half, most, the rest 等作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決于主語實際表達的意義。
About one third of the books were written by him.
這些書中大約有三分之一是他寫的。
即時演練(六)
單句語法填空
1．Although the figure ______ better than expected, there _______ few signs that the eurozone would climb out of recession any time soon.(be)
2．Each instrument and each musician ________ (take) on different functions: sustaining, modifying, synthesizing and innovating, paired into two key types of roles supporting and leading.
was
were
takes
3．Neither Mary nor her parents _____________________ (inform) of the exciting news, which surprises us a lot.
4．Up to now, large quantities of food ________________________ (distribute) to the people affected by the terrible earthquake.
have been informed
have been distributed
【例1】　Because the number of possible topics is (be) practically limitless, we focus on a sample of the most interesting and useful applications and tools and explain the basic principles of technology.
分析：the number of ……的數(shù)目，后接可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)可知，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。故填is。
【例2】　Of the nineteen recognised polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
分析：句意：在已知的19個北極熊亞種群中，有3個正在減少，6個保持穩(wěn)定，1個正在增加，還有9個缺乏足夠的數(shù)據(jù)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句由多個分句并列組成，其中設(shè)空處所在的分句的主語是six, 為復數(shù)概念，謂語應用復數(shù)，且上文的three和下文的lack也是提示；本句敘述的是一般事實， 應用一般現(xiàn)在時。故填are。(共60張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題二　“形”“態(tài)”各異的動詞
第二講　非謂語動詞
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
情景導入
Good afternoon，ladies and gentlemen.It is a great honor for me to introduce① this English speech contest.As we all know, to master② a foreign language is very important for us.Taking part in③ an English speech contest is a helpful way to learn④ English.Everyone wants to show⑤ their best.When we have been preparing for it，we can improve our listening and speaking⑥ ability，developing⑦a good habit of learning⑧ English.
In the process of the competition，you should pay attention to the rules made⑨ by us.First，you should make your voice heard⑩ clearly by everyone, so reading aloud is very necessary.Second，you should try your best to express yourself in fluent English.Finally, you should finish your speech in five minutes.
I am sure the English speech competition will be a great success and the audience will feel satisfied with our performance.Thank you!
用法感悟
1．①to introduce this English speech contest 是不定式短語作真正的____語， _____是形式主語。
②to master a foreign language是不定式短語作____語。
④to learn English是不定式短語作____語，修飾way。
⑤to show their best是不定式短語作____語。
to express yourself in English fluently是不定式短語作______語。
主
it
主
定
賓
目的狀
2．③Taking part in an English speech contest reading aloud都是動名詞短語作____語。
⑥listening and speaking是動名詞作____語，修飾 ability，表示類別。
⑧l(xiāng)earning English是動名詞短語作介詞of的____語。
主
定
賓
3．⑦developing a good habit of learning English是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作____語。
⑨made by us是過去分詞短語作____語。
⑩heard clearly by everyone是過去分詞短語作_________語。
satisfied是分詞形容詞，在句中作____語，意為“感到滿意的”。
狀
定
賓語補足
表
非謂語動詞概述
1．什么是非謂語動詞
非謂語動詞是動詞的特殊形式，在句子中可以充當謂語以外的成分。
2．非謂語動詞在句子中的作用
一個句子中已存在一個謂語動詞，又沒有連詞的情況下，再出現(xiàn)一個動詞則用非謂語動詞。
She got off the bus，but she left her handbag on the seat.(有并列連詞，所以用謂語動詞)
She got off the bus，leaving her handbag on the seat.(沒有連詞，所以用非謂語動詞)
3．非謂語動詞的種類：動詞-ing形式、過去分詞和不定式。
考點一　非謂語動詞作狀語
一、動詞不定式作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等
1．作目的狀語，有時也用in order to或so as to，但so as to不用于句首。
(2022·全國甲卷滿分作文)We will continue our campaign to prevent and control ocean pollution to make our oceans clean.
我們將繼續(xù)我們的運動，以預防和控制海洋污染，使我們的海洋變得干凈。
2．作結(jié)果狀語，常用結(jié)構(gòu)enough to, too...to..., only to 等。
I'm too tired to stay up any longer.
我太累了，實在不能再熬夜了。
3．作原因狀語，此時常與表示情感的形容詞連用，如glad, happy, frightened, surprised 等。
I was frightened to find that in front of my door sat a dog.
我驚恐地發(fā)現(xiàn)我家門前坐著一只狗。
二、動詞-ing 形式作狀語
動詞-ing 形式作狀語，常表示原因、伴隨、時間、結(jié)果等，與句子主語之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。
Walking in the street，I came across an old friend.(時間狀語)
走在大街上，我碰到一個老朋友。
Having waited in line for two hours，the old man became impatient.(原因狀語)
已經(jīng)排了兩小時的隊，這個老人變得不耐煩了。
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.(結(jié)果狀語)
他的父母去世了，讓他成了孤兒。
【點津】
動詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語時，常表示意想不到的結(jié)果；而動詞-ing 形式作結(jié)果狀語時，常表示自然而然的結(jié)果。
三、過去分詞作狀語
1．過去分詞作狀語，分詞與句子主語之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。
Seriously injured, she has to be sent to the hospital at once.
她受了重傷，必須馬上送往醫(yī)院。
2．某些動詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化，且往往用于一些系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，此時這些過去分詞既不表示被動，也不表示完成，而表示一種狀態(tài)，如lost (迷路的), seated (坐著的), hidden (隱瞞的), lost/absorbed in (沉溺于), dressed in (穿著……的), tired of (對……感到厭倦的)等。
Absorbed in the book, he didn't notice me enter the room.
他完全被這本書所吸引，沒有注意到我進入房間。
【點津】
獨立成分作狀語，其形式不受上下文的影響。常用的有considering that...(鑒于……；考慮到……)；generally speaking(總的來說); judging by/from...(從……來看；依據(jù)……來判斷); supposing that...(假定……); providing that...(假定……); owing to...(由于……); talking/speaking of...(談及……); given that...(考慮到……)；provided that...(如果……); to tell the truth (實話實說)；to be honest (老實說)等。
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．He hurried to the station, only _________________ (inform) that the train had left.
2．______________ (remember) all the questions you have when you are not in the doctor's office, write them down and bring the list with you to your appointment.
to be informed
To remember
3．He was a tall man in his fifties, __________ (dress) in a business suit.
4．She has never seen such a collective dedication from a nation, __________ (turn) things for the better by sacrificing personal convenience.
5．He used to be addicted to electronic devices and stay up late every night, __________ (trap) in an unhealthy daily routine.
dressed
turning
trapped
考點二　非謂語動詞作定語
一、動詞不定式作定語
動詞不定式作定語通常置于所修飾的名詞或代詞之后，與所修飾的詞之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系、動賓關(guān)系或同位關(guān)系。
(1)當被修飾詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞，the only，the next等修飾時，常常用to do 作定語。
She is always the first to come and the last to leave.(主謂關(guān)系)
她總是第一個來，最后一個離開。
(2)用在固定句型sb.have sth.to do和 there be sth.to do中。
Students complain that they have endless homework to do every day.(動賓關(guān)系)
學生們抱怨他們每天有做不完的作業(yè)。
(3)修飾某些名詞，如chance，opportunity，way，ability，plan，appeal，privilege等。
His last appeal to come and see her went unanswered.(同位關(guān)系)
沒有人答應他最后要來看她的請求。
二、動詞-ing形式作定語
1．該動詞與被修飾的名詞之間為主謂關(guān)系或用來表示正在進行的動作時，用動詞-ing 形式。
The lecture, starting at 7 o'clock last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.
這次演講開始于昨天晚上7點，緊接著是用望遠鏡觀看月球的活動。
【點津】
被修飾的名詞與動詞-ing之間為被動關(guān)系且表示正在進行時，用動詞-ing形式的被動式作定語。
2．表示被修飾詞的某種用途，在意義上相當于“名詞＋for＋doing”，此時動詞-ing形式常置于被修飾詞的前面。
a swimming pool＝a pool for swimming游泳池
a waiting room＝a room for waiting候車室
三、過去分詞作定語
過去分詞作定語，分詞與被修飾的名詞之間是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。
Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.
建于1911 年的清華大學培養(yǎng)出了眾多杰出人物。
【點津】
作定語的不及物動詞的分詞形式有doing和done兩種。doing 表示正在進行；done表示已經(jīng)完成。
即時演練(二)
單句語法填空
1．They held hands as Mark was wheeled into the ____________ (operate) room.
2．I admit I was too scared at that moment and the uncle ___________ (stand) beside me was giving me an awkward look.
3．The report, which was published in The Lancet in 2019, was based on research done with students _______ (age) 11 to 17 in 146 different countries.
operating
standing
aged
4．In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways ____________ (reduce) my carbon footprint on the planet.
5．They find comfort among the shelves _________ (pack) high with books and appreciate the smiling faces of librarians eager to help.
to reduce
packed
考點三　非謂語動詞作補足語
1．感官動詞和短語(see，watch，observe，notice，look at，hear，listen to，feel)后面的賓語補足語常見的非謂語動詞形式有三種(do, doing, done)。do表示主動和完成(被動句中動詞不定式符號to要還原)，doing表示主動或正在進行，done 表示被動或完成。
The missing boy was last seen playing near the river.
失蹤的男孩最后一次被看到時正在河邊玩耍。
I hear the song sung every time I pass by the coffee shop.
每當我經(jīng)過這家咖啡屋，我都能聽到有人唱這首歌。
I often hear the girl sing the song which is popular recently.＝The girl is often heard to sing the song which is popular recently.
我經(jīng)常聽到這個小女孩唱這首最近很流行的歌。
2．動詞let, make, have, get, leave, keep, find，catch后接非謂語動詞形式作賓語補足語。
On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the consequences of their actions can do better.
相反，那些讓青少年體驗他們行為后果的人能夠做得更優(yōu)秀。
She had to raise her voice to make herself heard.
她不得不提高嗓門使自己被聽到。
The headmaster was angry to catch some students smoking again.
又一次抓住一些學生吸煙，校長很生氣。
3．固定短語(如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn/invite sb. to do sth.等)中動詞不定式作賓語補足語。
I am writing to invite you to come to my birthday party.
我寫信邀請您來參加我的生日晚會。
4．with/without的復合結(jié)構(gòu)：with/without＋名詞/代詞＋doing (表示主動、進行)/done(表示被動、完成)/to do(表示目的、將來)。
Without anyone noticing me, I stole into the room.
沒有人注意到我，我偷偷溜進了房間。
With his hair cut，he looked much younger.
理了發(fā)，他看起來年輕多了。
With a lot of homework to do，I can't go skating with you.
因為有很多作業(yè)要做，所以我不能和你一起去滑冰。
即時演練(三)
單句語法填空
1．She returned home, only to find the door open and a number of things _______ (go)．
2．With a lot of difficult problems ____________ (settle), he can't get home early.
3．With the boy __________ (lead) the way, the soldiers managed to walk through the forest.
gone
to settle
leading
4．Not seeing or hearing any fire engines ______________ (approach), Grant rushed to a side entrance and ran up the stairs.
5．Fu believes it was his scientific approach to training that enabled him ______________ (overcome) those difficulties and reach his destination.
approaching
to overcome
考點四　非謂語動詞作賓語
1．下列動詞只能用動詞不定式作賓語
decide/determine, learn， want, expect/hope/wish， refuse, afford, manage， pretend, offer, promise， choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help 記憶口訣
決心學會想希望
拒絕給予設(shè)法裝
主動答應選計劃
同意請求幫一幫
She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
當我經(jīng)過時，她假裝沒看見我。
2．下列動詞只能用動詞-ing形式作賓語
avoid, miss, delay， suggest, finish, practice， enjoy, imagine, resist， admit, deny, envy， escape, risk, pardon， stand, keep, mind 記憶口訣
避免錯過少延期
建議完成多練習
喜歡想象禁不住
承認否定與妒忌
逃脫冒險莫原諒
忍受保持不在意
We enjoy reading English stories.
我們喜歡讀英語故事。
【點津】
如果作賓語的動詞不定式有賓語補足語時，常用it作形式賓語，將真正的賓語后置。
I find it impossible to change her idea.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)改變她的想法是不可能的。
4．“疑問詞＋動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)
動詞不定式可以與疑問代詞和疑問副詞(why除外)等連用，構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語，在句中作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、同位語等。
I didn't know how to get back to the village.
我不知道怎樣回到村子。
Experience tells you what to do; confidence allows you to do it.
經(jīng)驗告訴你做什么，而信心讓你去做這件事。
5．固定結(jié)構(gòu)“do/have/其他動詞＋sth.＋but/except (to) do sth.”中的動詞不定式用法：要遵循前有實義動詞do，but/except后則無to，反之則有to的原則。
She had no choice but to cry in the face of the difficulty.
面對困難，除了哭泣，她別無選擇。
即時演練(四)
單句語法填空
1．Eventually Deere expects _________ (add) other tasks to the autonomous tractor.
2．There is no denying that China is one of the most successful countries in ___________ (green) the desert.
3．I'm considering _________ (buy) an iPad, which is considered to be a useful tool.
to add
greening
buying
4．As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _____________________ (repair).
5．Even though people initially laughed at him, he finally managed __________ (give) his hometown a path available to the nearby town.
repairing/to be repaired
to give
考點五　非謂語動詞作主語、表語
一、非謂語動詞中可以作主語的有動詞-ing形式和動詞不定式
1．動詞-ing形式作主語表示一般的、抽象的或習慣性的動作；動詞不定式作主語表示具體的、一次性的或尚未發(fā)生的動作。
Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working them out.
直面問題而不是逃避問題才是解決問題的最佳途徑。
2．it作形式主語，代替真正作主語的動詞不定式或動詞-ing形式，常見句型如下：
It is/was no use/good doing sth.; It is/was not any use/good doing sth.; It is/was of little use/good doing sth.; It is/was useless doing sth.; It's a waste of time doing sth.; It takes sb. some time to do sth.；It is easy/important/vital/
necessary/difficult...(for/of sb.) to do sth.等。
It's important for the figures to be updated regularly.
經(jīng)常性地更新數(shù)據(jù)是非常重要的。
二、非謂語動詞中能作表語的有動詞-ing形式、過去分詞和動詞不定式
動詞-ing形式作表語意為“令人感到……的”，而過去分詞作表語意為“感到……的”。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.
請描述一只令人害怕的狗。
Please describe a dog that is frightened.
請描述一只驚恐的狗。
【點津】
get, become, look, seem, appear 等系動詞后可跟過去分詞作表語，表示被動或主語的狀態(tài)。
This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldn't get discouraged right after failure.
溫斯頓·丘吉爾的這句話告訴我們，失敗后不應該氣餒。
即時演練(五)
單句語法填空
1．It's no good _____________ (regret) your past mistakes.
2．Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier __________ (make) eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
3．I got caught in the traffic jam and I'm not sure how long it will take ____________ (arrive) at the airport.
regretting
to make
to arrive
4．What worried the child most was his ____________________ (not, allow) to visit his mother in the hospital.
5．It is, therefore, urgent ____________ (update) our curricula by introducing the recent developments in the relevant fields.
not being allowed
to update
考點六　非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)
類別 語態(tài)形式 時態(tài)形式 主動 被動
動詞不定式　 一般式 to do to be done
進行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
動詞-ing 形式 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
過去分詞 一般式 done
一、主動形式和被動形式
非謂語動詞與邏輯主語(通常是句子的主語)之間存在主謂或動賓關(guān)系。與邏輯主語之間存在主謂關(guān)系時，用主動形式；與邏輯主語之間存在動賓關(guān)系時，用被動形式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.
明天舉行的會議非常重要。
二、時間先后關(guān)系
根據(jù)非謂語動詞與謂語動詞表示的動作之間的時間先后關(guān)系定時態(tài)。
1．非謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后或同時發(fā)生，用非謂語動詞的一般式。
2．非謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，用非謂語動詞的完成式。
Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
他完成作業(yè)后就去睡覺了。
即時演練(六)
單句語法填空
1．The novel is believed to _______________________ (translate) into ten foreign languages so far.
2．The manager, ______________ (make) it clear that he didn't agree with us, left the meeting room.
3．_____________________ (talk) to change my attitude, I finally got the right way to rid myself of carelessness and gained confidence as well.
have been translated
having made
Having been talked
4．The police are said ____________________ (undertake) detailed investigations into the case at present.
5．In fact, much remains _____________________________ (learn) about traditional Chinese painting and its elements.
6．(2024·四川省高職單招)The Olympic Games, first _________ (play)in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912.
to be undertaking
to be learned/to be learnt
played
【例1】　These days, it is not unusual for 10-to 12-year-olds to publish their own websites or for second and third graders to begin (begin) computer classes.
分析：此處是“it is＋形容詞＋ for sb. to do sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)中， it作形式主語，真正的主語為動詞不定式。故填to begin。
【例2】　On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars， listening (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
分析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空前為完整的句子，設(shè)空處應用非謂語動詞。 we與listen之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表主動和伴隨，應用動詞-ing形式作狀語。也可由and前后連接兩個并列的結(jié)構(gòu)這一規(guī)律解題， and后的meeting interesting locals為動詞-ing形式，故填 listening。
【例3】　Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans to retire (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
分析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，從句中已有謂語動詞 had，設(shè)空處與had 之間無連詞連接，應用非謂語動詞形式；設(shè)空處作名詞 plans的后置定語，應用動詞不定式。故填to retire。
【例4】　Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish.
分析：句意：帕拉森和她的丈夫現(xiàn)在認為戒指可能是被掃到一堆廚房垃圾里去了?？涨笆窍祫釉~ got, sweep 與 the ring之間是動賓關(guān)系，應用過去分詞作表語。故填swept。(共34張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題三　三大從句和特殊句式
第一講　并列句和狀語從句
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點一　并列句的用法
情景導入
Not only had Niulang lost his parents，but (also)① he was often bullied by his elder brother.What he only had was an old and weak cow, but② he took good care of it.Other men at his age had children already, while③ Niulang didn't get married yet.One day，the cow said unexpectedly，“I'd like to help you, for④you have attended me so carefully.Follow me, and⑤you will get a
wife！”So Niulang went to the bank while several beautiful fairies were bathing in the river.Then he did as the animal told him，hiding the youngest fairy's clothes away and⑥ telling her，“I am afraid that you will either lose your clothes or⑦ marry me.”As a result，the youngest fairy，Zhinü，became his wife.
用法感悟
1．表并列、順承或遞進關(guān)系的有：_________
2．表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的有：_______
3．表選擇關(guān)系的有：_______
4．表因果關(guān)系的有：_______
5．表條件或結(jié)果關(guān)系的有：_______
6．強調(diào)兩種情況的對比有：_______
并列句是由兩個或兩個以上并列而又獨立的簡單句構(gòu)成的。在并列句中，這些簡單句常由并列連詞(短語)連在一起。
①⑥
②
⑦
④
⑤
③
并列連詞 用法 例句
and, not only...but (also)．..，both... and...等 表并列、順承或遞進關(guān)系 There the air is clean and the mountains are green.
那里空氣清新，千山一碧。
but, yet， whereas等 表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系 The failure was a big blow to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.
這次失敗對他是個很大的打擊，但他并沒有氣餒，很快便像以前一樣充滿熱情。
并列連詞 用法 例句
or, either ...or...，not...but...等 表選擇關(guān)系 Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.
要么你改進工作，要么我就辭退你。
for, so 表因果關(guān)系(for連接的分句一般不能放在句首，往往表示一種附帶的解釋、說明或推斷) The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.
樹葉在飄落，因為秋天已經(jīng)到了。
并列連詞 用法 例句
and, or 表條件或結(jié)果關(guān)系，常用于句型“祈使句＋and/or＋陳述句”中 You have to move out of the way or the truck cannot get past you.
你必須讓出路來，否則卡車無法從你身旁通過。
while 作并列連詞，強調(diào)兩種情況的對比 I like black coffee, while he prefers it with milk.
我愛喝不加牛奶的咖啡，而他更喜歡喝加牛奶的。
【點津】
when可用作并列連詞，相當于and at this/that time，意為“正在這/那時，突然……”，常用于下列句式：sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when...(某人正要做某事，突然……)；sb. be doing sth. when...(某人正在做某事，突然……); sb. had (just) done sth. when...(某人剛做完某事，突然……)。
He was about to go out when the telephone rang.
他正要出去，這時電話鈴響了。
He had just finished writing a report when the boss let him type a letter.
他剛寫完一篇報告，突然老板就讓他打一封信件。
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．The spare room can be designed as an excellent entertainment center, a playroom, _____ a large home office.
2．Guide dogs offer social, physical and mental benefits for some people who are blind, ______ training them is an expensive and long process.
or
but
3．Mo Yan was absorbed in writing his novel ______ didn't look up when the reporter came in.
4．Another hour ______ we will complete the task sent to us.
5．(2023·新課標Ⅱ卷)It's been an honor to watch the panda programme develop ______ to see the pandas settle into their new home.
and
and
and
【例1】　Our food supply depends on climate and weather conditions. Agricultural practices may be adaptable, but changes like increased temperatures, water stress, diseases, and weather extremes create challenges for the farmers who put food on our tables.
分析：分析句子邏輯關(guān)系可知此處climate 與weather conditions為并列關(guān)系。故填and。
【例2】　If you look down or away from a person rather than meeting him or her，you are considered to be either unfocused or uninterested in him or her.
分析： 由句意可知，空前空后表選擇關(guān)系，應用連詞or，構(gòu)成固定搭配either...or...。故填or。
考點二　狀語從句
情景導入
My mother was cooking in the kitchen while① I was doing my school assignments.As soon as② I finished my homework，I went to get some water to drink.Then the doorbell rang.However，my sister unlocked the door before③ I could open it.We were surprised the moment④ we saw her because⑤ her clothes and face were terribly dirty.She looked much poorer than⑥ we
expected.After⑦ my sister got changed，she told us that she fell into a ditch when⑧ she walked on a path on her way to my uncle's home in the countryside.She couldn't get out of the ditch.After several vain attempts she had to stand where⑨ she was and waited until⑩ a boy student passed by and gave her a hand.
用法感悟
1．引導時間狀語從句的有：________________
2．引導地點狀語從句的有：_____
3．引導原因狀語從句的有：______
4．引導比較狀語從句的有：__________
①②③④⑦⑧⑩
⑨
⑤
⑥
對比記憶9大狀語從句
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
時間狀語從句 when, while, as, before，after, since，until, the moment等 ①When I was walking along the street, I met a friend of mine. ②I will tell him the news the moment he comes. 一般情況下，在時間狀語從句中，表示將來的動作，主句用將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
地點狀語從句 where, wherever等 ①Where there is a will, there is a way. ②We are always welcome wherever we go. 注意不要和where引導的定語從句混淆，若是定語從句，where前必然有先行詞
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
條件狀語從句 if, unless, as/so long as, once, on condition that, in case 等 ①You should go to school unless you are seriously ill. ②He will certainly pass the exam next term if he works hard at his lessons. 條件狀語從句和時間狀語從句一樣，當主句是將來時的時候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
原因狀語 從句 because, since, as，now (that) 等 ①He didn't go to school because he was ill. ②As he is a League member, he takes the lead in everything in his class. ①because語氣最強，用來說明人們所不知道的原因，回答why提出的問題；since次之，as最弱；
②as引導的從句往往放在主句前面，用來說明比較明顯的原因
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
讓步狀語從句 although, though，while, as，even if/ though, whatever, however, whoever, no matter what/who/how等 ①Although he is a child, he knows a lot. ②Tired as/though I was, I went on with my work. ③I will go and attend the meeting however busy I am. ①當用though或 although引導從句時，后面的主句不能有but；
②as引導的讓步狀語從句必須把表語、狀語或動詞原形提前
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
結(jié)果狀語 從句 so...that...， such...that...， so that等 ①He runs so fast that no one can catch up with him. ②It was such an interesting novel that I read it three times. ③I got up late so that I missed the early bus. 在so ... that ... 和such ... that ... 結(jié)構(gòu)中，so為副詞，后面跟形容詞、副詞或分詞，而such為限定詞，后面只能跟名詞或名詞短語
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
方式狀語從句 as, just as, as if, as though等 ①We should work and study as he did. ②They talked as if they had been friends for years. as if, as though在方式狀語從句中多指非真實的或可能性較小的情況，常用虛擬語氣
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
比較狀語從句 as...as，not so...as， 比較級＋than 等 ①He works as hard as everyone else (does) in the class. ②He is taller than any other student in our school. 可以用比較句型表示在一定范圍內(nèi)的最高級含義：比較級＋than＋any other＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
項目 連接詞 例句 注意事項
目的狀語從句 so that, in order that, for fear that, in case等 ①She studies hard so that/in order that she can enter a key university. ②Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain. 從句中常用may, might,
can, could，
should等情態(tài)動詞
即時演練(二)
單句語法填空
1．Though it is 5 years ________ he retired from his workplace, the old professor remains active in the academic circles.
2．Feeling fearful is healthy __________ it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly.
since
because
3. Leave your key with your neighbour _____ case you lock yourself out one day.
4．There'll be more traffic jams and temperatures will continue to rise, so the problems of our environment will get even worse, _________ we do something now.
in
unless
【例1】　After the peasant went back to pick up his vegetables，he noticed a purse lying in the road where the stone had been.
分析：解本題時要采用邏輯判斷法。此處是指路上這顆石頭在的地方有一個錢包，所以是地點狀語從句。故填where。
【例2】　So popular is it that instant versions are also available on the web.
分析：解本題時要采用句型判斷法。固定結(jié)構(gòu)“so＋形容詞＋that從句”，表示“如此……以至于……”。故填that。(共29張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題三　三大從句和特殊句式
第三講　名詞性從句
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
情景導入
What① worries my classmate，Mary，a lot these days is that② she is putting on weight quickly and thus falls ill frequently.She has some doubts whether③ she eats too much fast food high in fat or sugar.Also，with the College Entrance Examination approaching，she becomes more stressful and she can't sleep well these days.Maybe this explains that④ she has become fatter these days，she thinks.
用法感悟
①What引導_____從句，并在從句中作_____。
②that引導_____從句，在從句中不作成分，不能省略。
③whether引導______從句，意為“是否”，在從句中不作成分，不能省略。
④that引導_____從句，在從句中不作成分，可以省略。
主語
主語
表語
同位語
賓語
名詞性從句是在句子中起名詞作用的句子，它的功能相當于名詞(短語)，在復合句中可作主語、賓語、表語、同位語等，因此名詞性從句又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。名詞性從句的引導詞及其用法如下：
考點一　連接詞that與whether/if
一、連接詞that的用法
1．that在名詞性從句中不作任何句子成分，引導賓語從句時有時可以省略，引導主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句時不能省略。
I love the fact that Chinese buses, motorcycles, trains and aircraft are either economical or cheap.
我喜歡中國的公共汽車、摩托車、火車和飛機，既經(jīng)濟又便宜。
【點津】
that引導賓語從句時幾種不能省略的情況：
①that從句作介詞的賓語時；②動詞后跟有多個that引導的賓語從句時，只有第一個that可以省略，從第二個從句開始that不可省略；③賓語從句前有插入語時；④that引導的賓語從句位于句首時。
2．that引導主語從句時，常用it作形式主語的常用句型有：
(1)It＋be＋形容詞(necessary, right, likely, unlikely, wrong, important, certain等)＋that從句
It is unlikely that I should accept such an offer as that.
我不可能接受那樣的提議。
(2)It＋be＋名詞(短語)(a pity, a shame, a surprise, no wonder等)＋that從句
It is a pity that your composition has so many spelling mistakes.
很可惜，你的作文有這么多的拼寫錯誤。
(3)It＋be＋過去分詞(said, reported, decided等)＋that從句
It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
已決定會議推遲到下周一舉行。
(4)It＋特殊動詞(短語)(seems, appears, happens, matters, turns out, makes no difference 等)＋that從句
It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do.
結(jié)果表明，大腦像肌肉一樣都需要鍛煉。
【點津】
在以下主語從句中，常使用虛擬語氣，即謂語動詞用“should＋動詞原形”形式，其中的should可以省略。
①It is a pity＋that ...
②It is necessary/strange/important/natural ...＋that ...
③It is suggested/requested/required/proposed/desired...＋that...
3．it作形式賓語的賓語從句
(1)find, feel, think, consider, make, believe 等的賓語后有賓語補足語時，需用it作形式賓語而將that引導的賓語從句后置。
He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.
他清楚地表明會議不會被推遲。
(2)一些動詞短語see to, depend on, rely on 等常用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的時候，我保證照顧好他。
二、連接詞whether與if引導的名詞性從句
1．引導主語從句(if引導主語只能放在句尾，前面要用it作形式主語。)、表語從句、同位語從句時一般用whether。
2．whether與if引導賓語從句時大多數(shù)情況下可以互換，但下列情況下宜用whether：
①后面直接跟or not時；
②用于介詞后引導賓語從句時。
【點津】
doubt后接從句時，如果用于肯定句，從句的引導詞用whether或if；用于否定句或疑問句時，從句的引導詞常用that。
The doctor really doubts whether/if my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
醫(yī)生真的懷疑我母親是否能很快從重病中康復。
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．_______ people in London speak fast and use unfamiliar words made Xie Lei confused at first.
2．Dick enjoys painting but he knows the fact _______ he doesn't have what it takes to be a professional.
3．His capability has never been in doubt; the question is __________ he is prepared to put efforts.
That
that
whether
4．Sometimes, I really doubt _____________ there is love between my parents.They quarrel on a regular basis.
5．It is reported _______ we must be cautious about earthquakes nowadays.
whether/if
that
考點二　連接代詞
一、what的用法
what可引導主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句，在從句中作主語、表語、賓語或定語等。what引導名詞性從句時有兩個意思：一是表示“什么”，帶有疑問意味；二是表示“……的東西或事情”，相當于一個先行詞后接一個關(guān)系代詞。
Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
我們的老師總是告訴我們，如果我們想要成功，要相信我們所做的事情和我們自己。
二、whatever，whoever, whomever，whichever與what, who, whom, which的區(qū)別
whatever 意為“……的任何(事物)，無論什么東西”，相當于anything that，在名詞性從句中作主語、賓語或定語
what 可引導名詞性從句，在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語
whoever 意為“……的任何人”，相當于anyone who，在名詞性從句中作主語或賓語
who 可引導名詞性從句，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，通常保留疑問的含義，即“誰”
What worries us most is who let out the secret.
最令我們擔憂的是誰泄漏了秘密。
Whoever breaks the law should be punished.
任何觸犯法律的人都應該受到懲罰。
whomever 意為“任何人；無論是誰”，在名詞性從句中作賓語
whom 在名詞性從句中作賓語，意為“誰”
whichever 意為“無論哪個/哪些”，表示有范圍的選擇，在名詞性從句中一般作定語
which 意為“哪一個”，在名詞性從句中可一般作定語，表示有范圍的選擇
即時演練(二)
單句語法填空
1．_______ she couldn't understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
2．We wrote a letter of thanks to __________had helped us.
3．The problem is ______ should be sent to help them out.
What
whoever
who
4．I'm in a puzzle about ________ is the right answer to the question.
5．Libraries have evolved as the public's needs have changed. In fact, if you haven't visited your local public library for a while, you may be surprised at _______ it now has to offer.
which
what
考點三　連接副詞
引導名詞性從句的連接副詞有when，where，why，how等，它們均在從句中作狀語。
I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她何時回來。
I've been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting.
我一直考慮我們?nèi)绾文苁箞蠹埜腥ぁ?br/>That's why I want you to work there.
那就是我要你在那兒工作的原因。
即時演練(三)
單句語法填空
1．What puzzles Mike's friends is ______ he refused an offer from Yale university yesterday.
2．What some teenagers don't realize is ______ difficult life can be after they get addicted to drugs.
why
how
3．It is the ability to do the job that matters, not ________ you come from or what you are.
4．Getting up early also relieves stress and tension because it gives you the time to squeeze in a workout before you get distracted (分神). This is ______ morning people tend to be healthier and happier.
where
why
【例1】　The student completed this experiment to make what Professor Joseph had said come true.
分析：句意：這個學生完成這個實驗是為了使約瑟夫教授所說的成為現(xiàn)實。make e true讓某事成為現(xiàn)實。設(shè)空處引導賓語從句，并在從句中作had said的賓語，應用連接代詞what。故填what。
【例2】　However, there are problems.The biggest one is that there are not enough low-priced items.
分析：句意：然而，存在一些問題。最大的問題是沒有足夠的低價商品。設(shè)空處引導表語從句，從句意思完整且不缺少任何成分，應用that引導。故填that。(共43張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題三　三大從句和特殊句式
第四講　特殊句式
集訓夯基 · 素養(yǎng)提能
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
情景導入
It was at midnight that① Lucy woke up.So hungry was she that② she realized that she did③ have to get up to get something to eat.She went to the kitchen.There was a cabbage，some hams and some eggs in the fridge.No sooner had she taken out what she needed than④ she realized she had no idea how to deal with the food.“Had I learned⑤ cooking from my mother, I would have become a good cook，”she sighed.
用法感悟
1．屬于部分倒裝的有：____________
2．屬于強調(diào)句型的有：_____強調(diào)謂語動詞的是________
②④⑤
①
③
考點一　強調(diào)句
一、強調(diào)句
1．強調(diào)句的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was＋被強調(diào)部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。該句型可對句子的主語、賓語、狀語等進行強調(diào)。當強調(diào)部分是人，且作主語時，引導詞也可用who。強調(diào)主語時要注意連接詞與謂語的一致性。
It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress.
是我們的老師幫助我們?nèi)〉昧司薮蟮倪M步。
2．強調(diào)句的一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：Is/Was＋it＋被強調(diào)部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分？
Was it in the park that he met our new teacher
他是在公園里遇到了我們的新老師嗎？
3．強調(diào)句的特殊疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)：疑問詞＋is/was＋it＋that/who＋句子其他部分？
When was it that he made up his mind to take this course
他是什么時候決定上這門課的？
【點津】
由疑問詞引導的強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語從句時，從句必須使用陳述語序。
He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.
他問我是誰錯拿了他的傘。
4．not ... until ...句型的強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：It is/was not until...that...。
It was not until twelve o'clock last night that I went to bed.
昨天晚上直到十二點我才去睡覺。
二、強調(diào)謂語動詞
用助動詞do，does或did來強調(diào)謂語動詞，用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的肯定陳述句中，do還可以用于祈使句。
The family did manage to send him to a technical school.
這家人確實設(shè)法把他送到了一所技術(shù)學校。
三、強調(diào)句與三大從句的區(qū)別
類型 區(qū)別
與主語 從句 強調(diào)句去掉It is/was和that 之后，句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整，而主語從句卻不能。
It is there that accidents often happen.(強調(diào)句)
It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.(主語從句)
類型 區(qū)別
與定語 從句 強調(diào)句中that沒有意義，且不作任何成分，而定語從句中that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。
It is novels that Miss William enjoys reading.(強調(diào)句)
It is a question that needs careful consideration.(定語從句)
類型 區(qū)別
與時間 狀語從句 強調(diào)句去掉It is/was和that后，結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整，而It is ...when...中，it指代時間。
It was at six o'clock that I got up today.(強調(diào)句)
It was six o'clock when I got up today.(時間狀語從句)
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．I can't remember what it was _______ made the teacher give Mary the permission to leave the class earlier.
2．_____ was because I was stuck in the traffic that I came late.
3．It was he ___________ showed me how to smile through the tough times.
4．It was not until we heard that she was safe and sound _______ we finally breathed a sigh of relief.
5．Was it yesterday _______ you met your teacher in the street
that
It
that/who
that
that
考點二　省略句
一、狀語從句的省略
在時間、讓步、方式、條件、地點等狀語從句中，如果狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致或從句的主語是it，而且狀語從句的謂語中有be動詞，可以將從句中的主語連同be動詞一起省略。
While (I was) walking the dog on the street the other day, I met one of my old friends.
前幾天在街上遛狗的時候，我遇到了我的一位老朋友。
If (you are) asked to look after luggage for someone else, you should inform the police at once.
如果被要求替別人照看行李，你應該立即通知警察。
There are some health problems that, if/when (some health problems are) not treated in time, can become bigger ones later on.
有些健康問題，如果不及時治療，以后會變得更嚴重。
二、動詞不定式的省略
1．動詞不定式作動詞(expect, refuse, mean, like, love, prefer, wish, hope, want 等)的賓語或作一些動詞(expect，want, tell，order等)的賓補時，常承前省略動詞不定式后的內(nèi)容，但保留動詞不定式符號to。
John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to (pass his driving test)．
約翰沒有通過駕照考試，不過我希望他能通過。
2．當動詞不定式在形容詞(glad，happy，pleased，delighted, anxious等)后作狀語時，to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略。
—Would you like to come to the party
—I'm glad to (come to the party)．
——你愿意來參加聚會嗎？
——我很樂意去(參加聚會)。
【點津】
如果動詞不定式中含有be，have，have been時，通常保留be，have，have been。
三、so/not構(gòu)成替代省略
英語中還常常用so/not等來代替省略的肯定內(nèi)容或否定內(nèi)容，so/not多跟在以I'm afraid, I hope, I think, I guess, I believe等開頭的答句中。
—Do you think it will rain
—I hope so/not.
——你認為會下雨嗎？
——我希望下/不下。
四、常用的與if相關(guān)的省略結(jié)構(gòu)
if ever如果曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過的話
if busy如果忙的話
if possible如果有可能的話
if so如果這樣的話
if not如果不這樣的話
if necessary如果有必要的話
即時演練(二)
單句語法填空
1．They face a lot of challenges when _________ (try) to get food.
2．I hope it will be fine this Sunday. If ____, we'll go for an outing.
3．Though _________ (face) great pressure, the speakers bravely overcame it.
4．Music and art, when _______ (use) in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
5．While ___________ (stand) there, he heard a cry for help.
trying
so
facing
used
standing
考點三　倒裝句
一、部分倒裝
1．表示否定意義的副詞或連詞置于句首時引起部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這類詞(組)有never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely ...when ..., no sooner ...than ..., not only ...but also ..., not ...until ..., nowhere, neither ... nor ... 等。
Seldom had he seen a child with so much talent.
他很少見到如此有天賦的孩子。
By no means shall we give up.
我們決不會放棄。
2．“only＋狀語(從句)”置于句首時，句子(主句)要用部分倒裝。
Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
只有當他回來之后，我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)事實的真相。
3．so/such ... that ... 結(jié)構(gòu)中的so，such連同它所修飾的成分共同位于句首表示強調(diào)時，主句要用部分倒裝。
So beautiful was the girl that she won the championship in the beauty contest.
這位小女孩非常漂亮，所以她贏得了選美比賽的冠軍。
4．表示前面所說的情況也適用于后者時，用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)“so/neither/nor＋助動詞/系動詞/情態(tài)動詞＋主語”(so 表示肯定意義，neither/nor 表示否定意義)。
She can't understand his lecture, nor can I.
她不懂他的演講，我也不懂。
This is not my story; nor is it the whole story.My story plays out differently.
這不是我的故事；也不是故事的全部。我的故事結(jié)局不同。
5．在as/though引導的讓步狀語從句中，從句的表語/狀語/動詞原形要位于句首，構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果位于句首的是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，其前不加冠詞。
Strange as it may sound, if you're unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires.
盡管這聽起來很奇怪，但是如果你不滿意，問題不是缺少滿足你愿望的方法，而是你根本就沒有愿望。
二、完全倒裝
1．here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地點、時間或方位的副詞或介詞短語置于句首，且句子主語是名詞時，句子用完全倒裝。如果主語是人稱代詞，則不用倒裝語序。
By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand.
一位年輕人坐在窗邊，手里拿著一本雜志。
2．有時為平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)或突出強調(diào)，將作表語的介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，構(gòu)成“表語＋系動詞＋主語”的完全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests.
出席晚會的有格林先生，還有許多其他賓客。
即時演練(三)
單句語法填空
1．But here ________ (come) a problem; should we clone humans
2．The parents didn't tolerate their kids' rudeness at the party, nor ______ (do) they allow themselves to be disobeyed.
3．Absurd ____________ it might sound, everyone present was amused by his adventure story in Africa.
comes
did
as/though
4．Only after talking to two students ______ I discover that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.
5．So clearly _______ (do) he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
did
does
考點四　其他特殊句式
一、感嘆句
1．what引導的感嘆句
(1)What＋a/an＋形容詞＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！
What a beautiful picture it is!
多么美麗的一幅畫??！
(2)What＋形容詞＋不可數(shù)名詞/可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！
What interesting stories he's told us!
他給我們講的故事真有趣！
2．how引導的感嘆句
(1)How＋形容詞＋a/an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋主語＋謂語！
How clever a boy he is?。絎hat a clever boy he is!
他是一個多么聰明的男孩呀！
(2)How＋形容詞/副詞＋主語＋謂語！
How high the mountain is!
這山真高呀！
二、祈使句
祈使句表示請求、命令、叮囑、邀請、勸告等。句中一般不出現(xiàn)主語，謂語動詞一律用原形；否定形式可以在動詞前加don't；強調(diào)形式是在句首加do。
Do be careful while you are crossing the road.
過馬路時你一定要小心。
三、附加疑問句
附加疑問句，又稱反意疑問句，由“陳述部分＋附加疑問部分”構(gòu)成，若陳述部分為肯定式，則附加疑問部分為否定式，反之亦然。
1．陳述部分含有must的附加疑問句
(1)當must作“必須”講時，其附加疑問句的動詞用needn't; 當mustn't作“不允許，禁止”講時，其附加疑問句的動詞用must。
You must go now, needn't you
你現(xiàn)在必須走，不是嗎？
You mustn't smoke here, must you
你不能在這里吸煙，是吧？
(2)當must表示推測，作“一定，準是”講時，附加疑問部分的動詞形式要根據(jù)must后面的動詞所表示的時間來確定。
You must have watched the football match last night, didn't you
你昨晚一定看足球比賽了，不是嗎？
2．陳述部分含有used to時，其附加疑問句的動詞用usedn't或didn't均可。
You used to play football, usedn't/didn't you
你過去常常踢足球，不是嗎？
3．陳述部分含有ought to時，其附加疑問句的動詞用oughtn't或shouldn't均可。
He ought to attend the meeting, oughtn't/shouldn't he
他應該參加會議，不是嗎？
4．陳述部分含有否定詞的附加疑問句
(1)當陳述部分含有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定詞或半否定詞時，附加疑問部分動詞用肯定式。
He could hardly get up, could he
他幾乎起不來了，是嗎？
(2)陳述部分含有由表示否定意義的前綴或后綴構(gòu)成的詞，附加疑問部分的動詞一般用否定式。
Mary dislikes sports, doesn't she
瑪麗不喜歡體育運動，不是嗎？
(3)陳述部分含有賓語從句時，附加疑問部分的主語和動詞應和主句的主語和謂語保持一致。
He said that she would come here on time, didn't he
他說她會準時來這里，不是嗎？
【點津】
當主句是I think/believe/suppose等結(jié)構(gòu)時，附加疑問部分往往根據(jù)賓語從句的主語和謂語而定，需特別注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象中的肯定式和否定式。
I don't think he will attend the meeting on time, will he
我認為他不會準時參加會議，是嗎？
即時演練(四)
單句語法填空
1．_______ a fantastic Chinese painting show it is!
2．We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us enter, _______ you
3．______ beautiful the West Lake is!
4．I was about to give up when my teacher shouted at me，“Keep up, ______ you will make it.”
What
will
How
and
【例1】　When riding (ride) a bicycle, you don't use petrol.
分析：主從句的主語一致，從句中省略了主語和be動詞，補充完整為When you are riding a bicycle。故填riding。
【例2】　It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
分析：此處是強調(diào)句：It was＋被強調(diào)部分＋that＋句子其他部分。本句強調(diào)的是時間狀語。故填that。(共37張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題四　需要變形的名詞、形容詞和副詞
第一講　名詞
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
情景導入
Born on August 23,1988 in America, Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a professional basketball player① who was on the Huston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA)．But，to some degree，many Chinese fans② and coaches③ take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.Jeremy Lin has recently become a success④ and attracted the world's⑤ attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of imagination⑥ and pride⑦.As we know, in most people's eyes, Jeremy is a miracle.
用法感悟
1．根據(jù)①可知，player由詞根_______＋詞綴______構(gòu)成；
⑥imagination為名詞，其詞根為__________；
⑦pride為____詞，其對應的形容詞形式為proud。
2．根據(jù)②③可知，可數(shù)名詞由單數(shù)變復數(shù)時，一般情況下在詞尾加_____；
以-ch結(jié)尾的名詞變復數(shù)時在詞尾加______________。
play
-er
imagine
名
-es
一個成功的人
3．根據(jù)④可知，a success意為“_____________”，這是抽象名詞的具體化。
4．根據(jù)⑤可知，名詞所有格一般在名詞詞尾加______。
一個成功的人
-'s
考點一　名詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律
1．動詞變名詞的后綴
類別 例詞
-al表示人、物、行為、狀態(tài)(特殊：去e＋-al) approve→approval, survive→survival，arrive→arrival，refuse→refusal，propose→proposal
類別 例詞
-ance/-ence表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或行為 appear→appearance，perform→performance，exist→existence，prefer→preference，refer→reference，depend→dependence，guide→guidance
-ion/-tion/-ation表示狀態(tài)或行為 direct→direction，expect→expectation，explain→explanation，invite→invitation，solve→solution，compete→competition，pronounce→pronunciation，describe→description，repeat→repetition
類別 例詞
-s(s)ion表示行為或狀態(tài) discuss→discussion，admit→admission，decide→decision
-ing表示具有……(特征的) hear→hearing，listen→listening，begin→
beginning
-ment表示行為、結(jié)果等 achieve→achievement，develop→development，argue→argument
-ure/-ture表示行為或狀態(tài) fail→failure，press→pressure，mix→mixture，expose→exposure
類別 例詞
-y表示“……的動作(或過程)” recover→recovery，discover→discovery
其他常見變化 choose→choice，vary→variety，tend→tendency，grow→growth，marry→marriage，carry→carriage，pack→package，post→postage，store→storage
2.形容詞變名詞的后綴
類別 例詞
-cy表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài) fluent→fluency，accurate→accuracy，private→privacy，efficient→efficiency
-dom表示地位、狀況等 free→freedom, wise→wisdom
-ness表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài) dark→darkness，weak→weakness，kind→kindness，cold→coldness，aware→awareness
類別 例詞
-th表示結(jié)果、過程、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài) warm→warmth, true→truth, deep→depth，strong→strength，long→length, wide→width
-y/-ty/-ity表示性質(zhì)或狀態(tài) difficult→difficulty，honest→honesty，
safe→safety，cruel→cruelty，
responsible→responsibility
類別 例詞
-ent→-ence, -ant→-ance, -nd→-nse different→difference，silent→silence，respond→response，patient→patience，absent→absence，present→presence，confident→confidence，convenient→convenience，important→importance，defend→defense
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．I had to refuse your invitation because of a precious _____________ (engage)．
2．A collection of archaeological evidence has confirmed the ____________ (exist) of rhinos in ancient China.
3．The company's silence on the subject has been taken as an ____________ (admit) of guilt.
engagement
existence
admission
4. What made her succeed later on was the kindness and _____________ (consider) she showed to all her patients.
5．Meanwhile, a big tourism company said its rural tourism business has shown significant potential for future _________ (grow) in the recent three years.
consideration
growth
考點二　名詞的數(shù)
1．可數(shù)名詞的6種復數(shù)變化形式
變化規(guī)則 例詞
一般情況下 在詞尾直接加-s house→houses
map→maps
以-s，-x，-ch，-sh結(jié)尾的名詞 在詞尾加-es box→boxes
brush→brushes
變化規(guī)則 例詞
以輔音字母＋-y結(jié)尾的名詞 變y為i再加-es city→cities
party→parties
以元音字母＋-y結(jié)尾的名詞 在詞尾直接加-s holiday→holidays
monkey→monkeys
變化規(guī)則 例詞
以-o結(jié)尾的名詞 一般在詞尾加-s photo→photos
有些在詞尾加-es hero→heroes potato→potatoes tomato→tomatoes
既可以在詞尾加-es，也可以加-s zero→zeros/zeroes
mosquito→mosquitos/mosquitoes
volcano→volcanos/volcanoes
以-f, -fe結(jié)尾的名詞 一般要變f或fe為v再加-es self→selves
wolf→wolves
少數(shù)直接加-s belief→beliefs
2.有些可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式不是以加-s或-es構(gòu)成，它們的構(gòu)成形式不規(guī)則
變化規(guī)則 例詞
變內(nèi)部元音 man→men, woman→women，foot→feet, mouse→mice, goose→geese, tooth→teeth
詞尾加-en或-ren ox→oxen, child→children
單復數(shù)同形 sheep, deer, means, series, Chinese，
Swiss
【點津】
fish表示“魚肉”時，為不可數(shù)名詞；表示“魚的條數(shù)”時，其復數(shù)形式與單數(shù)形式相同；但表示“不同種類的魚”時，其復數(shù)形式為fishes。
3．合成可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)
(1)若有中心詞，則把中心詞變成復數(shù)；若無中心詞，則把最后一個詞變成復數(shù)。
passer-by→passers-by, sister-in-law→sisters-in-law, grown-up→grown-ups
(2)“man/woman＋中心名詞”變復數(shù)時，作定語的man/woman和中心名詞都要變復數(shù)。
woman engineer→women engineers
4．常見的10個不可數(shù)名詞
fun樂趣
progress進步
work工作
advice建議
information信息
homework家庭作業(yè)
equipment設(shè)備
weather天氣
housework家務(wù)
furniture家具
5．抽象名詞具體化
抽象名詞(不可數(shù)) 具體化(表達個體概念時，是可數(shù)名詞)
surprise驚訝 a surprise一件令人驚訝的事
success成功 a success一個(件)成功的人(事)
honour榮譽 an honour一個(件)令人尊敬的人(事)
failure失敗 a failure一個(件)失敗的人(事)
beauty美；美麗 a beauty美麗的人或事物
pleasure快樂 a pleasure一件樂事
即時演練(二)
單句語法填空
1．Therefore, daily ___________ (supply) were sent to me by my children so I could avoid going out.
2．And outstanding or gifted players will also have the chance to join inter-school teams for regional _______________ (compete) and even national summer camps.
supplies
competitions
3．And one of his songs, Let the World Be Filled with Love, has enjoyed great popularity all over the country for __________ (decade)．
4．My mother would sit by the window, watching the falling _________ (leaf) from the trees floating in the air.
5．In addition to books, many libraries also offer digital _________ (copy) of books, audiobooks, movies, and more through Internet platforms.
decades
leaves
copies
考點三　名詞所有格及名詞作定語
一、名詞所有格
1．-'s所有格
(1)and連接的并列名詞表示各自的所有關(guān)系時，要分別在并列名詞后加-'s 或'；表示共同的所有關(guān)系時，只在最后一個名詞后加-'s或'。
Tom's and Jim's rooms湯姆和吉姆(各自)的房間
Tom and Jim's room湯姆和吉姆(共同)的房間
(2)表示店鋪、辦公室或某人的家時，名詞所有格后被修飾的名詞一般省略。
at the barber's在理發(fā)店
2．of所有格
無生命的事物的名詞通常用of所有格表示所有關(guān)系；名詞短語或有定語修飾的有生命的名詞也常用of所有格。
the name of the girl over there
那邊那個女孩的名字
3．雙重所有格
“名詞＋of＋名詞所有格”或“名詞＋of＋名詞性物主代詞”。
a photo of mine我的一張照片
a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亞的一個戲劇
二、名詞作定語
名詞作定語可以用來修飾另一個名詞，表示材料、類別、用途等，作定語的名詞有以下三種形式：
1．一般用單數(shù)形式。
a stone bridge 一座石橋
a meeting room一間會議室
morning exercise早操
London Airport倫敦機場
a story book一本故事書
a shoe shop一家鞋店
2．man，woman要與所修飾的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。
a woman teacher一位女教師
two women teachers兩位女教師
3．sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等一般用復數(shù)形式。
a sports meet運動會
a goods train貨運列車
a customs officer海關(guān)官員
a sales manager銷售部經(jīng)理
即時演練(三)
單句語法填空/完成句子
1．There is a nice picture in the little ________ (girl) bedroom. She likes it very much.
2．He goes to work by car. His house is two _________ (hour) drive from his office in the city.
3．It was a good opportunity for me to experience the ___________ (nation) diverse customs and traditions.
girl's
hours'
nation's
4．Unlike older generations who might favor Western culture and brands，Chinese youth were born and raised when the ____________ (country) economy was taking off, so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture.
5．_________________________ (約翰和瑪麗的媽媽) was unconscious for five hours after being admitted to hospital.
6．_____________________ (兩位女老師) and four girl students were praised at the meeting yesterday.
country's
John and Mary's mother
Two women teachers
【例1】　Also, technological know-how has become a requirement (require) for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most professions (profession)．
分析：動詞become后接名詞作表語，根據(jù)前面的不定冠詞a可知，用名詞的單數(shù)形式，故第一個空填requirement。名詞profession為可數(shù)名詞，根據(jù)前面的most可知用復數(shù)形式，故第二個空填professions。
【例2】　This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
分析：句意：這種變化已經(jīng)減少了這個國家主要湖泊和水庫的污染，使人們的飲用水變得更安全了。設(shè)空處作及物動詞decreased的賓語，應用名詞。故填pollution。
【例3】　My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
分析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設(shè)空處在句中作表語，說明主語的身份，表“是什么”，應用名詞；根據(jù)句意“我是研究猿和猴子等動物的科學家”可知，應用名詞。故填scientist。(共47張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題四　需要變形的名詞、形容詞和副詞
第二講　形容詞和副詞
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
情景導入
Some people think that they will get ill if they use their brains too much.It is not true.Through many studies，scientists show us that the more you use your brain, the better it will be and the cleverer① you will become.
Of course，if you want to keep your mind clear and active, you must take a proper rest and study properly②.To the teenagers, using their brains in the morning is good for their health.
There are many ways to rest.One is a peaceful③ rest.Sleep is a peaceful rest.Another is an active rest.For example，you can take a walk outdoors and do more exercise every day.
用法感悟
1．根據(jù)①可知，“the ＋比較級，the＋比較級”意為“越……越……”。
2．②中的properly為____詞，其詞根是_________，詞綴為______。
3．③中的peaceful為形容詞，其詞根是________，詞綴為_______。
副
proper
-ly
peace
-ful
考點一　形容詞和副詞的詞形轉(zhuǎn)換
1．形容詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律
類別 例詞
名詞詞尾加-y rain→rainy，cloud→cloudy，luck→lucky，health→healthy，sleep→sleepy，wealth→wealthy
動詞詞尾加-(e)d learn→learned，gift→gifted, talent→talented，advance→advanced，excite→excited
類別 例詞
動詞詞尾加-ing challenge→challenging，surprise→surprising, convince→convincing, frighten→frightening
名詞詞尾加-ful/-less meaning→meaningful/meaningless, care→careful/careless, help→helpful/helpless，harm→harmful/harmless，colour→colourful/colourless，thank→thankful/thankless，peace→peaceful/peaceless，use→useful/useless，home→homeless
類別 例詞
名詞或動詞 詞尾加-able accept→acceptable，comfort→comfortable，knowledge→knowledgeable，respect→respectable，reason→reasonable
名詞詞尾加-ous danger→dangerous，courage→courageous，humour→humorous
名詞詞尾的 -ce變?yōu)?t confidence→confident，difference→different
類別 例詞
名詞詞尾加-al music→musical, person→personal，nation→national，education→educational，tradition→traditional
名詞詞尾加-ly friend→friendly, week→weekly，love→lovely
名詞詞尾加-en wood→wooden, wool→woolen
動詞詞尾加 -ive/-ative attract→attractive, talk→talkative，prevent→preventive，protect→protective
類別 例詞
其他常見變化 energy→energetic, fool→foolish，pleasure→pleasant/pleased，science→scientific
[以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的名詞變成形容詞時，要雙寫該輔音字母再加-y(如sun→sunny, fun→funny等)；以e結(jié)尾的名詞要去掉e再加-y(如noise→noisy, ice→icy, taste→tasty等)]
【點津】
區(qū)分-ed形容詞與-ing形容詞的具體方法：
(1)-ing形容詞主要用于修飾物或事，表示事物的性質(zhì)特征，常譯為“令人……的”。
(2)-ed形容詞通常用于說明人的感受，常譯為“感到……的”，強調(diào)人自身的情感波動；修飾事物時，則多修飾smile (微笑), feeling (感覺), appearance (外貌), cry (哭), face (面部表情), voice (聲音), mood (情緒), look (表情)等表示人的情緒狀況的名詞。
2．副詞的構(gòu)詞規(guī)律
類別 例詞
形容詞＋后 綴-ly clear→clearly, great→greatly，loud→loudly，sudden→suddenly，sincere→sincerely，shy→shyly
以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的形容詞，變y為i再加-ly happy→happily，heavy→heavily，angry→angrily，lucky→luckily，noisy→noisily
類別 例詞
詞尾為-ble/-le的形容詞，去e再加-y terrible→terribly，possible→possibly，gentle→gently，probable→probably，comfortable→comfortably，responsible→responsibly，suitable→suitably(例外：whole→wholly)
詞尾為-ue的形容詞，去e再加-ly true→truly
類別 例詞
詞尾為-ll的形容詞，直接加-y full→fully，dull→dully
詞尾為-ic的 形容詞，加 -ally basic→basically, scientific→scientifically，
specific→specifically，
automatic→automatically
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．But that's how nature is—always leaving us __________ (astonish)．
2．Walking along a trail in the shadowy forest, I saw __________ (variety) plants that have started to turn reddish.
3．They are making the space experience _____________ (access) to ordinary people.
4．Today, as urban population explodes ___________ (globe), cities become more crowded.
astonished
various
accessible
globally
考點二　形容詞和副詞的基本用法
1．形容詞和副詞的句法功能
詞性 功能 例句
形容詞 在句中作定語、表語、補足語和狀語(說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)或特征等)，修飾名詞、代詞等 Optimistic, she is the sort of lady to spread sunshine to people through her smile.
樂觀的她是那種通過微笑向人們傳播陽光的人。
詞性 功能 例句
副詞 在句中作狀語，修飾動詞(短語)、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或句子等，方位副詞可作后置定語、表語或補語 I couldn't find my way out, so I stayed there all along.
我找不到出去的路，因此我一直待在那里。
2.兼有兩種形式的副詞
其中一種形式與形容詞相同，另一種形式是在形容詞后加后綴-ly。這兩種形式的副詞表示的意義不同。
close接近(指距離)—closely仔細地；密切地
free免費—freely自由地；自如地
deep深—deeply深刻地；深入地
hard努力地—hardly幾乎不
wide充分地；盡可能遠地—widely廣泛地
high高—highly高度地
late晚；遲—lately近來
near鄰近—nearly幾乎
most最—mostly主要地；絕大多數(shù)地
pretty相當?shù)亍猵rettily優(yōu)美地
【點津】
下列單詞以-ly結(jié)尾，但卻是形容詞而非副詞：
lively，lonely，lovely，deadly，friendly，ugly，silly，likely，brotherly，timely 等。
3．常用的連接性副詞
(1)though 一般用于句末，意為“然而；可是”，表示轉(zhuǎn)折。
(2)meanwhile意為“在此期間”，表示兩個動作同時發(fā)生。
(3)therefore/thus/consequently意為“因此；所以”，表示結(jié)果。
(4)moreover/furthermore/additionally意為“此外”，表示承接關(guān)系。
(5)besides意為“另外；還有”，表示并列或遞進關(guān)系。
(6)however意為“然而”，表示讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折，常用逗號與句子其他成分隔開。
(7)instead意為“相反”，表示相反的情況。
(8)anyway/anyhow意為“盡管；即使這樣”，表示讓步。
4．常考易混、易錯形容詞和副詞的區(qū)別
(1)before與ago
相同點：都可以表示“在若干時間以前”。
不同點：before常用于過去完成時，所指的時間是從過去某一時刻算起的以前；ago常用于一般過去時，所指的時間是從現(xiàn)在算起的一段時間以前。
Three days ago, I finally left the firm that I had joined eighteen years before.
三天前，我終于離開了18年前我所進入的公司。
(2)so與such
so是副詞，可以放在形容詞或副詞之前作狀語；such是限定詞，可用來修飾名詞，作定語。
such a beautiful girl＝so beautiful a girl
such a lovely day＝so lovely a day
應注意以下幾點：
①當名詞為不可數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)名詞時，不能用so，必須用such。
②當名詞前有表示數(shù)量的詞語(如many, much, few, little)時，則只能使用so來修飾它們，而不能使用such。
He has so little money.
他只有那么一點兒錢。
【點津】
當little作“小的”講時，可以用such。
such a little animal這么小的動物
即時演練(二)
單句語法填空
1．She is not an outgoing person and she doesn't let anyone know what she ________ (true) feels.
2．________________ (fortune), the people making the decisions are out of touch with the real world.
3．She is _____ confident a woman that she is certain of her views.
4．Oliver says if you're ________ (luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them if you can join in when it's possible.
truly
Unfortunately
so
lucky
考點三　比較級和最高級的用法
形容詞和副詞比較等級的考查主要體現(xiàn)在兩個方面：一是通過標志詞than或表示比較意義的語境推出用比較級還是最高級；二是考查一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中比較級和最高級的用法。
1．比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成
(1)規(guī)則形式
①單音節(jié)以及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞，在原級后加-er，-est構(gòu)成，如clever—cleverer—cleverest。
其他特殊變化見下表：
特殊情況 構(gòu)成方法 例詞
以不發(fā)音的字母-e結(jié)尾 加-r和-st brave—braver—bravest
以“輔音字母＋y”結(jié)尾 變y為i，再加-er和-est happy—happier—happiest
以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且詞尾只有一個輔音字母 雙寫詞尾，再加-er和-est hot—hotter—hottest
②多音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞，在原級前加more和most構(gòu)成。
active—more active—most active
happily—more happily—most happily
【點津】
(1)有少數(shù)幾個雙音節(jié)形容詞，既可以加-er和-est，又可以加more和most構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。這些雙音節(jié)詞是common, handsome, quiet, pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired和以-ow, -er結(jié)尾的詞。
(2)有些形容詞沒有程度可分或形容詞本身就表示某種程度，因此沒有比較級和最高級。這類形容詞有：right (正確的)，wrong (錯誤的)，excellent (優(yōu)秀的)，possible (可能的)，empty (空的)，first (第一的)，wooden (木制的)，final (最后的)，east (東方的)，last (最后的)等。
(2)不規(guī)則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good, well better best
bad, ill worse worst
many, much more most
little less least
原級 比較級 最高級
far farther(指時間或空間上“更遠的/地”) farthest(指時間或空間上“最久的；最遠的”)
further(指空間或用于描述比喻或抽象的距離“更遠的；更進一步的”；“在更大程度上”) furthest(指空間距離“最遠的；在最大程度上”)
old older/elder oldest/eldest
2.比較等級的基本用法
(1)同級比較：as＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as，其否定形式是“not as/so＋形容詞/副詞原級＋as”。
(2)比較級結(jié)構(gòu)：形容詞/副詞的比較級＋than; more/less＋多音節(jié)或某些雙音節(jié)的形容詞或副詞＋than。常見的修飾比較級的詞有any, much, even, far, by far, a lot, a great deal等。
The book is far more interesting than the books I have ever read.
這本書比我以前讀的書有趣多了。
(3)最高級結(jié)構(gòu)：the＋形容詞的最高級(＋名詞)＋比較范圍(in/of/among短語)；one of the＋形容詞的最高級＋名詞復數(shù)。常用來修飾最高級的詞有by far, almost以及序數(shù)詞等。
Raymond's parents wanted him to have the best possible education.
雷蒙德的父母想讓他接受最好的教育。
3．比較等級的特殊句型
(1)“比較級＋and＋比較級”或“more and more/less and less＋原級”表示“越來越……”。
Holiday flight tickets are getting less and less expensive.
假期的機票越來越便宜了。
(2)“the＋比較級＋主語＋謂語，the＋比較級＋主語＋謂語”，表示“越……，就越……”。
The more you listen and read, the better you write and speak.
你聽得越多、讀得越多，你的寫作和口語就越好。
(3)“the＋比較級＋of the two＋名詞”，表示“兩者中較……的那個人或物”。
Of the two cameras, I would prefer the smaller one, which is very easy for me to carry.
這兩個相機中，我喜歡較小的那個，它很容易攜帶。
4．比較級形式表達最高級含義
(1)“否定詞＋比較級”或“否定詞＋such/so ...as”結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級含義。
The story is perfect; I've never heard a better one before.
這個故事太完美了；我從來沒有聽過比這更好聽的故事。
(2)比較級在以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)中均表示最高級含義：
①比較級＋than＋any other＋單數(shù)名詞；
②比較級＋than＋all the other＋復數(shù)名詞；
③比較級＋than＋any of the other＋復數(shù)名詞。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.
長江比中國的其他任何一條河流都長。/長江是中國最長的河流。
5．倍數(shù)表達法
常見的倍數(shù)表達句型主要有：
①A is＋倍數(shù)＋比較級＋than＋B；
②A is＋倍數(shù)＋as＋原級＋as＋B；
③A is＋倍數(shù)＋the＋名詞(size，length，height等)＋of＋B；
④The＋名詞(size，length，height 等)＋of＋A＋is＋倍數(shù)＋that＋of＋B；
⑤A is＋倍數(shù)＋what引導的名詞性從句。
Smoking is harmful to people's health, killing seven times more people each year than traffic accidents.
吸煙有害健康，每年因抽煙而喪命的人比死于交通事故的多7倍。
即時演練(三)
單句語法填空
1．My mum makes the _______ (good) biscuits in the world, so I decided to ask her for help.
2．He realized that if he could construct a windmill, his village people could live a far _________ (good) life.
3．After a few months, we all felt that we had been able to build much ___________ (strong) relationships with the family than we had before.
best
better
stronger
4．My father went to work by car as usual today, but he arrived at the company later _______ usual.
5．The electronic waste stream is increasing three times _________ (fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.
than
faster
【例1】　At the same time, computer games are becoming increasingly popular as major publishing houses continue to develop educational (education) computer programs for children in preschool.
分析：句法功能法。修飾名詞computer programs，應用形容詞。故填educational。
【例2】　Bamboo：Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and offices. Certainly (certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
分析：句法功能法。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設(shè)空處在句中作狀語修飾全句，應用副詞。故填Certainly。
【例3】　Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (錯覺) that populations are higher (high) than they actually are.
分析：標志詞定性法。根據(jù)設(shè)空處后的比較級提示詞than可知，設(shè)空處應用形容詞的比較級。故填higher。(共99張PPT)
語法悟通　專題突破
專題一　語法基礎(chǔ)必備
專題五　不容忽視的冠詞、代詞、數(shù)詞和介詞(短語)
考點突破 · 精講即練
考點突破 · 精講即練
情景導入
Tom，a① classmate of mine，is a② Lei Feng in our class，who is always ready to help others.Henry，whose father is a teacher, is considered to be the③ most diligent student in our class, who is the④ first one to get to school and the⑤last one to leave every day.He believes the harder you study, the more knowledge you'll get.Tom likes watching TV while Henry enjoys listening to the⑥ radio.Both of them are working for the⑦ Students' Union.They are of an⑧ age.
用法感悟
1．使用不定冠詞的情況：
(1)泛指“一個”，如________
(2)指與某人或某物有類似性質(zhì)的人或事物，如________
(3)表示“同一，相同”，如______。
2．使用定冠詞的情況：
(1)根據(jù)______可知定冠詞the可用在序數(shù)詞或表示序列的next，last以及最高級前；
(2)根據(jù)_________可知定冠詞the可用在固定搭配中。
①
②
⑧
③④⑤
⑥⑦
考點一　冠 詞
一、不定冠詞的3種基本用法和2種靈活用法
1．3種基本用法
(1)表示類指或指某類中的“任何一個”。
It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.
普遍認為男孩必須學會站起來并像個男子漢一樣去奮斗。
(2)表示泛指“某個”。當說話人第一次提及某人或某物時通常用不定冠詞。
It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.
那是一個寒冷的冬夜，月亮在夜空中閃耀著。
(3)表示量指。不定冠詞表示“一”這個數(shù)量，但數(shù)量概念沒有one強烈。
Rome was not built in a day.
羅馬非一日建成。/冰凍三尺，非一日之寒。
2．2種靈活用法
(1)表示“某一個”，相當于some/a certain。
A Mr. Brown came to see you just now.
剛才有一位布朗先生來找你了。
(2)“a(n)＋序數(shù)詞”表示“又一；再一”；“a most＋形容詞”表示“非常；很”。
He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比賽中沒有贏得金牌，但是，在跳遠比賽中他還有一次(贏得金牌的)機會。
二、定冠詞的5種基本用法
1．特指某人或某事。
2．用在專有名詞前或與世界上獨一無二的事物連用。
3．用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞、副詞最高級及only, very, same等之前。
4．用在表示計量的名詞前，如by the hour, by the day, by the week, by the dozen, by the yard等，但是如果表示單位的名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，之前不用冠詞，如by weight/height等。
—It's said John will get a job paying over $600,000 a year.
—Right, he will also get paid by the week.
——據(jù)說約翰會得到一份年薪超過六十萬美元的工作。
——是的，而且會按周付薪。
5．某些形容詞前面加定冠詞，表示某類人或物。
The injured were taken to the nearest hospital without delay.
受傷的人被立刻送到了最近的醫(yī)院。
三、冠詞在固定搭配中的用法
1．不定冠詞在固定搭配中的用法
have a look 看一下
take a bath/walk/rest沖涼/散步/休息
as a matter of fact事實上
all of a sudden突然
in a hurry匆忙地
do sb a favour幫某人一個忙
keep an eye on留心
2．定冠詞在固定搭配中的用法
on the whole總體上
to tell the truth說實話
on the contrary相反
in the end最后
in the charge of由……負責
四、零冠詞的3種基本用法
1．在不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)前表示泛指時不用冠詞。
2．稱呼語及表示獨一無二的頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞作表語、賓語補足語或同位語時，不加冠詞。
Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to further study at Oxford and Cambridge.”
這所學校的校長彼得·斯賓塞告訴我們：“這里五分之一的學生將繼續(xù)到牛津大學或劍橋大學深造。”
3．表示時間、節(jié)日、季節(jié)、三餐、球類運動、語言、學科的名詞前不用冠詞。
即時演練(一)
單句語法填空
1．Autumn, a word dating back to the late 1300s, became popular as _____ alternative.
2. When I see a child under this kind of pressure, I think of Tom. He was ____ shy, nervous boy.
3．And without courage, we'll never step into ______ unknown.
4．In fact，communication has been ______ best way to promote each other's understanding and trust.
an
a
the
the
【例1】　When we got a call saying she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.
分析：考查冠詞。此處表示“我們以為那是一個玩笑”，joke為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，在此處表示泛指，且joke的發(fā)音以輔音音素開頭。故填a。
【例2】　Unexpectedly，I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at the top of her voice.
分析：考查固定搭配。句意：出乎意料的是，我和那只大猩猩面對面，它開始聲嘶力竭地尖叫。at the top of one's voice高聲地；聲嘶力竭地。故填the。
考點二　代 詞
情景導入
We① students should get on well with each other.But in fact, something② unpleasant can happen from time to time.For example, yesterday afternoon, it③ was fine.All④ of us went out to the playground.Some were playing games and others⑤ were playing football when two boys of us quarreled and then fought. Every one of us was confused because they were ever very good friends and nobody⑥ could exactly tell what they fought for.Neither⑦ of them wanted to give in to the other⑧.I thought it⑨ wrong of them to do so.
用法感悟
1．(1)①We是人稱代詞的____格。
(2)③it指_____；⑨it為形式____語。
2．(1)④All表示_______________的“全部”；
不定代詞⑦Neither表示___________。
(2)⑧the other指____者中的另一個。
(3)⑤some...others表示____________________。
(4)②something表示_______；
⑥nobody表示“沒有人，誰也不”，只指____，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
主
天氣
三者及三者以上
賓
兩者都不
兩
一些……另外一些……
某事/物
人
一、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞
1．分類
類別 人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞
主格 賓格 形容詞性 名詞性 功能 主語 賓語、表語 定語 主語、表語、賓語 賓語、表語、同位語
第一人稱 單數(shù) I me my mine myself
復數(shù) we us our ours ourselves
類別 人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞
主格 賓格 形容詞性 名詞性 功能 主語 賓語、表語 定語 主語、表語、賓語 賓語、表語、同位語
第二人稱 單數(shù) you you your yours yourself
復數(shù) you you your yours yourselves
類別 人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞
主格 賓格 形容詞性 名詞性 功能 主語 賓語、表語 定語 主語、表語、賓語 賓語、表語、同位語
第三人稱 單數(shù) he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
復數(shù) they them their theirs themselves
You can't leave the baby by himself.
你不能留下孩子一個人。
She is not quite herself today.
她今天不在狀態(tài)。
I myself can repair the bike.
我自己能修那輛自行車。
(2)常見搭配
與介詞 搭配 by oneself 獨自地
for oneself 替自己；為自己
of oneself 自動地
in oneself 本質(zhì)上；本身
與動詞 搭配 apply oneself to 專心致志于
behave oneself 舉止得體；行為檢點
dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣
devote oneself to 致力于；獻身于
help oneself to 隨便吃/用
enjoy oneself 玩得開心
seat oneself 就座；入席
make oneself at home別客氣
teach oneself 自學
二、it的用法
1．基本用法
指代前面所提到過的事情、事物、想法等，也可指代不清楚或沒必要知道性別的說話對象，還可以指代時間、地點、距離、天氣、季節(jié)等。
The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.
由于當?shù)卣μ岣呔蜆I(yè)率，大城市的就業(yè)率不斷上升。
2．it作形式主語和形式賓語的常用句型
it作 形式 主語 ①It is a pity/shame that...真可惜……
②It is no wonder that...難怪……
③It seems/appears that...似乎/看來……
④It looks/seems as if/as though...
看起來好像……
⑤It happens that...碰巧……
⑥It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb. that...
某人突然想起……
it作 形式 主語 ⑦It is said/reported that...
據(jù)說/據(jù)報道……
⑧It is certain that...……是一定的。
⑨It is no use/good doing...
做……沒有用/好處。
⑩It takes sb. some time to do...
做……花費某人若干時間。
it作 形式 賓語 ①主語＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/...＋ it＋形容詞/名詞＋for/of sb. to do/that從句
②主語＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/... ＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time/money/energy/...＋doing...
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.
為打翻的牛奶而哭泣是沒有用處的。(覆水難收。)
It seems that he has made a serious mistake.
他似乎犯了一個嚴重的錯誤。
It took him much energy to write the novel.
寫這部小說耗費了他大量的精力。
I find it easy to get on with Jim.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)同吉姆相處很容易。
三、不定代詞
1．other，others，the other，another
other 不能單獨使用，常與復數(shù)名詞連用，如果前面有the，some，any，each，every，no以及形容詞性物主代詞時，也可與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用
others 表示泛指，相當于“other＋復數(shù)名詞”，可構(gòu)成 some...others...一些……另一些……
the other “the other＋單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”特指兩者中的另一個，常有one...the other...“一個……另一個……”的搭配，其復數(shù)形式為the others或“the other＋復數(shù)名詞”，特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，其余的人或物
another 指三者或三者以上中的另一個，表示泛指，后接單數(shù)名詞，也可用于“another＋數(shù)詞＋名詞復數(shù)”，表示“另外幾個……”的含義
I have two books; one is English, and the other is French.
我有兩本書，一本是英語書，另一本是法語書。
Shopping on the Internet enables people not to search for goods from one store to another.
網(wǎng)購使人們不必從一家店到另一家店地尋找商品。
You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea.
你是隊里的明星！與別人一起工作的確是你喜歡的事。
2．both，all，either，any，neither，none
含義 范圍 都 任一 都不
兩者 both either neither
三者或三者以上 all any none
As the two dictionaries are useful, I'll take both and either of them is very important to me.
由于這兩本詞典都有用，我會把它們都買下來，每一本對我來說都非常重要。
Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but neither of them wants to, because they have work to do.
拉里讓比爾和彼得跟他一起去野餐，但他們兩個都不想去，因為他們都有工作要做。
All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses.
所有的馬都是動物，但是并不是所有的動物都是馬。
【點津】
(1)固定搭配： anything but(根本不), nothing but(只不過；僅僅)，all but(幾乎；差一點)，none but(僅僅；只有)。
(2)everything意為“每件事物；所有事物”，強調(diào)整體，與not連用時表示部分否定，意為“并不是所有事物都……”。
(3)both，all與 not連用表示部分否定；表示全部否定時應用 neither，none。
四、指示代詞： one(s)、that、those
指示代詞 用法 說明
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同類異物中的任何一個，相當于“a/an＋單數(shù)名詞”； ones用來代替前面出現(xiàn)的復數(shù)名詞，也表泛指 a/an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＝one；the＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＝that/the one; the＋不可數(shù)名詞＝that；the＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)＝the ones/those；可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)＝ones
指示代詞 用法 說明
that 代替前面提到的同類異物中特指的事物，所代替的名詞可以是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，也可以是不可數(shù)名詞，其前面通常不能有修飾語，但可以有后置定語 a/an＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＝one；the＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＝that/the one; the＋不可數(shù)名詞＝that；the＋可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)＝the ones/those；可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)＝ones
those 代替前面提到的同類異物中特指的事物，只能指代可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)，相當于the ones The basic design of the car is very similar to that of the earlier model.
這款車的基本設(shè)計與之前車型的設(shè)計非常相似。
At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine.
我們工廠里的一些機器與這本雜志里描述的那些機器很相似。
We've been looking for a cheap house but haven't found one yet.
我們一直在找一個便宜的房子但是還沒找到。
【點津】
在句中為避免重復， one(s)，that，those等都可以用來代替上文出現(xiàn)的名詞。
即時演練(二)
單句語法填空
1．(2023·新課標Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of ________(they) contents.
2．(2022·全國乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony, opening ______(it) first exhibition：The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.
their
its
3．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory.It sure does in _______(I)．
4．Ecotourism has ______(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.
mine
its
【例1】　Recycling is one way to protect the environment; reuse is another .
分析：句意：(廢品)回收利用是一種保護環(huán)境的方式，而重復使用是另外一種(保護環(huán)境的)方式。 本題構(gòu)成one...another...結(jié)構(gòu)。another再一，又一，另一。故填another。
【例2】　Surprisingly, Susan's beautiful hair reached below her knees and made itself (it) almost an overcoat for her.
分析：句子成分法。句意：讓人吃驚的是，蘇珊漂亮的頭發(fā)一直垂到她的膝蓋之下，使它幾乎成了她的一件長大衣。設(shè)空處作 made的賓語，指代Susan's beautiful hair，應用反身代詞。故填itself。
【例3】　New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
分析：句式結(jié)構(gòu)法。句意：新技術(shù)已經(jīng)使更快、成本更低地生產(chǎn)新產(chǎn)品成為可能。動詞不定式短語to turn out...在句中是真正的賓語，設(shè)空處應用形式賓語it。故填it。
考點三　數(shù)詞
情景導入
Mister Smith is sixty① years old and yesterday was his 60th② birthday. He still remembers in the 1990s③ when he was in his thirties③， he drank dozens of④ bottles of beer a day.However, he spent thousands of④ dollars in hospital. Later, two fifths⑤ of his spare time was spent in taking exercise.
用法感悟
①數(shù)詞的基本形式為______。②表示數(shù)詞的順序往往用________。大部分是在基數(shù)詞的基礎(chǔ)上加-th。以-y結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞，把-y變成-i再加-eth。③“in the＋逢十的基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)”表示“______________
_____”。“in one's＋逢十的基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)”表示“_________________
____”。④具體數(shù)字＋dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million等詞時，后面直接加_______；表示籠統(tǒng)數(shù)目時，用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands/
millions of＋_______。⑤分數(shù)表達：分子用_____詞，分母用_____詞。當分子大于1時，分母序數(shù)詞加___，如：1/3：one third,2/3：two thirds。
基數(shù)詞
序數(shù)詞
在某個世紀幾十
年代
在某人幾十多歲
時
名詞復數(shù)
名詞復數(shù)
基數(shù)
序數(shù)
-s
1．序數(shù)詞一般由基數(shù)詞加-th構(gòu)成。以-y結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞時，先把y變?yōu)閕，再加-eth。如the twentieth/fiftieth。不規(guī)則的序數(shù)詞有以下幾個：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth。序數(shù)詞前通常要加定冠詞the，但當序數(shù)詞不表示順序而表示“又一”“再一”時，要用不定冠詞。
2．年齡、年代的表達法：表示“在某人幾十多歲時”用“in one's＋逢十的基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)”；表示“在幾十年代”用“in the＋逢十的基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)”。
3．基數(shù)詞dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million等表示確切數(shù)目時不能加-s，其前可用數(shù)詞或several, some等修飾，此時其后通常不跟of(后有these, those或代詞賓格時可跟of)；表示“數(shù)以百萬計”“數(shù)以千計”等籠統(tǒng)數(shù)目時，要加-s，其前不能用數(shù)詞，其后可跟of。
4．基數(shù)詞可與名詞等構(gòu)成合成形容詞，用連字符“-”連接，作前置定語，其中的名詞應用單數(shù)形式，如：a four-hour journey。
5．分數(shù)表達法：分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞。當分子大于一時，分母應用序數(shù)詞的復數(shù)形式，如：two-sevenths七分之二。
即時演練(三)
單句語法填空
1．(2023·全國甲卷)Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the ________ (six) century B．C.
2．I've always loved the ocean. In the ________ (nine) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.
sixth
ninth
3．In the summer holiday following my _____________ (eighteen) birthday, I took driving lessons.
4．Though in her ____________ (seventy), she still worked 8 hours a day in the pet shop.
eighteenth
seventies
【例1】　Without a second (two) thought，he agreed to join the club.
分析：固定句型。without a second thought毫不猶豫，不假思索。故填second。
【例2】　30% of the river has been polluted (pollute) by the water from the factory already and many fish have disappeared.
分析：對號入座法。百分數(shù)作主語，根據(jù)指代的river可知用單數(shù)。故填has been polluted。
【例3】　Then，when I was in the fifth (five) grade，I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher very much.
分析：語境分析法。根據(jù)句意可知，此處用序數(shù)詞。故填fifth。
考點四　介詞和介詞短語
一、?？冀樵~
1．表示時間和方位的介詞
類別 介詞 用法
表 示 時 間 at, in, on ①at表示時間點；②in表示時間段，與表示較長一段時間的詞搭配；③on 表示在特定的日子、具體的日期、星期幾、具體的某一天或某些節(jié)日；也可表示在具體的某一天的上午、下午或晚上
類別 介詞 用法
表 示 時 間 in, after 兩者均可接時間段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋時間段”常與將來時連用，“after＋時間段”常與過去時連用
for, since， from ①“for＋時間段”表示某行為或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了一段時間；②“since＋時間點”強調(diào)自過去某時延續(xù)至今的一段時間；③“from＋時間點”表示行為或狀態(tài)的起始點
before, by 兩者均可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不遲于某時”，包括某時在內(nèi)
類別 介詞 用法
表 示 方 位 on, above， over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反義詞是beneath；②above指離開物體表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反義詞是below；③over指離開物體表面而在其正上方，其反義詞是under, over 還可以表示“越過……”
類別 介詞 用法
表 示 方 位 across, through, past, over，along，by， beside ①across指從一平面上“橫穿”或“在……對面”；②through指從人群或物體內(nèi)部“穿過；貫穿”；③past 表示動態(tài)的動作發(fā)生在某人/某物的旁邊；④over表示從上方越過；⑤along表示“沿著”；⑥by與beside 均表示
“在……旁邊”，by含有“倚；憑靠”的意思，beside指兩者位置關(guān)系
類別 介詞 用法
表 示 方 位 at, in，on ①at后接較小的地方或門牌號碼；②in后接較大的地方；③on一般指與面或線接觸
in, on， to, off ①in表示在某一范圍之內(nèi)；②on表示與某一地區(qū)“毗鄰；接壤”；③to表示在某范圍之外；④off表示“(時空上)離；距”
He climbed over the wall.
他爬過了那堵墻。
In fact, half of the 6,000 to 7,000 languages spoken around the world today will likely die out by the next century, according to the UNESCO.
根據(jù)聯(lián)合國教科文組織的說法，事實上，全球范圍內(nèi)的六千至七千種語言中，有一半到下個世紀可能會消失。
即時演練(四)
單句語法填空
1．It began on 19 January and finished _____ the early morning of 20 January.
2．The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It was built originally to protect the city _____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored.
on
in
3．The new boy looked at the teacher ______ a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do.
4．“Speed up. 70 km/h isn't fast enough.You are holding up traffic，” ordered another voice from the seat next _____ me.
for
to
【點津】
(1)在以下短語中，at表示時間段。
at dinner time　在(吃)晚飯時
at weekends/the weekend在周末
(2)當時間名詞前有this, that, last, next, every, each, some等詞修飾時，通常不用任何介詞。
this morning今天上午
last year去年
(3)“on＋名詞或動詞-ing形式”結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示“一……就……”。
On my arrival/arriving home, I discovered they had gone.
我一到家就發(fā)現(xiàn)他們已經(jīng)離開了。
2．其他常用介詞
介詞 用法
against 反對，違背，與……相反；觸；碰撞；緊靠，倚靠；與……競爭，對陣；以……為背景
at ①用在表示某地點、場合、方位等的名詞前；②用在表示時刻、鐘點、期間、……歲、時節(jié)等的名詞前；③以，按(價格、速度、數(shù)量等)；④朝、向、對著某人/某物的方向
介詞 用法
beyond (指程度)深于；(指范圍)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及；(時間)晚于
by (時間)不遲于，在……之前；常用于結(jié)構(gòu)“by＋the＋單數(shù)名詞”，表示“按……計算”；(表示程度、數(shù)量)相差；經(jīng)過，經(jīng)由；通過(某種方法、手段)
介詞 用法
for ①(表示目的或功能)為了；②(表示對象或用途)給，對；③(表示原因)因為，由于；④(表示時間、距離、數(shù)量)達，計；⑤支持，贊成；⑥至于，關(guān)于， 就……而言；⑦(表示去向)往，向；⑧(表示陳述或問題的對象)對于
in ①(表示地點、場所、位置等)在……里面；在……內(nèi)；②(表示時間)在……期間；在(一段時間)以內(nèi)；在……之后；③(表示某人或某物的狀態(tài)、情況)處于……中；④關(guān)于；在……方面
介詞 用法
on ①(表示接觸或由某一表面支撐著)在……上；②(表示時間)在……時候；③關(guān)于，有關(guān)；④借助于，通過……，以……方式
with 和……一起，和，同，跟；(伴)隨著；具有，帶有；由于，因為；(表示方式)用
3.表示“除了”的介詞(短語)
介詞(短語) 用法
besides 除……之外(還有)，包括后面所提到的人或物，相當于in addition to
except 除……之外(其他的都)，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同類之間的關(guān)系。除了接名詞、代詞、動詞-ing形式之外，其后還可接副詞、介詞短語以及 that, what, when, where等引導的從句。
He is never late except when he is ill.
他從不遲到，生病的時候除外。
介詞(短語) 用法
except for 除……之外，排除的部分與前面的內(nèi)容不屬于同一類，著重用于對個別狀況的補充說明。
During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone except for two white mice.
斯特凡尼婭在山洞里的時候，除了兩只白鼠，她完全是獨自一人。
介詞(短語) 用法
but 除……之外(＝except)，常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。
There's no one here but me.
這里除了我沒有別人。
apart from 既可相當于besides或in addition to，也可相當于 except for。
Apart from the ending, it's a really good film.
除了結(jié)局，這部電影確實不錯。(相當于except for)
【點津】
besides還可作副詞，意為“另外；而且”，在句中常作插入語。
I don't want to go; besides, it's too late now.
我不想去；而且現(xiàn)在太晚了。
二、介詞短語
1．“at＋名詞”表示狀態(tài)
at a loss 不知所措
at dinner在吃晚餐
at peace處于和平中
at dawn在黎明
at war在戰(zhàn)爭中
at work在工作
2．“by＋名詞”表示方式
by accident偶然地
by chance偶然地
by force用暴力
by hand手工地
by mistake錯誤地
by the month按月算
3．“beyond＋名詞”表示狀態(tài)
beyond comparison無與倫比
beyond control失控
beyond description難以描述
beyond doubt毋庸置疑
beyond expression難以表達
beyond(one's) reach夠不到
4．“in＋名詞”表示狀態(tài)
in bed在床上
in danger處于危險中
in debt負債
in difficulty處境困難
in high spirits情緒高昂
in need在危難中；在窮困中的
in order整齊；井然有序
in surprise吃驚地
in trouble在困境中
in use使用中
5．“on＋名詞”表示狀態(tài)
on a trip在旅行
on business出差
on display/show在展出
on duty在值班
on holiday/vacation在度假
on sale在出售
on strike在罷工
on the way在途中
6．“out of＋名詞”表示狀態(tài)
out of balance失去平衡
out of control失去控制
out of danger脫離危險
out of date過期
out of order出故障
out of work失業(yè)
7．“under＋名詞”表示狀態(tài)
under consideration在考慮中
under construction在建造中
under control在控制之下
under discussion在討論中
under pressure在壓力下
under repair在修理中
under treatment在治療中
8．其他高頻介詞短語
against time爭分奪秒
at the sight of一看到……
at the age of在……歲時
in the face of面對；面臨
in addition(to)另外；除了
in case of萬一
in charge of負責；主管
in favour of贊成；支持
in need of需要
in no time立刻
in a hurry匆忙
in preparation for為……做準備
in return for作為回報
of help/use有幫助的/有用的
of importance重要的
on behalf of代表
即時演練(五)
單句語法填空
1．The most important thing is to practice. You can do this _____ joining such kind of clubs.
2．Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat _______ their hands.
3．You'll succeed _____ time as long as you love it with passion because life will give back what you put into it.
by
with
in
4．You don't look very surprised _____ the good news.
5．There are a number of things we can do by learning a few life-saving skills for conditions _________ our control.
6．Ancient architecture in China stands out ______ its fine wooden structures, the elegant outside and beautiful decoration.
at
beyond
for
三、動詞與介詞構(gòu)成的搭配
1．“動詞＋sb.＋of＋sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)
accuse sb. of sth.指責/控告某人某事
cure sb. of sth.治好某人的某種疾病
rid sb. of sth.使某人擺脫某物
cheat sb. of sth.騙走某人某物
remind sb. of sth.使某人想起某事
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
rob sb. of sth.搶劫某人某物
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
convince sb. of sth.使某人確信某事
suspect sb. of sth.懷疑某人某事
3．“動詞＋sb./sth.＋from＋(doing) sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)
prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事
protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth. from being done保護某人/物免于被……
ban/prohibit sb./sth. from doing sth.禁止某人/物做某事
4．其他常考的動詞與介詞的搭配
account for占……(比例)；解釋……(原因)
act as充當；起作用
break away from 脫離；逃離
bring about引起；導致；造成
call for (去)接；需要；(公開)要求
carry out履行；實施；執(zhí)行
carry through幫助……渡過難關(guān)；成功完成；順利實現(xiàn)
come across (偶然)遇見，碰見；發(fā)現(xiàn)
come to an end終止，結(jié)束
come up with提出
do harm to對……有害
do without沒有……也行；沒有……而設(shè)法對付過去
end up with以……結(jié)束
get across被傳達；被理解；把……講清楚
get around傳播；流傳；各處走動
get down to開始做某事；開始認真注意(或?qū)Υ?某事
get over解決；克服；控制
get rid of除去，去掉；免除，擺脫
get through正式通過；(用電話)接通，聯(lián)系上；順利通過(考試等)
give rise to使發(fā)生
give way to屈服；退讓；讓步
go against違反；與……不符
go in for參加考試(或競賽)；對某事物有興趣，愛好
go through經(jīng)歷
keep in touch with與……保持聯(lián)系
look down on/upon輕視；瞧不起
look into調(diào)查；審查
make the best of充分利用；盡力而為
be made up of由……組成
put up with忍受，容忍
see through看穿；識破
see to照料；處理
set about著手做
show around/round領(lǐng)(某人)參觀
show off炫耀；展示
take in吸入；理解，領(lǐng)會
take on承擔；呈現(xiàn)，具有
work out計算出；制定出
即時演練(六)
單句語法填空
1．She patted him _____ the head and said，“My little boy，do you feel more comfortable now than before？”
2．If you could exchange lives _______ someone for a short time, would you like to do that
3．As a result, he spends his life in a wheelchair and cannot write _____ means of a pen or pencil.
on
with
by
4．But wildlife today disappears or is _____ danger just because humans do harm to it.
5．Many times we don't realize how routine our lives have become and how much we take them ______ granted until we find ourselves in a new situation.
6．The teacher paused _____ purpose to remind the students to stop talking.
in
for
on
【例1】　The study found that between 1985 and 2017，average rural BMI increased by 2.1 in women and men.
分析：此處指農(nóng)村女性和男性的平均BMI值“增加了2.1”，應用介詞by。故填by。
【例2】　Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat with their hands.
分析：句意：在亞洲，并非每個地方都用筷子。比如，在印度，大多數(shù)人還是按照傳統(tǒng)用手吃飯。介詞with作“用；使用”時，表示使用某種工具或人的某一身體部位。故填with。

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