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Unit 2 Exploring English
Using Language
grammar
The English Exploring trip
Starting Out: In 5th century
Inclusiveness
Widely used
Understanding ideas: In 15th
Crazy – interesting
Creative
Using language 1:
In17th
在古代歐洲， apple 一詞被用來表示任何一種樹或灌木的果實(shí)。 Pineapple從西班牙語pine演變而來，原意是松樹的球果，即“松果”。17世紀(jì)中期，一位意大利著名旅行家彼特羅·代拉·瓦勒（ Pietro della Valle ）的著作流傳至英國。他在著作中提到，在新大陸的熱帶地區(qū)有一種水果，形狀很像 pineapple （松果）。其他很多人也注意到了菠蘿和松果在外形上的相似性。因此，在英語中菠蘿也被稱為 pineapple ，而松果則用 pine cone 來表示。
Video
Using Language
So, how is the word pineapple formed （構(gòu)成）
Using Language
+
=
pine
apple
+
pineapple
=
1
Review:
word formation
Using Language
構(gòu)詞法
(word formation)
合成法(compound)
(combining two or more words)
詞綴法(affix)
(adding a prefix or suffix)
轉(zhuǎn)化法(conversion)
(changing the part of speech)
縮寫
(abbreviating)
前綴
(prefix)
后綴
(suffix)
Using Language
1 合成法 compound
把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫合成法，由合成法構(gòu)成的詞叫合成詞。合成詞包括合成名詞、合成動(dòng)詞、合成形容詞等。
butterfly
butter
fly
mooncake
moon
cake
Using Language
(1) n.+n.: air conditioner （空調(diào)）；blood pressure（血壓）
(2) adj. + n.：central bank （中央銀行）；fast food（快餐）
(3) v-ing. + n.：washing machine （洗衣機(jī)）；driving license（駕駛證）
(4) n. + v-ing. ：story-telling（講故事）；hand-writing（筆跡）
(5) adv. + v.：outbreak（爆發(fā)）；output（產(chǎn)量）
(6) v. + adv.：breakdown（故障）；feedback（反饋）
1.合成名詞
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2.合成形容詞
(1)詞尾為過去分詞或+ed: absent-minded（心不在焉的）；hand-made（手工的）
(2)詞尾為現(xiàn)在分詞：good-looking（好看的）；easy-going（隨和的）
(3)詞尾為形容詞：duty-free（免稅的）；homesick （想家的）
3.合成動(dòng)詞
overcome（戰(zhàn)勝）;undergo（經(jīng)歷）
4.合成副詞
whole-heartedly （全心全意地）;
downstairs（在樓下）
Using Language
Find the Compounding words in the reading material and give the meanings.
While we’re doing all this travelling, we can get seasick at sea, airsick in the air and carsick in a car, but we don’t get homesick when we get back home. And speaking of home, why aren’t homework and housework the same thing
seasick（暈船）; airsick（暈機(jī)）; carsick（暈車）; homesick（想家）; homework（家庭作業(yè)）; housework（家務(wù)事）
Using Language
2 派生法 affix
在一個(gè)詞根的前面或后面加上某個(gè)詞綴生成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為派生法。加在前面的詞綴叫前綴，加在后面的詞綴叫后綴。
unemployment
單詞=
前綴
詞根
后綴
改變?cè)~義
詞的本意
改變?cè)~性
Using Language
1.表示否定意義前綴：
Prefix-前綴
前綴一般只改變?cè)~的意義，不改變?cè)~性
dis-
in-
il-
im-
ir-
mis-
non-
un-
convenient→ inconvenient (不方便的)
legal→ illegal (不合法的)
possible→ impossible (不可能的)
responsible→ irresponsible (不負(fù)責(zé)的)
ability→ disability (無能力; 殘疾)
understand → misunderstand（誤解）
profit → non-profit（非營利的）
certain →uncertain（不確定的）
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Prefix-前綴
by- “附近，鄰近”road → byroad（側(cè)道）
under-“在......下面” ground → underground（地鐵）
inter- “在……間，相互”national → international（國際的）
mid- “中間” night → midnight（午夜）,
autumn → mid-autumn（中秋）
re- “又,再” arrange→ rearrange （重新安排）
en- “使......” able→ enable （使能夠）
pre- “前” war → pre-war（戰(zhàn)前的）
post-“后” war → post-war（戰(zhàn)后的）
2.表示空間位置，
方向關(guān)系的前綴
4.表示其他意義
3.表示時(shí)間
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Advantage + dis
Sensitive + in
Moral +im
Logical +il
reversible(可逆的）+ ir
Necessary + un
disadvantage 不利的
insensitive 不敏感的
immoral 不道德的
illogical 無邏輯的
irreversible 不可逆的
unnecessary 沒有必要的
給以下單詞加上前綴并猜測(cè)詞義
Using Language
Suffix-后綴
后綴通常改變?cè)~性，構(gòu)成意思相近的其他詞性的詞。
名詞后綴
形容詞后綴
動(dòng)詞后綴
副詞后綴
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常見形容詞后綴
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常見形容詞后綴
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常見名詞后綴
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常見名詞后綴
Using Language
常見動(dòng)詞與副詞后綴
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常見數(shù)詞后綴
Using Language
找出段落中的派生詞并猜測(cè)詞義
In our free time we can sculpt a sculpture and paint a painting.
Why hardly and softly not an opposing pair If harmless action are the opposite of harmful actions, why are shameless and shameful behaviors the same.
You also have to wonder at the unique madness of a language.
Sculpture, hardly, softly, harmless, harmful, shameless, shameful, madness.
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3 轉(zhuǎn)化法 conversion
一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性，這種構(gòu)詞法稱為轉(zhuǎn)化法。
(1)動(dòng)詞 名詞
Look at me.
Let me have a look.
(3)形容詞 動(dòng)詞
Our classroom is very clean.
We clean our classroom every day.
(4)形容詞 名詞
(意義改變)
You are right.
Citizens have the right to speak freely.
(2)名詞 動(dòng)詞
Open your book.
I must book the ticket.
Using Language
請(qǐng)大家判斷詞性轉(zhuǎn)化類型,然后翻譯句子.
(1) Let me have a try.
(2) You could shoulder the task.
(3) You should try your best to better your performance.
v.-n.
讓我來試一試。
n.-v.
你可以承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
adj.-v.
你應(yīng)該盡最大努力讓自己有更好的表現(xiàn)。
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4 縮略法
縮略法是把原有的詞匯縮短，使讀音和寫法呈現(xiàn)新的形式，詞義和詞性保持不變。
World Health Organization→ WHO
Information Technology→ IT
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
2.截頭縮略
1.首字母縮略
examination→exam
laboratory→lab
3.去尾縮略
Using Language
寫出下列表達(dá)的縮略形式并譯成漢語
(1) photograph ________________________
(2) laboratory ________________________
(3) gymnasium________________________
(4) examination________________________
(5) information technology ________________________
(6) World Trade Organization ________________________
(7) the People’s Republic of China________________________
photo 照片
lab 實(shí)驗(yàn)室
gym 健身房，體育館
exam 考試
IT 信息技術(shù)
WTO 世界貿(mào)易組織
PRC 中華人民共和國
Using Language
Activity 1：
Look at the sentences and expressions from the reading passage. Match the words in bold to the types of word formation.
a Neither is there pine nor apple in pineapple.
b ...sculpt a sculpture...
c When we...see rain..., we can say “it’s raining”...
d WHO
1 abbreviating
2 changing the part of speech
3 adding a prefix or suffix
4 combining two or more words
Using Language
Activity 2：
Complete the passage with the help of word formation.
When you open a dictionary, you often come across a lot of unfamiliar words. You might think this is a bit scary. But many of them are formed using other simpler words. This is called word formation.
Words formed by combining other words are called compounds, for example, __________ (a friend that you contact by writing, traditionally using a pen) and __________ (known by many people).
penfriend
well-known
What is called word formation
What are called compounds
and some examples.
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Prefixes and suffixes often have fixed meanings. If you add un- or in- to a word, the new word usually means the opposite. For example, if something isn’t correct it’s ________, and if someone isn’t happy they are _________. Words with the suffixes -ment and -ness are often nouns. For example, if somebody has improved a lot, they have made great ____________.
incorrect
unhappy
improvement
Some nouns and adjectives can be used as verbs, or the other way round. When we calm somebody down, they become ______. And we can give someone a present by__________ it.
calm
presenting
Prefies and suffies often have fixed meanings.
The part of speech can be changed.
Activity 2：
Complete the passage with the help of word formation.
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And sometimes a word is made up of the first letters of several words: “World Trade Organization ” can be referred to as _____ , and ______is short for “as soon as possible”.
It is impossible to know the meaning of every word, but knowing about word formation can help us guess their meanings.
WTO
ASAP
How word formation can help us.
Abbreviating
Activity 2：
Complete the passage with the help of word formation.
Using Language
Guessing game!
Bank:
ICBC
ABC
BCM
PBOC
Compound
Lady+finger
Water+fall
Flash+ light
Pop+corn
Affix
Teach-teacher
Work-worker
Cook-cooker
Post-poster
Conversion
My shoulder
Shoulder burden
Guessing game!
Bank:
ICBC
ABC
BCM
PBOC
Guessing game!
中國人民銀行（The People's Bank Of China，英文簡(jiǎn)稱PBOC）
交通銀行（英文名稱Bank of Communications，簡(jiǎn)稱BCM
中國工商銀行（INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL BANK OF CHINA，簡(jiǎn)稱ICBC
中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行（AGRICULTURAL BANK OF CHINA，簡(jiǎn)稱ABC
Summary
Word formation
合成法
轉(zhuǎn)換法
派生法
縮略法
兩個(gè)詞合成一個(gè)新詞。
分類:合成名詞；合成形容詞；合成動(dòng)詞；合成副詞。
詞形不變，詞性改變。
分類：名詞-動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化；動(dòng)詞-名詞轉(zhuǎn)化；形容詞-動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化；形容詞-名詞轉(zhuǎn)化。
在詞根上加上前、后綴構(gòu)成另外一個(gè)詞。
分類：前綴+詞根；詞根+后綴。
用單詞首尾字母組成一個(gè)新詞。
分類：首字母縮略；截頭縮略；去尾縮略。
Using Language
The English Exploring trip
Starting Out: In 5th century
Inclusiveness
Widely used
Understanding ideas: In 15th
Crazy – interesting
Creative
Using language 1: In 17th
Word formation
Guessing meaning
Homework

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