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(共33張PPT)
Unit1 Learning About Language
Discover useful structures
非限制性定語從句
Non-restrictive attributive clauses
行業PPT模板http:///hangye/
Learning Objectives
At the end of this section, students will be able to:
1. know definition and function of non restrictive relative clauses.
2. distinguish the differences between restrictive relative clauses and non restrictive relative clauses.
3. describe something by using non restrictive relative causes.
The man who is riding a horse is Tang Monk.
先行詞
關系詞
定語從句
who
關系代詞
關系副詞
that which who whom whose as
where when why
關系詞的作用：
① 引導作用(引導定語從句)
② 替代作用(替代先行詞)
③ 在定語從句中擔當成分
Revision
定語從句的引導詞
關系代詞
關系副詞
指人
指物
who (主語, 賓語) whom (賓語)
that (主語, 賓語)
whose (定語)
as (主語, 賓語, 表語)
which (主語, 賓語) that (主語, 賓語) whose (定語)
as (主語, 賓語, 表語)
where (地點狀語)，有時可替換：介詞+which
when ( 時間狀語)，有時可替換：介詞+which
why (原因狀語)，有時可替換：for which
缺少成分
不缺成分
Revision
1. They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against the disease.
2. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honours a person can receive.
3. Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.
4. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions.
Lead-in
Read the following sentences and underline the relative clauses. Then name the two types of clauses and state their functions.
1. They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against the disease.
2. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international honours a person can receive.
3. Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients.
4. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句
Lead-in
限制性定從和非限制性定從的區別
01
形式不同
限制性定從與其先行詞關系密切，無逗號隔開，
非限制性定從與其先行詞關系不密切，有逗號隔開。
The number of people who/that own cars is increasing.
I spoke to Dr. Smith just now, who is always ready to help others.
Differences
02
意義不同
1. I saw the guy who delivers
my mail yesterday.
2. I'll always remember the
river where we learned to
swim.
which guy
which river
1. Paris, where I spent six
months studying, is the most
beautiful city in the world.
2. The woman ,
whose children are the same
age as yours, invited us over
for dinner next week.
從句與先行詞關系密切，對先行詞的意義起限定作用，不可或缺。若去掉，句子含義不明確
從句對先行詞或整個主句起補充說明、解釋、評論等作用。若去掉，不影響句子含義
Restrictive relative clause
Non-restrictive relative clause
Differences
03
先行詞不同
限制性定從的先行詞一般是名詞或代詞，
非限制性定從的先行詞既可以是名詞或代詞, 也可是整個句子。
Mexico is a city, which has a lot of attractions.
He was late again, which made the teacher very unhappy.
Differences
04
含義不同
In the class there are ten students who/that speak English very well.
2. In the class there are ten students, who speak English very well.
翻譯：
含義：
翻譯：
含義：
這個班有10名英語說得好的。學生
修飾限定，班上不只有10名學生，但只有這10名學生英語說得好。
這個班有10名學生，他們英語說得很好。
補充說明，班上只有10個學生，補充他們的英語說得好。
Differences
涉他性
唯一性
1. My sister who works in Shanghai sends me email almost every day.
2. He is the man whose car was stolen.
3. Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
4. They rely on themselves, which is much better.
我在上海工作的姐姐幾乎每天都給我發電子郵件。
他就是汽車被竊的那個人。
Charles Smith 去年退休了，他曾經是我的老師。
他們依靠自己，這樣好得多。
限制性定從譯成先行詞的定語：“……的 ”。
非限制性定從通常譯成主句的并列句。
Differences
05
翻譯不同
判斷下列句子正誤
A young man had a new girl friend, who he wanted to impress.
whom
1. 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語（指人）時只能用whom。
Wang Fang passed her exam, that surprised me a great deal.
which
2. that不能引導非限制性定從。
This is the girl whom/who I met in the street.
非限制性定語從句在修飾人時用who(主格),whom(賓格),whose(所有格),
Differences
06
引導詞不同
I have told them the reason, why I didn’t come to the party.
for which
3. why不能引導非限制性定從，要用for which代替。
The car which/that I bought last year does not work.
4. 限制性定從中，關系詞作賓語，可省略。
非限制性定從中，關系詞作賓語，不可省略。
。
The car I bought last year does not work.
The car, which I bought last year, does not work.
The car, I bought last year, does not work.
Differences
06
引導詞不同
限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
形式上 與主句之間______逗號隔開 與主句之間______逗號隔開
功能上 對先行詞修飾、限制 對先行詞補充說明
意義上 去掉后主句句意_______ 去掉后主句句意_______
先行詞
含義上
翻譯上
引導詞
不完整
不用
用
完整
翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前
按句子順序, 翻譯成兩個簡單句
名詞或代詞
既可為名詞或代詞, 也可是整個主句
不能用that/why(for which),
which可以指代一整件事
所有關系詞都不可省略
限制性和非限制性定語從句的區別
關系代詞作賓語可省略
that/which/who/whom/whose/
when/where/why
涉他性
唯一性
補充1：as和which引導非限制性定從的區別
都可以引導非限制性定語從句，修飾、指代整個主句。
區別：
1. as 譯為“正如…一樣”；which譯為“這”。
2. as 從句可置于主句之前，之中，之后；which從句只能置于主句之后。
3. as的先行詞通常為整個主句； which可以是主句中的一部分或是整個主句。
4. 介詞可以加which引導從句，as不可。
5. the same…as ，such…as 結構中，as引導限制性定從。
Notice
as常見搭配
as is known to all
as you know
as is expected
as we expected
as has been mentioned above
as is reported / said
as a famous saying goes
as is pointed out
as you can see = as can be seen
as is often the case
眾所周知
正如你所知道的那樣
正如所預料的那樣
正如我們所期待的
正如上面所提到的
正如報道/所說的那樣
正如一句諺語所說/俗話說
正如指出的
正如你所看見的
情況通常如此
Notice
as or which
①正如大家所看到的那樣，她工作一直很努力。
She is always working hard，____ everyone can see.
②這本書很有教育意義，是我昨天買的。
The book，______ I bought yesterday, is very instructive.
③她的誠實是大家有目共睹的。
______ everyone can see, she is honest.
= She is honest，_______ everyone can see.
④眾所周知，吸煙有害健康。
______ we all know，smoking is harmful to one's health.
⑤湯姆突然病倒了，這讓我們很傷心。
Tom suddenly fell ill，_______ made us very sad.
as
which
As
as
As
which
Exercises
補充2：“名詞/代詞/數詞+介詞of/+關系的代詞(which/whom)”結構
Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week.
Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered.
China has 34 provinces, some of which are pretty poor.
tip: 以上結構一般用于引導非限制性定語從句。
Notice
Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses. How do the sentences flow differently
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming. He discovered penicillin.
The book tells us about Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin.
EXAMPLE
1. We were very impressed by the old man. He was not willing to acknowledge defeat.
We were very impressed by the old man, who was not willing to acknowledge defeat.
2. Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany. Hitler was in power there.
Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany, where Hitler was in power.
Step 1 確定主句和從句
Step 2 找到先行詞
Step 3 根據先行詞和關系代詞或關系副詞在從句中的功能，確定使用哪個關系代詞或關系副詞。
Exercises
4. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot.
The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling, which inspired us a lot.
3. There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her circumstances are beyond our control.
There is nothing we can do to help Linda, whose circumstances are beyond our control.
Exercises
5. The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect. He was born in Guangzhou, China.
The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei—a famous Chinese-American architect, who was born in Guangzhou, China.
6. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. It was a big challenge for me.
I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, which was a big challenge for me.
Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) was widely considered to be the founder and forerunner of modern China. He was only in power for a short time, when he was president of the countryin 1912. So it may seem odd to some people _______ knowledge of China may be limited that he is such an important figure. However, his influence is not based on his time in office, but on his continuous struggle for a better society and his concern for all Chinese people. He also put forward many advanced ideas______ brought the Chinese people together, in particular, the Three Principles of the People.
whose
which
Read the passage, and then fill in the blanks with relative pronouns or adverbs.
These principles were inspired by Lincoln, _________ he admired, and were developed when he was travelling overseas, ______ he went to find support for his country. The first principle is about nationalism, _______ indicates that China should never be divided and should not be under any foreign control. The second is about people's rights. lt means that all people have great value and should also have the same rights. The third is about people's livelihood, _______ means that the government should create opportunities for people to make a good living.
who/whom
where
which
which
Choose the words in the box to complete the sentences.
who whom which whose when where in / of / for which of whom
1
which
whom/who
when
whose
in which
of whom
of which
in which
where
where
1 Some people always talk loudly in public, ________ is really annoying.
2 Professor Lu, _______ you spoke to, specialises in constitutional law.
3 Please come back at four o’clock, ________ your herbal medicine will be ready.
4 What do you want to write about these people, ________ stories I have just told you
5 Have you been to the Louvre Museum, ________ you can see the Mona Lisa on display
6 There are 45 students in our class, out ________ only 10 are taking an optional art course.
7 Her mother works in a company, ________ employees are all women.
8 It is vital to learn to use these software programmes, both ________ can help you with
collection and evaluation.
Exercises
P. 62
2 Decide whether the sentences are right or wrong. Correct them where necessary.
2
1 Please write down these phrases, all of them will be useful in your writing.
2 As a consequence of sending in his application late, he did not get a patent for his invention,
that was not surprising at all.
3 The researchers are evaluating thousands of plants, which have distinct medical properties.
4 The gentle old man is the only person, whom I can trust.
5 Have you done all what you can to help the people in need
6 Is this the botanical institute where you visited last week
∧
and
(構成并列句)
which
(構成主從復合句)
which
(非限定性從句不能用that引導)
√
that
(去掉逗號，是限定性定語從句)
that
(what引導的是名詞性從句，特指某一整體事物，不能加all)
that / which
(引導詞作visited的賓語，不能用副詞)
(若這樣的植物只有成千上萬種則用非限定性從句，若不止成千上萬種，則用限定性從句)
Exercises
Homework(workbook P62)
Write a new sentence with the given information.
Song Qingling
1. Dr Sun Yat-sen's wife;
2. one of the top leaders in modern Chinese history;
3.devoted her life to improving the welfare of women and children.
Song Qingling, who was Dr Sun Yat-sen's wife and one of the top leaders in modern Chinese history, devoted her life to improving the welfare of women and children.
Exercises
Write a new sentence with the given information.
Huang Wenxiu, who was a village official, worked on the frontlines of the fight against poverty to help villagers to increase their incomes. She died at the age of 30 in an accident.
Exercises
Write a new sentence with the given information.
Norman Bethune, who came to China in World War II, worked selflessly in China as a doctor and saved many Chinese people.
Exercises
Write a new sentence with the given information.
Lu Xun was a leading figure of modern Chinese literature. Lu Xun Literary Prize, which is one of China's top four literary prizes, is awarded every three years.
Exercises
Write a new sentence with the given information.
Joan of Arc, who was dressed as a man, went to fight for her country and helped drive the English invaders out of France.
Exercises
1. The famous basketball star, _____ is an American, came to China yesterday.
2. They are always smoking, ______, of course, will do harm to their health.
3. I bought a car yesterday, ______ cost me a lot.
4. Xi'an, ______ I visited last year, is a nice old city.
5. He will come to see me next July, _____ he won't be so busy.
6. The school, ______ I once studied, was built thirty years ago.
7. The number of smokers, ______is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
which
which
who
Fill in the blanks with proper relative words.
which
where
when
as
Exercises
8. It is a truly delightful place, ________attracts lots of vistiors for its winding streets and pretty cottages.
9. Creating an atmosphere in ________employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.
10. He wrote many children's books, nearly half of________were published in the 1990s.
11.The books on the desk,________ covers are shiny,are prizes for us.
which
which
which
whose
12. The children, _________ wanted to have a journey, were disappointed when the journey was cancelled.
who
Exercises
13. The news that they will get married,_______ has not been announced, has spread around.
14. We’ll graduate in July,_______ we will be free to go anywhere.
which
when
15. Mr King, ________ legs were badly hurt,was quickly taken to hospital.
16. We will put off the outing until next Sunday, _______________we won't be so busy.
17. Yesterday, they went out to have a picnic in the park, _____________
they had a good time.
18. He has been busy with his work the whole holiday,______has made his girlfriend unhappy.
whose
when/on which
where/in which
which
Exercises
thank you!

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