資源簡介

(共27張PPT)
welcome unit
--Discovering useful structures
Learning aims
To learn sentence components and basic sentence structures
To learn how to analyse basic sentence structures.
一、英語八大句子成分
構成句子的各個部分叫作句子成分。句子成分包括主語、謂語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語和同位語。
1.主語(subject)
主語表示句子所要說明或描述的人或事物,一般由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的短語或句子等充當,置于句首。
As the old saying goes, every road leads to Rome.　(名詞短語作主語)
You never missed a single practice.　(代詞)
To see is to believe.　(動詞不定式)
Keeping a diary is a good way to practise writing.　(動詞-ing短語)
What troubles me most is that it’s difficult for me to enjoy a good sleep every night.　(主語從句)
2.謂語(verb)
謂語用來說明或描述主語的動作、狀態或特征,由動詞或動詞短語充當,位于主語之后。
This Saturday, I did some housework. (簡單謂語)
I couldn’t have made such great progress without your help.　(復合謂語)
As a result, students should spare more time for English reading rather than watching movies too much.　(復合謂語)
Attention:
系動詞加表語也構成復合謂語。
We are students.我們是學生。
3.表語(predicative)
表語指系動詞后面的成分,通常說明主語的身份、特征和狀態。它由名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式(短語)、動詞-ing形式(短語)或表語從句等充當。
While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is a must to visit!　(名詞短語)
Now she has made great progress, and we feel very happy. 　(形容詞)
My hobby is collecting stamps.　(動詞-ing短語)
The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all.　(動詞不定式短語)
My job is looking after children.　(動詞-ing短語)
My suggestion is that we should try chatting online with foreigners or keeping an English diary.　(從句作表語)
4.賓語(object)
賓語是及物動詞所表示的動作的對象,或是介詞所表示的某種聯系的對象,放在及物動詞的后面,一般由名詞、代詞、數詞、非謂語動詞及短語或名詞性從句等充當。
Everyone has bad days and good days. 　(名詞)
Other kids will laugh at me.　(代詞)
People love to talk about themselves.　(動詞不定式短語)
Do you mind passing me the dictionary 　(動詞-ing短語)
I do hope that you will study hard and pass the College Entrance Examination.　(賓語從句)
Attention:
賓語可以分為直接賓語（Direct Object）和間接賓語(Indirect Object)。
5.賓語補足語(object complement)
賓語補足語用來補充說明賓語的行為、狀態、身份或特征等。通常放在賓語之后,一般由名詞(短語)、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式(短語)、動詞-ing形式(短語)或過去分詞(短語)等充當。
We can use all kinds of resources to make learning more interesting.　(形容詞)
My mother always keeps everything in good order.　(介詞短語)
The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.　(動詞不定式短語)
I’ve never seen her dancing.　(動詞-ing形式)
He was very happy to see the work finished.　(過去分詞)
6.定語(attributive)
定語是用來修飾、限制名詞或代詞的。一般由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數詞、副詞、動詞不定式(短語)、動詞-ing形式(短語)、過去分詞(短語)、介詞短語或從句等充當。
There is a beautiful picture in my room.　(形容詞)
These are apple trees.　(名詞)
There is nothing to do today.　(動詞不定式)
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.　(動詞-ing形式、過去分詞短語)
As a Chinese who is particularly interested in travelling, I would like to introduce my favourite city — Beijing.　(定語從句)
7.狀語(adverbial)
狀語用于修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。
一般由副詞、形容詞、動詞不定式(短語)、動詞-ing形式(短語)、過去分詞(短語)、介詞短語、獨立主格或從句等充當。
To the researchers’ surprise, the disease was spreading more rapidly than expected.　(副詞)
Hearing my words, he finally made up his mind to run.　(動詞-ing短語)
When the house was built, it was much smaller than it is today.　(狀語從句)
8.同位語(appositive)
若兩個語法單位指同一個人或事物,并且句法功能也一樣,那么,后一項稱為前一項的同位語。
We human beings should well protect our oceans for the following reasons.
Professor Wang, a famous scientist, will give us a talk tomorrow.
Exercises:
寫出下列句中畫線部分所作的句子成分：
①The manager made them work day and night. 　賓語補足語　
②I hope you will find these suggestions practical. 　賓語補足語　
③Keeping healthy is very important for us. 　主語;表語　
④I’ll go and pick you up at your place. 　謂語;地點狀語　
⑤We should try to put ourselves in their shoes. 　賓語;定語　
賓語補足語　
賓語補足語　
主語;表語　
謂語;地點狀語　
賓語;定語　
二、八種基本句型
1.主語＋謂語(S＋V)
這種句型結構中的謂語動詞為不及物動詞(短語),其后不能直接跟賓語,也沒有被動語態。主謂結構常用來表示主語的動作或狀態。 常見的不及物動詞(短語)有rise、 matter、 begin、 come、 go、 happen、 appear、 work、 come true、
All of us lsughed!
The sun is rising.
The little boy is crying.
2.主語＋謂語＋賓語(S＋V＋O)
(1)這種句型結構中的謂語動詞必須是及物動詞(短語),一般有被動語態。用作賓語的有名詞、代詞、數詞、動詞不定式、動詞-ing形式或從句等。
I miss my grandma.
David won a medal for his great courage.
注：在“動詞＋介詞”的動詞短語中,賓語只能放在介詞之后;在“動詞＋副詞”的動詞短語中,作賓語的名詞放于副詞前后皆可;代詞只能放在副詞之前。
Please wake Li Ling up (＝wake up Li Ling) at 6:30 in the morning.(　√　)
Please wake her up at 6:30 in the morning.(　√　)
Please wake up her at 6:30 in the morning.(　×　)
√
√
×
3.主語(＋系動詞)＋表語(S＋P)
這種句型結構中的謂語動詞為系動詞,無被動語態,也無進行時態。表語由名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、分詞、動詞不定式或從句充當。
The teacher was kind and friendly.
She looked a littled annoyed.
He become an English teacher.
系動詞一覽表：
狀態系動詞 be
表象系動詞 look, appear, seem
感官系動詞 (look) feel, smell, sound, taste
持續系動詞 keep, remain, stay, hold, continue, last, lie, stand,
變化系動詞 become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, come, run
終止系動詞 prove, turn out
4.主語＋謂語＋間接賓語＋直接賓語(S＋V＋IO＋DO)
這種句型結構中的及物動詞后跟雙賓語,指人的賓語稱為間接賓語,指物的賓語稱為直接賓語。通常間接賓語在前,直接賓語在后,也可把間接賓語置于直接賓語后,但間接賓語前需用介詞for或to。
間接賓語之前用介詞to的常見動詞有give、 tell、 teach、 write、 bring、 lend、 hand、 show、 offer、 send、 pay、 order等。
He told me a funny story.= He told a funny story to me.
間接賓語之前用介詞for的常見動詞有buy、 fetch、 save、 choose、 sing等。
She bought me a birthday present.= She bought a birthday present for me.
5.主語＋謂語＋賓語＋賓語補足語(S＋V＋O＋C)
該句型結構中的賓語補足語可以由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語或非謂語動詞等充當。該句型常用于三類動詞:
(1)使役動詞:keep、 make、 let、 have、 leave、 get等;
Her words make me happy.
(2)感官動詞或短語:see、 watch、 notice、 observe、 find、 catch、 hear、 feel、 smell、 look at、 listen to等;
I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.
(3)其他動詞:ask、 tell、 order、 request、 permit、 persuade 等。
Mike told me not to go.
6.主語＋謂語＋狀語(S＋V＋A)
該句型結構中的謂語通常為不及物動詞;副詞或介詞短語在句中作狀語,修飾或說明謂語。
He talked too much.
The time passed quickly.
7.主語＋謂語＋賓語＋狀語(S＋V＋O＋A)
該句型結構中的謂語通常為及物動詞;副詞或介詞短語在句中作狀語,修飾或說明謂語。
I had my first maths class at senior high school.
8.There be句型
There be句型表示某處存在某物或某人,基本結構為“There is/are/was/were ...＋地點狀語”。謂語動詞有時可用表示存在的其他動詞,如live、 stand、 lie、 seem/appear to be (好像有)、 happen to be (碰巧有)、 used to be (曾經有) 等。
There’s a lot to explore at senior high school.
There is a piano in my study.
There are 56 students in my class.
①This kind of food tastes terrible. 　S＋P　
②He studies hard. 　S＋V＋A　
③There are many places of interest worth visiting. 　There be句型　
④He made me very angry. 　S＋V＋O＋C　
⑤I visited many places of interest with my family last week.　 　S＋V＋O＋A　
⑥Tom will bring me several English books tomorrow.　 　S＋V＋IO＋DO　
S＋P　
S＋V＋A　
There be句型　
S＋V＋O＋C　
S＋V＋O＋A　
S＋V＋IO＋DO　
寫出下列句子所屬的句型結構
Exercises:
Exercises:
Read the sentences and analyse the structures.
The 100-year-old school lies in the centre of the city .
We must act.
The maths home work looks easy.
The teacher found the classroom empty.
My mum bought me a new dictionary.
Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.
There is an English Corner at our school.
We had chemistry in the newly built lab.
S+V+A
S+V
S+V+P
S+V+O+C
S+V+IO+DO
S+V+O
There be
S+V+O+A
Analyse the structures of the underlined sentences.
How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time For Tim, that dream has come true! This term, Tim and his classmates are living on a ship! They take the same subjects as you do, like maths and English. They also learn about ships and the sea. Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship. Tim loves living on the ship. There’s always something exciting to do. Ands, after a long day of study, he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out. Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea!
Exercises:
that dream has come true.( )
Tim and his classmates are living on a ship.( )
They also learn about ships and the sea.( )
Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship. ( )
There’s always something exciting to do. ( )
Studying and doing homework seem much more fun. ( )
that dream has come true.( S+V )
Tim and his classmates are living on a ship.( S+V+A )
They also learn about ships and the sea.( S+V+O )
Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship. ( S+V+IO+DO )
There’s always something exciting to do. ( There be )
Studying and doing homework seem much more fun. ( S+V+P )
Thank you !

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