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(共42張PPT)
定語從句
定語
用來用來限定、修飾、說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的。
劃分定語
There is some exciting news in today’s newspaper.
It there any difference between spoken English and written English.
There are thirty women teachers in our school.
在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)定語，修飾名詞或代詞（即先行詞）的句子叫定語從句。
通常位于先行詞后，在漢語中一般理解為“……的”
引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫做關(guān)系詞
定語從句
沉分類默
1. 限制性定語從句：是對先行詞起修飾限制作用。譯為“…的”
2. 非限制性定語從句：是對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明做作用的。往往用逗號與主句隔開。
分類
連接主句和從句
指代先行詞
在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分
The book which I am reading is written by Luxun.
關(guān)系詞的作用
關(guān)系詞：關(guān)系代詞&關(guān)系副詞
關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, which, that, whose, as
關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why
如何選擇關(guān)系詞
1. 判斷先行詞是人還是物
2.看先行詞在從句中做什么成分
不是任何兩個句子都可以合并為定語從句的。
只有兩句中含有相同或相關(guān)的詞時，才可有可能合并為定語從句。
步驟：
1.找出兩句中的相同或相關(guān)詞。
2.確定主從句的關(guān)系。
3.主句中的相同或相關(guān)詞為先行詞，把從句中的相同或相關(guān)詞替換為關(guān)系詞，放于先行詞后。
The boy is John. The boy is smiling.
The boy who is smiling is John.
(主語)
The boy is John. The boy has a book in his hand.
The boy who has a book in his hand is John.
先行詞 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
Activity 2
Lucy is my friend who / that has a hearing problem.
So I learnt a new language which / that allows me to “speak” with my hands.
3 Lucy is a smart girl whose ideas are always inspiring.
4 I sometimes have problems (that / which) I can’t solve.
5 Lucy is a good listener (whom / who / that) I enjoy sharing moments of my life with.
1) The boy ______________visited our school yesterday is Jack.
2) The boy __________________we saw yesterday is Jack.
3) He is the boy ____________ went to school with me.
4) The person _________________ I talked with is our teacher.
who/that
(who/whom/that)
who/that
(who/whom/that)
who/that指人, 在從句中作主語
who/whom/that指人,在從句中作賓語 (可省略)
1) Look at the trees __________were planted last year.
2) The machine ______________he is operating is made in America.
which/that
(which/that)
which / that 指物，在從句中作主語或賓語 (作賓語可省略)
1) Harry is the boy mother is our Maths teacher.
2) Look at the tree leaves are black.
3) He helped the man _______car had broken.
4) He lives in a house ________windows open south.
whose
whose
whose
whose
whose : 指人或物，在從句中作定語,表示所屬關(guān)系，譯為“…的”
The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.
1)The house whose window is broken is mine.
whose=the house’s window
2)The house the window of which is broken is mine
3)The house of which the window is broken is mine
關(guān)系代詞常用 that 不用which的情況
1. 先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, little, much, all, few, none等不定代詞或者被其修飾。
All (that) you have done is helpful to us.
2. 先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾時
That is the first film that was directed by him.
3. 先行詞被the only, the very, the last 修飾時。
He is the only person that I want to see now.
4. 先行詞同時指人和指物時。
We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.
5. who , which 引導(dǎo)的句子中避免混淆時
Who is the man that is standing over there
不用that ，用which的情況
which
which
summary
關(guān)系代詞 指代 成分
that 人/物 主語/賓語
which 物 主語/賓語
who 人 主語/賓語
whom 人 賓語
whose 人/物 定語
一. 關(guān)系代詞作賓語通常省去。
The day (that) we were looking forward to came finally.
The house (that) he had had had been taken away from him by the time he returned to his country.
He did everything (that) he could (do) to help the orphan.
注意 下列兩種情況不可省去。
1. 非限制性定語從句中
試比較
This is the city (which/that) I visited five years ago
This is the city, which I visited five years ago.
2. 介詞前置時
試比較:
This is a book (that /which) we can learn a lot from.
This is a book from which we can learn a lot.
prep+ whom/ which
若引導(dǎo)詞作介詞的賓語，介詞可以提前構(gòu)成介詞+引導(dǎo)詞的形式
介詞的選擇主要取決于 （1）先行詞的需要
（2）從句謂語的需要
Is this the library _____ you borrow books from
Is this the library __________ you borrow books
The man (whom) I nodded to is Mr. Li.
The man ________ I nodded is Mr. Li.
which
from which
to whom
介詞+關(guān)系代詞
用 介詞+which
1. Do you like the book she spent $10
2. Do you like the book she paid $10
3. Do you like the book she learned a lot
4. Do you like the book she often talks
on which
for which
from which
about which
5. There is a tall tree outside, ___________ stands our teacher.
6. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _______ is the Yellow River.
7. The man ________ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling
8. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most ________ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
under which
of which
to whom
of which
There are two boys in Peters，both of ____ are white．
There are two boys in Peter’s, and both of ______ are white．
There are two boys in Peter’s; both of ______ are white．
易混淆句型
whom
them
them
關(guān)系副詞-從句中做狀語
Sentences in the passage:
1 If this works, there may come a time when the number of monarch butterflies increased once again.
2 In many places where the butterfly can be found
3 Human activity is the main reason why the number of monarch butterfly is falling.
關(guān)系副詞的用法
關(guān)系副詞 　 指代 在從句中的作用
when
where
why
時間
時間狀語
地點(diǎn)
地點(diǎn)狀語
原因
原因狀語
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why可以用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~+which來替代。
when=in/on/at/during…+which,
where=in/on/at…+which,
why=for which
I will never forget the day. We went to the factory on that day.
I will never forget the day on which we went to the factory.
I will never forget the day when we went to the factory.
Do you know the factory My friend worked in the factory five years ago.
Do you know the factory in which my friend worked five years ago
Do you know the factory where my friend worked five years ago
This is the reason. He left home for it.
This is the reason for which he left home.
This is the reason why he left home.
I don’t like his way. He usually treat others in the way.
I don’t like his way in which he usually treat others .
I don’t like his way that he usually treat others .
I don’t like his way * he usually treat others.
當(dāng)介詞+which引導(dǎo)定語從句時，有時可以用關(guān)系副詞 when /where/why
1.This is the room ____________ I visited yesterday.
This is the room_________________ I left the book yesterday.
2.I will remember the days ___________ we spent together.
I will remember the days ______________ we stayed together.
3.This is the reason____________ I gave to the teacher.
This is the reason _______________ I was late yesterday.
4. I have a good way _____________ he told me.
I have a good way ______________ we can solve the problem quickly.
(which/that)
where/in which
(which/that)
when/in which
(which/that)
why/for which
(which/that)
in which/that/*
1). I’ve come to the point where I can’t stand him.
2). The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.
我已經(jīng)到了無法容忍他的地步了。
國家正處在隨時有可能爆發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭的局勢中。
先行詞是抽象的地點(diǎn)，用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。
如果定語從句分別修飾point, situation, stage, condition, case, position等表示“情況，狀況，形勢”等抽象意義的詞，常用where 引導(dǎo)，意思是“到了某種地步，在某種境況中” 。
代替一個句子 (正如，正像…那樣）
從句位置可置于主句之前或之后，有時也可作為插入語置于句中，一般用逗號和主句隔開。
as we can see, as is mentioned above, as is known to all, as we all know等。
As is well known，great changes have taken place in China.
Great changes, as is well known, have taken place in China.
He failed in the exam again, as was expected
( as在定語從句中作主語）
As
下列固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如：
1 as has been said before 如前所述
2 as often happens 正像經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣
3 as is well known= as is known to all 眾所周知
4 as we have expected正如我們預(yù)料的那樣
5 as has been mentioned above正如上面提到的
6 as we can see 正如大家看到的那樣
2.which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，代替前面出現(xiàn)的句子。
（語意上常表示這一點(diǎn)，這一方面或一定的因果關(guān)系）
The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn’t expected.　
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
　
which 和 as (代替句子)的用法區(qū)別：
（1）語意上的區(qū)別
The result of the experiment was very good, _____ we hadn't expected.　　
The result of the experiment was very good, ___we had expected.
which
as
(2) 形式上的區(qū)別：as 的句子可以在不同的地方使用，而which的句子只能放在后面。
As is well known，great changes have taken place in China.
Great changes, as is well known, have taken place in China.
Great changes have taken place in China, as is well known.
The elephant is like a spear, as anybody can see.
Great progress have been made in China, which makes us proud.
as引導(dǎo)定語從句
1. as 作關(guān)系代詞，在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。
(1）當(dāng)such或the same修飾先行詞時，as不能省略
Such books as you gave me are interesting.
He wore the same uniform ___ his classmates have.
He wore the same uniform _____ his friend lent him .
(as表示同一類,that表示同一個)
as
that
當(dāng)先行詞與so連用時,關(guān)系代詞用as.
注意so/such…as 與 so/such…that 的區(qū)別
It is so big a stone/such a big stone _____I can’t move.
It is so big a stone/such a big stone ____ I can’t move it.
This is such a difficult problem ______ I can’t lift.
This is such a difficult problem ______ I can’t lift it.
as
that
as
that
He is one of the students who _______ praised.
He is the one of the students who ______ praised.
He is one of the teachers who _______ playing baseball. (like)
He is the only one of the teachers who _______ playing baseball. (like)
John is one of the students who_______ English． (know)
John is the only one of the students who _______ English．
like
likes
were
was
know
knows
One of ，和 the （very, only）one of, one of… 表示…中的一個，從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，而the (only, very )one of…表示……中的唯一的一個，從句謂語用單數(shù)。
強(qiáng)調(diào)句句型：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成份+that/who +其它部分．去掉 It is/was….that/who… ,句子依然成立;
定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞在句中要作一成份。
(1) It is in this room _____I lived last year.
It is the room ______I lived last year.
(2) It was at seven o’clock _____he went to school this morning.
It was seven o’clock _____he went to school this morning.
that
where
that
when
強(qiáng)調(diào)句與定語從句
定語從句和同位語從句
(1)The news ________our volleyball team won the match made us excited.
(2)The news _________he told me yesterday is exciting.
(3)The problem __________we should answer for the accident is clear to you.
(4)The problem __________he wanted to solve is hard.
that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句，在從句中不充當(dāng)任成分，并且引導(dǎo)的句子是解釋說明前一名詞的內(nèi)容，在從句中不可省去，也不可用which 替代。
that/which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)成分，作賓語時可省去，從句起說明主句性質(zhì)和特征的作用。
that
that/which
that
that/which

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