資源簡介

(共49張PPT)
Unit 1 Laugh out loud
第二課時 Using language
Grammar
Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions.
a. I walk through the doors into the waiting area, where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension.
b. ... laughter produces chemicals to make people feel
better, which means clown doctors can be helpful.
c. I spent much of the time when I was there feeling
frightened ...
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
1. 我穿過一道道門進入等候區，那里有一種熟悉的無聊和緊張的氣氛。
2. 人們不舒服地坐在塑料椅子上，翻看舊雜志，這些雜志以前都被讀過幾百遍了。
3.在這個特別的場景中間，我發現了一個小女孩，她的腳踝是正常的兩倍大。
4.我和值班護士聊了聊，她告訴我，勞拉從自行車上摔下來后，她的父母趕緊把她送到了醫院。
5.科學研究表明，笑會產生讓人感覺更好的化學物質，這意味著小丑醫生可以有所幫助。
6. 我在那里的大部分時間都感到害怕和有點無聊!
7. 我們必須非常敏感，并與醫生和護士密切合作，他們讓我們了解每個病人的最新情況。
1.當我穿著白大褂走近醫院時，我看起來和其他醫生一樣。
2.人們不舒服地坐在塑料椅子上，翻閱舊雜志，所有這些雜志以前都讀過幾百遍。
3.自從來到這里，勞拉一直在痛苦中哭泣。
4.我們是經過特殊訓練的小丑，是一個被稱為“醫院小丑”項目的一部分。（用非謂語改造）
5.成為一名小丑醫生意味著我可以通過娛樂來幫助人們。
6.我們小丑醫生走訪醫院和其他的醫療保健機構，和醫療專業人員一起工作。
7.看到女兒如此開心，勞拉的父母也更加放松了。
8.雖然勞拉和其他人還需要更多地去醫院就診，但我希望小丑醫生能幫助使它成為一個更友好的地方。
In sentence (a) “where” refers to “the waiting area”;
in sentence (b) “which” refers to “ ... laughter produces chemicals to make people feel better”; in sentence (c) “when” refers to “the time”.
1. What do “where”, “which” and “when” refer to in each sentence
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
2. Which sentences contain a clause with essential information and which with extra information If you take away the clauses, do the sentences still make sense
Sentence (c) contains a clause with essential information, sentences (a) and (b) contain clauses with extra information. If we take away the clause of sentence (c), the meaning of it is incomplete. If we take away the clauses of sentences (a) and (b), the two sentences still make sense.
Sentences (a) and (b) with extra information are
separated by commas.
3. Which clauses are separated by a comma, the ones with essential information or the ones with extra information
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
Now look for more sentences with non-defining attributive clauses in the reading passage, and summarise their uses.
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs, looking through old magazines, all of which have been read hundreds of times previously.
I speak with the on-duty nurse, who tells me that Lara’s parents rushed her to the hospital after she fell off her bicycle.
We have to be very sensitive and work closely with the doctors and nurses, who keep us updated on each patient.
非限制性定語從句
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
定語從句
限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句
非限制性定語從句
關系詞
與限定性區別
需要注意問題
關系代詞
關系副詞
who：指人，在定語從句中作主語、賓語
whom：指人，在從句中作賓語
which：指物或整個主句內容，在從句中作主語或賓語
whose：指人或物，在從句中作定語
as: 指整個主句內容，在從句中作主語或賓語
when：在從句中作時間狀語
where：在從句中作地點狀語
形式上：非限性，逗號與主句隔開；限定性無逗號隔開
意義上：非限性:對先行詞/句子的補充，刪去句子完整明確；限定性是先行詞不可缺少的定語，刪去句子意思不完整，明確。
譯法上：非限性:譯成與主句并列的分句; 限定性：譯成先行詞定語
關系詞的使用上：非限性:做賓語的關系代詞不可省，不用that
在句中時，前后都需要用逗號隔開。
as & which 引導非限制性定語從句區別：位置，意義
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
1. 形式和功能不同
限制性定語從句的主句和從句之間不用逗號隔開，從句對先行詞的意義進行修飾、限定和識別，如果把從句去掉，就會造成句意發生變化，甚至不能成立；
非限制性定語從句的主句和從句之間通常用逗號隔開，從句對先行詞起補充說明的作用，如果把從句省略掉，對句意沒有太大影響。
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
1. 形式和功能不同
例如：My sister who works in Shanghai sends me an email almost every day.
既然需要限定，說明我的姐姐很多，除了在上海工作的姐姐，還有其他姐姐，刪去后從句表意不明。
我在上海工作的姐姐幾乎每天都給我發電子郵件。
（限制性定語從句）
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
1. 形式和功能不同
例如：My sister, who works in Shanghai, sends me an
email almost every day.
既然不需要限定，說明我只有一個姐姐，刪去從句后句意依然明確。
我姐姐在上海工作，幾乎每天都給我發電子郵件。
（非限制性定語從句）
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
2. 翻譯不同
翻譯時，一般把限制性定語從句翻譯在它所修飾的先行詞之前；
而非限制性定語從句通常與主句分開翻譯。
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
2. 翻譯不同
例如：He is the man whose car was stolen.
他就是汽車被竊的那個人。
（限制性定語從句）
I’ve invited Mary, who lives in the next flat.
我邀請了Mary，她就住在隔壁。
（非限制性定語從句）
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
3. 先行詞不同
限制性定語從句的先行詞常常是名詞或代詞；
非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞或代詞，也可以是短語或整個句子。
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
3. 先行詞不同
例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher,
retired last year.
Charles Smith去年退休了，他曾經是我的老師。
（非限制性定語從句）
They rely on themselves, which is much better.
他們依靠自己，這樣好得多。
（非限制性定語從句）
先行詞是名詞
先行詞是句子
限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別：
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
3. 引導詞不同
非限制性定語從句一律不能使用______
that
Read the passage and rewrite the tips using non-defining attributive clauses. Add more tips to the list if you can.
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
Achieving a positive state of mind isn’t easy for everyone. But there are ways to maintain a healthy mind even during times of difficulty.
SECRETS TO HAPPINESS
Go for a walk in the countryside. There you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
Spend time with your family and friends. This will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.
Try to accept your mistakes. You can learn a lot through them.
Close your eyes and picture the future. You’ve made your dreams come true.
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
Go for a walk in the countryside, where you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
Go for a walk in the countryside. There you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
Spend time with your family and friends. This will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.
Try to accept your mistakes. You can learn a lot through them.
Close your eyes and picture the future. You’ve made your dreams come true.
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
Spend time with your family and friends, which will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.
Go for a walk in the countryside. There you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
Spend time with your family and friends. This will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.
Try to accept your mistakes. You can learn a lot through them.
Close your eyes and picture the future. You’ve made your dreams come true.
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
Try to accept your mistakes, where / through which you can learn a lot.
Go for a walk in the countryside. There you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
Spend time with your family and friends. This will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.
Try to accept your mistakes. You can learn a lot through them.
Close your eyes and picture the future. You’ve made your dreams come true.
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
Close your eyes and picture the future, where / in wchich you’ve made your dreams come true.
Go for a walk in the countryside. There you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere.
Spend time with your family and friends. This will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier.
Try to accept your mistakes. You can learn a lot through them.
Close your eyes and picture the future. You’ve made your dreams come true.
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
has lost his patience by now
he thinks will impress Holmes
is lying next to him
he finds annoying
Complete the joke with the sentence parts in the box using who / which and put commas in the correct position.
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
One day, Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson go camping. They put up their tent under the stars and go to sleep. Suddenly, in the middle of the night, Watson is woken up by Holmes, 1 ______________________ “Watson,” Holmes says, “look up at the stars, and tell me what they tell you.” Not quite sure what he means, Watson thinks Holmes is joking , 2 ______________________ at this time of night.
who is lying next to him
which he finds annoying
Grammar: Non-defining attributive clauses
Even so, he replies, “I see millions of stars and it’s quite likely there are some planets like Earth. And if so, this means that there might also be life on other planets.” Watson is pleased with his answer, 3 ________________________________. But Holmes, 4 ____________________________ shouts, “Watson, look around you! Use your eyes! Somebody’s stolen our tent!”
who has lost his patience by now
which he thinks will impress Holmes
essential
extra
make sense
separate
獲得積極的心態并不是對每個人都很容易。
不確定他什么意思，華生以為福爾摩斯在開玩笑，他覺得晚上這個時候開玩笑太煩人了。
寧靜的氛圍
想象未來
去宿營
搭建帳篷
在半夜
抬頭看星星
發現...很煩人
盡管如此
對...滿意
失去耐心
到現在為主
環顧四周
偷竊
教材原句p.6 If you take away the clauses，do the sentences still make sense 如果去掉從句，這些句子還有意義嗎？
make sense 有意義；有道理；是明智的，是合乎情理的
搭配：It makes sense to do sth. 做某事是明智的。
I think it makes sense to make full preparations before the interview. 我認為面試前做好充分的準備是明智的。
【歸納拓展】
make sense of sth. 理解某事，弄懂某事
make no sense 沒有道理，沒有意義
Fun Time
Listen and complete the conversations.(P7)
Fun time
1. ear to ear
2. head off
Check the answers
smile/grin/beam from ear to ear 眉開眼笑；
笑得合不攏嘴
laugh one’s head off 大笑不止；狂笑不已
Check the answers
3. smiles
be all smiles = be very happy / friendly一臉笑意；喜滋滋的
4. laughing
5. a smile
Check the answers
laughing stock 笑柄；笑料
crack a smile 露出笑臉
Activity 6 Match the expressions you have completed in Activity 5 to their meanings.
laughing stock
grin from ear to ear
be all smiles
crack a smile
laugh one's head off
與笑有關的短語：
burst out laughing 放聲大笑 burst into laughter
have /get the last laugh 笑到最后，取得最后的勝利
He who laughs last, laughs best. 笑到最后的人笑的最開心。
can’t help laughing忍不住大笑
giggle 咯咯笑，傻笑 laugh foolishly 傻笑
smile at 朝某人笑
smile bitterly 苦笑
force a smile 強顏歡笑 with a forced smile
tease, make fun of 取笑
wear a big smile on one's face 笑容滿面
laugh till the tears roll down one's cheeks /laugh with tears rolling down one's cheeks 笑出眼淚
Work in groups and think of more expressions about laughter.
哈哈大笑
放聲大笑
忍不住大笑
為了取樂；作為消遣
笑到最后
笑到最后的人笑得最
開心。
a good laugh
burst out laughing
fall about laughing
for laughs
have / get the last laugh
He who laughs last, laughs best.
giggle; laugh foolishly; simper
grin
smile at sb
smile bitterly
smirk
snicker; laugh up one’s sleeve
tease; make fun of
Work in groups and think of more expressions about laughter.
傻笑
咧著嘴笑
朝某人微笑
苦笑
幸災樂禍地笑
竊笑
取笑
教材原句p.7 We all deserve a second chance，I guess. 我想我們都應該再有一次機會。
deserve v. 應得，應受到
deserve to do sth. 值得做某事，應該做某事
deserve doing/to be done 值得被做
The report deserves careful consideration. 這篇報告應該給予認真考慮。
They certainly deserved to win that game. 他們當然應該贏得那場比賽。
He deserved punishing/to be punished. 他應受懲罰。
搭配
Discuss other situations in which you could use these expressions.
You may start like this:
A: Tom must have passed that
really hard test.
B: Why do you think so
A: Because he was grinning
from ear to ear yesterday
when I met him.
Pair work
Listening & speaking
Did you know
April Fool’s Day is on 1 April. It’s the one day of the year when people in many parts of the world play practical jokes on each other. Even newspapers, radio and TV stations play tricks on their readers and audiences. The jokes traditionally last until noon in the UK. But in some other countries, such as the US, they can last all day!
Listen to the radio programme and choose the pictures mentioned.(P7)
Listen again and complete the notes(P7).
Listening & speaking: While-listening
Listen again and complete the notes.
Joke 1
Year: 1698
Main story: A newsletter reported people going to watch 1 _______________________ at the Tower of London. The joke was played on visitors throughout the 2 _______________________.
“the washing of the lions”
18th and 19th centuries
Listening & speaking: While-listening
Listen again and complete the notes.
Joke 2
Year: 3 _____________
Main story: The 4 __________________ introduced an invention called “Smellovision”. It allowed 5 __________________ over the airwaves.
smells to be carried
BBC News Channel
1965
Listening & speaking: While-listening
Listen again and complete the notes.
Joke 3
Year: 6 ____________
Main story: A news programme told viewers that the spaghetti trees in Switzerland were having 7 ______________________.
a really good harvest
1957
Telling a story Making comments
Let’s start with ...
That’s so funny!
It’s a good one!
Now, my favourite one ...
I can imagine!
I don’t get it.
Complete the boxes with expressions from the radio programme(P9).
Pair work
Tell each other a funny story and make comments using the expressions in this section.

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