資源簡介

(共48張PPT)
高頻詞匯精講
高頻詞匯 情景破
詞匯 1 vital adj.必不可少的;極其重要的;充滿生機的;維持生命所必需的
　　Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria...青蒿素已經成為瘧疾治療
的一個極其重要的部分…… (教材P2)
情景導學
There is no doubt that for any student who wants to make great progress, persistence is vital to/for
success.毫無疑問,對于任何一個想取得很大進步的學生來說,堅持不懈是成功的關鍵。
(寫作·學習建議)
Languages play a vital role in ensuring cultural diversity and strengthening cooperation.語言在確
保文化多樣性和加強合作方面起著至關重要的作用。
It's vital that you (should) mind your table manners when you go abroad. As a consequence, it is
vital for exchange students to learn more about local custom and culture in advance.當你出國時,
注意你的餐桌禮儀是很重要的。因此,對于交換生來說,提前更多地了解當地的風俗文化是
至關重要的。
(寫作·餐桌文化)
用法歸納
①be of vital importance 至關重要
②be vital 　　 ... 對……極其重要
③It is vital (for...) 　 　 sth.(對……來說)做某事極其重要。
④It is vital that...……極其重要。(that從句的謂語用“　　　 　　 ”的形式,其中　　 可
以省略)
⑤play a vital part/role 　　 ...在……方面起著極其重要的作用
for/to　
to do
should+動詞原形
should
in
　　Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in...屠呦呦,一位盡職盡責、有耐
心的科學家,生于…… (教材P2)
情景導學
In addition to her research, she has been whole-heartedly committed to environmental protection.
除了自己的研究,她還全身心地投入環保事業。
用法歸納
be committed 　　 (doing) sth.致力于(做)某事
詞匯 2 committed adj.盡心盡力的;堅定的;堅信的
to
詞匯拓展
①commit vt.承諾;保證;做出(錯的或非法的事);花(錢或時間) vi.忠于(某個人、機構等);全心
全意投入(工作、活動等)
commit oneself to sth./to doing sth./to do sth.某人承諾/保證做某事
commit a crime/a mistake犯罪/犯錯
②commitment n.承諾;保證;奉獻,獻身,投入;花費,使用
one's commitment to...某人對……的奉獻
make a commitment to...對……做出承諾
make a commitment to doing sth./to do sth.承諾做某事
In order to improve spoken English, the student committed himself to/made a commitment to
sparing one hour to practice it every day.為了提高英語口語水平,這個學生承諾每天抽出一個小時來練習。
In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering
a new treatment for malaria...1967年,中國政府組建了一支以發現治療瘧疾的新方法為目
標的科學家隊伍…… (教材P2)
情景導學
As a father, not only does he care about my life, but he also inspires me to set an objective and
work hard to achieve it.作為一個父親,他不僅關心我的生活,而且激勵我設定一個目標并努力
實現它。
（寫作·人物描寫）
詞匯 3 objective n.目標;目的 adj.客觀的
用法歸納
①　　 an objective設定目標
②achieve/meet/accomplish/attain one's objective(s)達到/實現某人的目標
③an objective analysis/assessment/report客觀的分析/評價/報告
詞匯拓展
①subjective adj.主觀的(objective的反義詞)
②objectively adv.客觀地
③object n.物體;目標;對象 v.反對;不贊成
object to sb./sth.反對/不贊成某人/某事
object to (sb.) doing...反對(某人)做……
Some people object to animal experiments. 一些人反對動物實驗。
My parents object to me going to college out of our province.我父母反對我到外省去上大學。
④objection n.反對;異議
set
　　However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.然而,屠呦呦不會承認失敗。 (教材P2)
情景導學
　　They refused to acknowledge being defeated and hoped for a second chance to compete.他
們拒絕承認被打敗,希望再有一次機會競爭。
It is widely/generally acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of overall qualities.人們普遍認為應該從綜合素質的角度來評估學生。
The waters surrounding Antarctica were acknowledged as/to be a new ocean by the National
Geographic Society.南極洲周圍的海域被美國國家地理學會承認為一個新的大洋。
詞匯 4 acknowledge vt.承認(屬實、權威等);(公開)感謝
用法歸納
①acknowledge 　　 sth.承認做某事
②acknowledge...　　　　　 ...承認……是……(常用被動形式)
③　　 (widely/generally) acknowledged that...人們(普遍)認為……
詞匯拓展
acknowledgement n.承認;感謝
in acknowledgement of為感謝……
doing
as/to be
It is
　　Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to
make sure that it was safe.屠呦呦和她的團隊成員甚至堅決要求在他們自己身上測試藥物,以
確保它是安全的。 (教材P3)
情景導學
They simply insist on mutual(相互的)recognition and regard.他們只是堅持相互承認和尊重。
(2022全國乙)
　　The twins insisted on/upon making French toast and chicken porridge for their mother as a
Mother's Day surprise.這對雙胞胎堅持要為母親做法式吐司和雞肉粥作為母親節的驚喜。
（讀后續寫·母親節的驚喜）
He insisted that he hadn’t stolen the money.他堅稱他沒有偷那筆錢。
The student union insists that every participant (should) arrive at the hall on time.學生會堅決要
求每個參與者按時到達大廳。 （寫作·通知 ）
詞匯 5 insist vi.& vt.堅持;堅決要求;堅持主張;堅持說,堅決認為
用法歸納
①insist 　　 (doing) sth. 堅決要求(做)某事;堅持(做)某事
②insist on sb./sb.'s doing sth.堅決要求某人做某事
③insist后接that引導的賓語從句時,如果意為“　　　 　　 ”,則從句用陳述語氣,時態根
據表達的意思確定;如果意為“　　　　　 ”,則從句需用虛擬語氣,從句謂語用
“　　 　　 ”的形式,其中should可以省略。
詞匯拓展
insistence n.堅決要求;堅持
on/upon
堅持說,堅決認為
堅決要求
should+動詞原形
　　Did you come to any conclusions 你得出什么結論了嗎 (教材P4)
情景導學
In conclusion, I like everything there, especially the feelings of being bathed in sunshine.總之,我
喜歡那里的一切,尤其是沐浴在陽光下的感覺。 （讀后續寫·環境描寫）
I draw the conclusion from my own experience that “where there is a will, there is a way.”我
從我自己的經歷中得出結論:“有志者,事竟成?！? （讀后續寫·人生感悟）
詞匯 6 conclusion n.結論;推論;結束;結尾
用法歸納
①come to/arrive at/reach/　　　 the conclusion that...得出……的結論
②　　 conclusion最后;總之
③jump to conclusions草率地下結論
④bring the war to a conclusion結束戰爭
draw
in
詞匯拓展
conclude v.斷定;推斷出;得出結論;(使)結束
conclude (from...) that... (從……中)得出……結論
conclude...(from...)(從……中)推斷出……
conclude (sth.) with sth./by doing sth.以某事/以做某事結束(某事)
It is/was concluded that...結論是……
to conclude=in conclusion最后
What can we conclude from this passage 我們可以從這篇文章中推斷出什么 (2021北京)
He concluded his speech with an old saying: “Friendship is a tree with good faith as roots and
goodwill as branches.”他以一句老話結束了他的演講:“友誼是樹,真誠為根,親善為枝?！?br/> It was concluded that there is no explanation for the existence of this gas in the clouds of Venus.結論是金星云層中這種氣體的存在沒有理由
　　Her circumstances are beyond our control.我們無法控制她的狀況。 (教材P5)
情景導學
We learned the lesson from this experience: no matter what difficulties we encounter, under/in no
circumstances will we give up.我們從這次經歷中吸取了教訓:無論遇到什么困難,我們都決不
放棄。 （讀后續寫·結尾主題升華）
Under/In the circumstances, you'd better make a decision as quickly as possible.在這種情況下,
你最好盡快做出決定。
詞匯 7 circumstance n.(常用復數)條件;環境;狀況
用法歸納
①　　　 　　 決不,無論如何都不(位于句首時句子要用部分倒裝)
②　　 the circumstances在這種情況下;既然這樣
③under/in exceptional/certain circumstances在特殊/某些情況下
under/in no circumstances
under/in
　　While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a
doctorate in physics in 1905.在那里工作期間,出于對知識的酷愛,他繼續學習,于1905年獲得
了物理學博士學位。 (教材P8)
情景導學
From their reactions, I feel that children have a great passion for winter sports.從他們的反應來
看,我覺得孩子們對冬季運動有著極大的熱情。 (People's Daily)
詞匯 8 passion n.酷愛;激情
用法歸納
①have a passion 　　 (doing)sth.對(做)某事充滿熱情
②out of a passion for...出于對……的熱情
詞匯拓展
①passionate adj.熱情的;狂熱的;酷愛的
be passionate about...酷愛……
We are passionate about traditional Chinese culture, which makes us fit to spread it to foreign-
ers.我們熱愛中國傳統文化,這讓我們適合向外國人傳播中國傳統文化。
（寫作·中國傳統文化）
②passionately adv.狂熱地
for
　　As a consequence, he had to flee Germany.結果,他只好逃離德國。 (教材P8)
情景導學
As a consequence of food waste, more environmental problems are caused.由于食物浪費,更多
的環境問題發生了。
（寫作·食物浪費）
I carelessly got the plan ruined, and as a consequence, I had to take the consequences. 我不小心
把計劃搞砸了,因此我必須承擔后果。
詞匯 9 consequence n.結果;后果;重要性
用法歸納
①as a consequence of(=in consequence of=as a result of)　　　　　　
②as a consequence(=in consequence=as a result)　　　　　　
③take the consequences 　　　　　　
④be of no consequence無關緊要
詞匯拓展
①consequent adj.隨之發生的
The warming of the Earth and the consequent climate change affect us all.地球變暖以及隨之
而來的氣候變化影響著我們所有人。
②consequently adv.因此;所以
因為;由于　
因此;結果
承擔后果
　　Use your notes to write your introduction and sum up how you feel about this person.利用你
的筆記來寫你的介紹,并總結你對這個人的感受如何。 (教材P9)
情景導學
Students are supposed to review as well as sum up what they have learned in time on a daily ba-
sis.學生應該每天及時復習和總結所學的知識。
（寫作·學習策略）
To sum up/In sum, Mr. Smith is a respected man of many noble qualities.總而言之,史密斯先生
是一個受人尊敬的、有很多高尚品格的人。
（寫作·人物描寫）
The sum of 8 and 12 is 20. 8與12的和是20。
詞匯10 sum vi.總結;概括 n.金額;款項;總數;總和
用法歸納
①sum 　　 概括;總結;估量,判斷
②　　 sum up總之,總而言之
③　　 sum總之,總而言之
④the sum of A and B 　　　　
⑤the sum of+金錢 ……的金額
⑥a large sum of money 一大筆錢
up
to
in
A與B的和
詞匯拓展
①summarize v.總結;概括;概述
to summarize總的說來
②summary n.總結;概括;概要 adj.總結性的;概括的;從速從簡的,草草的
in summary總之
In summary/To summarize, if we are to change our life, it's vital that we should begin with
small things.總之,如果我們想改變生活,重要的是我們應該從小事開始。 (寫作·結尾)
高頻詞匯積累
詞匯 釋義 用法& 拓展
crucial adj.至關重要的;關鍵性的 be crucial to growth對成長是至關重要的(2023新課標Ⅱ)
academic adj.學業的;學術的 an academic year一個學年academic degree/qualifications學位/學歷
academy n.(某一領域的)研究院,學會;?？圃盒?br/>academically adv.學術上
distinct adj.清晰的;明顯的;清楚的;有區別的 be distinct from與……有區別
a distinct visual contrast鮮明的視覺反差(2023全國乙)
distinctly adv.明顯地;清楚地
distinction n.區別;差別;對比;優秀;特質
boil vt.& vi.(使)沸騰;煮開;燒開 n.沸騰;沸點 辨析:boiled water指的是煮開過的水(可指涼開水),而boiling water指的是正在沸騰的水
obtain vt.(尤指經努力)獲得;贏得vi.
(規章、習俗等)存在;流行(生
義) obtain advice/information/permission得到忠告/信息/許可
The custom still obtains in some districts.
這種風俗在某些地區仍然流行。
defeat n.失敗;挫敗vt.擊敗;戰勝;難
倒 admit defeat承認失敗
a narrow/heavy defeat惜敗/慘敗
defeat the enemy打敗敵人
analyse/ analyze vt.分析 analyse the data分析數據
analysis(pl. analyses) n.分析
apparently adv.顯而易見;看來;顯然 Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.明星們顯然不遵循體育精神的這個基本原則。(2019北京)
apparent adj.明顯的;顯而易見的
It's apparent (to sb.) that...(對某人來說)很明顯……
novel n.(長篇)小說adj.新穎的;與眾不同的(生義) write/publish/read a novel創作/發表/閱讀長篇小說
a novel feature新特征
novelist n.小說家
found vt.創建;建立;把……建立在 found a club/company創辦一個俱樂部/公司
be founded on/upon...建立在……的基礎上(=be based on...)
注意:found還是find(發現)的過去式和過去分詞;found表示“創建”時,其過去式及過去分詞為founded—founded。
founder n.創建者;創始人
foundation n.建立;創辦;基礎;地基
infer vt.推斷;推定;暗示 注意:infer的過去式及過去分詞為inferred—inferred。
What can be inferred from the last paragraph 從最后一段可以推斷出什么 (2023全國甲)
inference n.推斷的結果;結論
gradually adv.逐漸地;逐步地 You'll then gradually become more patient.然后你就會逐漸變得更有耐心。(2023全國甲)
gradual adj.逐漸的
come to power (開始)掌權;上臺(表動作) (be) in power執政(表狀態)The government has been in power for two years.
=The government came to power two years ago.
該政府執政兩年了。
remarkable adj.非凡的;顯著的;引人注目的 be remarkable for...因……而引人注目
remark vt.& vi.談論;評論 n.言論;談論;引人注目
remarkably adv.不同尋常地;驚人地
經典結構 情景破
結構 1 It strikes sb.+that...某人突然意識到……
It struck him that the other Chinese men in the photo apparently did not care about what was hap-
pening to their fellow countrymen.他突然意識到照片中其他的中國人顯然并不在乎他們的同
胞的遭遇。 (教材P4)
結構拓展
①it hits/occurs to sb. that... 某人突然想到……
It hit/occurred to me that traditional culture like tea culture was of great charm and huge value.
我突然想到傳統文化,如茶文化,具有巨大的魅力和極大的價值。（寫作·傳統文化）
②sth. strikes/hits/occurs to sb.某人突然想到某事
Making and selling popcorn struck/hit/occurred to John, which would help those poor families.
約翰突然想到制作和銷售爆米花,這會幫助那些貧窮的家庭。
He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of
relativity and the famous formula E=mc2.他為世界做出了很多貢獻,最著名的是廣義相對論和
著名的公式E=mc2。 (教材P8)
情景導學
Dad looked at me, (with) tears welling up in his eyes.爸爸看著我,熱淚盈眶。
（讀后續寫·動作和神態描寫）
Homework finished, the boy went to bed.家庭作業做完后,這個男孩上床睡覺了。
Here are the first two chapters, the third to come out next year.這是前兩章,第三章明年出版。
Nervous and worried, she began to pace up and down in the room, (with) her hands crossed.她又
緊張又擔心,雙手交叉,開始在房間里踱來踱去。 （讀后續寫·動作和情緒描寫）
結構 2 獨立主格結構
He put on his socks in a hurry, wrong side out!他匆匆忙忙地穿上襪子,結果穿反了!
The little girl entered the room,her face red with cold.小女孩走進房間,臉凍紅了。
Dark clouds in the sky,it is going to rain soon.天空烏云密布,很快就要下雨了。
（讀后續寫·天氣描寫）
Many people come to visit the city, most of them foreigners.很多人來參觀這個城市,其中大多
數是外國人。
（寫作·旅游）
用法歸納
　?、侏毩⒅鞲窠Y構可由“邏輯主語(名詞或代詞)+非謂語動詞(現在分詞/過去分詞/動詞不
定式)”構成,　　　　　 表示動詞與其邏輯主語為主動關系或動作正在進行,　　　　
表示動詞與其邏輯主語為被動關系或動作已經完成,　　　　　 表示動作將要發生。
②獨立主格結構還可由“邏輯主語+介詞短語/　 　 /　 　 /副詞”構成。
③獨立主格結構與句子其他部分用逗號隔開,在句中一般作　　 ,常表示時間、原因、條
件、方式或伴隨等。
④with的復合結構也可看作獨立主格結構的一種(一般可在獨立主格結構前直接加上with,就
構成了with的復合結構)。
現在分詞
過去分詞
動詞不定式　
形容詞
名詞
狀語
　　He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he
had just received an electric shock.他胡須濃密,頭發又長又白,有時會像剛遭了電擊似的豎起
來。 (教材P8)
情景導學
The meat tastes as though/if it has already gone bad.這肉嘗起來好像已經壞了。
It looked as though/if she'd had some bad news.她看上去好像有什么壞消息似的。(實際上沒
有壞消息)
They are shaking with fear, as though/if something is going to happen.他們害怕得發抖,好像要
發生什么事。
結構 3 as though/if引導從句
He opened his mouth as though/if he would say something.他張開嘴好像要說什么。(實際上不
想說)
　　By doing this, we can form a closer relationship with our customers as though/if they were
our neighbors or relatives.通過這樣做,我們可以與客戶建立更密切的關系,就像他們是我們的
鄰居或親戚一樣。(實際上不是鄰居或親戚) (2020浙江1月)
用法歸納
　?、賏s though/if引導狀語從句或表語從句時,若表示的情況與客觀事實相符,用　　　　
;若表示的情況與客觀事實不相符或相反,則用　　　　　 。
②as though/if引導狀語從句或表語從句時,若從句表示與現在事實相反的情況,從句用　　
　　　　　 (be動詞常用　　 );若表示與過去事實相反的情況,從句用　　　　　 ;若
表示與將來事實相反的情況,從句謂語常用“would/could/might+動詞原形”。
陳述語氣
虛擬語氣
一般過去時
were
過去完成時
Sentence 1
長難句 圖解
譯文　本年度的諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎已授予屠呦呦(得主之一),她的研究使青蒿素這種至關重要的新型抗瘧疾藥物被發現。
非限制性定語從句　
同位語
Sentence 2
　
譯文　1967年,中國政府組建了一支以發現治療瘧疾的新方法為目標的科學家隊伍,屠呦呦是首批入選的研究員之一。
后置定語　
兩個并列分句　
后置定語　
Sentence 3
　　
譯文　從他們的研究中,他們發現并測試了380種不同的有望戰勝瘧疾的古代中醫療法。
定語從句
Sentence 4


譯文　他胡須濃密,頭發又長又白,有時會像剛遭了電擊似的豎起來。
非限制性定語從句　
方式狀語從句
非限制性定語從句
一、非限制性定語從句的作用
情景導學
Wang, who is often in dangerous situations, is also a judo(柔道) master.王先生也是一位柔道大
師, 他經常處于危險的境地。 (2021新高考Ⅱ)
　　Peter, whose mother is in hospital, will take a few days off to look after her.彼得的母親住
院了,他要請幾天假來照顧她。
　　Yesterday Jimmy left for Canada, where he would stay for two years.昨天吉米出發去加拿
大了,他將在那里待兩年。
　　We will put off the meeting until next week, when we won’t be so busy.我們將把會議推遲到下周,那時我們就不這么忙了。
必備語法 情景破
用法歸納
　　非限制性定語從句只是對①　　 的補充、解釋或附加說明,即使去掉,主句的意思仍
然完整。它與主句之間一般用②　　 分開,常常翻譯成與主句并列的句子。
二、非限制性定語從句的關系詞
情景導學
My brother enjoys playing basketball, which he really plays well.我哥哥喜歡打籃球,他打得非常好。
He said he had passed the exam, which made him very happy.他說他通過了考試,這讓他非常開心。
She is an extraordinary girl, whom/who teachers often praise in class.她是一個出色的女孩,老師經常在課堂上表揚她。
As is known to all, fish can't live without water.眾所周知,魚離開水無法生存。
Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.問題都在這兒,我認為其中一些對你來說太難了。
先行詞
逗號　
用法歸納
　　在非限制性定語從句中:
1.先行詞指人,關系詞在定語從句中作主語時用who,作賓語時用③　　 或who(位于介詞后
面時,只能用whom)。
2.先行詞指物,關系詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時用④　　 。
3.先行詞指代整個主句的內容或主句中的部分內容,關系詞用which或as(as、which引導非限
制性定語從句的區別見三)
4.先行詞指物或指人,關系詞在定語從句中作定語時用whose。
5.先行詞是表示時間的名詞,關系詞在定語從句中作時間狀語時用when。
6.先行詞是表示地點的名詞,關系詞在定語從句中作地點狀語時用where。
7.一些數詞或代詞如all、some、one、both、neither、none、any、either等可與of一起修飾
whom
which
關系代詞,常用來引導非限制性定語從句,關系代詞指人時用⑤　　 ,指物時用⑥　　 ,不
可以用that。
三、as、which引導非限制性定語從句的區別
情景導學
As you can see, he did it much better than I.如你所見,他做得比我好得多。
Light, as we know, travels faster than sound.正如我們所知道的,光的傳播速度比聲音的傳播速
度快。
He invited me to dinner, which made me very happy.他請我吃飯,這使我很高興。
I may have to work late, in which case I‘ll telephone.我可能得工作到很晚,那樣的話我會打電話的。
He graduated from a local high school, after which he went to Peking University.他畢業于當地的一所高中,之后他去了北京大學。
whom　　
which　
用法歸納
1.在引導非限制性定語從句時,as常譯為“⑦　　 ”;which引導非限制性定語從句,修飾整
個主句時,常譯為“這,那”。
2.as引導的非限制性定語從句可位于主句 ⑧　　 、之中或之后,而which引導的非限制性
定語從句不能位于主句之前。
3.which在定語從句中可以作定語或介詞的⑨　　 ,而as不能。
特別提醒
1.as引導非限制性定語從句時,常用于下列固定結構中:as is expected(不出所料),as is men-
tioned above(正如上面所提到的),as we all know/as is known to all(眾所周知),as is reported(正
如所報道的),as is often the case(這是常有的事),as has been said before(如上所述)等。
2.限制性與非限制性定語從句的區別:
正如
之前　
賓語　
區別 限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句
作用不同 說明的是先行詞必不可少的情況 對先行詞進行補充說明
形式不同 關系詞和先行詞通常不用逗號分開 關系詞和先行詞通常用逗號分開
先行詞不同 只能是名詞或代詞 可以是名詞或代詞,也可以是整個主句或主句的一部分
關系詞不同 可用that;關系代詞作賓語可省略 不用that;關系代詞作賓語不可省略
翻譯不同 譯作定語,常譯為“……的” 從句可譯作與主句并列的句子
四、使用非限制性定語從句應注意的問題
情景導學
The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, that(×)/
which(√) is about five miles longer than the marathon.夏季奧運會上最長的田徑項目是50公里
競走,它比馬拉松長約5英里。 (2020全國Ⅰ)
I have told him the reason, why(×)/for which(√) I missed the early bus.我已經告訴了他原因,為
此我沒趕上早班車。
He is very outgoing, which is known to us all in our company.他非常外向,這是我們公司的人都
知道的。
用法歸納
1.非限制性定語從句不能用⑩　　 引導。
2.非限制性定語從句不能用why引導,要用 　　　　　 代替why。
3.非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是整個主句的內容,這時從句謂語動詞要用 　　　 形式。
that
for hich
單數
即時鞏固講
單句語法填空
1.(2023新課標Ⅱ)It just happened that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot,
Karen, 　　　　 offered to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.
2.(2023浙江1月)As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up
for yourself if others comment on what you're doing, 　　　　 can turn itself into a whole
household debate.
3.　　　　 is expected, he won the game. We were all happy for him.
4.He wrote many children's books, nearly half of 　　　　 were published in the 1990s.
5.The scientists designed experiments, 　　　　 goal was to prove whether plants could learn,
an idea that seemed impossible.
who
which
As
which
whose
6.He is a man of great knowledge, from 　　　　 much can be learned.
7.His interest started a few years ago, 　　　　 he was in college and was studying wildlife
science.
8.I climbed to the top of the hill with my friend, 　　　　 we had a good view of the lake.
whom
when
where

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