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第2講　代詞和冠詞
第一節　代詞
　人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞
1．人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞的基本形式
類別 人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞
主格 賓格 形容 詞性 物主 代詞 名詞 性物 主代 詞
第一 人稱 I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
第二 人稱 you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
第三 人稱 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
2．人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞的基本用法
類別 語法規則 例句/詞
人稱 代詞 主格多作主語，賓格多作賓語和表語 You，he and I are in different classes． Mr Wang asked Li Ming and me to help him．
物主 代詞 形容詞性物主代詞相當于形容詞，置于名詞前作定語 my name her book
名詞性物主代詞相當于“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”，常作主語、表語和賓語，也可用“of＋名詞性物主代詞”結構作后置定語 She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it．
反身 代詞 作動詞的賓語(動作的施動者和受動者是同一人) Tom taught himself Chinese．
作介詞賓語 You can't leave the baby by himself．
作表語 I'm not quite myself today．
作同位語，用于加強語氣，強調“親自，本人，親身” She herself heard him say so yesterday．
　it的用法
語法規則 例句
指代提到過的或正在談論的動物或事物，以及已知或正在發生的事實或情況等 Some of my friends who had been there before said it was a wonderful holiday destination．
主要用于指時間、距離、價值、自然現象(天氣、氣候及溫度等) It is early spring，but it is already very hot． (第一個it指時間，第二個it 指天氣)
指人，主要用于指性別不明的嬰兒或用于確認某人的身份 Her new baby is tiny．It only weighs 2 kilos．
it用作形式主語 Hence，it would be a great idea for us to choose partners freely． It's no use crying over spilt milk． It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth．
it用作形式賓語 She made it clear that she objected． I find it quite necessary to tell her beforehand． I consider it worthwhile watching this movie．
　指示代詞和不定代詞
1．指示代詞
代詞 語法規則 例句
one 代替的是前面提到的同類異物中的任何一個(it指原物)a/an＋可數名詞單數＝one A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood．
ones ones用來代替前面出現的復數名詞，也表泛指可數名詞復數＝ones Bridges made of stone are stronger than ones made of wood．
that 代替前面提到的同類異物中特指的事物，所代替的名詞可以是可數名詞單數，也可以是不可數名詞，其前面通常不能有修飾語，但可以有后置定語。 the＋可數名詞單數＝that/the one the＋不可數名詞＝that The bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood． The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai．
those 代替前面提到的同類異物中特指的事物，只能指代可數名詞復數，相當于the ones。 the＋可數名詞復數＝the ones/those The bridges made of stone are stronger than those made of wood．
2．不定代詞both，either，neither，all
代詞 語法規則 例句
both ①“兩者都” ②作主語時謂語動詞用復數 ③與not連用表示部分否定，全部否定用neither Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences． Not both of the substances are dissolved in water．
either ①“兩者中任何一個”(表三者及三者以上任何一個用any) ②作主語時謂語動詞用單數 There are two types of qualification，and either is acceptable．
neither ①表示“兩者都不” ②單獨作主語，謂語動詞用單數 ③后接of短語作主語時，謂語動詞既可用單數，也可用復數 Neither of them has/have a car．
all ①三者及三者以上的全部 ②作主語，指人時，謂語通常用復數；指事物的整體或抽象概念時，謂語通常用單數 ③與not連用，無論not在前還是在后，都表示部分否定，全部否定用none All were invited． All of the food has gone． Not all of them speak English．＝All of them don't speak English．
3．不定代詞each，every
代詞 語法規則 例句
each ①強調個體，可作代詞和形容詞，指兩者或兩者以上的每一個 ②可與of短語連用，可作主語、賓語、同位語和定語。作主語時，謂語用單數，作同位語時，謂語的數和主語保持一致 Each of the students has a dictionary． They each have a dictionary．
every ①強調整體中三者及三者以上的每一個，只能作定語 ②與not連用構成部分否定 ③可用來表示“每隔” ④不可與of短語連用 Every boy in the class has read the book． (every two days＝every second day＝every other day)
4．the other，another，others，the others
代詞 語法規則 例句
the other 特指兩者中的另一個，常用在“one...the other...”結構中 I have two daughters．One is a doctor，and the other is a teacher．
another 指三者或三者以上中的“另一，再一” I got another of those calls yesterday．
others 相當于“other＋可數名詞復數”，泛指別的人或物，常用在“some... others...”結構中 Some students are cleaning the classroom；others are cleaning the windows．
the others 相當于“the other＋可數名詞復數”，特指其余全部的人或物，常用在“some...the others...”結構中 Two boys will go to the zoo，and the others will go to the museum．
第二節　冠詞
　不定冠詞a/an
語法規則 例句
表示“一”，但不強調數量概念，或數量概念沒有one強烈 Rome was not built in a day．
用于指首次提到的對方不知道的人或物 Occupied in carrying out an experiment，he can't spare time to look after his son．
a/an＋可數名詞單數，泛指一類人或事物，或指同類人或事物中的“一個” In America，if a friend has invited you to drop in at any time，it is best to call before visiting．
a/an＋序數詞，表示“又一，再一”；a most＋形容詞，表示“非常，很……” In order to find a better job，he decided to study a second foreign language． It must be a most unusual exhibition．
用于表示價格、速度、比率等，表示“每一” She can type about 50 words a minute．
不定冠詞a/an表示“某一個”，相當于some/a certain A Mr．Green called just now．
“of a/an＋n．”表示相同尺寸、年齡等，相當于“of the same＋n．” These sweaters are of a size．＝These sweaters are of the same size．
用于某些具體化的抽象名詞前，常考的有：success，failure，danger，surprise，pleasure，beauty，comfort，honour等 I don't think the experiment is a failure．At least we have gained experience for future success．
　定冠詞the
語法規則 例句/示例
表示雙方都知道的或上文提到過的人或物 Six of the thirty-eight people were U．S．citizens．
用于表特指的由短語或從句修飾的名詞前 I really enjoyed the book I've just finished reading．
表示一類人或事物(用于形容詞或分詞前) He knows he is waiting for the impossible．
用于指世界上獨一無二的事物 Paris is a beautiful city，where you can see the famous Eiffel Tower．
用于演奏西洋樂器名稱前 As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn't like playing football．
the＋表示姓氏的復數名詞，表示一家人或夫婦二人 The Jacksons are coming to visit us on Saturday．
用于序數詞、最高級以及only，very，same等詞之前 It was the first time that Helen had understood such a complex word．
用于表示世紀、年代、朝代的名詞以及逢十的復數數詞前(指世紀中的幾十年代或人的大約歲數) The Tang Dynasty is considered a golden age of Chinese arts and culture．
用于表計量的名詞前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但如果是在抽象名詞前，則不用冠詞，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等 I got paid by time．To be exact，I got paid by the hour．
用于“動詞(hit，strike，pull，pat，take等)＋sb．＋介詞＋the＋身體部位” hit sb．on the head pat sb．on the shoulder take sb．by the arm/hand
　零冠詞
語法規則 例句
不可數名詞和可數名詞復數表示泛指時 Water is necessary to life． Books are my best friend．
名詞前已有this，my，some，each，no，any等限定詞時 We are doing this all without any support from the hospital．
學科、語言、球類、棋類、日期、一日三餐、月份、星期、季節、節假日和以人名或地名命名的大學等名詞前 They can choose other subjects like Art，Computer Science or languages such as Spanish and German．
與by連用，位于表示交通/通信工具的名詞前 I will contact you by letter．
表示獨一無二的職位、頭銜的名詞(如captain，manager，monitor，president等)在句中作表語、同位語或補語時 Mr．Smith，president of the new company，will be in charge of research and marketing operations．
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．Since people can't always eat out or cook for themselves (they)，they get takeout or order delivery．
2．As the song goes，this long and winding road“will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor's memory．It sure does in mine (I)．
3．Ecotourism has its (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s．
4．As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模擬) and imagine themselves (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest．
5．Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of our (we) Further Resources section featured in each volume．
6．Not the pandas，even though the language used for the medical training instructions is actually English．
7．Covering an area about three times the size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country．
8．It took us about 3 hours to go all the way around the Xi'an City Wall．
9．While you're in China，Mount Huangshan is a must to visit!
10．Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism．
Ⅱ．語法鏈接寫作——小小的it，大大的氣場
1．When it comes to learning English，reading widely is of great importance．
談到學習英語，廣泛閱讀很重要。
2．It is widely accepted that diet has a significant impact on our health．
人們普遍認為飲食對健康有重大影響。
3．It was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty．
就是在我重讀他的詩歌的時候，我才開始領會它們的美。
4．It was careless of him to leave the door open after he left the office．
他離開辦公室之后沒關門，真是粗心。
5．It's high time that we took measures to protect the environment of our campus．
到了我們采取措施保護校園環境的時候了。
Ⅲ．語法填空
Samantha Cristoforetti，1．the first Italian female astronaut in space，posted a group of photos and several Chinese sentences on her social media account during her mission at the International Space Station．
Attached to the photos 2．were (be) several lines from Preface to Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion，3．an ancient Chinese calligraphy masterpiece 4．by famous Chinese calligrapher Wang Xizhi from the Eastern Jin Dynasty．
Cristoforetti even gave an accurate translation of the lines，saying，“Looking up，I see the immensity of 5．the cosmos；bowing my head，I look at the multitude of the world．The gaze flies，the heart expands，the joy of the senses can reach 6．its (it) peak，and indeed，this is true happiness．”
“Her quotation (引語) of the lines shows that she carefully observed the universe with the vision of Chinese civilization while observing China from space．Such a quotation is very special，which shows her ambition and 7．a sense of pride，”said Professor Wang Hui from Tsinghua University．
Her quotation also sparked a 8．heated (heat) discussion among foreign Internet users on social media．Some netizens said that with her Chinese language capacity，Cristoforetti also has the ability 9．to work (work) at the Chinese space station，while 10．others(other) hope that there will be less conflict and more cooperation in the world．
9 / 9第2講　代詞和冠詞
第一節　代詞
　人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞
1．人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞的基本形式
類別 人稱代詞 物主代詞 反身代詞
主格 賓格 形容 詞性 物主 代詞 名詞 性物 主代 詞
第一 人稱 I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
第二 人稱 you you your yours yourself
you you your yours yourselves
第三 人稱 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
they them their theirs themselves
2．人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞的基本用法
類別 語法規則 例句/詞
人稱 代詞 主格多作主語，賓格多作賓語和表語 You，he and I are in different classes． Mr Wang asked Li Ming and me to help him．
物主 代詞 形容詞性物主代詞相當于形容詞，置于名詞前作定語 my name her book
名詞性物主代詞相當于“形容詞性物主代詞＋名詞”，常作主語、表語和賓語，也可用“of＋名詞性物主代詞”結構作后置定語 She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it．
反身 代詞 作動詞的賓語(動作的施動者和受動者是同一人) Tom taught himself Chinese．
作介詞賓語 You can't leave the baby by himself．
作表語 I'm not quite myself today．
作同位語，用于加強語氣，強調“親自，本人，親身” She herself heard him say so yesterday．
　it的用法
語法規則 例句
指代提到過的或正在談論的動物或事物，以及已知或正在發生的事實或情況等 Some of my friends who had been there before said it was a wonderful holiday destination．
主要用于指時間、距離、價值、自然現象(天氣、氣候及溫度等) It is early spring，but it is already very hot． (第一個it指時間，第二個it 指天氣)
指人，主要用于指性別不明的嬰兒或用于確認某人的身份 Her new baby is tiny．It only weighs 2 kilos．
it用作形式主語 Hence，it would be a great idea for us to choose partners freely． It's no use crying over spilt milk． It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth．
it用作形式賓語 She made it clear that she objected． I find it quite necessary to tell her beforehand． I consider it worthwhile watching this movie．
　指示代詞和不定代詞
1．指示代詞
代詞 語法規則 例句
one 代替的是前面提到的同類異物中的任何一個(it指原物)a/an＋可數名詞單數＝one A bridge made of stone is stronger than one made of wood．
ones ones用來代替前面出現的復數名詞，也表泛指可數名詞復數＝ones Bridges made of stone are stronger than ones made of wood．
that 代替前面提到的同類異物中特指的事物，所代替的名詞可以是可數名詞單數，也可以是不可數名詞，其前面通常不能有修飾語，但可以有后置定語。 the＋可數名詞單數＝that/the one the＋不可數名詞＝that The bridge made of stone is stronger than that made of wood． The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai．
those 代替前面提到的同類異物中特指的事物，只能指代可數名詞復數，相當于the ones。 the＋可數名詞復數＝the ones/those The bridges made of stone are stronger than those made of wood．
2．不定代詞both，either，neither，all
代詞 語法規則 例句
both ①“兩者都” ②作主語時謂語動詞用復數 ③與not連用表示部分否定，全部否定用neither Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences． Not both of the substances are dissolved in water．
either ①“兩者中任何一個”(表三者及三者以上任何一個用any) ②作主語時謂語動詞用單數 There are two types of qualification，and either is acceptable．
neither ①表示“兩者都不” ②單獨作主語，謂語動詞用單數 ③后接of短語作主語時，謂語動詞既可用單數，也可用復數 Neither of them has/have a car．
all ①三者及三者以上的全部 ②作主語，指人時，謂語通常用復數；指事物的整體或抽象概念時，謂語通常用單數 ③與not連用，無論not在前還是在后，都表示部分否定，全部否定用none All were invited． All of the food has gone． Not all of them speak English．＝All of them don't speak English．
3．不定代詞each，every
代詞 語法規則 例句
each ①強調個體，可作代詞和形容詞，指兩者或兩者以上的每一個 ②可與of短語連用，可作主語、賓語、同位語和定語。作主語時，謂語用單數，作同位語時，謂語的數和主語保持一致 Each of the students has a dictionary． They each have a dictionary．
every ①強調整體中三者及三者以上的每一個，只能作定語 ②與not連用構成部分否定 ③可用來表示“每隔” ④不可與of短語連用 Every boy in the class has read the book． (every two days＝every second day＝every other day)
4．the other，another，others，the others
代詞 語法規則 例句
the other 特指兩者中的另一個，常用在“one...the other...”結構中 I have two daughters．One is a doctor，and the other is a teacher．
another 指三者或三者以上中的“另一，再一” I got another of those calls yesterday．
others 相當于“other＋可數名詞復數”，泛指別的人或物，常用在“some... others...”結構中 Some students are cleaning the classroom；others are cleaning the windows．
the others 相當于“the other＋可數名詞復數”，特指其余全部的人或物，常用在“some...the others...”結構中 Two boys will go to the zoo，and the others will go to the museum．
第二節　冠詞
　不定冠詞a/an
語法規則 例句
表示“一”，但不強調數量概念，或數量概念沒有one強烈 Rome was not built in a day．
用于指首次提到的對方不知道的人或物 Occupied in carrying out an experiment，he can't spare time to look after his son．
a/an＋可數名詞單數，泛指一類人或事物，或指同類人或事物中的“一個” In America，if a friend has invited you to drop in at any time，it is best to call before visiting．
a/an＋序數詞，表示“又一，再一”；a most＋形容詞，表示“非常，很……” In order to find a better job，he decided to study a second foreign language． It must be a most unusual exhibition．
用于表示價格、速度、比率等，表示“每一” She can type about 50 words a minute．
不定冠詞a/an表示“某一個”，相當于some/a certain A Mr．Green called just now．
“of a/an＋n．”表示相同尺寸、年齡等，相當于“of the same＋n．” These sweaters are of a size．＝These sweaters are of the same size．
用于某些具體化的抽象名詞前，常考的有：success，failure，danger，surprise，pleasure，beauty，comfort，honour等 I don't think the experiment is a failure．At least we have gained experience for future success．
　定冠詞the
語法規則 例句/示例
表示雙方都知道的或上文提到過的人或物 Six of the thirty-eight people were U．S．citizens．
用于表特指的由短語或從句修飾的名詞前 I really enjoyed the book I've just finished reading．
表示一類人或事物(用于形容詞或分詞前) He knows he is waiting for the impossible．
用于指世界上獨一無二的事物 Paris is a beautiful city，where you can see the famous Eiffel Tower．
用于演奏西洋樂器名稱前 As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn't like playing football．
the＋表示姓氏的復數名詞，表示一家人或夫婦二人 The Jacksons are coming to visit us on Saturday．
用于序數詞、最高級以及only，very，same等詞之前 It was the first time that Helen had understood such a complex word．
用于表示世紀、年代、朝代的名詞以及逢十的復數數詞前(指世紀中的幾十年代或人的大約歲數) The Tang Dynasty is considered a golden age of Chinese arts and culture．
用于表計量的名詞前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但如果是在抽象名詞前，則不用冠詞，如：by weight，by time，by length，by size等 I got paid by time．To be exact，I got paid by the hour．
用于“動詞(hit，strike，pull，pat，take等)＋sb．＋介詞＋the＋身體部位” hit sb．on the head pat sb．on the shoulder take sb．by the arm/hand
　零冠詞
語法規則 例句
不可數名詞和可數名詞復數表示泛指時 Water is necessary to life． Books are my best friend．
名詞前已有this，my，some，each，no，any等限定詞時 We are doing this all without any support from the hospital．
學科、語言、球類、棋類、日期、一日三餐、月份、星期、季節、節假日和以人名或地名命名的大學等名詞前 They can choose other subjects like Art，Computer Science or languages such as Spanish and German．
與by連用，位于表示交通/通信工具的名詞前 I will contact you by letter．
表示獨一無二的職位、頭銜的名詞(如captain，manager，monitor，president等)在句中作表語、同位語或補語時 Mr．Smith，president of the new company，will be in charge of research and marketing operations．
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．Since people can't always eat out or cook for ____________(they)，they get takeout or order delivery．
2．As the song goes，this long and winding road “will never disappear”，and it will always stick in the visitor's memory．It sure does in ____________ (I)．
3．Ecotourism has ____________(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s．
4．As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations(模擬) and imagine ____________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest．
5．Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of ____________ (we) Further Resources section featured in each volume．
6．Not the pandas，even though ____________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English．
7．Covering an area about three times ____________ size of Yellowstone National Park，the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country．
8．It took us about 3 hours to go all ____________ way around the Xi'an City Wall．
9．While you're in China，Mount Huangshan is ____________ must to visit!
10．Due to ____________ growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism．
Ⅱ．語法鏈接寫作——小小的it，大大的氣場
1．__________________________________，reading widely is of great importance．
談到學習英語，廣泛閱讀很重要。
2．__________________________ diet has a significant impact on our health．
人們普遍認為飲食對健康有重大影響。
3．______________________________________________ I began to appreciate their beauty．
就是在我重讀他的詩歌的時候，我才開始領會它們的美。
4．____________________________________________ after he left the office．
他離開辦公室之后沒關門，真是粗心。
5．__________________________________ to protect the environment of our campus．
到了我們采取措施保護校園環境的時候了。
Ⅲ．語法填空
Samantha Cristoforetti，1．____________ first Italian female astronaut in space，posted a group of photos and several Chinese sentences on her social media account during her mission at the International Space Station．
Attached to the photos 2．____________ (be) several lines from Preface to Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion，3．____________ ancient Chinese calligraphy masterpiece 4．____________ famous Chinese calligrapher Wang Xizhi from the Eastern Jin Dynasty．
Cristoforetti even gave an accurate translation of the lines，saying，“Looking up，I see the immensity of 5．____________ cosmos；bowing my head，I look at the multitude of the world．The gaze flies，the heart expands，the joy of the senses can reach 6．____________ (it) peak，and indeed，this is true happiness．”
“Her quotation (引語) of the lines shows that she carefully observed the universe with the vision of Chinese civilization while observing China from space．Such a quotation is very special，which shows her ambition and 7．____________ sense of pride，” said Professor Wang Hui from Tsinghua University．
Her quotation also sparked a 8．____________ (heat) discussion among foreign Internet users on social media．Some netizens said that with her Chinese language capacity，Cristoforetti also has the ability 9．____________ (work) at the Chinese space station，while 10．____________(other) hope that there will be less conflict and more cooperation in the world．
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