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第2講　名詞和數(shù)詞
　名詞的數(shù)
1．可數(shù)名詞變復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況 方法 例詞
一般情況 加-s student→students， teacher→teachers， doctor→doctors， table→tables
以-s，-x， -ch，-sh結尾 加-es glass→glasses，dish→dishes，box→boxes，watch→watches 但stomach復數(shù)形式直接加-s
以“輔音字母加y”結尾 變y為i 再加-es family→families，baby→babies，army→armies，body→bodies
以“元音字母加y”結尾 直接加-s boy→boys，day→days， monkey→monkeys
以-f或-fe結尾 大都變f 或fe為v， 再加-es； 少數(shù)直 接加-s 口訣： 妻子(wife→wives)拿刀(knife→knives)去砍狼(wolf→wolves)， 嚇得小偷(thief→thieves)心發(fā)慌， 躲在架(shelf→shelves)后保己(self→selves)命(life→lives)， 半(half→halves)片樹葉(leaf→leaves) 遮目光 belief→beliefs，proof→proofs，roof→roofs，chief→chiefs
以-o結尾 通常加-s； 有的加-es radio→radios，video→videos，zoo→zoos，tobacco→tobaccos hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes(英雄愛吃土豆西紅柿)
2．可數(shù)名詞變復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
方法 例詞
詞尾加-ren或-en child→children，ox→oxen
變更詞內(nèi)元音字母 man→men，woman→women，foot→feet，goose→geese， tooth→teeth， mouse→mice(老鼠)， mouse→mouses(鼠標)
情況 方法 例詞
復合名詞 的復數(shù) 有中心名詞的合成詞，在中心名詞后加-s passer-by→passers-by
無中心名詞的合成詞，在詞尾加-s grown-up→grown-ups
名詞前有man，woman修飾，變復數(shù)時，man，woman和中心詞都要變復數(shù) woman doctor→ women doctors
表示國籍的專有名詞(中日葡 不變英法變，其他加-s) 加-s American→Americans， German→Germans， Greek→Greeks
單復數(shù)同形 Chinese，Portuguese，Japanese
有些詞以-man或-woman結尾，分別改為-men或-women Englishman→Englishmen
單復數(shù)同形的詞 means 方式，方法，series 一系列， species物種，aircraft飛機，deer鹿， sheep羊，fish 魚 (表示各種各樣的魚時，復數(shù)為fishes)
以-s結尾的不可數(shù)或者單數(shù)名詞 maths數(shù)學，politics政治學，physics物理學，the United States美國，news 新聞，The Arabian Nights 《一千零一夜》(書名、劇名、報紙名等視為單數(shù))
有些物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類時，可以用作可數(shù)名詞 some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些飲料，a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料；his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，a glass一個玻璃杯
常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞 thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工廠)，manners(禮貌)，instructions(指導；用法說明)，times(時代)
一些固定短語中的名詞只用復數(shù)形式 take turns to do sth．，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do
其他特殊名詞復數(shù)變化 criterion→criteria 標準， phenomenon→phenomena現(xiàn)象， basis→bases 基礎， crisis→crises 危機， analysis→analyses 分析， bacterium→bacteria 細菌， medium→media媒體， datum→data 數(shù)據(jù)
3．通常只作不可數(shù)名詞的名詞
fun樂趣 homework作業(yè)
progress進步 equipment設備
music音樂 traffic交通
milk牛奶 advice建議
knowledge知識 furniture 家具
bread面包 wealth財富
weather天氣 news新聞
meat肉 luck運氣
housework家務 orange橙汁
baggage/luggage 行李 information信息
4．抽象名詞具體化
詞匯 抽象名詞(不可數(shù)) 具體化后(可數(shù))
beauty 美，美麗 美人，美好的事物
failure 失敗 失敗的事物或人
success 成功，勝利 成功的事物或人
honour 尊敬，敬意 引起尊敬的事物或人
pleasure 愉快，快樂 樂事
pity 憐憫，同情 憾事
　名詞所有格
1．'s所有格
情況 構成 示例
有生命的名詞的所有格 在詞尾加's the boy's bag，men's rooms
若名詞已有復數(shù)詞尾s 只在詞尾加 ' the workers'struggle， the birds'nests
復合名詞 在最后的名詞上加's或 ' men doctors'， her son-in-law's photos
不定代詞后接else 在else詞尾加's anybody else's work
并列的名詞變所有格時 若表示不同的所有關系，則分別在兩個名詞后加's；如果表示共有關系，則只在最后一個名詞后加's Kate and Mary's room凱特和瑪麗共有的房間， Kate's and Mary's rooms凱特和瑪麗各自的房間
表示店鋪、診所的名稱或某人的家時 名詞所有格的后面常省略它所修飾的名詞 at the doctor's在診所， at my sister's在我姐姐(妹妹)家， at the cleaner's在洗衣店
表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價值、國家、城市等無生命名詞的所有格 在詞尾加's或'來表示所屬關系，意為“……的” a twenty minutes'walk，a ten miles'journey，two pounds'weight，ten dollars'worth
2．of所有格
情況 示例
表示無生命事物的名詞 the content of the novel
名詞短語或者有定語修飾的表示有生命的名詞 the name of the girl over there
3．雙重所有格
情況 構成 示例
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，用a，any，some，a few等修飾of前面的名詞，但不能用the “名詞＋of＋名詞-'s”或者“名詞＋ of＋名詞性物主代詞” a picture of my mother's 我媽媽(擁有)的一張照片 區(qū)分：a picture of my mother 我媽媽的照片(照片上的人是我媽媽) some inventions of Edison's
　數(shù)詞——基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞
1．基數(shù)詞
規(guī)則 示例
表達“在某人幾十多歲”時， 用“in one's＋整十基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)” in one's forties
表達“在幾十年代”時，用“in the＋整十基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)” in the 1990s
hundred，thousand與million等前有數(shù)詞或several時，不能用復數(shù)形式，且其后不加of two hundred students
表示不確切的數(shù)目時，應用hundreds/thousands/millions of＋復數(shù)名詞 hundreds of students
易錯基數(shù)詞 fifteen，twenty，thirty，forty，fifty，ninety
2．序數(shù)詞
(1)基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞的規(guī)律
規(guī)則 示例
一般由基數(shù)詞加-th構成 sixth，seventh，tenth，eleventh，hundredth
以ty結尾的基數(shù)詞，先把y變?yōu)閕，再加-eth twentieth，thirtieth
不規(guī)則變形 first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
易錯序數(shù)詞 fourth，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
(2)序數(shù)詞的基本用法
規(guī)則 示例
序數(shù)詞前一般要加定冠詞the或形容詞性物主代詞等限定詞。序數(shù)詞前也可加不定冠詞，表示“又一，再一” This is the second intangible cultural heritage block in Guangzhou． Would you like a second cup of tea？
有時序數(shù)詞作狀語，不加冠詞 He came out/finished/ranked first in the contest．
分數(shù)表達：分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞且分子大于1，分母用復數(shù) 1/3：one third 2/5：two fifths
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．Since June 2017，right before the arrival (arrive) of the two new pandas，Meng Meng and Jiao Qing，I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English．
2．I am always concerned about my son's (son) life，whether he is happy or not．
3．John Olson，a former photographer (photograph)，and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models．
4．A company representative (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1，200 daily flights．
5．I felt a sense of peace and relaxation (relax) while painting outdoors，which was a completely different experience from our traditional classroom setting．
6．In 1844，they bought it for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their marriage (marry) ceremony in 1842．
7．Historical accuracy (accurate) is important but so is entertainment．
Ⅱ．語法鏈接寫作
1．The new room is 10 meters long and 5 meters wide．
→The new room is 10 meters in length and 5 meters in width．(adj．→n．)
這個新房間長10米，寬5米。
2．On one hand，the Museum is located in city center，which is accessible to visitors．
→On one hand，visitors have easier access to the Museum because of its perfect location．(adj．→n．)
一方面，由于地理位置優(yōu)越，游客更容易進入博物館。
3．After I compare the two places carefully，I find that Shanghai Museum is better．
→A careful comparison makes me realize that Shanghai Museum is a better choice．(v．→n．)
經(jīng)過仔細的比較，我意識到上海博物館是一個更好的選擇。
4．Everyone was relieved to see that all the crew survived．
→Everyone was relieved to see the survival of all the crew．(v．→n．)
看到全體船員都活了下來，大家都松了一口氣。
5．If you want to investigate the outcome of this method，you would have to detail the number of students tested．
→An investigation of the outcome of this method would have to detail the number of students tested．(clause→n．)
對這種方法的結果進行調(diào)查必須詳細說明接受測試的學生人數(shù)。
Ⅲ．語法填空
(2023·全國甲卷改編) For thousands of years，people have told fables (寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on 1．wisdom (wise)．Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures，and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the 2．sixth (six) century B．C．Yet，the form of the fable still has values today，3．a(chǎn)s Rachel Carson says in“A Fable for Tomorrow．”
Carson uses a simple，direct style common to fables．In fact，her style and tone (口吻) are seemingly directed at children．“There was once a town in the heart of America 4．where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful 5．co-existence (co-exist) with its surroundings，”her fable begins，borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables．Behind the simple style，however，is a serious message 6．intended(intend) for everyone．
Different from traditional fables，Carson's story ends with an 7．a(chǎn)ccusation (accuse)instead of a moral．She warns of the environmental dangers facing society，and she teaches that people must take responsibility for saving their environment．
The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple 8．truths(truth)about everyday life．However，Carson's theme is a more weighty warning about environmental 9．destruction (destroy)．Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 10．be employed (employ) today to draw attention to important truths．
8 / 8第2講　名詞和數(shù)詞
　名詞的數(shù)
1．可數(shù)名詞變復數(shù)的規(guī)則變化
情況 方法 例詞
一般情況 加-s student→students， teacher→teachers， doctor→doctors， table→tables
以-s，-x， -ch，-sh結尾 加-es glass→glasses，dish→dishes，box→boxes，watch→watches 但stomach復數(shù)形式直接加-s
以“輔音字母加y”結尾 變y為i 再加-es family→families，baby→babies，army→armies，body→bodies
以“元音字母加y”結尾 直接加-s boy→boys，day→days， monkey→monkeys
以-f或-fe結尾 大都變f 或fe為v， 再加-es； 少數(shù)直 接加-s 口訣： 妻子(wife→wives)拿刀(knife→knives)去砍狼(wolf→wolves)， 嚇得小偷(thief→thieves)心發(fā)慌， 躲在架(shelf→shelves)后保己(self→selves)命(life→lives)， 半(half→halves)片樹葉(leaf→leaves) 遮目光 belief→beliefs，proof→proofs，roof→roofs，chief→chiefs
以-o結尾 通常加-s； 有的加-es radio→radios，video→videos，zoo→zoos，tobacco→tobaccos hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes(英雄愛吃土豆西紅柿)
2．可數(shù)名詞變復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化
方法 例詞
詞尾加-ren或-en child→children，ox→oxen
變更詞內(nèi)元音字母 man→men，woman→women，foot→feet，goose→geese， tooth→teeth， mouse→mice(老鼠)， mouse→mouses(鼠標)
情況 方法 例詞
復合名詞 的復數(shù) 有中心名詞的合成詞，在中心名詞后加-s passer-by→passers-by
無中心名詞的合成詞，在詞尾加-s grown-up→grown-ups
名詞前有man，woman修飾，變復數(shù)時，man，woman和中心詞都要變復數(shù) woman doctor→ women doctors
表示國籍的專有名詞(中日葡 不變英法變，其他加-s) 加-s American→Americans， German→Germans， Greek→Greeks
單復數(shù)同形 Chinese，Portuguese，Japanese
有些詞以-man或-woman結尾，分別改為-men或-women Englishman→Englishmen
單復數(shù)同形的詞 means 方式，方法，series 一系列， species物種，aircraft飛機，deer鹿， sheep羊，fish 魚 (表示各種各樣的魚時，復數(shù)為fishes)
以-s結尾的不可數(shù)或者單數(shù)名詞 maths數(shù)學，politics政治學，physics物理學，the United States美國，news 新聞，The Arabian Nights 《一千零一夜》(書名、劇名、報紙名等視為單數(shù))
有些物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類時，可以用作可數(shù)名詞 some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些飲料，a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料；his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，a glass一個玻璃杯
常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞 thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，works(著作；工廠)，manners(禮貌)，instructions(指導；用法說明)，times(時代)
一些固定短語中的名詞只用復數(shù)形式 take turns to do sth．，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do
其他特殊名詞復數(shù)變化 criterion→criteria 標準， phenomenon→phenomena現(xiàn)象， basis→bases 基礎， crisis→crises 危機， analysis→analyses 分析， bacterium→bacteria 細菌， medium→media媒體， datum→data 數(shù)據(jù)
3．通常只作不可數(shù)名詞的名詞
fun樂趣 homework作業(yè)
progress進步 equipment設備
music音樂 traffic交通
milk牛奶 advice建議
knowledge知識 furniture 家具
bread面包 wealth財富
weather天氣 news新聞
meat肉 luck運氣
housework家務 orange橙汁
baggage/luggage 行李 information信息
4．抽象名詞具體化
詞匯 抽象名詞(不可數(shù)) 具體化后(可數(shù))
beauty 美，美麗 美人，美好的事物
failure 失敗 失敗的事物或人
success 成功，勝利 成功的事物或人
honour 尊敬，敬意 引起尊敬的事物或人
pleasure 愉快，快樂 樂事
pity 憐憫，同情 憾事
　名詞所有格
1．'s所有格
情況 構成 示例
有生命的名詞的所有格 在詞尾加's the boy's bag，men's rooms
若名詞已有復數(shù)詞尾s 只在詞尾加 ' the workers'struggle， the birds'nests
復合名詞 在最后的名詞上加's或 ' men doctors'， her son-in-law's photos
不定代詞后接else 在else詞尾加's anybody else's work
并列的名詞變所有格時 若表示不同的所有關系，則分別在兩個名詞后加's；如果表示共有關系，則只在最后一個名詞后加's Kate and Mary's room凱特和瑪麗共有的房間， Kate's and Mary's rooms凱特和瑪麗各自的房間
表示店鋪、診所的名稱或某人的家時 名詞所有格的后面常省略它所修飾的名詞 at the doctor's在診所， at my sister's在我姐姐(妹妹)家， at the cleaner's在洗衣店
表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價值、國家、城市等無生命名詞的所有格 在詞尾加's或'來表示所屬關系，意為“……的” a twenty minutes'walk，a ten miles'journey，two pounds'weight，ten dollars'worth
2．of所有格
情況 示例
表示無生命事物的名詞 the content of the novel
名詞短語或者有定語修飾的表示有生命的名詞 the name of the girl over there
3．雙重所有格
情況 構成 示例
表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，用a，any，some，a few等修飾of前面的名詞，但不能用the “名詞＋of＋名詞-'s”或者“名詞＋ of＋名詞性物主代詞” a picture of my mother's 我媽媽(擁有)的一張照片 區(qū)分：a picture of my mother 我媽媽的照片(照片上的人是我媽媽) some inventions of Edison's
　數(shù)詞——基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞
1．基數(shù)詞
規(guī)則 示例
表達“在某人幾十多歲”時， 用“in one's＋整十基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)” in one's forties
表達“在幾十年代”時，用“in the＋整十基數(shù)詞的復數(shù)” in the 1990s
hundred，thousand與million等前有數(shù)詞或several時，不能用復數(shù)形式，且其后不加of two hundred students
表示不確切的數(shù)目時，應用hundreds/thousands/millions of＋復數(shù)名詞 hundreds of students
易錯基數(shù)詞 fifteen，twenty，thirty，forty，fifty，ninety
2．序數(shù)詞
(1)基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞的規(guī)律
規(guī)則 示例
一般由基數(shù)詞加-th構成 sixth，seventh，tenth，eleventh，hundredth
以ty結尾的基數(shù)詞，先把y變?yōu)閕，再加-eth twentieth，thirtieth
不規(guī)則變形 first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
易錯序數(shù)詞 fourth，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth
(2)序數(shù)詞的基本用法
規(guī)則 示例
序數(shù)詞前一般要加定冠詞the或形容詞性物主代詞等限定詞。序數(shù)詞前也可加不定冠詞，表示“又一，再一” This is the second intangible cultural heritage block in Guangzhou． Would you like a second cup of tea？
有時序數(shù)詞作狀語，不加冠詞 He came out/finished/ranked first in the contest．
分數(shù)表達：分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞且分子大于1，分母用復數(shù) 1/3：one third 2/5：two fifths
Ⅰ．單句語法填空
1．Since June 2017，right before the ____________(arrive) of the two new pandas，Meng Meng and Jiao Qing，I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking English．
2．I am always concerned about my ____________ (son) life，whether he is happy or not．
3．John Olson，a former ____________ (photograph)，and his team turn paintings into fully textured 3D models．
4．A company ____________ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over from plastic to paper cups on all of its 1，200 daily flights．
5．I felt a sense of peace and ____________ (relax) while painting outdoors，which was a completely different experience from our traditional classroom setting．
6．In 1844，they bought it for $1，200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their ____________(marry) ceremony in 1842．
7．Historical ____________(accurate) is important but so is entertainment．
Ⅱ．語法鏈接寫作
1．The new room is 10 meters long and 5 meters wide．
→The new room is 10 meters ________________ and 5 meters ________________．(adj．→n．)
這個新房間長10米，寬5米。
2．On one hand，the Museum is located in city center，which is accessible to visitors．
→On one hand，visitors ________________________ the Museum because of its perfect location．(adj．→n．)
一方面，由于地理位置優(yōu)越，游客更容易進入博物館。
3．After I compare the two places carefully，I find that Shanghai Museum is better．
→A ________________________ makes me realize that Shanghai Museum is a better choice．(v．→n．)
經(jīng)過仔細的比較，我意識到上海博物館是一個更好的選擇。
4．Everyone was relieved to see that all the crew survived．
→Everyone was relieved to see the ____________ of all the crew．(v．→n．)
看到全體船員都活了下來，大家都松了一口氣。
5．If you want to investigate the outcome of this method，you would have to detail the number of students tested．
→An ______________ of the outcome of this method would have to detail the number of students tested．(clause→n．)
對這種方法的結果進行調(diào)查必須詳細說明接受測試的學生人數(shù)。
Ⅲ．語法填空
(2023·全國甲卷改編)For thousands of years，people have told fables (寓言) to teach a lesson or to pass on 1．____________ (wise)．Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures，and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the 2．____________ (six) century B．C．Yet，the form of the fable still has values today，3．____________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow．”
Carson uses a simple，direct style common to fables．In fact，her style and tone (口吻) are seemingly directed at children．“There was once a town in the heart of America 4．____________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful 5．____________ (co-exist) with its surroundings，” her fable begins，borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables．Behind the simple style，however，is a serious message 6．____________(intend) for everyone．
Different from traditional fables，Carson's story ends with an 7．____________ (accuse)instead of a moral．She warns of the environmental dangers facing society，and she teaches that people must take responsibility for saving their environment．
The themes of traditional fables often deal with simple 8．____________(truth)about everyday life．However，Carson's theme is a more weighty warning about environmental 9．____________ (destroy)．Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still 10．____________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths．
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