資源簡介

專題練(八)　議論文閱讀
知考法　明考向：議論文，也叫說理文，是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發表意見、提出主張的文體。作者通過擺事實、講道理、辨是非等方法，來確定其觀點的正確或錯誤，樹立或否定某種主張。議論文的三要素是論點、論據和論證。高考英語議論文設題廣泛，細節理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題、段落大意題、主旨大意題、觀點態度題等都有可能出現。
(2023·全國乙，D改編)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to ①reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of ②miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(聯系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these，all our ③first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.
32．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．How past events should be presented.
B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words.
D．Why written language is reliable.
33．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A．His report was scientific.
B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay.
D．His record was one-sided.
34．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Problem. B．History.
C．Voice. D．Society.
35．What’s the main idea of the text？(改編)
A．Art works connect past and future.
B．The limitation of the world history.
C．History lies in both texts and objects.
D．Accidental victories in the world history.
語境猜詞 ①reconstruct＝(派)re＋construct____________________ ②miscomprehension＝(派)mis＋comprehension ____________________ ③first-hand＝(合)first＋hand____________________
以上文章中第32題考查段落大意，第35題考查主旨大意，解題技法如下：
A
(2024·浙江嘉興一模)
It was a quiet morning in the library，and we ①librarians were enjoying a rather loud chat.Suddenly，a patron(常客) marched up to us，gave us an annoyed “Shush！” and went back to her seat.How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around
Well，it’s complicated.If you’re like me，a ②middle-aged woman，you probably remember libraries as places of silent reading.These days，however，libraries are more like active community centers.
In the past，most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be quiet on demand.But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through ③hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers.Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids，including crafts，board games，and story times.These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent.
Along with more programs for ever-younger children，technology today has played a part in the ④transformation of libraries into places where both kids and adults can use computers，make something on a 3D printer and more.In addition，many libraries now offer programs for adults，who can participate in book discussion，learn calligraphy，and even take college classes.
Of course，libraries still need peaceful zones.These days，many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas.They are also less noisy in the early afternoons，after morning children’s programs and before the after-school kid crowd arrive.
It’s clear to me now that on the day my colleagues and I were shushed by a patron，we should have been using our “library voices” as we talked.Still，it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence.There’s just too much fun and learning happening.
1．How did the author respond to the patron’s behavior
A．She approved of it.
B．She was disappointed at it.
C．She hesitated about it.
D．She was astonished at it.
2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The past and the present of libraries.
B．The reason for the change of libraries.
C．The activities for young children in libraries.
D．The connection between libraries and readers.
3．What can we learn about today’s libraries
A．They heavily depend on technology.
B．They offer online programs for adults.
C．They still provide silent reading places.
D．They care much about time arrangement.
4．What would be the best title for the text
A．Libraries Should Be Loud
B．Reading Can Be Fun in Libraries
C．Libraries Make Learning Happen
D．Library Programs Target Children
語境猜詞 ①librarian＝(派)librar(y)＋ian____________________ ②middle-aged＝(合)middle＋aged____________________ ③hands-on＝(合)hands＋on____________________ ④transformation＝(派)transform＋ation____________________
B
(2024·四川成都二模)
“Sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never harm me，” is an old saying my fourth-grade teacher once told me.I grew up thinking as long as people did not physically hurt each other，hurtful words were to be tolerated，but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story，Two Little Words with a Big Impact.She discussed two words: “and” and “but”，and explained how “but” can be one of the most destructive words.
Then I realized I had been hurt by the word “but”，and that I had wounded others，too，by using the word ①thoughtlessly.For example，when I was a teacher and edited my students’ stories，I would always say their content was good，but then I would add comments such as “but you need to make your characters more realistic”．I could have said，“Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.”
In setting up guidelines for commenting on writers，I realize we need to praise each other，make helpful remarks，and then praise each other again，without using the word “but”．I remember a college professor who said，“There is no such thing as constructive criticism.Criticism is criticism.” She has now passed on，but her words remain with me always.
My fourth-grade teacher’s quote was aimed at what she thought was harmless playground teasing，but even teasing hurts.Today，we can read sad news related to many stories where people have been terribly hurt by ugly words and suffered a lot.Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking，even to avoid ②seemingly unimportant words like “but”．Sticks and stones break our bones，but thoughtless words also do harm.They can leave marks for a lifetime.
5．What changed the author’s attitude to hurtful words
A．A teacher’s advice.
B．His personal experience.
C．A college professor’s words.
D．A story by Linda O’Connell.
6．What message does the example in paragraph 2 convey
A．The author used “but” too often.
B．The author could tolerate criticism.
C．The misuse of “but” can hurt others.
D．Realistic characters are needed in writing.
7．Which words can best describe the author
A．Caring and self-reflective.
B．Devoted and co-operative.
C．Optimistic and open-minded.
D．Honest and warm-hearted.
8．What is the text mainly about
A．The benefits of learning from mistakes.
B．The long-lasting effect of hurtful words.
C．The importance of using words thoughtfully.
D．The difference between physical and emotional harm.
語境猜詞 ①thoughtlessly＝(派)thought＋less＋ly____________________ ②seemingly＝(派)seeming＋ly____________________
C
(2024·河南南陽一模)
These days，there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science.For example，the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress，held in Nagpur，where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India ①self-reliant.
The message to researchers is crystal clear：leaders see science as essential to national prosperity，well-being and，of course，②competitiveness.So，is research fit for the challenge of advancing，refining or critiquing these goals Not exactly.And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training.
As Nature and other publications have frequently reported，PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.Students’ stipends(生活津貼) are not enough in most countries，creating a ③cost-of-living crisis.Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision，with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship(指導)．
Furthermore，PhD candidates are ④inadequately prepared for the ⑤cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize ⑥cutting-edge science today.This is especially true for careers outside academic research，where the overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading.
It is not all bad.Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed，or are reforming，PhD assessment that is largely unchanged since the nineteenth century.But in most places，and especially in low- and middle-income countries，a candidate’s work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper.In many countries，candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD，something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing.
The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply.According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education，the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016；US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period.If researchers are to meet society’s expectations，their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.
9．Why is the India’s Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph
A．To indicate India’s serious scientific landscape.
B．To imply more researchers are in great demand in India.
C．To show leaders’ emphasis on scientific research.
D．To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science.
10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The reforms in science.
B．The significance of mentorship.
C．The creation of academic culture.
D．The issues early-career researchers face.
11．Which of the following best describes the author’s opinion on PhD training
A．Disappointed. B．Satisfied.
C．Indifferent. D．Enthusiastic.
12．What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph
A．PhD education is developing gradually.
B．The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay.
C．The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US.
D．The demand for researchers’ meeting society’s expectations is pressing.
語境猜詞 ①self-reliant＝(合)self＋reliant____________________ ②competitiveness＝(派)compet(e)＋itive＋ness____________________ ③cost-of-living＝(合)cost＋of＋living____________________ ④inadequately＝(派)in＋adequate＋ly____________________ ⑤cross-disciplinary＝(合)cross＋disciplinary____________________ ⑥cutting-edge＝(合)cutting＋edge____________________
語境猜詞答案
[做真題　悟技法]　①重現　②誤解　③第一手的；直接的
[練模擬　提能力]　A．①圖書館管理員　②中年的　③動手的，實際操作的
④轉變，變化　B．①草率地；欠考慮地　②貌似；表面上　C．①自力更生的
②競爭力　③生活費的　④不充分地　⑤跨學科的　⑥前沿的
答案精析
做真題　悟技法
語篇解讀　本文是一篇議論文。本文討論了僅僅依靠文本來講述世界歷史的局限性并強調了將物品納入歷史敘事以更好地理解無文字社會的重要性。
32．A　[段落大意題。根據第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world...you cannot do it through texts alone...many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.”可知，第一段主要講述的是歷史應該如何呈現給我們。故選A。]
33．D　[推理判斷題。根據第二段首句可推斷，作者認為歷史應該是文本和物品相結合的產物，但是很多情況下，我們做不到。再根據所舉例子的下文“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”可知，作者舉這個例子是為了說明船長只從自己的角度描述了問題，即他的記錄是片面的。故選D。]
34．B　[詞義猜測題。根據文章第一段可知，不能僅僅通過文本講述歷史，再根據畫線詞上文“The Caribbean Taino...can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice...only one half of a dialogue.”可知，物品同樣能講述歷史，文字描述只能說明一半的歷史。由此可推知，畫線詞所在句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.”強調解讀物品來了解歷史的另一半。所以conversation指的是“歷史”。故選B。]
35．C　[主旨大意題。根據第一、二段最后一句以及最后一段第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文講述僅僅依靠文本來講述世界歷史有局限性，想要更好地了解歷史就要將文本和物品結合在一起。故選C。]
練模擬　提能力
語篇解讀　這是一篇議論文。作者就圖書館現狀提出自己的觀點——圖書館應是一個熱鬧的地方。
1．D　[細節理解題。根據第一段最后兩句“How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around？”可知，作者對常客的行為感到很吃驚。故選D。]
2．B　[段落大意題。根據第三段的“But growing knowledge about...has since caused a sea change in how libraries...These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent.”可知，本段主要講圖書館改變的原因。故選B。]
3．C　[細節理解題。根據第五段的“These days，many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas.”可知，今天的圖書館仍然提供安靜的閱讀場所。故選C。]
4．A　[標題歸納題。由最后一段最后兩句“Still，it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence.There’s just too much fun and learning happening.”以及上文可知，本文主要講圖書館不應該如往常一樣是一個安靜的地方，而應該變得熱鬧起來。故選A。]
語篇解讀　本文是一篇議論文。作者通過分享自己的經歷、觀察和思考，闡述了謹慎用詞的重要性。
5．D　[細節理解題。根據文章第一段中“I grew up thinking as long as people didn’t physically hurt each other，hurtful words were to be tolerated，but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story，Two Little Words with a Big Impact.”可知，在讀了琳達·奧康奈爾的故事《兩個小詞大影響》后，作者改變了對傷人話語的態度。故選D。]
6．C　[推理判斷題。根據文章第二段“Then I realized I had been hurt by the word ‘but’，and that I had wounded others，too...I could have said，‘Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.’”可知，第二段中作者給學生寫評語的例子表明濫用“但是”會傷害別人。故選C。]
7．A　[推理判斷題。根據文章第一段和第二段中“Then I realized I had been hurt by the word ‘but’，and that I had wounded others，too，by using the word thoughtlessly.”以及下文的舉例可知，作者在受到啟發后不僅意識到了“但是”這個詞對自己的傷害，還反思了自己過去無意中用這個詞傷害了他人的情況。這表明作者是一個關心他人，同時也善于自我反思的人。故選A。]
8．C　[主旨大意題。根據文章最后一段中“Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking，even to avoid seemingly unimportant words like ‘but’．”以及全文可知，本文主要講述的是謹慎用詞的重要性。故選C。]
語篇解讀　本文是一篇議論文。文章指出雖然領導人普遍認為科學對于國家至關重要，但是目前的博士培養體系存在諸多挑戰和困境。文章強調隨著攻讀博士學位人數的急劇增加，博士培養體系亟需做出改革，才能滿足當今社會的期望。
9．C　[推理判斷題。根據第一段“These days，there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science.For example，the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress...”可知，本段首先提出世界領導人幾乎都會強調科學的重要性，然后提到印度總理的講話內容，鼓勵科學家從事能使國家自力更生的科學工作。由此推知，印度總理是作為例子來體現領導人對科研的重視。故選C。]
10．D　[段落大意題。根據第三段“...PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time...Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision，with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship(指導)．”可知，本段主要介紹了世界范圍內的博士培養陷入困境已經有一段時間了，這些早期職業研究人員面臨著生活成本危機、缺乏支持、監督質量低等問題。故選D。]
11．A　[觀點態度題。根據第二段末句“And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training.”，第三段首句“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported，PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.”和第四段首句“Furthermore，PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today.”可知，作者認為博士培養已陷入困境，博士候選人沒有為未來的工作做好充分準備，該培養需要進行根本性改革。由此可知，作者對博士培養很失望。故選A。]
12．B　[寫作意圖題。根據最后一段“The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply...If researchers are to meet society’s expectations，their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.”可知，作者認為攻讀博士學位的人數的上升加劇了博士培養體系的壓力，這種體系需要做出改變才能滿足社會的期望。由此可知，作者想表達博士培養改革刻不容緩。故選B。](共51張PPT)
專題一　四選一閱讀
專題練(八)
議論文閱讀
議論文，也叫說理文，是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發表意見、提出主張的文體。作者通過擺事實、講道理、辨是非等方法，來確定其觀點的正確或錯誤，樹立或否定某種主張。議論文的三要素是論點、論據和論證。高考英語議論文設題廣泛，細節理解題、推理判斷題、詞義猜測題、段落大意題、主旨大意題、觀點態度題等都有可能出現。
知考法　明考向
內容索引
做真題　悟技法
練模擬　提能力
(2023·全國乙，D改編)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
做真題 悟技法
語篇解讀　本文是一篇議論文。本文討論了僅僅依靠文本來講述世界歷史的局限性并強調了將物品納入歷史敘事以更好地理解無文字社會的重要性。
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to ①reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of ②miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(聯系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these，all our ③first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about
A.How past events should be presented.
B.What humanity is concerned about.
C.Whether facts speak louder than words.
D.Why written language is reliable.
√
段落大意題。根據第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world...you cannot do it through texts alone...many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.”可知，第一段主要講述的是歷史應該如何呈現給我們。故選A。
33.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A.His report was scientific. B.He represented the local people.
C.He ruled over Botany Bay. D.His record was one-sided.
√
推理判斷題。根據第二段首句可推斷，作者認為歷史應該是文本和物品相結合的產物，但是很多情況下，我們做不到。再根據所舉例子的下文“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”可知，作者舉這個例子是為了說明船長只從自己的角度描述了問題，即他的記錄是片面的。故選D。
34.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Problem. B.History.
C.Voice. D.Society.
√
詞義猜測題。根據文章第一段可知，不能僅僅通過文本講述歷史，再根據畫線詞上文“The Caribbean Taino...can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice...only one half of a dialogue.”可知，物品同樣能講述歷史，文字描述只能說明一半的歷史。由此可推知，畫線詞所在句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.”強調解讀物品來了解歷史的另一半。所以conversation指的是“歷史”。故選B。
35.What’s the main idea of the text？(改編)
A.Art works connect past and future.
B.The limitation of the world history.
C.History lies in both texts and objects.
D.Accidental victories in the world history.
√
主旨大意題。根據第一、二段最后一句以及最后一段第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文講述僅僅依靠文本來講述世界歷史有局限性，想要更好地了解歷史就要將文本和物品結合在一起。故選C。
①reconstruct＝(派)re＋construct ______
②miscomprehension＝(派)mis＋comprehension ______
③first-hand＝(合)first＋hand __________________
重現
誤解
第一手的；直接的
語境猜詞
以上文章中第32題考查段落大意，第35題考查主旨大意，解題技法如下：
返回
技法點撥
A
(2024·浙江嘉興一模)
It was a quiet morning in the library，and we ①librarians were enjoying a rather loud chat.Suddenly，a patron(常客) marched up to us，gave us an annoyed “Shush！” and went back to her seat.How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around
語篇解讀　這是一篇議論文。作者就圖書館現狀提出自己的觀點——圖書館應是一個熱鬧的地方。
練模擬 提能力
Well，it’s complicated.If you’re like me，a ②middle-aged woman，you probably remember libraries as places of silent reading.These days，however，libraries are more like active community centers.
In the past，most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be quiet on demand.But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through ③hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers.Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids，including crafts，board games，and story times.These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent.
Along with more programs for ever-younger children，technology today has played a part in the ④transformation of libraries into places where both kids and adults can use computers，make something on a 3D printer and more.In addition，many libraries now offer programs for adults，who can participate in book discussion，learn calligraphy，and even take college classes.
Of course，libraries still need peaceful zones.These days，many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas.They are also less noisy in the early afternoons，after morning children’s programs and before the after-school kid crowd arrive.
It’s clear to me now that on the day my colleagues and I were shushed by a patron，we should have been using our “library voices” as we talked.Still，it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence.There’s just too much fun and learning happening.
1.How did the author respond to the patron’s behavior
A.She approved of it. B.She was disappointed at it.
C.She hesitated about it. D.She was astonished at it.
細節理解題。根據第一段最后兩句“How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around？”可知，作者對常客的行為感到很吃驚。故選D。
√
2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A.The past and the present of libraries.
B.The reason for the change of libraries.
C.The activities for young children in libraries.
D.The connection between libraries and readers.
段落大意題。根據第三段的“But growing knowledge about...has since caused a sea change in how libraries...These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent.”可知，本段主要講圖書館改變的原因。故選B。
√
3.What can we learn about today’s libraries
A.They heavily depend on technology.
B.They offer online programs for adults.
C.They still provide silent reading places.
D.They care much about time arrangement.
細節理解題。根據第五段的“These days，many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas.”可知，今天的圖書館仍然提供安靜的閱讀場所。故選C。
√
4.What would be the best title for the text
A.Libraries Should Be Loud
B.Reading Can Be Fun in Libraries
C.Libraries Make Learning Happen
D.Library Programs Target Children
√
標題歸納題。由最后一段最后兩句“Still，it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence.There’s just too much fun and learning happening.”以及上文可知，本文主要講圖書館不應該如往常一樣是一個安靜的地方，而應該變得熱鬧起來。故選A。
①librarian＝(派)librar(y)＋ian _______________
②middle-aged＝(合)middle＋aged ________
③hands-on＝(合)hands＋on _____________________
④transformation＝(派)transform＋ation ____________
語境猜詞
圖書館管理員
中年的
動手的，實際操作的
轉變，變化
B
(2024·四川成都二模)
“Sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never harm me，” is an old saying my fourth-grade teacher once told me.I grew up thinking as long as people did not physically hurt each other，hurtful words were to be tolerated，but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story，Two Little Words with a Big Impact.She discussed two words: “and” and “but”，and explained how “but” can be one of the most destructive words.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇議論文。作者通過分享自己的經歷、觀察和思考，闡述了謹慎用詞的重要性。
Then I realized I had been hurt by the word “but”，and that I had wounded others，too，by using the word ①thoughtlessly.For example，when I was a teacher and edited my students’ stories，I would always say their content was good，but then I would add comments such as “but you need to make your characters more realistic”.I could have said，“Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.”
In setting up guidelines for commenting on writers，I realize we need to praise each other，make helpful remarks，and then praise each other again，without using the word “but”.I remember a college professor who said，“There is no such thing as constructive criticism.Criticism is criticism.” She has now passed on，but her words remain with me always.
My fourth-grade teacher’s quote was aimed at what she thought was harmless playground teasing，but even teasing hurts.Today，we can read sad news related to many stories where people have been terribly hurt by ugly words and suffered a lot.Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking，even to avoid ②seemingly unimportant words like “but”.Sticks and stones break our bones，but thoughtless words also do harm.They can leave marks for a lifetime.
5.What changed the author’s attitude to hurtful words
A.A teacher’s advice.
B.His personal experience.
C.A college professor’s words.
D.A story by Linda O’Connell.
√
細節理解題。根據文章第一段中“I grew up thinking as long as people didn’t physically hurt each other，hurtful words were to be tolerated，but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story，Two Little Words with a Big Impact.”可知，在讀了琳達·奧康奈爾的故事《兩個小詞大影響》后，作者改變了對傷人話語的態度。故選D。
6.What message does the example in paragraph 2 convey
A.The author used “but” too often.
B.The author could tolerate criticism.
C.The misuse of “but” can hurt others.
D.Realistic characters are needed in writing.
√
推理判斷題。根據文章第二段“Then I realized I had been hurt by the word ‘but’，and that I had wounded others，too...I could have said，‘Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.’”可知，第二段中作者給學生寫評語的例子表明濫用“但是”會傷害別人。故選C。
7.Which words can best describe the author
A.Caring and self-reflective. B.Devoted and co-operative.
C.Optimistic and open-minded. D.Honest and warm-hearted.
√
推理判斷題。根據文章第一段和第二段中“Then I realized I had been hurt by the word ‘but’，and that I had wounded others，too，by using the word thoughtlessly.”以及下文的舉例可知，作者在受到啟發后不僅意識到了“但是”這個詞對自己的傷害，還反思了自己過去無意中用這個詞傷害了他人的情況。這表明作者是一個關心他人，同時也善于自我反思的人。故選A。
8.What is the text mainly about
A.The benefits of learning from mistakes.
B.The long-lasting effect of hurtful words.
C.The importance of using words thoughtfully.
D.The difference between physical and emotional harm.
√
主旨大意題。根據文章最后一段中“Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking，even to avoid seemingly unimportant words like ‘but’.”以及全文可知，本文主要講述的是謹慎用詞的重要性。故選C。
①thoughtlessly＝(派)thought＋less＋ly __________________
②seemingly＝(派)seeming＋ly ______________
草率地；欠考慮地
貌似；表面上
語境猜詞
C
(2024·河南南陽一模)
These days，there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science.For example，the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress，held in Nagpur，where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India ①self-reliant.
語篇解讀　本文是一篇議論文。文章指出雖然領導人普遍認為科學對于國家至關重要，但是目前的博士培養體系存在諸多挑戰和困境。文章強調隨著攻讀博士學位人數的急劇增加，博士培養體系亟需做出改革，才能滿足當今社會的期望。
The message to researchers is crystal clear：leaders see science as essential to national prosperity，well-being and，of course，②competitiveness.So，is research fit for the challenge of advancing，refining or critiquing these goals Not exactly.And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training.
As Nature and other publications have frequently reported，PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.Students’ stipends(生活津貼) are not enough in most countries，creating a ③cost-of-living crisis.Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision，with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship(指導).
Furthermore，PhD candidates are ④inadequately prepared for the ⑤cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize ⑥cutting-edge science today.This is especially true for careers outside academic research，where the overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading.
It is not all bad.Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed，or are reforming，PhD assessment that is largely unchanged since the nineteenth century.But in most places，and especially in low- and middle-income countries，a candidate’s work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper.In many countries，candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD，something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing.
The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply.According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education，the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016；US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period.If researchers are to meet society’s expectations，their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.
9.Why is the India’s Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph
A.To indicate India’s serious scientific landscape.
B.To imply more researchers are in great demand in India.
C.To show leaders’ emphasis on scientific research.
D.To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science.
√
推理判斷題。根據第一段“These days，there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science.For example，the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress...”可知，本段首先提出世界領導人幾乎都會強調科學的重要性，然后提到印度總理的講話內容，鼓勵科學家從事能使國家自力更生的科學工作。由此推知，印度總理是作為例子來體現領導人對科研的重視。故選C。
10.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.The reforms in science.
B.The significance of mentorship.
C.The creation of academic culture.
D.The issues early-career researchers face.
√
段落大意題。根據第三段“...PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time...Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision，with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship(指導).”可知，本段主要介紹了世界范圍內的博士培養陷入困境已經有一段時間了，這些早期職業研究人員面臨著生活成本危機、缺乏支持、監督質量低等問題。故選D。
11.Which of the following best describes the author’s opinion on PhD training
A.Disappointed. B.Satisfied.
C.Indifferent. D.Enthusiastic.
√
觀點態度題。根據第二段末句“And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training.”，第三段首句“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported，PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.”和第四段首句“Furthermore，PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today.”可知，作者認為博士培養已陷入困境，博士候選人沒有為未來的工作做好充分準備，該培養需要進行根本性改革。由此可知，作者對博士培養很失望。故選A。
12.What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph
A.PhD education is developing gradually.
B.The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay.
C.The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US.
D.The demand for researchers’ meeting society’s expectations is pressing.
√
寫作意圖題。根據最后一段“The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply...If researchers are to meet society’s expectations，their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.”可知，作者認為攻讀博士學位的人數的上升加劇了博士培養體系的壓力，這種體系需要做出改變才能滿足社會的期望。由此可知，作者想表達博士培養改革刻不容緩。故選B。
①self-reliant＝(合)self＋reliant ____________
②competitiveness＝(派)compet(e)＋itive＋ness ________
③cost-of-living＝(合)cost＋of＋living __________
④inadequately＝(派)in＋adequate＋ly __________
⑤cross-disciplinary＝(合)cross＋disciplinary ___________
⑥cutting-edge＝(合)cutting＋edge ________
自力更生的
競爭力
生活費的
返回
語境猜詞
不充分地
跨學科的
前沿的

展開更多......

收起↑