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(共46張PPT)
第4講　議論文
目 錄 索 引
體裁解讀
技法點撥
01
02
體裁解讀
議論文是高考完形填空較難的一種文體,一般由三個要素組成:論點、論據、結論。論點和論據形成一體,相互印證。有時作者為了使文章脈絡清晰、行文流暢,會使用一些過渡詞,如:on the contrary,all in all,in short,generally speaking,worse still,on the other hand,in conclusion,as a consequence等。做題時要注意以下幾點:
解題要領 內容解讀
首句制勝,論點明確 議論文完形填空的首句常常是文章的主旨句。作者一般在文章的首段提出論點,然后在各段的首句提出分論點。
不同的論點提出方式 ①開門見山地提出論點,然后再通過具體的論據去證明論點,論據有時候既有正面的論據,也有反面的論據,最后總結全文。②導入式提出論點。先通過敘述生活中的一件具體的事情或描述生活中的現象,然后根據事情或現象所反映的問題提出自己的論點,再用具體的論據去證明自己的論點。③最后提出論點。有些議論文一開始作者僅僅是列舉生活中的現象,不表明自己的觀點,而是通過對具體現象的分析,最后得出一個結論。
關注尾段 尾段通常照應論點。
[典型例題](2022浙江6月改編)
Small children are easy to throw up in the air and catch—and they love it.“Again,Daddy,again!”Jacky shouts as I throw him skywards and catch him on the way back down again.His trust in me is 　1　,which is quite a nice feeling,but at the same time gives me a huge sense of 　2　.
I hope Jacky will always trust me fully,but I know that,as he gets 　3　,it will need more effort and sound judgment on my part.Trust is such an important part of a 　4　 relationship that it’s something that can’t 　5　 to lose.Every time I introduce Jacky to something new,he’ll do it only because he trusts me and feels 　6　 in the knowledge that he won’t get hurt.　7　, teaching Jacky to swim means he has to 　8　 that,when he’s swimming in the big pool,I’ll come to his rescue if his doggy paddle lets him down.
　9　 in the workplace,trust is important for strong 　10　.It is something that every manager should work hard to 　11　 among their team. If people don’t trust you,they’re unlikely to 　12　 your directions and willingly become a loyal(忠誠) team member.A 　13　 of trust can make people work against you rather than for you.At the very least,it means that people are not going to be 　14　 you their best.Good 　15　,like good parenting,is a long-term commitment.
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇議論文。短文論述了信任在親子關系中和在工作管理方面的重要性。
1.A.reasonable　　 B.limited
C.absolute D.important
答案 C
解析 根據上文“Again,Daddy,again!”可知,孩子要求一次次被拋向空中,由此可知,他對父親是完全信任的。故選C項。
2.A.relief B.satisfaction
C.achievement D.responsibility
答案 D
解析 結合語境,此處指孩子對父親的信任也成了父親的責任,即孩子的信任給了父親一種責任感。故選D項。
3.A.older B.busier
C.quieter D.healthier
答案 A
解析 根據下文“it will need more effort and sound judgment on my part”可知,隨著他長大,這需要作者付出更多努力和做出正確的判斷。故選A項。
4.A.long-distance B.high-risk
C.parent-child D.teacher-student
答案 C
解析 本段在探討作者與兒子之間的關系,所以是一種親子關系。故選C項。
5.A.afford B.choose
C.wait D.expect
答案 A
解析 根據上文“Trust is such an important part of a 　　　relationship”可知,它是一種不能失去的東西。afford to do sth“能夠做某事”。故選A項。
6.A.safe B.happy
C.proud D.grateful
答案 A
解析 根據上文“he trusts me”和下文“in the knowledge that he won’t get hurt”可知,只是因為他相信作者,知道自己不會受傷,所以覺得自己會很安全。故選A項。
7.A.Above all B.In addition
C.At first D.For example
答案 D
解析 根據上文內容以及下文“teaching Jacky to swim means he has to 　　”可知,作者在舉例子。故選D項。
8.A.admit B.believe
C.suggest D.imagine
答案 B
解析 根據上文“because he trusts me”可知,教兒子游泳意味著他必須相信當他在大泳池里游泳時,如果他溺水,作者會去救他。故選B項。
9.A.However B.Therefore
C.Similarly D.Fortunately
答案 C
解析 作者從父子之間的信任轉移到職場,所以同樣,在工作場所,信任對于強大的領導力也很重要。故選C項。
10.A.affection B.determination
C.friendship D.leadership
答案 D
解析 根據下文“It is something that every manager”可知,信任對于強大的領導力也很重要。故選D項。
11.A.assess B.organize
C.develop D.understand
答案 C
解析 根據常識可知,獲得別人的信任需要培養。故選C項。
12.A.repeat B.follow
C.change D.forget
答案 B
解析 根據上文“If people don’t trust you”可知,如果人們不信任你,他們就不太可能聽從你的指示。故選B項。
13.A.gesture B.measure
C.bond D.lack
答案 D
解析 根據下文“make people work against you rather than for you”可知,缺乏信任會讓人們與你作對而不是支持你。故選D項。
14.A.telling B.giving
C.selling D.sending
答案 B
解析 其他人不信任你,所以不會給你展現他們最好的水平。故選B項。
15.A.management B.personality
C.communication D.education
答案 A
解析 根據上文“in the workplace”以及“manager”可知,作者在說管理。故選A項。
技法點撥
技法1 利用排除法解題
[典例]If people don’t trust you,they’re unlikely to 12.follow your directions and willingly become a loyal(忠誠) team member.A 　13　 of trust can make people work against you rather than for you.At the very least,it means that people are not going to be 14.giving you their best.
13.A.gesture　　　 B.measure
C.bond D.lack
分析
根據下文“make people work against you rather than for you”可知,缺乏信任會讓人們與你作對,而不是支持你。
[自主解答]　 　
D
【點撥】在掌握文章大意和細節的前提下,考生可以試填試題中的各個選項,選出最吻合語境、最銜接語義的選項,這種解題方法被稱為“排除錯項”。
[真題體驗](2023新課標Ⅰ卷)
Once there,Lenoue was 　49　 and later taken to a hospital,where she learned that she had serious injuries in one of her knees.She would have struggled with extreme 50.pain to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey’s help.
49.A.interrupted　　 B.assessed
C.identified D.appreciated
答案 B
解析 根據下文“later taken to a hospital”可知,她是先接受了檢查,再被送往醫院,也就是先接受“評估”,因此B項最吻合語境,這樣就能排除另外三個選項。故選B項。
技法2 利用詞匯復現法解題
在高考完形填空中,命題人往往通過原詞復現、同義詞復現、近義詞復現、同源詞復現、反義詞復現、上下詞復現等方式重現已經出現過的詞匯。做題時,在把握語篇、透析語境的前提下,應留心選項中是否有與上下文相對應的詞匯,運用詞匯復現技巧快速鎖定答案。
[典例]...he’ll do it only because he trusts me and feels 6.safe in the knowledge that he won’t get hurt.7.For example,teaching Jacky to swim means he has to
　8　 that,when he’s swimming in the big pool,I’ll come to his rescue if his doggy paddle lets him down.
8.A.admit　　　　 B.believe
C.suggest D.imagine
分析
利用同義詞復現解題。根據上文“because he trusts me”可知,教兒子游泳意味著他必須相信當他在大泳池里游泳時,如果他溺水,作者會去救他。believe是trust的同義復現。
[自主解答]　 　
B
【點撥】完形填空中主要考查的五大復現關系:
(1)原詞復現——在上下文中同一詞匯重復出現
原詞復現是指一個單詞在一個語義場中以同樣的詞形反復出現,有時兼有詞形變化。
[真題體驗1](2023全國乙卷)
“I’m going to inspire so many people,” she said.“I’m ready to 　60　.” And shine she did.
60.A.shine　　　　 B.fly
C.dance D.score
答案 A
解析 由上文“I’m going to inspire so many people”和下文“And shine she did.”可知,她認為自己將會激勵很多人,即自己會發光,影響到很多人。空格處的shine是空后shine 的原詞復現。故選A項。
(2)同根詞復現——詞形變化的詞匯復現
同根詞復現是指文中的某個句子中復現了所填詞的派生詞。這類題首先要求考生在平時的學習中掌握基本的構詞法和基本詞綴,其次是要能在上下文中找出相應的線索。
[真題體驗2](2023新課標Ⅱ卷)
It just 44.happened that I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot,Karen,who 45.offered to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia.What I was to do was fly to Topeka to 46.pick up Tiffy.
...
The flight was 53.uneventful,and Tiffy was a great passenger.The next day,she 　54　 with Karen and made it back to George in Virginia within a few days.He was so 55.thankful and sent me a nice e-mail with pictures.It felt great to know that I had helped bring this family together again.
54.A.returned B.fought
C.flew D.agreed
答案 C
解析 根據上文中“I was planning another PNP flight with another pilot,Karen, who offered to take Tiffy from Kansas City to Virginia”和空前的“The flight was uneventful,and Tiffy was a great passenger.”可知,Karen帶著Tiffy飛往弗吉尼亞州。本空中的flew與前文的flight是同根詞復現。故選C項。
(3)同/近義詞復現——意思相同、相近的表達方式或者解釋性的詞匯復現
同/近義詞復現是指上下文中的某個甚至是多個句子出現了所填詞的同/近義詞,對所填詞所在的句子起到了詮釋或照應的作用。
[真題體驗3](2023全國乙卷)
To become the Olympic champion in the individual(個人) all-around event,Gabby Douglas had to leave everything she 41.knew best...Even at 14, Douglas knew that.So she 　47　 about 1,200 miles away from home,to 48.train with a coach from China.
47.A.dropped out B.moved on
C.pulled over D.went off
答案 D
解析 drop out退出;move on繼續;pull over靠邊停車;go off離開。由下文“about 1,200 miles away from home”可知,Gabby Douglas到了一個離家
1 200英里的地方。空中的 went off與第41空前的leave是同義詞復現。故選D項。
[真題體驗4](2022浙江1月卷)
Eventually,Ms Burdeyney learned about plans for an eye research 　43　 at Tel Aviv University in Israel...Ms Burdeyney began raising 46.money for the project with a friend,Toronto businessman Meyer Zeifman.
43.A.course B.program
C.paper D.conference
答案 B
解析 由46空后的the project可知,此處指一個眼睛研究項目。故選B項。program與project是同義詞復現。
(4)反義詞復現——意思相反或對比性解釋的詞匯復現
反義詞復現是指上下文中的某個句子與所填詞所在的句子表達了相反的意思,在原句和復現句之間常有but,however,or,while等詞進行連接,表達相反或相對的含義。
[真題體驗5](2023新課標Ⅱ卷)
When I met Tiffy’s owners,they seemed very 　47　.George,the husband, was trying to be calm,but I could tell this was 48.hard for him,having to leave his dog to a 49.stranger and trust that everything would 50.work out.
47.A.confused B.nervous
C.annoyed D.curious
答案 B
解析 confused困惑的;nervous緊張的;annoyed惱怒的;curious好奇的。由but可知,此處與空后的calm(平靜的)構成反義關系,也就是要表示“緊張的,不安的”。
(5)同場詞匯復現——意義相關的詞匯復現
意義相關的詞匯復現在同一語篇中,構成以某一話題為中心的詞匯鏈,因其共同出現的傾向性,被稱為“同場”詞匯。比如:ears與hear/listen to;ill,pale, nurse,doctor和operation等。
[真題體驗6](2022全國乙卷)
We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC.Each 47.child sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or
　48　.We then asked the child if she could 　49　 or hear the adult. Surprisingly,children replied that they couldn’t.The same 50.thing happened when the adult covered her own mouth:51.Now children said that they couldn’t 　52　 to her.
48.A.feet B.nose
C.hands D.ears
答案 D
解析 根據下文“or hear the adult”可知,實驗中,兒童被詢問是否能聽到成年人的聲音,所以此處表示成年人遮住了自己的耳朵。此處ears與下文中的hear是同場詞匯復現。
49.A.see B.help
C.reach D.fool
答案 A
解析 根據上文“an adult who covered her own eyes”可知,成年人遮住了自己的眼睛,所以此處兒童被詢問是否能看見成年人。此處see與上文中的eyes是同場詞匯復現。
52.A.speak B.listen
C.turn D.wave
答案 A
解析 根據語境,此處表示當成年人捂住自己的嘴,此時孩子們說他們不能和成年人說話了。此處speak與上文中的mouth是同場詞匯復現。
課堂應用
(2024江西景德鎮三模)
Every mountain has a peak.Every valley has its 　1　 point.No one is up all the time,nor are they down all the time.Life has its 　2　.Problems do
　3　.However,they are all resolved in time.
You may not be able to control the times,but you can 　4　 your response.You can turn your pain into 　5　 or into appreciation.The choice is up to you.However tough your time is,you can 　6　 how you will react to it.
The positive solution to a problem is that you need courage to 　7　 it. When you control your reaction to the 　8　 uncontrollable problem of life, then in fact you do control the problem’s 　9　 on you.Your reaction to the problem is the last word!That’s the 　10　.What will you let this problem do to you It can make you 　11　 or tough.It can make you bitter or better.It all depends on you.
In the final analysis,the reason why the tough people can 　12　 the hard times is that they’ve chosen to react positively to their problems.Tough times never last,but tough people do.Tough people 　13　 it out.History teaches us that no problem is 　14　.Your problem will be solved and,as you know, storms always 　15　 the sun.
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇議論文。作者通過比喻山峰和山谷,闡述了人生有起有落,但無論遇到什么問題,最終都會得到解決。鼓勵讀者積極面對困難,選擇正確的應對方式,因為最終的結果是取決于個人的選擇和反應。
1.A.high　　　　 B.low
C.shallow D.deep
答案 B
解析 根據上文“Every mountain has a peak.”可知,山峰有頂點,山谷有低點,兩句話形成前后對照,故選B項。
2.A.ups and downs B.twists and turns
C.odds and ends D.twos and threes
答案 A
解析 根據上文“No one is up all the time,nor are they down all the time.”可知,人們都會有起起伏伏的時候,故選A項。
3.A.end B.rise
C.raise D.interrupt
答案 B
解析 根據下文“However,they are all resolved in time.”可知,問題最終會解決,說明有問題會出現,故選B項。
4.A.release B.hide
C.hold D.value
答案 C
解析 根據上文“You may not be able to control the times”可知,人們無法控制時間,但是可以控制自己的反應,這里hold是control的近義詞。
5.A.complaint B.spell
C.note D.memory
答案 A
解析 根據下文“or into appreciation”可知,控制反應包括將痛苦轉化為某種東西,而抱怨是可能的轉化方式之一,另外一種是感激。
6.A.identify B.attempt
C.choose D.consider
答案 C
解析 根據上文“The choice is up to you.”可知,決定權在人們自己手里,也就是人們可以自己選擇如何面對。故選C項。
7.A.address B.assess
C.access D.aid
答案 A
解析 根據上文“The positive solution to a problem”可知,控制對不可控問題的反應意味著去面對它,address在這里是動詞,意思是“解決”。
8.A.apparently B.obviously
C.abruptly D.seemingly
答案 D
解析 根據下文“then in fact you do control the problem’s 　　　on you”可知,問題看似不可控,但實際上可以通過控制反應來控制問題對你的影響。
9.A.cause B.process
C.impact D.result
答案 C
解析 根據上文“you control your reaction to the 　　　uncontrollable problem of life”可知,控制反應意味著控制問題帶來的影響。
10.A.bottom line B.safety rule
C.comfort zone D.top secret
答案 A
解析 根據上文“Your reaction to the problem is the last word!”可知,對問題的反應是最終的決定性因素,bottom line和上文的last word是近義詞。
11.A.clever B.intelligent
C.wild D.delicate
答案 D
解析 根據下文“or tough”可知,問題可以使人變差或變得更好,而脆弱是可能的結果之一。
12.A.save B.survive
C.benefit D.live
答案 B
解析 根據下文“the hard times”可知,堅強的人能夠度過艱難時刻,也就是在困難的時刻存活下來。
13.A.put B.cut
C.stick D.stress
答案 C
解析 根據上文“Tough times never last,but tough people do.”可知,堅強的人能夠生存艱難時刻,能夠堅持下來,stick it out是固定搭配,意思是堅持,和上文的last邏輯一致。
14.A.temporary B.permanent
C.reliable D.constant
答案 B
解析 根據下文“Your problem will be solved...”可知,問題最終會被解決,說明問題不是永久的。
15.A.hold on to B.live up to
C.go back to D.give way to
答案 D
解析 根據下文“the sun”可知,暴風雨最終會結束,太陽會再次出現,也就是暴風雨會給太陽讓位。

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