資源簡介

(共167張PPT)
第1講　17大技法突破閱讀理解4題型
題型一　細節(jié)理解題
題型二　推理判斷題
目 錄 索 引
01
02
題型三　詞句猜測題
03
題型四　主旨大意題
04
專題概覽
考情表解
卷別 題型　　 2024新課標Ⅰ卷 2023新課標Ⅰ卷 2022新高考Ⅰ卷 2024新課標Ⅱ卷 2023新課標Ⅱ卷 2022新高考Ⅱ卷
細節(jié)理解題 4 7 6 7 5 9
推理判斷題 9 6 7 6 8 3
主旨大意題 1 1 1 1 1 1
詞句猜測題 1 1 1 1 1 2
命題趨勢
趨勢1　文本語境復雜化,題材專業(yè)化
閱讀理解C篇和D篇往往是一套試題中最難的,文體一般以社科類說明文和科普類說明文為主,今年的試題文本注入了更多考生不熟悉的新話題、新理念,涉及心理學、哲學、歷史學等專業(yè)性更強的素材,信息理解難度增加。未來高考閱讀試題將會繼續(xù)出現(xiàn)文學、藝術、歷史、經(jīng)濟、科技等主題情境中專業(yè)性較強的文章。
趨勢2　課標詞匯派生詞、熟詞新義頻現(xiàn),閱讀難度陡增
閱讀文本及選項中越來越多地出現(xiàn)平時使用頻率較低的詞匯(通過構詞法合成或派生而來的新詞、熟詞新義、課標外拓展詞等),加大了語篇閱讀的難度,僅掌握課標詞匯的音、形、義、用法和搭配已不能滿足備考需求,需轉(zhuǎn)向詞匯的深度學習,如構詞法、詞源義等。
趨勢3　聚焦長難句、邏輯思維,凸顯考查深層理解能力
鑒于高考閱讀文本內(nèi)容越來越專業(yè),為了更好地將主旨表達清楚,長難句今后很可能變成較難文章的標配。
題型一　細節(jié)理解題
題型特點 設問方式
細節(jié)理解題相對比較簡單,但在英語高考閱讀理解中占了較大的比重,常分為直接信息題、間接信息題及數(shù)字計算題。直接信息題和間接信息題為高頻考點,其他都為低頻考點。 1.特殊疑問句形式。設問方式多為以“6W1H”(what,who,when,where,why,
which和how)等開頭的特殊疑問句。
2.填空形式。如The biggest challenge for most mothers is from 　　　.
技法1 直接信息題——題干定位法
[典例](2024全國甲卷,A)
Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual celebration of the Harvard community’s artistic creativity.We invite you to join us for the coming ARTS FIRST.We look forward to welcoming you as we showcase the creativity of the Harvard arts community through performances,art exhibitions and art-making activities.The festival is a public event for Harvard and community members of all ages.
Light Awash in Watercolor
Learn about the materials and qualities of watercolor paint with experts from the Harvard Art Museums Materials Lab.Try your hand at some of the painting tricks used by artists whose works will be in the upcoming exhibition of American Watercolors,1880-1990:Into the Light.
Spineless Artists:Invertebrate Creativity
From webs to cocoons,invertebrates(無脊椎動物) create some of nature’s most delicate and beautiful designs.Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance, inspire fashion and create art,while making your own spineless artists out of craft(手工藝) materials.
...
23.What can you do together with Javier Marin
A.Practice a traditional dance.
B.Make handcrafts.
C.Visit a local museum.
D.Feed invertebrates.
解題之門
第一步　鎖定題干關鍵詞:
Javier Marin
第二步　查找定位到原文:
根據(jù)小標題 Spineless Artists:Invertebrate Creativity下的段落中“Join Javier Marin from the Harvard Museum of Natural History to learn how insects and other invertebrates dance,inspire fashion and create art,while making your own spineless artists out of craft (手工藝) materials.”可知,Javier Marin的活動包括用手工藝材料制作無脊椎動物。因此,可以確定你可以和Javier Marin一起制作手工藝品。
[自主解答]　 　
B
設題特點
直接信息題常設置在應用文中,涉及的話題有廣告類、活動安排類、書籍或電影介紹類、演出信息類等。設問方式多為以“6W1H”(what,who,when,where,why,which和how)等開頭的特殊疑問句。
圖解技法
技法2 間接信息題——同義轉(zhuǎn)換法
[典例](2024新課標Ⅰ卷,C)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors,including reduced concentration,an entertainment mindset(心態(tài)) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
...
Audio(音頻) and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say,assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However,psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories,they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts,audio and video all have educational roles,especially when providing resources not available in print.However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for,educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same,even when they contain identical words.
30.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A.They can hold students’ attention.
B.They are more convenient to prepare.
C.They help develop advanced skills.
D.They are more informative than text.
解題之門
第一步　鎖定題干關鍵詞:
audio and video,increasingly,university teachers
第二步　查找定位到原文:
根據(jù)題干信息鎖定到“Audio(音頻) and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say,assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.”。A項是對信息區(qū)間的同義描述,即因為音頻和視頻比文本更吸引人,所以大學老師使用越來越多的音頻和視頻。hold students’ attention是engaging的同義替換。
[自主解答]　 　
A
設題特點
相比直接信息題命題,間接信息題的隱蔽性、迷惑性更強,正確選項一般都會在原文基礎上進行改造。解答間接信息題時要做到“兩關注”“一防范”。“兩關注”是指關注正確選項的兩個特征:一是同義詞替換或釋義,即把文中的語言(詞匯和結構)改頭換面,來表達相同的意思;二是對文章信息的歸納。“一防范”是指防范干擾選項的逼真性,稍有不慎就會落入命題人設置的陷阱中。
設問方式
1.According to the author/passage...
2.What can we learn about...
圖解技法
技法3 數(shù)字計算題——整合推算法
[典例](2023新課標Ⅰ卷,A)
Bike Rental & Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam,welcome to MacBike.You see much more from the seat of a bike!Cycling is the most economical,sustainable and fun way to explore the city,with its beautiful canals,parks,squares and countless lights.You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
...
Prices
Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake,
No Gears
1 hour ?7.50 ?5.00
3 hours ?11.00 ?7.50
1 day(24 hours) ?14.75 ?9.75
Each additional day ?8.00 ?6.00
22.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A.?15.75.　　　　 B.?19.50.
C.?22.75. D.?29.50.
解題之門
第一步　鎖定題干關鍵詞:
How much do you pay for...
第二步　查找定位到原文:
根據(jù)題干信息鎖定到文本的定價表。根據(jù)定價表可知,租一輛帶手剎和三檔的自行車一天需要14.75歐元,額外增加天數(shù)每天8歐元。所以租一輛帶手剎和三檔的自行車兩天需要14.75+8=22.75歐元。
[自主解答]　 　
C
設題特點
數(shù)字計算題一般會涉及時間、年齡、價格、數(shù)量、距離等的簡單計算。一般來說計算量都比較小,容易計算。但是英語閱讀中的數(shù)字計算必須要找出計算背后所隱含的信息。這些“暗”信息會涉及對某個難句的理解,從這個角度上講,理解文中相應的復雜句是解這類題的關鍵。數(shù)字計算題的話題有廣告類、故事類、科普知識類、史地自然類、文化教育類。設問方式為以when,in which year,how many/much等疑問詞(組)開頭的疑問句。
圖解技法
技法4 概括信息題——歸納概括法
[典例](2023全國乙卷,A)
　　Jacqueline Felice de Almania(c.1322) highlights the suspicion that women practicing medicine faced.Born to a Jewish family in Florence,she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.In 1322 she was tried for practicing unlawfully.In spite of the court hearing testimonials(證明) of her ability as a doctor,she was banned from medicine.
　　James Barry(c.1789—1865) was born Margaret Bulkley in Ireland but, dressed as a man,she was accepted by Edinburgh University to study medicine. She qualified as a surgeon in 1813,and then joined the British Army,serving overseas.Barry retired in 1859,having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.
21.What did Jacqueline and James have in common
A.Doing teaching jobs.
B.Being hired as physicians.
C.Performing surgery.
D.Being banned from medicine.
解題之門
第一步　鎖定題干關鍵詞:
Jacqueline and James
第二步　查找定位到原文:
根據(jù)題干信息鎖定到文本相應的方框內(nèi)容。
通過文章Jacqueline Felice de Almania部分中的“Born to a Jewish family in Florence,she moved to Paris where she worked as a physician and performed surgery.”以及James Barry部分中的“She qualified as a surgeon in 1813”和“Barry retired in 1859,having practiced her entire medical profession living and working as a man.”可知,Jacqueline和James的共同點是都有資格進行外科手術。
[自主解答]　 　
C
設題特點
概括信息題要求學生通過思維分析對原文中比較分散或復雜的信息進行歸納概括。為了增加細節(jié)信息試題的難度,命題人有時也會采用較為概括的方式來進行命題,一個細節(jié)理解題涉及一段內(nèi)的多個信息點或者多段的具體內(nèi)容,需要考生進行概括和歸納后才能回答。
設問方式
What can we say/know about...
What do...have in common
What’s the difference...
圖解技法
課堂應用
A(2023全國乙卷,B)
Living in Iowa and trying to become a photographer specializing in landscape(風景)can be quite a challenge,mainly because the corn state lacks geographical variation.
Although landscapes in the Midwest tend to be quite similar,either farm fields or highways,sometimes I find distinctive character in the hills or lakes. To make some of my landscape shots,I have travelled up to four hours away to shoot within 10-minute time frame.I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.
Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph.I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
One time my friends and I drove three hours to Devil’s Lake,Wisconsin, to climb the purple quartz(石英) rock around the lake.After we found a crazy-looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks,we decided to photograph the scene at sunset.The position enabled us to look over the lake with the sunset in the background.We managed to leave this spot to climb higher because of the spare time until sunset.However,we did not mark the route(路線)so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.Once we found the place,it was stressful getting lights and cameras set up in the limited time.Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇記敘文。文章敘述了作者不畏艱險,拍攝出高質(zhì)量的風景照的故事。
1.How does the author deal with the challenge as a landscape photographer in the Midwest
A.By teaming up with other photographers.
B.By shooting in the countryside or state parks.
C.By studying the geographical conditions.
D.By creating settings in the corn fields.
答案 B
解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“To make some of my landscape shots,I have travelled up to four hours away to shoot within 10-minute time frame.I tend to travel with a few of my friends to state parks or to the countryside to go on adventures and take photos along the way.”可知,為了拍攝一些風景照片,作者經(jīng)常和幾個朋友一起去州立公園或鄉(xiāng)村探險,沿途拍照。故選B項。
2.What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author
A.Proper time management.
B.Good shooting techniques.
C.Adventurous spirit.
D.Distinctive styles.
答案 A
解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Being at the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography.”可知,作者認為,成功拍照的關鍵在于,在正確的時間出現(xiàn)在正確的地點,即適當?shù)臅r間管理。故選A項。
3.What can we infer from the author’s trip with friends to Devil’s Lake
A.They went crazy with the purple quartz rock.
B.They felt stressed while waiting for the sunset.
C.They reached the shooting spot later than expected.
D.They had problems with their equipment.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第五句“However,we did not mark the route so we ended up almost missing the sunset entirely.”可知,作者他們險些錯過了日落,即到達拍攝地點比預計的晚了一些。故選C項。
4.How does the author find his photos taken at Devil’s Lake
A.Amusing.　　　　　
B.Satisfying.
C.Encouraging.
D.Comforting.
答案 B
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Still,looking back on the photos,they are some of my best shots though they could have been so much better if I would have been prepared and managed my time wisely.”可知,盡管作者認為還有些缺憾,但照片拍得還是不錯的,作者對此感到很滿意。故選B項。
B(2024新課標Ⅰ卷,D)
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records.Today,most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records.Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area,a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,”said Barnabas Daru,who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(標本),and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change,I wanted to know:Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects,birds,and animals,Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data,like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.Moreover,these data are biased and favor certain regions,time periods,and species.This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained.“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled.To improve the quality of observational data,biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。一項新研究顯示,生物多樣性記錄存在偏差,建議使用專家確認和引導采樣人員記錄較少關注的區(qū)域和物種以提高數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量。
5.What do we know about the records of species collected now
A.They are becoming outdated.
B.They are mostly in electronic form.
C.They are limited in number.
D.They are used for public exhibition.
答案 B
解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第二句“Today,most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos,videos,and other digital records.”可知,現(xiàn)在生物多樣性的記錄主要是以照片、視頻和其他電子形式存在的。
6.What does Daru’s study focus on
A.Threatened species.
B.Physical specimens.
C.Observational data.
D.Mobile applications.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from...Are they usable ”和第三段可知,Daru主要研究的是觀測數(shù)據(jù)。
7.What has led to the biases according to the study
A.Mistakes in data analysis.
B.Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C.Improper way of sampling.
D.Unreliable data collection devices.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段Daru的話和第五段可知,收集生物采樣數(shù)據(jù)的人,對于采樣區(qū)域、采樣時段以及采樣物種的選擇有一定的主觀性,這些不當?shù)牟蓸臃绞綄е率占降臄?shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生偏差。
8.What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A.Review data from certain areas.
B.Hire experts to check the records.
C.Confirm the identity of the users.
D.Give guidance to citizen scientists.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段Daru的解釋,生物多樣性應用程序可以根據(jù)研究結果來告知用戶哪些區(qū)域被過度采樣,并引導他們關注那些采樣不足的地區(qū)和物種,鼓勵他們讓專家確認上傳樣本圖片中的物種名稱。由此可知,他的建議是為采樣人員提供指導。
題型二　推理判斷題
推理判斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。解答該類題目時一定要從整體上把握語篇內(nèi)容,在語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息之間架起橋梁,透過字里行間,體會作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在進行推斷時,要據(jù)文推理、合情推理,不可脫離原文主觀臆斷。高考對推理判斷題的考查形式包括以下幾種:隱含推斷題、觀點態(tài)度題、寫作手法題、寫作意圖題、文章出處/類別題和作者身份/讀者對象題。
技法1 隱含推斷題——據(jù)文推理法
[典例](2024新課標Ⅱ卷,C)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However,most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital,restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
...
Moreover,having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions(排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office,they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
30.What can be concluded about BMF employees
A.They have a great passion for sports.
B.They are devoted to community service.
C.They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D.They have a strong environmental awareness.
解題之門
第一步　鎖定題干關鍵詞:
BMF employees
第二步　查找定位到原文:
根據(jù)題干信息鎖定到文本的最后一段。根據(jù)最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.”及“We are passionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our environment...”可推知員工具有強烈的環(huán)保意識。
[自主解答]　 　
D
設題特點
隱含推斷題要求考生根據(jù)文中的信息進行合理的、適度的邏輯推斷,推斷出作者沒有直接說明的內(nèi)容,可能會發(fā)生的事情,理解作者的言外之意等。考生只有正確把握文章的內(nèi)在關系,理解關鍵詞句的真正含義,才可能作出準確的推斷。此類題目的題干主要包括六個動詞:infer(推斷),indicate(象征,暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(得出結論)和 assume(假定,設想)。
圖解技法
技法2 觀點態(tài)度題——忠于措辭法
[典例](2021新高考全國Ⅰ卷,D)
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support,the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis(重視) on emotion by employers,educators and others interested in promoting social well-being.The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
34.What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence
A.Favorable.
B.Intolerant.
C.Doubtful.
D.Unclear.
解題之門
第一步　鎖定題干關鍵詞:
the popularization of emotional intelligence
第二步　查找定位到原文:
根據(jù)選段第一句中的“Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support,the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”可知,作者認為情商的普及整體上利大于弊。由此可推知,作者對于情商的普及持支持態(tài)度。
[自主解答]　 　
A
設題特點
所謂作者的觀點和態(tài)度,就是作者對某個話題、行為、事件的看法、感覺或判斷。作者的觀點和態(tài)度一般分為三大類:支持、贊同、樂觀;客觀、中立;反對、批評、懷疑、悲觀。作者的這種思想傾向和感彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間。因此,在推斷過程中應特別注意文中作者的措辭,尤其是表達感彩的形容詞或副詞。此類試題往往讓考生推斷文章作者或文中人物對某事所持的態(tài)度、觀點或看法,或推斷文中人物的語氣、性格等。
圖解技法
技法3 寫作手法題——行文邏輯法
[典例](2021八省聯(lián)考卷閱讀,C)
Two basic magic tricks are making objects seem to appear and making objects seem to disappear.A combination of these two tricks makes for some interesting effects.For example,the magician puts a small ball under one of several cups.The ball then seems to jump from one cup to another or to change colour.What actually happens is that the magician,employing quick hand movements or a mechanical device,hides one ball.While doing this he talks to the audience and waves a brightly coloured cloth with one hand.The audience is too busy watching the cloth and listening to the magician’s words to notice that his other hand is hiding the ball.
Another favourite trick is to cut or burn something,and then make it appear whole again.What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut or burned object disappear by quickly hiding it while the audience watches something else.Then he “magically” makes it appear whole again by displaying(展示) another object that has not been cut or burned.
30.What does the author focus on in the last two paragraphs
A.Providing examples.　　
B.Making a summary.
C.Drawing comparisons.
D.Explaining a concept.
解題之門
第一步　鎖定題干中關鍵詞:
the author focus on in the last two paragraphs
第二步　查找定位到原文:
根據(jù)關鍵詞定位信息句“For example,the magician puts a small ball under one of several cups.The ball then seems to jump from one cup to another or to change colour.”和“What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut or burned object disappear by quickly hiding it while the audience watches something else.”可知,作者在舉例子。
[自主解答]　 　
A
圖解技法
技法4 寫作意圖題——文體特點法
[典例](2024新課標Ⅱ卷,D)
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives,we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future,and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in.This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution(變革).
In the wrong hands,such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代碼) that powers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design,AI is already super-smart and will become more capable,moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence.From there,Campbell says,will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence.This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now—several decades before these developments are expected to take place.She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence,or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it.She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity.We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out.Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation,will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all,and if you only read one book on the subject,this is it.
35.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To recommend a book on AI.
B.To give a brief account of AI history.
C.To clarify the definition of AI.
D.To honor an outstanding AI expert.
解題之門
第一步　鎖定題干關鍵詞:
purpose,writing the text
第二步　瀏覽全文,了解大意:
第一段:介紹新書《人工智能設計》
第二段:介紹本書作者的背景
第三、四段:概述書中的主要論點、觀點及意義
第五段:進行總結,再次強烈推薦這本書。
[自主解答]　 　
A
設題特點
各種文體的閱讀材料都可能考查寫作目的題。通常情況下,作者在文中不直接陳述自己的寫作目的,而是通過文中所列事物使讀者感受到其所傳遞的想法。所以,這種題型要求考生具備對作者闡述的內(nèi)容進行總結和分析的能力。
圖解技法
技法5 文章出處題/寫作對象題——體裁內(nèi)容法
[典例](2023新課標Ⅱ卷,C)
Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book,represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world...
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. ...
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect(才智),wealth or faith of the subject....From a 21st-century point of view,the printed book is certainly ancient,but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader...
28.Where is the text most probably taken from
A.An introduction to a book.
B.An essay on the art of writing.
C.A guidebook to a museum.
D.A review of modern paintings.
解題之門
推理判斷題考查對文章出處的推斷。根據(jù)第一段的第一句“Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world...”以及第二段的第一句“In this ‘book of books,’...”可知,文章描述了這本書的主題和內(nèi)容,很有可能是一本書的序言或者簡介。
[自主解答]　 　
設題特點
文章出處題要求考生具備一定的常識,能夠根據(jù)文章的體裁和題材來推斷文章的出處或類別。寫作對象推斷題要求考生根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和文中的措辭推斷文章的寫作對象。
A
圖解技法
課堂應用
A(2024全國甲卷,C)
The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.Each stop lasts an average of two days,and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(鄉(xiāng)村) populations with basic medical care,X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke,a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(區(qū)域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization.The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem,particularly in the poorer,rural areas east of the Volga River,including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.For 10 months every year,the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(補給). Then it starts all over again the next month.Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day.The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups.“I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,”says Ducke.“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了俄羅斯政府為解決偏遠地區(qū)醫(yī)療資源不足的問題而運營的Saint Lukas 醫(yī)療車。
1.How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains
A.It runs across countries.
B.It reserves seats for the seniors.
C.It functions as a hospital.
D.It travels along a river.
答案 C
解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段可知,Saint Lukas 列車只允許病人乘坐,是政府資助的一輛醫(yī)療列車,列車上的醫(yī)生和護士為鄉(xiāng)村人口提供基本的醫(yī)療服務。因此,該列車與其他列車的不同之處在于它的作用相當于一家醫(yī)院。
2.What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk
A.It is heavily populated.
B.It offers training for doctors.
C.It is a modern city.
D.It needs medical aid.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem,...to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.”可知,政府激勵醫(yī)生在克拉斯諾亞爾斯克等偏遠地區(qū)行醫(yī)。由此推測,克拉斯諾亞爾斯克需要醫(yī)療援助。
3.How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply
A.About a year.　　　　
B.About ten months.
C.About two months.
D.About two weeks.
答案 D
解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“For 10 months every year,the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock.”可知,該列車會在大約八個站點停留兩周多,然后返回補充燃料和進行補給。由此可知,該列車進行一次補給后可工作大約兩周。
4.What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services
A.Appreciative.
B.Doubtful.
C.Ambiguous.
D.Cautious.
答案 A
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中Ducke說的話“I was very impressed...”以及“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”可知,Ducke 對該列車的服務持贊賞的態(tài)度。
B(2023新課標Ⅱ卷,D)
As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.If you’re lucky,there might be a pocket park near where you live,but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park.They surveyed several hundred park-goers,asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.The researchers then examined these submissions,coding(編碼)experiences into different categories. For example,one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “l(fā)istening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions,a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.After the coding of all submissions,half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors.These include encountering wildlife,walking along the edge of water,and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language,which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them.For example,the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.And for that to happen,we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn,a senior author of the study.
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。隨著城市的飛速發(fā)展,人們接觸大自然的機會越來越少。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人類的健康和幸福與城市中自然場所息息相關。研究人員正試圖創(chuàng)建一種“語言”,幫助人們更好地與大自然互動。
5.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A.Pocket parks are now popular.
B.Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C.Many cities are overpopulated.
D.People enjoy living close to nature.
答案 B
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“As cities balloon with growth,access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find.”以及第二句中的“...but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.”可知,作者在文章的開頭所描述的現(xiàn)象是:在城市里居住的人越來越難以找到相對野生的環(huán)境。
6.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A.To compare different types of park-goers.
B.To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C.To analyze the main features of the park.
D.To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句和第五段第一句可推知,研究人員把參與者提交的編碼分類,就是為了從中查找人與自然互動的模式。
7.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A.Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B.Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C.The same nature experience takes different forms.
D.The nature language enhances work performance.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段所舉的例子“...the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.Back downtown during a workday,they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.”可知,同樣的自然體驗可以通過不同的形式獲得:周末在公園里徒步走,工作日則利用午休時間在噴泉旁散步。
8.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A.Language study.
B.Environmental conservation.
C.Public education.
D.Intercultural communication.
答案 B
解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句中的“we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it”可知,我們需要先保護大自然,然后才能更好地與大自然互動。
題型三　詞句猜測題
詞句猜測題基本上是閱讀理解每年必考的題型。此類題型旨在考查考生根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞、短語、句子的本意或外延含義的能力,既可以考查生詞的意義,也可以考查熟詞的新義,還可以是對代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。除了直接命題的生詞外,考生在閱讀文章時,常常也會遇到一些過去未見過的詞,但這類生詞的詞義大都可以通過上下文推斷出來。
題型特點 設問方式
詞句猜測題著重考查利用同義或反義關系、構詞法、語法和語篇上下文等理解生詞的能力。主要通過以下兩點進行考查: 1.要求根據(jù)閱讀材料,結合學生應有的常識和經(jīng)驗判斷生詞、詞組或熟詞在特定語境中的含義以及一些句子的意思; 2.代詞指代題也是詞義猜測題的常考類型。 ①What does the underlined word “...” in paragraph...mean
②What does the underlined word “...” in paragraph...refer to
③Which of the following words can replace the word “...” in paragraph...
④What does the underlined sentence in paragraph...suggest
技法1 利用邏輯關系猜測詞義
[典例1](2024新課標Ⅱ卷,D)
In the wrong hands,such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代碼) that powers AI but,thankfully,Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which,by the close,will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
32.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A.If read by someone poorly educated.
B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C.If written by someone less competent.
D.If translated by someone unacademic.
[典例2](2023全國乙卷,D)
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides,there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted,especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(聯(lián)系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these,all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects.
34.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Problem.　 B.History.
C.Voice. D.Society.
解題之門
[典例1]根據(jù)第二段畫線短語后but及thankfully可知前后語意轉(zhuǎn)折,前句應該是假設一位不是Campbell的作者,與后句中經(jīng)驗豐富的作者進行對比。
[自主解答]　 　
[典例2]根據(jù)選段中的“a history told through things gives them back a voice (實物能還原歷史事實)”和“all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts,but the objects (我們所有的第一手描述無法避免地會被歪曲,它只是對話的一半。如果我們想找到另一半,就不能只解讀文字,還要解讀實物)”可知,作者將歷史類比成一場對話,對話的一半是文字,另一半是實物。故此處conversation指代的是歷史。
[自主解答]　 　
C
B
圖解技法
技法2 利用語法關系猜測詞義
[典例1](2021全國甲卷,C)
Southbank,at an eastern bend in the Thames,is the center of British skateboarding,where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with the local skaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite:Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.It meant don’t worry about it.Once,when trying a certain trick on the beam(橫桿),I fell onto the stones,damaging a nerve in my hand,and Toby came over,helping me up: Safe,man.Safe.A few minutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their boards loud,shouting:“Safe! Safe! Safe!” And that’s what mattered — landing tricks,being a good skater.
29.What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean
A.Be careful! B.Well done!
C.No way! D.Don’t worry!
[典例2](2023新課標Ⅰ卷,C)
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A.Clear-up.　 B.Add-on.
C.Check-in. D.Take-over.
解題之門
[典例1]根據(jù)選段中的“And my favorite:Safe.Safe meant cool.”可知,作者將Safe定義為cool,即“出色的”;同時結合下文可知,在作者成功完成了一次滑板動作后,同伴們都大喊“Safe! Safe! Safe!”來表示祝賀或鼓勵作者,夸作者“做得好”。
[自主解答]　 　
[典例2]畫線詞后的句子重述了digital declutter的過程,用以進一步解釋該詞。根據(jù)畫線詞后面的“step away from”可知,畫線詞表示“清除,清理”,A項含義與畫線詞含義相近。
[自主解答]　 　
B
A
圖解技法
技法3 利用構詞法猜測詞義
[典例](2020新高考Ⅱ卷,B)
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
...
My imaginary Grandma’s Box worked like magic that spring,and later. Sometimes students would ask me to describe all the things I had in it.Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away — since I seldom actually kept them.Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day,and I would return the belonging.
25.What do the underlined words “the offender” in paragraph 8 refer to
A.The student’s parent. B.The maker of the Grandma’s Box.
C.The author’s grandchild. D.The owner of the forbidden fruit.
解題之門
根據(jù)構詞法知識可知,“-er”為后綴,當其與動詞組合時,表示“做某事的人或物”;offend為動詞,意為“違反;冒犯”。所以offender有“犯規(guī)者;違反者”之意。結合上文中出現(xiàn)的“forbidden fruit”以及下文提到的“return the belonging”可推斷,畫線詞所在句表示,通常the offender會在放學的時候過來,作者就會把東西歸還給他/她。因此,the offender就是攜帶違禁物品的人。
[自主解答]　 　
D
圖解技法
技法4 代詞指代題——就近原則法
[典例](2022新高考Ⅱ卷,C)
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W.Ortiz,who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers.“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,” he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”
30.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to
A.Advice.
B.Data.
C.Tests.
D.Laws.
解題之門
本題利用就近原則法解題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior”可知,something是能夠改變?nèi)藗兊男袨榈氖虑椤８鶕?jù)下文的“If the Textalyzer bill becomes...hands on the cell phone.”可知,人們的行為會改變的條件是當 Textalyzer 法案成為法律。受到法律的約束,司機們才不會在開車的時候使用手機。
[自主解答]　 　
試題特點
代詞指代題常出現(xiàn)在人物或事物變換多、動作轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁的語境中,考生應根據(jù)語境判斷人稱代詞、不定代詞和指示代詞的指代對象。有時也會考查定語從句中關系代詞的指代內(nèi)容。
D
設問方式
1.What does the underlined word “this/it/them/which...” refer to
2.The underlined part “it/that/they/which...” in paragraph...refers to “ 　　　”.
圖解技法
技法5 句意猜測題——意義吻合法
[典例](浙江卷,B)
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month,a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read,“Give What You Can,Take What You Need.”
24.What does the expression “Money with no strings attached”in paragraph 1 mean
A.Money spent without hesitation.
B.Money not legally made.
C.Money offered without conditions.
D.Money not tied together.
解題之門
本題利用意義吻合法解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Give What You Can,Take What You Need(盡你所能,取你所需)”可知,此處“Money with no strings attached”的意思應該是“無條件提供錢”。
[自主解答]　 　
試題特點
高考閱讀理解有時會對某一個句子的本意或外延含義進行考查,因此要求考生準確理解前后句所表達的含義,巧解句意猜測題。
C
設問方式
1.What does the underlined sentence in paragraph...mean
2.Which of the following best explains the underlined sentence in paragraph...
句意猜測題要求考生通過閱讀文章,用合適的語句對其進行解釋性的描述。
圖解技法
課堂應用
A(2024新課標Ⅰ卷,C)
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors,including reduced concentration,an entertainment mindset(心態(tài)) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.A large amount of research confirms this finding.The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a reading passage—to ones that require mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties.With paper,there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages.People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect.Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis(假說).” According to this theory,people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious,and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio(音頻) and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say,assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.However,psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories,they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts,audio and video all have educational roles,especially when providing resources not available in print.However,for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for,educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same,even when they contain identical words.
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。作者介紹了紙質(zhì)閱讀與數(shù)字閱讀(可視化學習)在理解和記憶方面的優(yōu)劣,強調(diào)紙質(zhì)閱讀對于深度學習和記憶的重要性。
1.What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean
A.Seem unlikely to last.　 B.Seem hard to explain.
C.Become ready to use. D.Become easy to notice.
答案 D
解析 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)上文的“When reading texts of several hundred words or more,learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen.”可知,在閱讀幾百字的文本時,紙質(zhì)閱讀比屏幕閱讀的學習效果更好。結合本句的“...when experimenters move from posing simple tasks...such as drawing inferences from a text.”可知,當實驗人員把任務從易到難推進時,紙質(zhì)閱讀的優(yōu)勢尤為明顯,也就是變得容易被人注意到。由此可知,shine through的意思與D項相同。
2.What does the shallowing hypothesis assume
A.Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B.Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C.People select digital texts randomly.
D.Digital texts are suitable for social media.
答案 A
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“According to this theory,people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,which are often not so serious...when they are reading print.”是對shallowing hypothesis(淺層閱讀假說)的解釋說明。人們通常帶著一種不太嚴肅的態(tài)度去閱讀社交媒體的數(shù)字文本。由此可知,A項符合題意。
3.Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers
A.They can hold students’ attention.
B.They are more convenient to prepare.
C.They help develop advanced skills.
D.They are more informative than text.
答案 A
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text,and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies...”可知,大學教師之所以越來越多地使用音頻和視頻,是因為它們比文本更加吸引人,也就是能夠保持學生的注意力。
4.What does the author imply in the last paragraph
A.Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B.Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D.Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。最后一段第一句強調(diào)了數(shù)碼文本、音頻和視頻的教育作用,接著用However一轉(zhuǎn)指出,教育者不應該認為所有媒體的作用都是一樣的,暗示我們切勿忽視印刷文本的重要性,即其他媒體信息不能完全取代印刷文本。
B(2023全國乙卷,D)
If you want to tell the history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements,and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的)societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects,and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side,we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side,we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day,the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides,there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted,especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino,the Australian Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(聯(lián)系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these,all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we have to read not just the texts,but the objects.
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章闡述了文字和實物史料共同記錄歷史的重要性,不能僅憑文字記載歷史。
5.What is the first paragraph mainly about
A.How past events should be presented.
B.What humanity is concerned about.
C.Whether facts speak louder than words.
D.Why written language is reliable.
答案 A
解析 段落大意題。通讀第一段內(nèi)容可知,作者認為不能只通過文本來講述歷史,因為世界上大多數(shù)地方在大多數(shù)時候都沒有文字,而且,甚至許多有文字的社會不僅用文字,而且用實物記錄他們的擔憂。作者開篇點題,引出了文章所要討論的主題:應如何呈現(xiàn)過去的事件。故選A項。
6.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2
A.His report was scientific.
B.He represented the local people.
C.He ruled over Botany Bay.
D.His record was one-sided.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)本段第一句話可知,作者提及庫克船長是暗示他的記錄是單方面的,是片面的。本段舉例是為了論證段落主旨句第一句,只有文字是不全面的,還需要實物,也就是shield。故選D項。
7.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to
A.Problem.　 B.History.
C.Voice. D.Society.
答案 B
解析 詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞前部分中的“a history told through things gives them back a voice”可知,此處的conversation指的“歷史”。同時重申本文論點:要了解歷史,不僅需要文字,還需要實物。故選B項。
8.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from
A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B.A Short History of Australia
C.A History of the World in 100 Objects
D.How Art Works Tell Stories
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.”和“a history told through things”以及“we have to read not just the texts,but the objects”可知,本文選自A History of the World in 100 Objects。故選C項。
題型四　主旨大意題
主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目,因為該類題目不僅考查考生略讀文章、領會大意的能力,也對考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。題型主要包括標題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。該類題目在文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù),需要考生從文章中找出一些關鍵詞、信息句進行加工概括,才能歸納出文章的主旨。
題型特點 選項特征
1.主旨大意題考查的是對文章內(nèi)容深層次的理解、概括能力,它要求在充分理解全文的前提下,對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象。 2.標題歸納類要求學生選出文章的最佳標題,文章大意題和段落大意題考查文章或段落的主旨大意。 正確選項特征
1.涵蓋性強,覆蓋全文或全段。
2.確定的范圍恰當,既不能太大,也不能太小。
3.精確性強,不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩。
4.含有文章關鍵詞或者有象征意義的事物。
干擾選項特征
以偏概全:只闡述了局部信息或主題的某一個方面。
主題過大:歸納概括過于寬泛,超出了文章實際所討論的內(nèi)容。
斷章取義:以次要的事實或細節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點。
無中生有:與文章內(nèi)容毫不相干或與文章內(nèi)容相悖。
技法1 標題歸納題——高度概括法
[典例](2024全國甲卷,B)
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.For instance,almost all animals have distinct vocals(聲音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter.But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills.They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you’re able to interpret it.If a pet cat is hungry,it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food.However, when a cat is looking for affection,they tend to produce stretched and soft meows.Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses,but their sense of smell is quite impressive.They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger.They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax.However,another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That’s why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats,which they don’t usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit,but cats take this behavior up a notch.Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators(食肉動物).Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that has been in their nature since the beginning of time.So just go along with it!
27.What is a suitable title for the text
A.Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B.Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior
C.Have Fun with Your Cat
D.How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
解題之門
第一步　讀文章,理清結構:
第一段:介紹貓通過聲音和人類交流;
第二段:介紹貓通過嗅覺感知環(huán)境;
第三段:介紹貓可以為人類取物。
第二步　析選項,斟酌判斷:
A 找一只聰明貓的小貼士 無中生有,生搬硬套
B 了解你的貓的行為 涵蓋性強,覆蓋全文
C 和你的貓玩得開心 無中生有,生搬硬套
D 如何讓你的貓保持健康 無中生有,生搬硬套
第三步　對比選項得出答案
[自主解答]　 　
B
設題特點
標題是文章中心思想的精煉表達。此類題目主要考查考生把握主題和理解中心思想的能力,要求考生在理解文章的基礎上運用判斷、歸納、概括等方法,對文章的主題進行提煉或高度概括,最終準確地選出文章的標題。
設問方式
1.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage
2.What can be a suitable title for the text
3.What is the best title for this passage
4.The most suitable title of this passage is “ 　　　”.
圖解技法
技法2 文章大意題——主題句定位法
[典例](2024新課標Ⅱ卷,C)
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However,most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey,Babylon Micro-Farm(BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital,restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically,it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud,BMF is remotely monitored.Also,there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated,it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil,the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest,users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod(容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover,having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions(排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office,they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste,carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
31.What does the text mainly talk about
A.BMF’s major strengths.
B.BMF’s general management.
C.BMF’s global influence.
D.BMF’s technical standards. 　　
解題之門
第一步　讀文章,概括文意:
第一段:引入關于BMF的話題;
第二段:簡單介紹BMF的概念;
第三段:介紹BMF的原理及優(yōu)點;
第四段:BMF意味著零排放,不會污染環(huán)境;
第五段:介紹 BMF員工的環(huán)保意識。
第二步　析選項,斟酌判斷:
A BMF的主要優(yōu)勢 涵蓋性強,覆蓋全文
B BMF的綜合管理 無中生有,生搬硬套
C BMF的全球影響力 無中生有,生搬硬套
D BMF的技術標準 無中生有,生搬硬套
第三步　對比選項得出答案
[自主解答]　 　
A
設題特點
文章大意題考查考生深層理解文章程度以及在速讀中準確定位文章大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是圍繞某一主題展開的,把每個段落的主題句綜合起來就可以概括出全文的中心思想。
設問方式
1.What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the passage/text
2.What does the text/passage mainly focus on
3.The passage/text is mainly about 　　　.
4.The general/main idea of the passage is 　　　.
5.The passage mainly focuses on 　　　.
圖解技法
技法3 段落大意題——首尾兼顧法
[典例](2023新課標Ⅰ卷,D)
On March 7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
32.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A.The methods of estimation. B.The underlying logic of the effect.
C.The causes of people’s errors. D.The design of Galton’s experiment. 　　
解題之門
第一步　首尾兼顧定段意:
第一段鋪墊背景,點出了文章話題,即Francis Galton的論文和研究揭示了群體智慧效應的現(xiàn)象。第二段則詳細解釋了群體智慧效應的形成機制,人們估算的誤差并不總是相同的,有人傾向于高估,有人傾向于低估,當樣本規(guī)模足夠大的時候,人們之間的誤差互相抵消,因此形成了群體智慧效應。因此,第二段借介紹群體智慧效應的形成機制,解釋了群體智慧效應的底層邏輯。
第二步　析選項,斟酌判斷:
A 估計的方法(原文未提及相關內(nèi)容) 無中生有,生搬硬套
B 這一效應的底層邏輯(精確概括本段核心主旨) 涵蓋性強,覆蓋全段
C 人們產(chǎn)生誤差的原因(原文未提及相關內(nèi)容) 無中生有,生搬硬套
D Galton實驗的設計(原文未提及相關內(nèi)容) 無中生有,生搬硬套
第三步　對比選項得出答案
[自主解答]　 　
B
設題特點
段落大意題主要考查考生用準確、簡練的語言把一個段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達出來的能力。做題時要特別注意“首尾兼顧”,即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因為它們往往體現(xiàn)主旨要義,二是因為利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結構框架,在框架下判斷主旨,準確性更高。
設問方式
1.What does the author tell us in paragraph...
2.The main idea of the second paragraph probably is 　　　.
3.The first paragraph is mainly about 　　　.
4.What is the...paragraph mainly about
圖解技法
課堂應用
A(2024新課標Ⅰ卷,B)
“I am not crazy,” says Dr.William Farber,shortly after performing acupuncture(針灸) on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(獸醫(yī)) now practicing “holistic”medicine—combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture,chiropractic(按摩療法) and herbal medicine.
Farber,a graduate of Colorado State University,started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alterative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture,an ancient Chinese practice,and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So,after studying the techniques for a couple of years,he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack,Tindale says,she was prepared to put him to sleep,but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse,Nappy,“moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time,and if the past is any indication,he may be right:Since 1982,membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700.“Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says.“I will do anything to help an animal.That’s my job.”
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。獸醫(yī)William Farber奉行中西醫(yī)結合的整體醫(yī)學療法,融合西方傳統(tǒng)療法與東方針灸、按摩等療法,通過個人經(jīng)歷和治療案例,展示了整體醫(yī)學療法在獸醫(yī)實踐中的應用并取得了良好療效。
1.What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him
A.He’s odd.　 B.He’s strict.
C.He’s brave. D.He’s rude.
答案 A
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“I am not crazy”和“If he seems a little defensive,it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.”可知,William Farber的一些同事嘲笑他不同尋常的治療方法,他極力辯解“我沒有瘋”。由此可知,他的一些同事認為他很怪異,A項符合題意。
2.Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets
A.He was trained in it at university.
B.He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C.He benefited from it as a patient.
D.He wanted to save money for pet owners.
答案 C
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后三句可知,William Farber通過中醫(yī)針灸治療并取得很好的療效。他受到啟發(fā),經(jīng)過多年的研習之后,他決定把中醫(yī)和西醫(yī)結合起來給自己的“病人”——寵物,進行治療。
3.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B.The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C.Examples of rare animal diseases.
D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
答案 D
解析 段落大意題。作者在第三段列舉了兩個具體的治療案例及其療效,這說明整體醫(yī)學療法對于動物治療是有效的。
4.Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association
A.To prove Farber’s point.
B.To emphasize its importance.
C.To praise veterinarians.
D.To advocate animal protection.
答案 A
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段可知,William Farber相信他的治療方法將會隨著時間的推移而越來越受歡迎。自1982年以來,美國整體醫(yī)療獸醫(yī)協(xié)會會員人數(shù)的增加也印證了這一觀點。
B(2024九省聯(lián)考,D)
For lots of kids,toddlerhood(幼兒期) is an important time for friendship. Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships,the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults.Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors,such as kindness,sharing,and cooperation.
Even so,how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament(性格).Some toddlers are very social,but others are shy.In addition,the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship. Research at Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior.
This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate,they may still grab his toys,refuse to share,and get bossy.But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids this age.Through play experiences,toddlers learn social rules.That’s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler’s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are.When you establish these guidelines, explain the reasons behind them.
Begin by helping your child learn sympathy (“Ben is crying.What’s making him so sad ”),and then suggest how he could resolve the problem (“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”).When your child shares or shows empathy (同理心) toward a friend,praise him (“Ben stopped crying!You made him feel better.”).
Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words—not fists — to express how they feel.It’s also important to be mindful of how your child’s personality affects playtime.Kids are easy to get angry when they’re sleepy or hungry,so schedule playtime when they’re refreshed.
【語篇導讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了幼兒時期友誼對兒童社交能力發(fā)展的重要性,并探討了幼兒表達友誼的方式和可能出現(xiàn)的問題。同時,文章還提供了一些建議和方法,幫助家長在幼兒社交互動中發(fā)揮積極作用,培養(yǎng)他們的同情心和表達能力,學會發(fā)展友誼。
5.What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates’ behavior
A.They are interested in acting.
B.They are shy with the strangers.
C.They are fond of their playmates.
D.They are tired of playing games.
答案 C
解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第四句“Research at Ohio State University...copying a friend’s behavior.”可知,當幼兒模仿朋友的行為時,表明他們喜歡自己的朋友。be fond of為原文中l(wèi)ike的同義異構,表示“喜歡”。
6.What does the author suggest parents do for their kids
A.Design games for them.
B.Find them suitable playmates.
C.Play together with them.
D.Help them understand social rules.
答案 D
解析 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第四句到第六句可知,家長通過給孩子設定限制并經(jīng)常提醒,可以在孩子的社交活動中起到積極作用,在確立這些社交原則時,要向他們解釋其背后的原因。由此可知,作者建議家長幫助孩子們理解社交規(guī)則。
7.What is the function of the quoted statements in paragraph 4
A.Giving examples.
B.Explaining concepts.
C.Providing evidence.
D.Making comparisons.
答案 A
解析 推理判斷題。第四段中每一個括號中的內(nèi)容都在舉例解釋說明其前面的語句,如第一個括號內(nèi)容解釋說明了什么是“同情心”,第二個括號內(nèi)容解釋說明如何解決問題,第三個則是對如何表揚孩子進行舉例說明。
8.Which of the following is the best title for the text
A.How Children Adapt to Changes
B.How to Be a Role Model for Children
C.How Your Baby Learns to Love
D.How to Communicate with Your Kid
答案 C
解析 主旨大意題。通讀全文可知,作者就幼兒期的孩子如何建立友誼這一話題進行了闡述,家長要引導孩子理解社交規(guī)則,以及對朋友要有同情心、同理心,這些都是在教孩子如何愛朋友、建立友誼。

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