資源簡介

(共36張PPT)
高考“概要寫作”教學
What is a summary
In a summary (also referred to as a précis or an abstract), you reduce material in an original work to its main points and key supporting details. (Langan 2014)
A summary is a brief review of a piece of written material. It should include only main ideas and important supporting information. It should not include details or any personal opinions. (Herzfeld-Pinpkin 2007)
A summary is an objective, condensed version of a reading selection, containing the author's main ideas. (Wyrick 2008)
《考試說明》：概要寫作
提供一篇350詞以內的短文，要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內容概要。閱卷時將主要考慮以下內容：
（1）對原文要點的理解和呈現情況；
（2）應用語法結構和詞匯的準確性；
（3）上下文的連貫性；
（4）對各要點表達的獨立性情況。
概要寫作第五檔（21~25分）的要求
—理解準確，涵蓋全部要點。
—能準確使用相應的語法結構和詞匯。
—有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結構緊湊。
完全使用自己的語言。
概要寫作：語言表達的“獨立性”
檔 次 描 述
第五檔（21~25） 完全使用自己的語言
第四檔（16~20） 有個別整句抄自原文
第三檔（11~15） 出現兩句以上整句抄自原文現象
第二檔（6~10） 出現兩句以上整句抄自原文現象
第一檔（1~5） 多個句子抄自原文
為什么要寫概要？
You may need to summarize a paragraph in its concluding sentence or an essay in its concluding paragraph. (Herzfeld-Pipkin 2006)
Summary is also an essential tool in research papers and other writing that draws on sources. (Fowler and Aaron 2004)
概要寫作的原文
任何語類的文章都是可以寫概要的
高考《考試說明》中的范例是說明性語類，會不會考敘事類的概要寫作？
說明類(expository)和議論類(argumentative)具有相似的語篇結構、段落結構、寫作手法（exposition為主）和語言特點（語言簡潔、要點/論點明確、邏輯嚴密）
說明類和議論類都還可以根據語篇模式(discourse pattern)細分(見《新高考英語閱讀理解考前特訓20篇：說明類和議論類》本人編寫的“說明類”部分)
什么是 “要點”，什么是“細節”？
主旨(thesis): 作者想要表達的核心思想，較為籠統、概括，通常出現在段落開頭或結尾。全文的主旨通過主體段落的要點(main points)來展開。說明文、議論文的要點通常都是明確表達的。
要點(main ideas/points): 支持主旨的重要觀點，通常一個主體段落有一個要點。
細節(details): 支持要點的具體信息，如事實、事例、數據、分析、描述性成分等 。通常在要點后面或前面。細節可分為key supporting details和less important details.
Writing a summary (Langan 2014)
1. Take a few minutes to preview the work, taking a quick look at: a. Title; b. Subtitle; c. First and last few paragraphs; d. Other items
2. Read the article for all you can understand the first time through.
3. Go back and reread the areas you have identified as most important.
4. Take notes on the material, getting down the main ideas and the key supporting details.
College Writing Skills with Readings (9th edition)
5. Prepare the first draft of your summary.
b. The first sentence should also be written as a topic sentence and contain the main idea or thesis of the original work.
d. Express the main points and key supporting details in your own words. Do not imitate the style of the original work.
g. Revise your first draft, paying attention to the principles of effective writing (unity, support, coherence, and clear, error-free sentences).
h. Write the final draft of the paper
College Writing Skills with Readings (9th edition)
Skills of Writing Summaries
“用自己的話”從wording和sentence structure兩個方面著手：C-R-C-C
刪：刪除不必要的細節(如具體事例、事實、直接引語、細節描寫等)。
換：用同義詞替換原文中的詞語；使用同族詞(如success, succeed)；用抽象概括的單詞代替具體的單詞(如用fruit代替apples, bananas and grapes)。
改：改變原文的句型，如直接引語改為間接引語，從句改為短語；改變人稱代詞、物主代詞等。
并：將幾個簡單句合并為一個并列句或復合句，如帶同位語、定語從句、狀語從句、分詞短語的復合句。
簡潔寫作舉例
一、用簡潔的句型
Wordy: The reason why most of the country shifts to daylight savings time is that winter days are much shorter than summer days. (22 words)
Concise: Most of the country shifts to daylight savings time because winter days are much shorter than summer days. (18 words)
二、使用動詞，而不是相應的名詞
Wordy: The occurrence of the winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, is an event occurring about December 22.
Concise: The winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, occurs about December 22.
三、使用主動語態，而不是被動語態
Wordy: During its winter the northern hemisphere is tilted farthest away from the sun, so the nights are made longer and the days are made shorter.
Concise: During its winter the northern hemisphere tilts away from the sun, making the nights longer and the days shorter.
四、去掉空洞的單詞（empty words）
Wordy: As far as I am concerned, discrimination against women continues to exist in medicine for all intents and purposes.
Concise: Discrimination against women continues in medicine.
五、刪除重復
Wordy: Many unskilled workers without training in a particular job are unemployed and do not have any work.
Concise: Many unskilled workers are unemployed.
六、從句縮減為短語；短語縮減為單詞
Wordy: The Channel Tunnel, which runs between Britain and France, bores through a bed of solid chalk that is twenty-three miles across.
Concise: The Channel Tunnel between Britain and France bores through twenty-three miles of solid chalk.
去除there is 和 it is 結構
Wordy: There were delays and cost overruns that plagued construction of the Channel Tunnel. It is the expectation of investors to earn profits at last, now that there are trains passing daily through the tunnel.
Concise: Delays and cost overruns plagued construction of the Channel Tunnel. Investors expect to earn profits at last, now that trains pass daily through the tunnel.
七、合并句子
Wordy: An unexpected problem with the Channel Tunnel is stowaways. The stowaways are mostly illegal immigrants. They are trying to smuggle themselves into England. They cling to train roofs and undercarriages. (4句)
Concise: An unexpected problem with the Channel Tunnel is stowaways, mostly illegal immigrants who are trying to smuggle themselves into England by clinging to train roofs and undercarriages. (1句)
《考試說明》樣題：概要寫作
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit (好處) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫學家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
One possible version
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要點 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要點 2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要點 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要點 4)
My summary
People's attitudes towards dirt have changed over time.(要點1) In the early 16th century, people thought dirt could protect them from getting ill. (要點2) Since the 18th century, however, people have been cleaning dirt from their bodies in order to keep healthy. (要點3) Nowadays, attitudes towards dirt are still divided. (過渡句) Immunologists like Mary Ruebush believe that letting children play in the dirt can strengthen their immunity against disease. (要點4) (65 words)
2018年11月浙江高考真題（原文）
It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校園) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There's no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won't be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren't going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you'd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don't like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn't know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It's a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (傾問), and it won't cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at . While visiting an online college fair can't take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you'd like to attend.
（343 words）
2018年11月高考“概要寫作”
（參考答案-1）
It's advisable to visit colleges for yourself before your application (because it's a decision of great importance). Or you should visit the school you want to attend between your application and your acceptance. If you want to go to college in your local area, you'd better go and check it out. If you want to save time and money, it's better to check out online college affairs at CollegeWeekLive, which will be very helpful for your decision. (77 words)
2018年11月高考“概要寫作”
（參考答案-2）
It's really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance. For students who are short of money and time, registering online is a good alternative to help them better understand schools. (63words)
2018年11月高考“概要寫作”
（參考答案-3）
To decide wisely which colleges to attend, you are advised to pay a visit to colleges before you apply, especially the ones you live close to. At least you should visit the schools you want to go to. If you can't go and check it out for lack of time and money, visit the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive, where you can get necessary information. (65 words)
2019浙江卷 概要寫作原文
Prarents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “We're gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, if fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the opposite direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise Experts say that quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Withouth Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate (相稱的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
2019浙江卷 概要寫作
Parents should praise their children in a sensible way. Parents today give their children a lot of praise to boost their confidence, which may result in the opposite effect. However, inadequate praise is equally harmful. Experts suggest praising children's effort rather than the outcome. Meanwhile, praising children should also be sincere and appropriate so that they can strive for their goals. The amount of praise should be based on how much effort children make. (76 words)
Version 2
故事語類、人物簡介的概要寫作
常見的故事語類包括：各類故事、新聞報道
故事語篇概要寫作：1. 抓住5W+1H；2. 抓住storyline(即plot)；3. 要體現故事語類的語篇模式（如Labov's model）4. 抓住故事的意義。（注意：plot是由一連串的events構成的，寫概要時要選擇重要/主要的events，刪除次要的。）
人物生平屬于歷史語類，不屬于story genre
人物生平概要寫作：1. 根據各段落概括要點，通常有出生時間地點、教育經歷、事業成就/成果、影響/評價等要素；2. 注意各要點之間的銜接。

展開更多......

收起↑