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話題：追溯起源
Passage 1
When Emperor Qianlong (1711 - 99) 1.____ (ascend) the throne in 1735, he stepped into an era of prosperity. The Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1911) was at its peak, and this might be 2.____ reason why he developed a deep affection for fine art during his 60 - year reign.
Jade, 3.____ represents ritual and dignity in Chinese culture, naturally became his focus. Whenever the emperor, 4.____ regarded himself as a member of the literati, received a treasured jade piece, he would write a hymn and have it carved into the item.
The present - day Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, especially around the Kunlun Mountains, is well - known 5.____ its jade production. Top - tier Hetian (or Hotan) Jade, named after the Hotan region, was among Qianlong's favorites.
In the Forbidden City, a story 6.____ (involve) the royal court in Beijing and jade from thousands of kilometers away took on a legendary status.
To mark the centennial of the former imperial palace becoming the Palace Museum, an exhibition 7.____ (recall) the saga of jade through 200 - odd carefully selected pieces from the emperors' storerooms is underway.
The "Jade From the Kunlun Mountains: Special Exhibition on Hetian Jade Culture in the Qing Court" opened in the Zhaigong (Palace of Abstinence) Gallery on Tuesday and will run for a year. Items ranging from royal seals and ritual 8.____ (artifact) to carvings and miscellaneous articles of daily use show the versatility of Hetian Jade and how it can be transformed by skilled artisans.
"You can see the rich jade culture of the Qing Dynasty," Huang Ying, the curator of the exhibition, says. "Hetian Jade is 9.____ pillar of Chinese jade culture."
The exhibition not only showcases the beauty of Hetian Jade but also reveals the 10.____ (connect) between the imperial court and the jade - producing regions.
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Passage 2
From 1761 onwards, Hetian Jade 1.____ (become) a regular presence at the Qing court as biannual tributes in spring and autumn, and it gradually established itself as the main type of jade used in the imperial palace, Huang explains.
"The production and use of jade ware experienced a huge development, 2.____ (spark) another boom in Chinese jade culture," she says.
As the exhibition shows, Qing imperial jade ware was elegant and refined, becoming a common element in the places 3.____ scholars worked.
"Jade stationery varies in style," Huang elaborates. "Some pieces are intricately adorned, while others are more 4.____ (aesthetic) restrained. They are decorated with motifs that convey a sense of grace."
Representations of six famous intellectuals from the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907), including the renowned poet Li Bai, 5.____ (carve) on a jade writing brush holder to illustrate their daily indulgence in wine, song, poetry, and painting. Qianlong added an inscription to the holder in 1795, 6.____ happened to be the year he abdicated the throne to his son to pursue a life of study.
"During Qianlong's reign, reverence and admiration for antiquity 7.____ (take) root among the literati," the curator explains. "The emperor commissioned numerous archaic - style jade pieces, reflecting his pursuit of moral refinement, artistic mastery, and a connection to ancient wisdom."
Hetian Jade duplicates of ancient bronze artifacts were made in large numbers for the Qing royals. One example is a dark - green jade vase with a fish - waterfowl design on display, the original of 8.____ dates back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC - AD 220).
As Confucian ideology influenced the values of scholars, people began to attribute gentlemanly qualities like benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and faithfulness to the stone, 9.____ (inspire) the saying "a gentleman never parts with his jade".
Hetian Jade articles for daily use, such as dining vessels, chess pieces, and perfume bottles, added a touch of elegance to the court gentlemen. This fashion reached its peak around 1780 when Emperor Qianlong celebrated his 70th birthday. "After all, jade adornment represented the pursuit of beauty," Huang says. It also demonstrated the 10.____ (important) of jade in the daily life and cultural values of the Qing Dynasty.
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Passage 3
The ritual use of jade 1.____ (dominate) China for millennia, and Qing rulers preserved the tradition, using jade for royal documents and seals. Apart from 2.____ (use) as offerings in sacrificial ceremonies to heaven, jade was also used to make instruments for musical rituals.
"The Qing court amassed numerous Buddhist statues carved in Hetian Jade," Huang says. "Imperial aesthetics and the distinct features of different ethnic groups were blended."
Nonetheless, the link between the Forbidden City and Hetian jades dates back far before the Qing Dynasty. The collections of Qing emperors merely reflected a millennia - long connection between the jade hub in Xinjiang and the courts of the central dynasties.
Archaeological evidence shows that tremolite jade 3.____ (mine) in Xinjiang for over 4,000 years to the Neolithic period, Huang adds. Hetian Jade was transported to Central China after the Han Dynasty, 4.____ the trade booming during the Tang Dynasty. Hetian Jade gradually became the most important material for jade craftsmanship in Central China.
A white jade statue of bixie, a mythical lion - like creature that could ward off evil spirits, is the oldest Hetian Jade artifact in the Forbidden City. Lions are native to Western Asia and North Africa, and images of 5.____ were introduced to China via the Silk Road, where they were combined with traditional winged beasts, giving rise to the mythical Chinese creature.
Jade decorations bearing auspicious floral patterns and animal shapes from the Jin Dynasty (1115 - 1234) and an exquisite cup from the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) reflect the evolution of Hetian Jade around the rest of the country.
Emperor Qianlong also had his own way of tracing the origins of his treasured stones.
Huang particularly recommends seeing one artifact, a jade sculpture 6.____ resembles a miniature rockery, which includes a scene of several men mining jade in a mountain.
Again in 1761, the emperor wrote a poem on the back of the sculpture to honor their endeavors. "It's not only a piece of art, but also a lively witness to history," the curator adds.
"Emperor Qianlong places the use of Hetian Jade on the summit, and the era also left a rich legacy for future generations. The jade exhibits highlight the historical interaction, exchange and integration of Chinese ethnic groups. They are witness to the formation of a shared national identity," says Du Haijiang, deputy director of the Palace Museum.
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